ANNUAL REPORTS, WAR DEPARTMENT FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1915 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS U. S. ARMY 1915 IN THREE PARTS PART 1 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, UNITED STATES ARMY. 1915. 8373°-ENG 1915 1 1 WAR DEPARTMENT. Document No. 493. Office of the Chief of Engineers. REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS UNITED STATES ARMY. WAR DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, Washington, September 28, 1915. From: The Chief of Engineers. To: The Secretary of War. Subject: Annual Report. I present for your information the following report upon the du- ties and operations of the Engineer Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915. OFFICERS OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS. The number of officers holding commissions in the Corps of En- gineers at the end of the fiscal year was 207, a net decrease during the year of 5. Since July 1, 1914, the Corps of Engineers has lost six of its offi- cers-Capt. Charles K. Rockwell, who resigned his commission on October 1, 1914; Col. George W. Goethals, who was promoted to the rank of major general; and Col. Harry F. Hodges and Lieut. Col. William L. Sibert, who were promoted to the rank of brigadier general, under the act of Congress approved March 4, 1915; Col. Solomon W. Roessler, who was retired from active service upon his own application, May 1, 1915, under the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 30, 1882, after more than 41 years of service; and Maj. Alfred B. Putnam, who died on June 8, 1915. There was added to the Corps of Engineers during the fiscal year by appointment from civil life after competitive examination, Second Lieut. Oscar O. Kuentz, who was commissioned on April 1, 1915. In addition to the above, 23 graduates of the Military Academy were, in July, 1915, commissioned as second lieutenants in the Corps of Engineers, to date from their date of graduation, June 12, 1915, but as these appointments had not been made at the end of the fiscal year, they are not taken up on the following list: 4 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. On the 30th of June, 1915, the disposition of officers of engineers, according to their duties, was as follows: Chief of Engineers, in command of the Engineer Department, etc 1------ Assistants to the Chief of Engineers________-.........________ 7 River and harbor work ------------------------------ ___ 33 River and harbor and lighthouse work _____________________________ 3 Fortification work------------ --------- -------------- 4 River and harbor and fortification work. ---- _--------- - 29 River and harbor and fortification work and department engineers or assis- tants ---------------------------------------------------------- 3 River and harbor work and department engineer__-----___-__-______- 1 Department engineer and assistant--------------_____ - -- ___-_____ 2 With the government of the District of Columbia-________-- ___ -______ 4 Public Buildings and Grounds, District of Columbia--__ - ____- 2 Improvement of Yellowstone National Park-----________________ __ At engineer depots in the United States-..__________-__- -________ 3 On duty with the General Staff Corps-------______ -__-- - _________- 2 On duty at the Army War College__ --------- - ____ -_____ __ 2 On duty at the service schools, Fort Leavenworth, Kans--------------- 7 On duty at the United States Military Academy __________________ _ 15 On duty at the Engineer School__-- --- --------- ________________ 13 With Engineer troops in the United States__________________________ 37 On duty connected with militia affairs__ __________________________ 2 Road work in Alaska ------------------------------------------- Military observers and military attaches in Europe----_______________ 3 Department engineer, Philippine Department_------ ________________ 1 Fortification work, Philippine Islands-_-2---------------________ 2 With Engineer troops in the Philippine Islands. ------------ -12 River and harbor work and military duty in the Hawaiian Islands-------- 1 On military duty or with Engineer troops in the Hawaiian Islands-------- 5 With Engineer troops on the Isthmus of Panama------ __________- 4 On fortification work, Panama Canal_-- _____________--------- ___ _ 1 On duty connected with the construction of the Panama Canal: On the Isthmus------------ ---------------------------------- 4 At Washington, D. C----------------------------------------- 1 Total----------------------------------- ---------------- 207 The above table shows that out of a total of 206 officers (not in- cluding the Chief of Engineers) only 88, or approximately 43 per cent, were on duty wholly under the control of the Chief of Engi- neers; 15, or 7 per cent, while performing some duty under the con- trol of the Chief of Engineers, were at the same time performing other duties under various other branches of the Government; while 103, or 50 per cent, were on duty entirely detached from the control or supervision of the Chief of Engineers. With regard to the character of the duties performed, 112, or 54 per cent, were engaged on military duty exclusively; 56, or 27 per cent, were engaged on nonmilitary duty exclusively; and 39, or 19 per cent, were performing both military and nonmilitary duty. An increase in the Corps of Engineers was provided for by Con- gress in section 5 of the river and harbor act approved February 27, 1911, this increase to be distributed over a period of 5 years. Under the provisions of this act, 12 original vacancies were immediately created and 12 additional vacancies were created each year, the last and final increase taking effect February 28, 1915, so that the author- ized strength of the Corps of Engineers is now 248 officers. Since the assignment to the Corps of Engineers in July of the recent graduates of the Military Academy there remain 18 vacancies in the grade of second lieutenant. ENGINEER TROOPS. 5 ENGINEER .TROOPS. Under the provisions of section 11 of the act of February 2, 1901, the enlisted force of the Corps of Engineers consists of one band and three battalions of Engineers, each battalion consisting of one sergeant major, one quartermaster sergeant, and four companies, each company having a maximum authorized strength of 164 en- listed men. At the present time the band and the First and Second Battalions are stationed within the continental limits of the United States, the Third Battalion being on foreign service. The Engineer troops required to provide the present tactical or- ganization of the mobile army within the continental limits of the United States, as prescribed in General Order 9, War Department, 1913, with its proper complement of Engineers, in accordance with the provisions of Tables of Organization, 1914, are as shown in the following table: Unit. Engineers required. Cavalry Division ............... ...... ...... ........ 1 battalion (mounted) of 3 companies. First Division ... ......................... ....... 1 battalion of 3 companies. Second Division .............. ..... ...... ..... ............. Do. Third Division ......................... . ....... ........... Do. Field Army ....... ............................ ................... Do. As there are, as indicated above, only two battalion headquarters and eight companies of Engineers at present available within the con- tinental limits of the United States, and as none of these are mounted, there is a shortage in the Engineer complement of the Regular Army divisions in the continental United States of one mounted battalion, complete, two headquarters for dismounted battalions, and four dis- mounted companies. The quota of Engineer troops prescribed in Tables of Organization, 1914, is recognized as too small, and it is recommended that legisla- tion be sought to provide Engineers in accordance with the recom- mendations of the General Staff approved by the Secretary of War January 19, 1914. Those recommendations provide for each Infantry division a regiment of two battalions each of three companies to give 6 per cent of the Infantry strength and for each Cavalry division a three-company mounted battalion to give 3.7 per cent of the cavalry strength. Other recommendations approved at the same time should be carried out in future legislation, including provision of certain higher grades of noncommissioned officers, and increase in the num- ber of cooks for an Engineer company, as has been recommended by the Chief of Engineers in annual reports for several years. THE BOARD OF ENGINEERS. The regulations for the government of the Corps of Engineers pro- vide for a board of engineers, consisting of not less than three officers designated by the Chief of Engineers, with the sanction of the Secre- 6 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. tary of War. This board acts in an advisory capacity to the Chief of Engineers upon important questions of engineering. One of its principal duties is to plan or revise the projects for permanent forti- fications of the United States. The following changes have taken place in the personnel of the board since the date of the last annual report: Col. Solomon W. Roessler, Corps of Engineers, was retired from active service to take effect May 1, 1915, and Capt. Thomas M. Robins, Corps of Engineers, was detailed on November 9, 1914, as recorder and disbursing officer of the board, vice Maj. Francis A. Pope, Corps of Engineers, relieved. As at present constituted, The Board of Engineers is composed of Col. W. M. Black, Corps of Engineers; Col. Frederic V. Abbot, Corps of Engineers; Lieut. Col. T. C. Dickson, Ordnance Depart- ment; Capt. Thomas M. Robins, Corps of Engineers, recorder and disbursing officer. In addition, division engineers in whose divisions there are fortifi- cations are members of The Board of Engineers when matters per- taining to defensive works in their respective divisions are under con- sideration by the board. During the fiscal year the board has reported upon various subjects connected with fortification work. FORTIFICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. The scheme of national defense upon which work was in progress between 1888 and 1906, during which time nearly all of our existing seacoast batteries were built, was based primarily upon a report sub- mitted January 16, 1886, by the " Board on Fortifications and Other Defenses," commonly designated as the Endicott Board. On Janu- ary 31, 1905, the President organized a board with the then Secre- tary of War, Hon. William H. Taft, as president, to review the projects for the United States and for the insular possessions, to indicate the localities where defenses were most urgently needed, and to determine the character and general extent of the defenses, with their estimated cost. This board is known as the National Coast Defense Board. The board submitted its final report Febru- ary 1, 1906. Permanent seacoast defenses have been installed at the following localities in the United States: 1. Kennebec River, Me. 14. Charleston, S. C. 2. Portland, Me. 15. Port Royal, S. C. 3. Portsmouth, N. H. 16. Savannah, Ga. 4. Boston, Mass. 17. Key West, Fla. 5. New Bedford, Mass 18. Tampa Bay, Fla. 6. Narragansett Bay, R. I. 19. Pensacola, Fla. 7. Eastern entrance to Long Island 20. Mobile, Ala. Sound. 21. New Orleans, La. 8. New York, N. Y. 22. Galveston, Tex. 9. Delaware River. 23. San Diego, Cal. 10. Baltimore, Md. 24. San Francisco, Cal. 11. Washington, D. C. 25. Columbia River, Oreg. and Wash. 12. Hampton Roads, Va. 26. Puget Sound, Wash. 13. Cape Fear River, N. C. FORTIFICAIONS N PH U1ITD STATES. In addition to the above, work is in progress in the coast defenses of Los Angeles, Cal., and it is expected that work will be begun at an early date on fortifications at the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, fortifications at this site having been recommended by the National Coast Defense Board. The fortifications recommended by the Endicott Board were suffi- cient to meet the defensive requirements of our seacoast as far as they could be foreseen at that date and practically all of our existing seacoast batteries were covered by projects prepared by that board. Of the existing emplacements over 90 per cent were completed or were in progress at the end of the Spanish War. The general project of coast defense prepared by the Endicott Board was reviewed by the National Coast Defense Board, which, in a number of cases, recommended additional work, but the greater part of the work recommended by this latter board related to the accessories of the defenses, such as fire control, searchlights, power plants, submarine mine defenses, etc., rather than to the construction of new emplacements. When designed and constructed our seacoast batteries were thor- oughly modern and fully adequate for the purpose for which they were intended, but the work of battery construction has in the past few years been allowed to practically cease and has not kept pace with the recent progress in naval development. It can not be too emphatically stated that the art of fortification is a progressive one. It must continually grow to keep pace with the new discoveries which give it special advantages or to meet and offset progress in the development of naval vessels and armament against which the forts are expected to contend. However carefully planned and constructed, a battery must always pertain to the date when completed and must be out of date in so far as relates to things which have been discovered or developed since the battery was planned. Seacoast defenses are designed to fight naval vessels and to thus protect certain cities, harbors, or other utilities from bombardment by an enemy's vessels within any of the area covered by the sea- coast guns. In locating and designing batteries the range and power of the naval guns, as well as the number of such guns which can be brought against these fortifications, must be given consideration, and, unless our fortificatioss are to become obsolete, changes inany of the elements of naval offense must be met by corresponding changes in seacoast batteries, and these changes must in most cases consist not merely of modifying the older emplacements by affording additional protection for the gun platforms and 'magazines against the increased power of naval guns, or in mounting more powerful guns in these older emplacements, but rather in the construction of absolutely new batteries in new locations. The older batteries were necessarily designed and located so as to obtain the maximum effect with guns of the range of those to be mounted in these emplace- ments. If the guns which were to be mounted in these older batteries had been of longer range, the locations of the batteries would in many cases have been different, and if more powerful and longer- 8 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. range guns be mounted in these older batteries a large proportion of this increased power and range will in most cases be lost. For the above reasons it should be noted that a fixed project for sea- coast defense can never be adequate, and its obsolescence must begin before it can be completed. It is believed that our seacoast defenses can best be kept sufficiently up to date by the adoption of a regular annual program which will provide for replacing each year from 4 to 10 per cent of our older emplacements, depending upon the size and condition of the older emplacements and the rate of progress being made in naval offense. Appropriations for construction of gun and mortar batteries have been made as follows: Act of-- Act of-- Aug. 18, 1890--. $1, 221, 000. 00 July 7, 1898 _.-- $2, 562, 000.-00 Feb. 24, 1891------ 750, 000. 00 Mar. 3, 1899------- 1,000,000.00 July 23, 1892------ 500, 000. 00 May 25, 1900--... 2, 000, 000. 00 Feb. 18, 1893------ 50, 000. 00 Mar. 1, 1901------- 1, 615, 000. 00 Aug. 1, 1894------- 500, 000. 00 June 6, 1902------ 2,000, 000. 00 Mar. 2, 1895------- 500, 000. 00 Mar. 3, 1903------- 2,236, 425.00 June 6, 1896------ 2,400, 000.00 Apr. 21, 1904------ 700, 000. 00 Mar. 3, 1897------ 3,841, 333.00 May 27, 1908------ 300, 000.00 Allotments from the Mar. 3, 1909 ------- 5, 064. 00 appropriation for Feb. 13, 1913 ------ 100, 000. 00 " National de- June 27, 1914------ 250, 000. 00 fense," act of Mar. Mar. 3, 1915 ------- 585, 000. 00 9, 1898--------- 3, 827, 842. 80 May 7, 1898------- 3, 000, 000.00 Total----------29, 943, 664. 80 For continuing battery-construction work under way or projected an estimate of $2,533,000 is submitted. Modernizing older emplacements.--Much remains to be done to place the older batteries in satisfactory condition for most efficient operation, including affording increased protection to magazines and platforms, altering projectile hoists to meet present require- ments, widening, loading platforms, platform lighting, etc. The fortification appropriation act approved March 3, 1915, pro- vided for this purpose the sum of $100,000. Work under this ap- propriation is in progress. For continuing the most urgently needed work under this head an estimate of $78,500 is submitted. Appropriations for modernizing older emplacements have been mage as follows: Act of- Mar. 3, 1905___ _ $450, 000. 00 June 25, 1906--- 150, 000. 00 Mar. 2 1907-----........................... 100, 000. 00 May 27, 1908 (new application of funds appropriated for pneumatic-dynamite batteries) 165, 261.36 Mar. 3, 1909 --------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 Feb. 13, 1913 .... 25, 000. 00 June 27, 1914 (new application of funds appropriated for repair and protection of defenses of Pensacola, Fla.) .... 100, 000. 00 Mar. 3, 1915 -____....-. _ 100, 000. 00 Total --------------------------------------- ---- 1, 190,'261.36 FORTIFICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. 9 Fire control at fortifications.-Such progress has been made dur- ing the fiscal year as funds assigned to the Engineer Department have permitted. This appropriation is distributed by the Secretary of War among the Engineer and Ordnance Departments and the Signal Corps for expenditure. No appropriation for this purpose was made in the last fortification act. Prior to 1905 appropriations for this work, so far as performed by the Engineer Department, were made under the title " Installa- tion of range and position finders," as follows: Act of-- July 7, 1898- ---------------- $150, 000 May 25, 1900 ------------------------------------------------ 150, 000 Mar. 1, 1901------------------------------------------------ 150, 000 June 6, 1902-------------------------------------- -- 325, 000 Mar. 3, 1903 ------------------------------------------------ 223, 500 Apr. 21, 1904 ----------------------------------------------- 225, 000 Total--------------------------------------------------- 1, 223, 500 Later appropriations have been made, under the title " Fire con- trol at fortifications," applicable to the work of the Engineer and Ordnance Departments and the Signal Corps. The amounts appro- priated and the portions thereof assigned to the Engineer Depart- ment are as follows: Assigned to Assigned to Appropri- Engineer Act of-- Appropri- Engineer Act of- ated. Depart- ated. Depart- ment. ment. Mar. 3, 1905............. $1,000,000.00 $590,000.00 June 23, 1910........... $200,000.00 June 25, 1906..... 700, 000.00 217, 631.37 Mar. 4, 1911............. 100, 000. 00 164 749.25 Mar. 2, 1907 ............ 900, 000. 00 432, 784.81 June 6, 1912............. 100, 000. 00 1 May 27, 1908............ 270, 256.00 129, 456.00 Mar. 3, 1915............. 130,000.00 Mar. 3, 1909............. 247, 055.00 197, 972.00 Total............. 3,647, 311.00 1,732,593.43 Electrical installations.-Funds have been provided by Congress for this purpose as follows: Act of-- May 27, 1908-----------------------------------------------$348, 888 Mar. 3, 1909-------------------------------------------------100, 000 Mar. 4, 1911-------------------------------------------------- 50, 000 Feb. 13, 1913------------------------------------------------- 50,-000 June 27, 1914------------------------------------------------ 50, 000 Mar. 3, 1915--------------------- ----------------------------- 50, 000 Total------------------------------------------------- 48, 888 The funds provided in the act of March 3, 1915, are being applied to the purchase and installation of a few generating sets where most needed. For continuing the installation of this equipment at the defenses where they are considered to be most needed an estimate of $110,000 is submitted. Searchlights.--The procurement and installation of searchlight equipment has been continued during the past fiscal year. The act 10 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of March 3, 1915, provided $150,000 for this purpose, and this amount will all be required for expenditure during the present year. To carry on the work of installation an estimate of $226,700 is sub- mitted. Appropriations for searchlights have been made as follows: Act of- Act of-- Mar. 1, 1901 (New York June 23, 1910____ $50, 000 Harbor) $150, 000 Mar. 4, 1911__ 50, 000 June 6, 1902_ 150, 000 June 6, 1912 (reappro- Mar. 3, 1903_ 150, 000 priated from balances Apr. 21, 1904_________ 150, 000 of other funds)____ 25, 000 Mar. 3, 1905_ 200, 000 Feb. 13, 1913 100, 000 June 25, 1906_ 125, 000 June 27, 1914_________ 100, 000 Mar. 2, 1907----- .... 210, 000 Mar. 3, 1915--------- 150, 000 Mar. 27, 1908_________ 210, 000 Mar. 3, 1909_ 210, 000 Total_- 2, 030, 000 Sites for fortifications.-Appropriationsfor sites for fortifications have been made as follows: Act of-- Act of- Aug. 18, 1890---------- $500, 000 Mar. 1, 1901 _________ $200, 000 Feb. 24, 1891 ----------- 500, 000 June 6, 1902--- 200, 000 July 23, 1892 ---------- 500,000 Mar. 3, 1903-----------200, 000 Feb. 18, 1893-----------175,000 Apr. 21, 1904 ---------- 100, 000 Aug. 1, 1894----------- 150,000 May 27, 1908 ---------- 121, 048 June 6, 1896-----------500, 000 Mar. 3, 1909- _____--- - 250, 000 Mar. 3, 1897----------- 300, 000 Feb. 13, 1913 ---------- 100, 000 May 7, 1898------------300, 000 June 23, 1914 _________ 31,000 Mar. 3, 1899 ----------- 300,000 May 25, 1900-----------200, 000 Total___ ________ 4, 627, 048 For the procurement or reclamation of additional land required for fortifications an estimate of $1,867,000 is submitted. Preservation and repair of fortification.--The modern defenses now existing represent an expenditure of approximately $30,000,000 for battery construction alone. These extensive works contain much costly machinery and ordnance material, and must be kept properly painted and repaired to be effective when needed. In previous years it has been customary to appropriate funds under this head for the preservation and repair only of fortifications other than torpedo structures, and the amount annually provided for this purpose, with the exception of the act of June 27, 1914, when a balance of an appro- priation for another purpose was reappropriated, has ranged from $200,000 to $300,000. In the act of March 3, 1915, however, the ap- propriation for the preservation and repair of torpedo structures and for maintaining channels for access to torpedo wharves has been com- bined with this appropriation, but the amount appropriated for the combined purposes was only $200,000. An estimate of $250,000 for the preservation and repair of fortifi- cations, including torpedo structures, is submitted and it is strongly recommended, in the interest of economy and efficient service, that this amount be appropriated. FORTIFICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. 11 Appropriations for preservation and repair of fortifications have been made as follows: Act of- Act of- Sept. 22, 1888---------- $100, 000 June 25, 1906- ---.. $200, 000 Mar. 2, 1889----------- 100, 000 Mar. 2, 1907- .-...... 200, 000 Aug. 18, 1890 ----------- 80, 000 May 27, 1908 225, 000 Feb. 24, 1891 ---------- 80, 000 Mar. 3, 1909 .......... 225, 000 July 23, 1892 -------- - 60, 000 June 23, 1910 ......... 300, 000 Feb. 18, 1893 ----------- 45, 000 Mar. 4, 1911- ........ 300, 000 Aug. 1, 1894 ----------- 45, 000 June 6, 1912 (including Mar. 2, 1895------------ 45, 000 $125,000 reappropri- June 6, 1896----------- 50, 000 ated from balances of Mar. 3, 1897----------- 100, 000 other funds) ------- 300, 000 May 7, 1898------------100,000 Feb. 13, 1913 -- 200, 000 Mar. 3, 1899 ----- 100, 000 June 27, 1914 (reappro- May 25, 1900 100, 000 priated from balance Mar. 1, 1901---------- 100, 000 of another appropria- Feb. 14, 1902 ---------- 3, 000 tion) --------------- 165, 000 June 6, 1902 __________ 300, 000 Mar. 3, 1915-----_ 200, 000 Mar. 3, 1903---__-------- 300, 000 Apr. 21, 1904-_____----- 300,000 Total----------- 4, 623, 000 Mar. 3, 1905-------- 300,000 Appropriations for preservation and repair of torpedo structures have been made as follows: Act of-- Act of-- June 25, 1906-----------$10, 000 June 6, 1912_____________ $20, 000 Mar. 2, 1907------------10, 000 Feb. 13, 1913----------- 20,000 May 27, 1908 ------------ 15, 000 June 27, 1914----------- 20,000 Mar. 3, 1909------------ 20, 000 June 23, 1910-----------20, 000 Total__ ____--___ -155, 000 Mar. 4, 1911___________ 20, 000 Plans for fortifications and other works of defense.-Funds are required under this head for the preparation and revision of projects and plans of works for the permanent fortification of the United States and for the preparation of drawings in connection with land defenses. For this purpose the sum of $10,000 was appropriated by the act of March 3, 1915, and an estimate of the same amount is submitted this year. Supplies for seacoast defenses.-This appropriation is designed for the maintenance and repair of searchlights and electric light and power equipment for seacoast fortifications and for tools, electrical and other supplies, and appliances to be used in their operation. The act of March 3, 1915, appropriated $40,000 for this purpose. The sum of $40,000 is estimated as necessary for the procurement of the regular electrical supplies for the next fiscal year, and an esti- mate of this amount is submitted. Appropriations for supplies for seacoast defenses have been made as follows: Act of- Act of- May 25, 1900-----------$25, 000 Mar. 3, 1909------------- $40, 000 Mar. 1, 1901 _________ 25,000 June 23, 1910------------ 45,000 June 6, 1902-____________ 25, 000 Mar. 4, 1911 ------------ 45,000 Mar. 3, 1903-__ 35,000 June 6, 1912------------- 45,000 Apr. 21, 1904 ------------ 35, 000 Feb. 13, 1913 ------------ 40,000 Mar. 3, 1905_________ 40,000 June 27, 1914 ........... 40,000 June 25, 1906------------ 30, 000 Mar. 3, 1915_ -- _____--- 40, 000 Mar. 2, 1907____ ____ 40,000 May 27, 1908------------ 44,500 Total-------------- 594, 500 12 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Sea walls and embankments.-The large number of seacoast reser- vations renders necessary a considerable expenditure of funds to prevent the washing away of valuable land by the ordinary action of the waves and to repair damages done by occasional violent storms. To provide for maintenance and necessary extensions of existing sea walls and such new sea walls as may be necessary the sum of $27,000 was appropriated by the act of March 3, 1915. Appropriations for sea walls and embankments, exclusive of those for particular localities, have been made as follows: Act of- Act of- Sept. 22, 1888 --------- $117, 000 June 25, 1906----------$50, 000 June 6, 1896--------- 17, 975 Mar. 2, 1907------------ 25, 000 Mar. 3, 1897------------ 33, 000 May 27, 1908 ------------ 50, 000 May 7, 1898 ----------- 55, 000 Mar. 3, 1909------------50, 000 Mar. 3, 1899------------ 2, 500 June 6, 1912 (reappropri- May 25, 1900 ----------- 50, 000 ated from balances of Mar. 1, 1901-----------_ 100,000 other funds) ---------- 25, 000 June 6, 1902 ----------- 100,000 June 27, 1914 ----------- 25, 000 Mar. 3, 1903------------ 89, 575 Mar. 3, 1915 27, 000 Apr. 21, 1904 99, 000 Mar. 3, .1905------------ 19, 400 Total--------------- 935,450 Repair and protection of defenses of Charleston, Pensacola, Mo- bile, and New Orleans.-The appropriations for these items of work have been as follows: Act of Mar. 2, 1907: Sea wall, Fort Moultrie, S. C----------------------------- $100, 000 Repair and protection of defenses of New Orleans, La_----- - 100, 000 Repair and protection of defenses of Pensacola, Fla. (for sea wall) ------ -------------------------------------- 400, 000 Repair and protection of defenses of Pensacola, Fla. (for bat- teries, etc.) -------------------------------------- 50, 000 Repair and protection of defenses of Mobile, Ala---------------500, 000 Act of May 27, 1908: Sea wall, Fort Moultrie, S. C------------------------------ 125, 600 Repair and protection of defenses of Pensacola, Fla. (for bat- teries, etc.) __----- ------------ ------------------ 59, 355 Repair and protection of defenses of Mobile, Ala---------------589, 500 Act of Mar. 3, 1909, repair and protection of defenses of Pensacola, Fla. (for sea walls) -------------------------------------- 507, 100 Under the provisions of the fortification appropriation acts of June 6, 1912, and June 27, 1914, balances of these appropriations have been applied to other objects of expenditure, as follows: Sea wall, Fort Moultrie, S. C ---- ----------------------------- $8, 992 Repair and protection of defenses of Pensacola, Fla.: For batteries, etc-----------------------------------------1, 008 For sea walls-- ------------------------------------- 305, 000 Repair and protection of defenses of Mobile, Ala-------------------- 96, 000 Total ------------------------ --------- 411, 000 Work under these appropriations has been completed. Sea walls, defenses of Galveston, Tex.-The defensive works at Galveston are unavoidably in most exposed positions, and the level FORTIFICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. 13 of the lands surrounding the batteries was greatly lowered by the ssorm of September 8, 1900. The Galveston defenses were rebuilt and repaired under an appropriation of $992,000 contained in the fortification act approved March 1, 1901. With the funds so pro- vided, and in accordance with the plans before Congress when that appropriation was made, each individual battery was made secure against any similar storms likely to occur. For building a sea wall and filling up the reservation at Fort Crockett to a height above storm tides the sums of $591,046.25 and $158,953.75, respectively, were appropriated in the sundry civil acts of April 28, 1904, and June 30, 1906, aggregating $750,000. The retaining wall in the rear of the reservation has been undermined by washouts, permitting portions of the fill to escape. With a view to remedying this condition it is contemplated to provide for an ex- tension, upon private land, of the fill at the adopted grade of 2 per cent until it intersects the natural surface of the ground (the consent of the owners being first obtained); the estimated cost of this work is $88,000. For a sea wall and fill at Fort Travis the sum of $440,000 was pro- vided in the fortification appropriation act approved March 3, 1909. The work under this appropriation has been completed. Under the provisions of the fortification appropriation act of June 6, 1912, a balance of $65,000 pertaining to this appropriation has been applied to other objects of expenditure. Similar protection is required at Fort San Jacinto. Certain claims to portions of this reservation adverse to the title of the United States have, during recent years, operated to prevent any work of improvement upon the reservation. All valid claims adverse to the title of the United States have now, in the opinion of the Depart- ment of Justice, been extinguished. It is important that this work should be undertaken, but the submission of an estimate for this purpose is deferred, in view of the relation of this work to contem- plated channel improvements, which have not yet been authorized by Congress (see H. Doc. No. 1390, 62d Cong., 3d sess.). Submarine mines.-Prior to the act of June 6, 1902, all work in connection with the submarine-mine defense was under the Engineer Department. This act assigned to the Artillery the purchase of torpedo material proper, leaving to the Engineer Department the erection of casemates, galleries, storehouses, and other necessary structures. To provide additional structures which are necessary under exist- ing projects, an estimate of $254,060 is submitted. Appropriations for work under the Engineer Department, begin- ning with the act of June 6, 1902, have been as follows: Act of--- Act of--- June 6, 1902------------ $33, 000 May 27, 1908 ---------- $175, 000 Mar. 3, 1903------------- 50, 000 Mar. 3, 1909 __----------- 100,000 Apr. 21, 1904 ---------- 87, 000 Mar. 4, 1911 ------- ---- 50, 000 Mar. 3, 1905------------- 400,000 Mar. 3, 1915----------- 31, 000 June 25, 1906------------ 175, 000 Mar. 2, 1907------------- 175, 000 Total-------------- 1, 276,000 14 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The following money statements show the condition on June 30 1915, of all general appropriations under which operations were in progress in the United States at the close of the fiscal year: GUN AND MORTAR BATTERIES. For battery construction: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted ________------- ___ - $325, 585.47 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated_______ __________ ___- 585, 000.00 910, 585.47 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year ------------ 232, 937. 54 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted___________________ - _ 677, 647.93 July 1, 1915, amount pledged________________-________ 675, 250.00 July 1, 1915, amount available for miscellaneous work___ 2, 397. 93 For modernizing older emplacements: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted -------------------.- 114, 026. 87 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated_ - 100, 000. 00 _________-________ 214, 026.87 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year _____- -_ 90,484. 72 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted ----------------------- 123, 542. 15 July 1, 1915, amount pledged ______________________-- 123,542.15 FIRE CONTROL AT FORTIFICATIONS. July 1, 1914, balance unallotted ___________________-- -- - -_ $10, 099.43 June 30, 1915, net assignments to the Chief of Engineers during fiscal year-------- ------------------------------------- 41, 326. 36 51, 425. 79 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year ---- __ ___ 33, 570.97 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted_________-_________________ 17, 854. 82 July 1, 1915, amount pledged______________________________ 17, 421.16 July 1, 1915, balance available____ ___- - -433. -____-_____-_____ 66 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS AT SEACOAST FORTIFICATIONS. July 1, 1914, balance unallotted------------ ------------- $58, 546. 63 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated_________ ------------------- 50, 000. 00 108, 546. 63 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year--__-------_--__ 73, 540.00 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted_------ ----------------_ 35, 006. 63 July 1, 1915, amount pledged ------------------- ------ 30,000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available__________------ ------------- 5,006. 63 SEARCHLIGHTS FOR HARBOR DEFENSES. July 1, 1914, balance unallotted--------------------------- $125, 268. 54 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated--------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 275, 268. 54 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year--------------- 183,905.48 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted--------------------------- 91,363.06 July 1, 1915, amount pledged_---------------------------- 90, 000.00 July 1, 1915, balance available_ --------------------------- 1, 363.06 FORTIFICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. 15 SITES FOR FORTIFICATIONS AND SEACOAST DEFENSES. July 1, 1914, balance unallotted-----------------------------$50, 737. 64 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year---- ------------ 31, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted and available------------------- 19, 737. 64 PRESERVATION AND REPAIR OF FORTIFICATIONS. July 1, 1914, balance unallotted----------------------------$164, 628. 16 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated --------------------------------- 200, 000. 00 364, 628. 16 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year--------------- 319, 768. 96 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted__---------------------------- 44, 859.20 July 1, 1915, amount pledged ----------------------------- 20, 550. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 24, 309. 20 PLANS FOR FORTIFICATIONS. Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated 10, 000. 00 $------------------------------- June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year---------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted ------------------------------ 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, amount pledged-------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 SUPPLIES FOR SEACOAST DEFENSES. July 1, 1914, balance unallotted----------------------------- $43, 038. 60 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated--------------------------------- 40, 000. 00 83, 038. 60 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year ---------------- 65, 538. 60 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted----------------------------- 17, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, amount pledged-------------------------------- 9, 400. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ---------- ____--__-- -- 8, 100. 00 SEA WALLS AND EMBANKMENTS. July 1, 1914, balance unallotted----------------------------$25, 428. 41 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated---------------------------------- 27, 000. 00 52, 428. 41 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year----------------- 21, 269. 37 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted-----------------------------31, 159. 04 July 1, 1915, amount pledged-------------------------- 21, 450. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 9, 709. 04 PRESERVATION AND REPAIR OF TORPEDO STRUCTURES. July 1, 1914, balance unallotted----------------------- ------ $20, 445.67 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year---------------- 20, 445. 67 16 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CASEMATES, GALLERIES, ETC., FOR SUBMARINE MINES. July 1, 1914, balance unallotted------------------------ $4, 162. 78 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated-----------------_____ 31, 000. 00 35, 162. 78 June 30, 1915, net repayments to appropriation during fiscal year_ 200. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted ------------------------------ 35, 363. 11 July 1, 1915, amount pledged-------------------------------- 27, 600. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available__ ______ _________________ 7, 763. 11 ESTIMATES OF APPROPRIATIONS REQUIRED FOR 1916-17 FOR FORTIFICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Gun and mortor batteries: Construction of gun and mortar batteries ______________ $2, 533, 000. 00 Modernizing older emplacements_______-- ________________ 78, 500. 00 Electrical installations at seacoast fortifications_____________ 110, 000. 00 Searchlights for harbor defenses---------------------------- 226, 700. 00 Preservation and repair of fortifications_____________________ 250, 000. 00 Plans for fortifications_ .... __ _____-----------__ 10, 000. 00 Supplies for seacoast defenses___________________________-_ 40, 000. 00 Casemates, galleries, etc., for submarine mines ________________ 254, 060. 00 Sites for fortifications and seacoast defenses , 867, 000.00 1________________ 5, 369, 260. 00 FORTIFICATIONS IN INSULAR POSSESSIONS. Batteries.-The first appropriation for this purpose was contained in the fortification act approved April 21, 1904, and additional ap- propriations have been made in each of the succeeding years, the aggregate amount appropriated to date being $9,210,200 (including $250,000, the expenditure of which was assigned to the Chief of Ordnance). With these appropriations batteries have been con- structed at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and Subic Bay, P. I., and con- struction work is still in progress at Honolulu and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and Manila Bay, P. I. Appropriations for this work have been made as follows: Act - Generally applicable. Hawaiian Islands. Philippine Islands. Act of- f Generally Hawaiian Philippine applicable. Islands. Islands. Apr. 21,1904.. $700, 000.......... ........... Mar. 4, 1911 $150,000 $1,169,000 Mar. 3, 1905... 700, 000 .......... ...... June 6,1912.. . 170,000 -....... 800,000 June 25,1906.. .......... $260,000 .... ... Feb.13,1913.............. 70,000 700,000 Mar. 2, 1907_.... .... - 200,000 $500, 000 June 27,1914........................300,000 May 27, 1908.......... 400, 000 954, 000 Mar.3,1909 .............. 337,200 '1,000,000 $1,400,000 Total...-.. 1,587, 200 16, 223, 000 June 23, 1910............ ............ 800, 000 1 Including $250,000 the expenditure of which was assigned to the Chief of Ordnance. Electrical installations.-Thelatest appropriations under this head were made in 1911 for the Philippines and in 1913 for Hawaii. FORTIFICATIONS IN INSULAR POSSESSION6. 17 Operations under existing appropriations are in progress, and no additional funds will be required for the next fiscal year. Appropriations for this work have been made as follows: Act f-Hawaiian Philippine Islands. Islands. May 27, 1908........ ... ..... ................................... $20,000 $115,000 Mar.3,1909............----..........................--....----........ 14,469 88,823 June 23, 1910.................. ....................... ........... ........... ........ 45,000 --- Mar.4,1911. ..........--................................... .. .......... 171,962 Feb.13,1913_....... ................... ................. ............ 34,469 .......... Total..... ....................--.......................... 68,938 420,785 Searchlights.-Work under appropriations heretofore made for this purpose is in progress, and no additional estimate for this pur- pose is submitted. Appropriations for this work have been made as follows: Act of- Generally Hawaiian Philippine applicable. Islands. Islands. Mar. 2, 1907......................................................... $30,000............. May 27,1908 ............ ......................................... $47,500 $180,000 Mar. 3, 1909.............................................66,000 ... . June 23, 1910....................... ..................... .. 139,00 Mar. 4,1911.......... ............................. ............. ........ ... 40,100 .. Feb. 13, 1913. ........... .................... ............... ........... 10,800 20,600 Total. ................... '..... ............ 30,000 164,400 339,600 Procurement of sites.-All land at present required has been ac- quired. Appropriations for this work have been as follows: Act of- Hawaiian Philippine Islands. Islands. Apr. 21, 1904......................................................... $200,000......... June 25, 1906 ......... .......... ........... 150,000.. 0............................ May 27, 1908 ............................................ ......... ....... $5,000 Mar.3,1909 ....... ........ 2...................................... 12,000 Total............... ............................. 350,000 17,000 Maintenance of fortiflcations.-A number of the batteries and other works for the defense of the insular possessions have been com- pleted and are being operated by the troops. In accordance with the policy adopted by Congress in the fortification act of March 3, 1915, in combining under one head the funds appropriated for the preser- vation and repair of fortifications and the preservation and repair of torpedo structures in the United States, the estimates submitted this year for the preservation and repair of fortifications and the preservation and repair of torpedo structures in the insular posses- sions are combined under a single head for each locality. In addi-- 83 7 3°-ENG 1915---2 18 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. tion, an increase in the number of defensive features to be cared for, especially in the Philippine Islands, necessitates increased estimates for these purposes. The estimates submitted this year are $5,000 for the Hawaiian Islands and $16,500 for the Philippine Islands. The funds appropriated by the act of March 3, 1915, for the preservation and repair of fortifications will be applied, so far as available, to the most necessary work required during the fiscal year. Appropriations for this work have been made as follows: Act of- Hawaiian Philippine Actof-Islands. Islands. June 23, 1910................ ....................................................... $7,000 Mar.4,1911........ .......... ...................... ................. 7, 000 June 6,1912..... $500 8.............................00 Feb. 13,1913.........................................................500 8,000 June 27, 1914........................... ........ ........... 1,000 .. . Mar. 3,1915..... .................................................... 2,000 3,000 Total............................................ ............ 4,000 33,000 Maintenance of torpedo structures.-For these purposes appro- priations of $1,000 each for the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands were made by the last fortification act. As indicated above, sepa- rate estimates are not submitted this year under this head, it being proposed to merge this appropriation with that for the preservation and repair of fortifications. Appropriations for this work have been made as follows: Act of- Hawaiian Philippine Islands. Islands. June 23,1910. .......... .... $1,000 00............................... Mar.4, 1911 .................................................................... 1,000 June 6,1912. ................................. ............... .......................... 500 Feb, 13,1913........................................................ . ................ $500 750 June 27,1914..... .......... ............., ........................... 2,000 1,000 Mar.3,1915......................................................... .... 000 1...... 1,000 Total.......................... ................................ 3,500 5,250 Land defenses.-For the construction of works of defense against landing parties in the Philippine Islands the sum of $180,000 was appropriated by the fortification appropriation act approved March 4, 1911. Work under this appropriation is in progress. For addi- tional work required an estimate of $115,000 is submitted. For similar work in the Hawaiian Islands appropriations of $457,000 and $150,000, respectively, were made by the acts of June 27, 1914, and March 3, 1915. These funds are being applied to the work as rapidly as practicable, and to permit the continuation of this work without interruption an estimate of $129,000 additional is submitted. Reserve equipment.-For the procurement of an adequate reserve of sare parts, etc., for the fortifications and their appliances in the insnlar possessions, the sums of $50,000 and $100,000, respectively, for the hawaiian and Philippine Islands were appropriated by the FORTIFICATIONS IN INSULAR POSSESSIONS. 19 act of June 27, 1914. These amounts are being applied to the pur- pose for which appropriated. Electrical and other supplies.-Under appropriations heretofore made by Congress a number of electric plants and searchlights have been installed in the defensive works in the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands, and in order that the necessary supplies and materials may be furnished for their operation and maintenance, as for similar equipment in this country, estimates of $2,500 and $4,000, respec- tively, have been submitted this year. For work of this character in the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands $1,500 and $3,000, respectively, were provided by the act of March 3, 1915, with which the supplies most urgently required will be procured. Appropriations for this work have been made as follows: Act of- Hawaiian Philippine Islands. Islands. June 23, 1910-----------------------... ..------------ -----------------------------....... $2, 500 Mar. 4, 1911 ...-------- ------ --------------------------------------.. $1,000 2,500 June 6,1912.... ----------------------------------------------------------- 750 2,500 -------------- 750 3,000 Feb. 13,1913------..-----....--..-....---...-------....--...---------..........--...---- ----- June 27, 1914. --------------------------------------------------- 1, 000 3,000 Mar.3, 1915.. ....... ........... --........ 1,500 ... ........................ 3,000 Total----...... ----------------------....------------------------------- 5,000 16,500 Sea walls.-To permit the protection of the shore of one of the de- fensive sites in the Hawaiian Islands an appropriation of $21,000 was made by the act of March 3, 1915. Work under this appropria- tion is in progress. Torpedo structures.-Forthe construction of additional defenses of this character required in the Philippine Islands the sum of $50,- 000 was appropriated in the act of February 13, 1913, and the addi- tional sum of $17,000 in the act of March 3, 1915. Work under these appropriations is in progress. For additional work of this character required in the Hawaiian Islands, an estimate of $10,000 is submitted. Appropriations for this work have been made as follows: Act of- Generally Philippine Hawaiian applicable. Islands. Islands. June 8, 1898 (for Manila Harbor).................................... .........$150,000 ............ Mar. 2, 1907.................. ............................ $200,000....... ..... May 27, 1908............................. .. .. ... ................ ........................... $129,000 Feb. 13, 1913 ...... ........ .. ........ .................. ... 5 00 5..0 0......... Mar. 3, 1915.............................................. .. ..... 17,000 .......... Total ............................................. 200,000 217,000 129,000 Fire control.-No funds for this purpose were provided by the last fortification act. 20 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Appropriations for this work and assignments therefrom to the Engineer Department have been made as follows: Assigned Act of- Appro- to Engi- priated. neer De- partment. Mar. 2, 1907.......... ......... ................................... $100,000.00 May 27, 1908.......... ...... ...... ............................ 243,000.00 Mar. 3, 1909.......................... ....... .... .............. .......... 250,000.00 June 23, 1910..... ... ................................. ................. ........ 200,000.00 4,424.26 Total........... ........................................ 793,000.00 The following money statements show the conditions on June 30, 1915, of all general appropriations under which operations were in progress in the insular possessions at the close of the fiscal year: FORTIFICATIONS IN INSULAR POSSESSIONS. For construction of seacoast batteries: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted--- ----------------------$628, 932. 34 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year-------------116, 357. 01 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted_--_---------- ____-__ 512, 575. 33 July 1, 1915, amount pledged_________________________ _ 337, 912. 06 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------- 174, 663. 27 For electrical installations: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted __________________________ 102, 740. 63 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year __....___- 17, 112. 88 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted ________________________ 85, 627. 75 July 1, 1915, amount pledged- -- ____--- ------------- -85, 627. 75 For searchlights: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted__--------------------------55, 240. 06 June 30, 1915, net repayments to appropriation during fiscal year ------------------------- ---------------------- 7, 007. 39 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted 247. 45 6______________--------- July 1, 1915, amount pledged -------------------------- 62, 247. 45 For torpedo structures: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted 97. 45 6------------------------- July 1, 1915, balance unallotted and available ____________-- _ 697.45 For sites, Philippine Islands: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted--------------------------- 2, 950. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted and available-- __ ---- ____ - 2, 950. 00 For electrical and other supplies: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted _--------- ------------ 4, 514. 95 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated---------------- 4, 500. 00 9, 014. 95 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year_------------ 9, 014. 95 FORTIFICATIONS IN INSULAR POSSESSIONS. 21 For maintenance of fortifications: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted _------------------- --- $10, 489. 00 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated__ --- _____----- 5, 000. 00 15, 489. 00 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year_------------ 15, 489.00 For maintenance of torpedo structures: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted_ 3, 661. 50 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated_ _______ 2, 000. 00 5, 661. 50 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year _.___.______ 5, 661. 50 For reserve equipment: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted------- ___ ____-- ______ 150, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year ______ -______ 103, 144. 57 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted and available _ 46, 855. 43 For land defenses, Hawaiian Islands: July 1, 1914, unallotted _____________ ________________ 457, 000.00 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated___________________________ 150, 000. 00 607, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year ____________ 441, 998. 60 July 1, 1915, unallotted--------------------------------165, 001. 40 July 1, 1915, amount pledged________________________________ 165, 001. 40 For land defenses, Philippine Islands: July 1, 1914, balance unallotted__________________________ 1,169. 71 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year _____________ 5. 42 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted _____________________-____ 1,164. 29 July 1, 1915, amount pledged ----------------------------- 1,164.29 FIRE CONTROL IN INSULAR POSSESSIONS. July 1, 1914, balance unallotted--------------------------------- 7.50 June 30, 1915, net assignments to Engineer Department ----------- 9, 255.00 9, 262. 50 June 30, 1915, net allotments during fiscal year--___ ____ -___- 9, 255. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unallotted and available -------------------- 7. 50 ESTIMATES OF APPROPRIATIONS REQUIRED FOR 1916-17 FOR FORTIFICATIONS IN THE INSULAR POSSESSIONS. Fortifications in insular possessions: For maintenance of fortifications- Hawaiian Islands_- ________ __ $5, 000. 00 Philippine Islands______ __ _______________ 16, 500. 00 For land defenses, Hawaiian Islands______ 129, 000. 00 For land defenses, Philippine Islands_ 115, 000. 00 For electrical and other supplies- Hawaiian Islands --- 2,500.00 Philippine Islands____ _____ 4, 000. 00 For torpedo structures, Hawaiian Islands___ 10, 000.00 Total--- ------------- 282, 000. 00 22 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. FORTIFICATIONS, PANAMA CANAL. The construction of the fortifications for the Panama Canal is under the Governor of the Panama Canal, but plans for the various defensive works are prepared by the Chief of Engineers. The following appropriations were made by the sundry civil ap- propriation act of March 3, 1915, for engineer work: Electric light and power plants------------------------------$3, 081. 00 Searchlights ------------------------------------ -------- 79, 666.00 Maintenance of clearings and trails--------------------------45, 000. 00 Maintenance of fortifications-------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Electrical and other supplies --------- 7, 500. 00 Reserve equipment --------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Fire control----- ------------------------------------- 383, 301. 30 The expenditure of the appropriation for reserve equipment was assigned to the Chief of Engineers, and work is now in progress thereunder. The remaining appropriations are expended under the supervision of the Governor of the Panama Canal and independently of the Chief of Engineers. For work of construction and maintenance the following estimates are submitted this year: Maintenance of clearings and trails ---------------------------- $40, 000 Maintenance of fortifications --------------------------------- 25, 000 Electrical and other supplies ----------------------------------- 10, 000 Seacoast batteries ------------------------------------------ 500, 000 Casemates, galleries, etc., for submarine mines---------------------47, 000 Total 6--------------------------- 622, 000 MILITARY STRUCTURES, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. The construction of a pumping plant, electric-power plant, and certain Army storehouses for military purposes in the Philippine Islands has been assigned to the Engineer Department and funds from various appropriations applied thereto. These funds being insufficient for the completion of the work, an appropriation of $154,000 for such completion was made by the sundry civil appro- priation act of August 1, 1914. With this amount the structures are being completed. The following funds, in addition to those elsewhere accounted for in this report, have been or are being applied to this work: Electric-power plant, Corregidor Island, P. I. (sundry civil act of Mar. 4, 1911) ------------------ ------------------- $154, 667. 00 Water and sewers at military posts, 1912 (Army act of Mar. 3, 1911) ------------------------------------------------------ 15, 500. 00 Seacoast defenses, Philippine Islands and Hawaii (sundry civil acts) ------------ ---------------------------------- 16, 155. 55 Army storehouses, Corregidor Island, P. I. (Army act of Mar. 3, 1909) ------------- --- ------------------------------ 132, 443. 66 Military structures, Philippine Islands (sundry civil act of Aug. 1, 1914)---------------------------- -------------------------- 154, 000. 00 Total -------------------------------------------------- 472, 766. 21 ENGINEER DEPOTS. 23 ENGINEER DEPOTS. WASHINGTON BARRACKS. This depot is the repository for part of the military bridge equi- page of the Army; for miscellaneous military engineering tools, ap- paratus, supplies, and materials of all kinds required by the mobile army; for repair parts of the electrical and mechanical equipment of seacoast fortifications; and for astronomical, surveying, drafting, and reconnoissance instruments and supplies used by the Army and by officers of the Corps of Engineers on public works, both military and civil. It purchases and issues military engineering tools and supplies, and serves particularly as an exchange for engineering in- struments of all kinds, receiving them from the Army or public works, caring for them while in store, making the necessary repairs, reissuing them when required, and, so far as appropriations will per- mit, making purchases of such items as can not be supplied from store. It also engages in the fabrication in the depot shops of spe- cial items of military equipment for Engineer troops, such as tool wagons, packs for mounted transportation, boats for bridge equipage, etc. The shipments during the year have considerably exceeded those of previous years. A large number of instruments have been re- paired in the instrument-repair shop. All new instruments were examined and tested there. During the fiscal year a total of 1,752 separate shipments were made from the depot, of which 1,125 were by freight and express and 627 by mail. The total weight of the shipments, exclusive of mail shipments, was 279,578 pounds, and the total number of boxes and crates, exclusive of mail shipments, was 1,701. In addition to the aforementioned shipments, 1,490 separate boxes and crates, aggre- gating 1,177,687 pounds, were shipped from various manufacturers direct to various places on the continent and insular possessions. FORT LEAVENWORTH. This depot is the repository for part of the military bridge equipage of the Army, as well as other tools, stores, and miscellaneous supplies. The general work of the office and storehouse comprised the care of property on hand, the purchase of supplies, receiving and issuing Engineer supplies, and the keeping of the depot accounts and records. Electric motor equipment for changing motive power of shops is on hand, ready for installation. VERA CRUZ. In accordance with verbal instructions from the Chief of Engi- neers of May 8, 1914, an Engineer depot was established at Vera Cruz, Mexico, on May 19, 1914. An office was opened at No. 27 Terminal Hotel, and a clerk employed for the depot work. 24 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The depot continued in operation during the occupation of Vera Cruz. Its operations were limited to the purchase and issue of a small amount of material to Company E, Second Battalion of En- gineers, for its equipment and instruction. VANCOUVER BARRACKS. This depot is the repository for part of the military bridge equipage of the Army, as well as tools, stores, and miscellaneous sup- plies. Work during the year has included the fabrication and repair of ponton equipage and the purchase and issue of materials, tools, and supplies to Engineer troops. HONOLULU. - This depot assembles and issues property and materials for the military operations in the Hawaiian Islands, cares for property in store, makes such minor repairs to instruments as can be made locally, and obtains and issues such Engineer supplies as are required by the Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery troops stationed in the vicinity of Honolulu. Operations during the year have been confined to these activities. A suitable building for storage purposes is urgently needed. MANILA. This depot is the repository for ponton equipage and for miscel- laneous tools, property, and supplies required for issue and for reserve equipment in the Philippine Department. The personnel at the depot was, on June 30, 1915, made up as follows: Civilians.-One storekeeper, American; 1 clerk, native; 2 machin- ists, native; 1 carpenter, native; 2 laborers, native. Enlisted (all from Third Battalion of Engineers).-One sergeant and 10 privates. These men perform all necessary office work, make and handle shipments, prevent as far as possible destruction due to rust, dry rot, white ants, and dampness, and make repairs. ENGINEER DEPOTS, 1915. Amount appropriated in the Army appropriation act of April 27, 1914____ ------------------------------------------------ $25, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year----------------23, 986. 22 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-...------------------- - 1,013. 78 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_------------------ _ 1,013. 78 Estimate submitted for 1916-17-------------------------- --- 27, 500 ENGINEER EQUIPMENT OF TROOPS. 25 ENGINEER EQUIPMENT OF TROOPS. With funds appropriated under this head additions were made to the reserve supply of bridge equipage, the equipage on hand has been kept in repair, and purchases made to provide prescribed and authorized issues of tools, instruments, and supplies for the equip- ment of military organizations, military posts, and for military surveys. During the year issues of the new equipment of Engineer troops were practically completed. Reserve intrenching tools, as shown on page 8, Tables of Organi- zation, 1914, sufficient for nine Infantry divisions have been stored in designated depots throughout the country. Design and test of demolition equipment for Cavalry was com- pleted during the year and issues will be made as promptly as funds will allow. The orders now in force governing the issue of Engineer equipment to troops are as follows: (a) Reconnaissance instruments for line troops, including Engineers, and for Coast Artillery when employed with mobile troops, Unit Accountability Man- uals; surveying, reconnaissance, and drafting instruments for military posts; reconnaissance and drafting supplies, General Orders No. 2, War Department, 1915. (b) Reserve intrenching tools for Infantry, Tables of Organization, 1914, page 8. The foregoing orders do not cover purchase or issue of the bridge equipage, siege material, field searchlights, pile drivers, and other miscellaneous items of Engineer equipment required for use in field operations. Circular No. 7, Bureau of Militia Affairs, May 11, 1914,, prescribes the Engineer equipment for Engineer units of the Organized Militia. Good progress was made in equipment of militia in accordance therewith. Equipment, supplies, etc., purchased from this appropriation are stored at the several Engineer depots, from which they are issued to organizations, posts, and department headquarters for surveys, and to the Organized Militia (at the expense of the appropriations therefor) as required. It is deemed highly desirable to initiate the procurement of an adequate reserve supply of such Engineer equipment as can not be promptly secured on demand, and the estimate for the next fiscal year has been accordingly increased to the amount indicated below. ENGINEER EQUIPMENT OF TROOPS, 1915. Amount appropriated in the Army appropriation act of April 27, 1914 ------------------------------------------------ $50, 000. 00 Collections on account of lost property, sales, etc----------------- 332. 96 Total available---------- -- ---------------- --- 50, 332. 96 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year -_________- 37, 979. 21 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------- -12, 353. 75 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------------- - _ 12, 310. 72 Balance to revert to Treasury--- -------------------------- 43. 03 Estimate submitted for 1916-17 .... 660, 000. 00 26 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CIVILIAN ASSISTANTS TO ENGINEER OFFICERS. By the Army act of April 27, 1914, the sum of $40,000 was appro- priated for civilian assistants to Engineer officers serving on the staffs of division, corps, and department commanders to enable them to secure the services of surveyors, survey parties, draftsmen, photogra- phers, master laborers, and clerks during the fiscal year 1915. These funds have been applied to the purpose for which appropriated. The Army appropriation act approved March 4, 1915, contained an item of $40,000 for this purpose for the fiscal year 1916. Owing to the large amount of military surveying and mapping in hand, and the urgent need for its early completion, a largely in- creased force of civilian assistants is needed, and an estimate of $75,000 for the next fiscal year is accordingly submitted. Amount appropriated by Army appropriation act approved Apr. 27, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- $40, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year --------------- 39, 429. 36 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------ _________________________ 570. 64 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___________________________ 565. 00 Balance to revert to Treasury---------------------------- 5.64 CONTINGENCIES, ENGINEER DEPARTMENT, PHILIP- PINE ISLANDS. In the prosecution of work of great importance in the Philippine Islands in remote and almost inaccessible localities the operations of the Engineer Department require funds of wide applicability and limited restrictions as to expenditures. Owing to the circumstances under which the work must be performed an appropriation of this character has been found essential to its satisfactory prosecution. Annual appropriations of $5,000 each for this purpose were made for the fiscal years 1911-1915. The appropriation for the current fiscal year was reduced to $4,000, and it is believed that a similar amount will suffice for the fiscal year 1917. An estimate of this amount is submitted. Amount appropriated by Army appropriation act approved Apr. 27, 1914------------------------------------------------ $5, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year_________________ 3, 123. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------- -- 1, 876. 67 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ______------------1-------- 1, 876. 67 BUILDINGS, ENGINEER POST AND SCHOOL, D. C. 27 MAPS, WAR DEPART1MENT. With the $7,500 appropriated for this purpose for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, a number of miscellaneous military maps were printed. These funds are also utilized in the publication of accurate maps of our fortified harbors, which, under existing regulations, are re- quired for the use of the Coast Artillery. For continuing this work the sum of $7,500 has been appropriated for the fiscal year 1916. Owing to the large amount of military mapping in progress, and the urgent need for the prompt reproduction of maps as completed, an increased appropriation is needed for the next fiscal year, and an estimate of $22,000 is submitted. Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914-.... $7, 500. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year--------------- 6, 751. 94 June 30, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------- 748. 06 June 30, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------740. 99 Balance to revert to Treasury_---------------------------- 7.07 BUILDINGS, ENGINEER POST AND SCHOOL, WASH- ING BARRACKS, D. C. The creation of the Engineer post and school at Washington Bar- racks was authorized by act of Congress approved June 30, 1902, and the work has been carried on in accordance with the general plan ap- proved by the Secretary of War December 22, 1904, drawings of which were published in the Annual Report of the Chief of En- gineers for 1906. A detailed history of the work is given in the Annual Reports of the Chief of Engineers from 1902 to 1906. The river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912, provided $100,000 for the construction of a building with library accommodations and other facilities for the instruction of officers of the Corps of En- gineers in duties pertaining to the improvement of rivers and harbors. Under this appropriation a school building with attached power house has been constructed and occupied. For the completion of the post and school in accordance with the approved plans, the following buildings still remain to be provided: For post and engineer depot administrative offices, printing shop, photo- graph laboratory, lithograph laboratory, and certain other school requirements--------------- ------------ $75, 000 For trade-school building_______---------------------- _ 9, 000 For completion of west barrack, including moving and renovating the old hospital building now occupying the site------------------- 50, 000 Bachelor officers' quarters------------------------------------ 70, 000 Six double sets of noncommissioned officers' quarters--------------- 66, 000 For stables------------------ ----------------------------- 20, 000 For store shed for wood, coal, and lumber------------------------ 2, 000 For barracks for Quartermaster's Corps detachment---------------- 20, 000 For roads, walks, sidewalks, sewers, water and gas supply, electric dis- tribution, etc---------------------------------------- 25, 000 337, 000 28 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The work of the Engineer School is of the greatest importance in preparing the younger officers of the corps for their future important military and civil duties. The Engineer post, besides training the battalion of enlisted Engineer troops stationed there, is also the home of the Engineer depot, which purchases, fabricates, and distributes all items of Engineer equipment required by the mobile army, as well as all supplies and much of the equipment required for the mechanical and electrical equipment of the seacoast defenses of the United States and its insular possessions. While the completion of the new school building provided for by the $100,000 appropriated in the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, has materially improved the conditions of the Engineer School proper, there is urgent need for additional funds to complete the remaining buildings comprised in the approved plan for the post and school. Amount appropriated by act of- June 30, 1902------------ --------------------------- $500, 000. 00 Mar. 2, 1903-- ------------------------------ 360, 000. 00 Mar. 2, 1905------------------------------------ ---- 150, 000. 00 Mar. 2, 1907 --- ---------------------------------- 32, 500. 00 July 25, 1912----------------------------------------100, 000. 00 Total---------------- -------------------------- 1, 142, 500.00 June 30, 1915- Expended to date 141, 580. 59 1---------------------------------- Amount unexpended ------------------------------ 919. 41 Outstanding liabilities ------------------------------------ 446. 86 Balance available- ------ ------------------- - 472. 55 An estimate of $23,000 is submitted to be applied to- 1. Trade-school building---,--------------------------------- $9, 000. 00 2. Stables ----------------------------------------- 12, 000. 00 3. Store shed for wood, coal, and lumber- 2, 000. 00 23, 000. 00 EQUIPMENT OF COAST ARTILLERY, ARMORIES, OR GAN- IZED MILITIA. The Army appropriation act approved March 3, 1911, provided the sum of $338,170 for the equipment of armory buildings pro- vided by States for instructional purposes for Coast Artillery com- panies of the Organized Militia. By the Army appropriation act of August 24, 1912, the availability of this appropriation was ex- tended to include obligations incurred during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913. With these funds the installations of equipments for the instruction of Coast Artillery militia have been or are being completed at the following places: Boston, Mass., South Armory. Bridgeport, Conn. New York City: Ninth District Armory. Thirteenth District Armory. Savannah, Ga. San Francisco, Cal. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 29 The Army act of March 2, 1913, provided an additional sum of $185,000 and the Army act of April 27, 1914, $100,000 for this pur- pose. With funds assigned from these appropriations to the Engi- neer Department, equipment is being installed in the Eighth District Armory, New York City, and in the armories at Providence, R. I., and Portland, Me. The total amounts assigned to the Engineer Department from these appropriations to June 30, 1915, have been as follows: Equipment of Coast Artillery, armories, Organized Militia, 1912___ $110, 428. 59 Equipment of Coast Artillery, armories, Organized Militia------ 68, 857. 39 179, 285. 98 ENLARGEMENT OF GOVERNORS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR. Under a project adopted in 1901 the area of this island was increased by reclamation by about 1031 acres at a cost of ap- proximately $1,100,000. The sea wall inclosing the enlargement had to be built upon a mud bottom with occasional thin strata of sand, and some settlement has occurred necessitating repairs to the sea wall. For this purpose the sum of $8,000 was appropriated in the sundry civil act of March 3, 1915. At the close of the fiscal year pro- posals for the work had been received, but award had not been made. Balance unexpended from previous appropriations (aggregating $1,100,000) --------------------------------- ------ $60. 29 Mar. 3, 1915, appropriated___ ________________--___----8, 000. 00 Total-----------------------------------------8, 060. 29 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year_________ ___- ___6_ 62. 75 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended and available---------------------7, 997. 54 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. Appropriations.-The funds with which the works for the im- provement of rivers and harbors were prosecuted during the past fiscal year were derived from the appropriations made by the river and harbor acts approved October 2, 1914, and March 4, 1915, and the sundry civil acts approved August 1, 1914, and March 3, 1915, from such appropriations as have been provided by other general acts and by special acts of Congress, and from the available balances of former appropriations. The following works are provided for by permanent appropria- tions: Removing sunken vessels; operating snag and dredge boats on upper Mississippi, Illinois, and Minnesota Rivers; removing ob- structions in Mississippi River; gauging waters of the Mississippi River and its tributaries; examinations and surveys at South Pass, Mississippi River; maintenance of South Pass Channel, Mississippi River; operating snag boats on Ohio River; operating and care of canals, etc.; support and maintenance of the Permanent International Association of the Congresses of Navigation. 30 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Total appropriations for rivers and harbors to Oct. 31, 1914__ $821, 510, 465. 47 Amount appropriated by deficiency act Mar. 4, 1915---------- 22, 606. 55 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act Mar. 3, 1915__--- ___ 3, 982, 000. 00 Amount appropriated by river and harbor act Mar. 4, 1915 (cash appropriation )- -.. ____-_ _____________-_ -25, 000, 000. 00 Permanent annual appropriations for fiscal year 1916, (includ- ing $3,000 for Permanent International Association of Con- gresses of Navigation) -------------...----------- _---- 297, 600. 00 850, 812, 672. 02 INDEFINITE APPROPRIATIONS. Operating and care of canals, etc.: Appropriation warrants issued in fiscal year 1915--------_ $2, 722, 776. 96 Unexpended balance of war- rants issued in fiscal years 1912-1914, not included in prior reports- --------- 3, 792. 28 $2,726,569.24 Removing sunken vessels, etc.: Appropriation warrants issued in fiscal year 1915_ ...... _ 74, 981. 25 Unexpended balance of war- rants issued in fiscal years 1912-1914, not included in prior reports----------- 23, 468. 31 98, 449. 56 2, 825, 018. 80 Related works: Expenses of California IDbris Commission (sundry civil act Mar. 3, 1915)----------- 15, 000. 00 Prevention of deposits, New York Harbor (sundry civil act Mar. 3, 1915) ---------- 85, 260. 00 100, 260. 00 853, 737, 950. 82 Expenditures.-The total amount actually expended under the direction of the Chief of Engineers in connection with the improve- ment of rivers and harbors during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, is as follows: Rivers and harbors (miscellaneous) ---------------------- $30, 560, 481. 05 Maintenance and improvement of existing river and harbor works -------------- ---------------------- -------- 6, 732, 012. 21 Examinations, surveys, and contingencies of rivers and har- bors------------------------------------------------ 324, 122. 01 Emergencies in river and harbor works--------------------- 66, 298. 97 Preservation and maintenance of river and harbor works-- --- 27, 545. 48 Removing sunken vessels----------------------------------- 96, 854. 07 Operating and care of canals------------------------ ----- 2, 547, 849.27 Operating snag and dredge boats on upper Mississippi, Illinois, and Minnesota Rivers------------------____------- - - 23, 457.05 Removing obstructions in Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Old Rivers----------------------------------------------- 099, 953.11 Gauging waters of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . 8, 153. 50 Maintenance of South Pass Channel, Mississippi River__-.. _ 75, 685. 08 Examinations and surveys at South Pass, Mississippi River.... 10, 350. 00 Operating snag boats on the Ohio River-------- ---------- - 51, 963. 58 Permanent International Association of Congresses of Naviga- tion-- --------------------------------------- - 2, 524. 33 Meeting of Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses in United States------------------------.. 25.04 Prevention of deposits in New York Harbor- -------------- - 91, 925. 82 California D6bris Commission (expenses) -_ _- --- - 14, 947. 42 Claims for damages by collision, river and harbor works,__._ 221.15 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 31 International Waterways Commission-___- _-------- $568. 61 Building, Engineer School for River and Harbor Instruction__ 3,171. 50 40, 738, 109, 25 Mississippi River Commission: Improving Mississippi River--_----- _ $1, 017, 729. 71 Maintenance and improvement of existing river and harbor works ------------- 2, 015, 129. 11 Rebuilding levees of Mississippi River and tributaries damaged by floods - ---- .25 Improving Yazoo River and tributaries (Yazoo River at mouth) ---------------- 541. 44 Gauging waters of the Mississippi River and l its tributaries _ ___l-________ -_ 8, 113. 50 3, 041, 514.01 Deduct amount included in item above------ 8, 113. 50 3, 033, 400. 51 Grand total of Government funds- - __2___________ 243, 771, 509. 76 Expenditures have also been made from funds contributed by States, municipalities, and private parties for improvements as follows: Harbor at Plymouth, Mass------_------------------__ _ $43, 378. 95 Niagara River, N. Y_____-----------_------------ _ -- _ 503. 17 Wilmington Harbor, Del______-_________________------------ 135. 38 Waterways connecting Core Sound and Beaufort Harbor, N. C__ 10, 000. 00 Savannah River at Augusta, Ga _____ ____ _ 53, 171. 77 Savannah Harbor, Ga-------------------------------------- 500. 00 St. Josephs Bay, Fla __--------------------------------- ----- 182. 75 Sabine-Neclies Canal, Tex_-__ ---------------------- 172, 931.09 Beaumont Turning Basin, Tex__ 6, 689.33 6_______________--___ Houston Ship Channel, Texas ----------------------------- 320, 929. 38 Inland waterway from Mermentau River to Sabine River, La. and Tex------------------------------------------- 8, 037. 66 Levees at Mound City, Ill------------------------------------ 331. 11 Petaluma Creek, Cal--------------------------------------- 2, 500. 00 Humboldt Bay, Cal---------------------------------------- 9, 000. 00 Sacramento and Feather Rivers, Cal--__ -__-__-______-- 166, 288. 80 Tillamook Bay and Bar, Oreg ------------------- 3,124. 37 9---------- Nehalem Bay, Oreg---------- --------------------------- 53, 361. 54 Siuslaw River, Oreg ------------------------- ------ 41, 022. 08 Yaquina River, Oreg--------- --------------------- 2, 869. 09 Coos Bay, Oreg----------- ----------------------------- 11, 100. 00 Willamette River, Oreg--___---------- - ____ ----- -- 300, 000. 00 Columbia and lower Willamette Rivers, below Portland, Oreg___ 16, 819. 82 Mouth of Columbia River, Oreg. and Wash ------- ---.------ 245, 402. 05 1, 558, 278. 34 Under Mississippi River Commission: Mississippi River at Star Landing Bend, Miss__ $174, 990.70 Mississippi River near Laconia Circle, Ark- -__ 8, 000. 00 Mississippi River at Delta, Miss------------- 24, 871. 79 207, 862. 49 Grand total of contributed funds- ...... --- --- 1, 766, 140. 83 The river and harbor act approved October 2, 1914, contained the following provision: That the sum of $20,000,000 be, and the same hereby is, appropriated out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be immediately 1 This-amount included in similar item of $8,153.50 on page 30. 2This amount does not include expenditures for enlargement of Governors Island, New York Harbor, $62.75. 32 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. available and to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of War and the supervision of the Chief of Engineers, for the preservation and maintenance of existing river and harbor works, and for the prosecution of such projects heretofore authorized as may be most desirable in the interests of commerce and navigation, and most economical and advantageous in the execution of the work: Provided, That allotments from the amount hereby appropriated shall be made by the Secretary of War upon the recommendation of the Chief of Engineers: * * * And provided further, That at the beginning of the next session of Congress a special report shall be made to Congress by the Secretary of War showing the amount allotted under this appropriation to each work of improvement. Under the authority conferred by the foregoing provisions of law the Secretary of War has, upon the recommendation of the Chief of Engineers, allotted the following-named sums to the localities in- dicated: Portland Harbor, Me_-----__--__-__----------___-- - $105, 000 Isles of Shoals Harbor, Me------------------------------------ 5, 000 Salem Harbor, Mass ------------------------------------------ 7, 500 Boston Harbor, Mass---------------------------------------- 200, 000 Stonington Harbor, Conn -------------------------------- 6, 000 New Haven Harbor, Conn--------------------------------------86, 000 Housatonic River, Conn--------------------------------------- 1, 000 Thames River, Conn- --- _____. --- __ 5, 000 Port Chester Harbor, N. Y-- __________ --- -- _______-- _____ _ 10, 000 Mamaroneck Harbor, N. Y -------- -- ________________________ 3, 000 Gowanus Bay, N. Y.; Bay Ridge and Red Hook Channels----------- 150, 000 Hudson River Channel, New York Harbor _____ ________- -- 125, 000 Charlotte Harbor, N. Y__________________________-________ 24, 000 East Chester Creek, N. Y__________________________ 20, 000 Westchester Creek, N. Y.-------------- -_______ _____-_____ 36, 500 Harlem River, N. Y----------------- ------- 50, 000 Hudson River, N. Y-__ ----------------------------------- 1, 372, 000 East River and Hell Gate, N. Y _______________-------------------------- 236, 000 Staten Island Sound, N. Y. and N. J_________-_______________-- 400, 000 Raritan Bay, N. J---------------- ---------------- ------ - 20, 000 Newark Bay and Passaic River, N. J-- ------------------------ 50, 000 Woodbridge Creek, N. J ---------- "--------- ---------- - 6, 000 Keyport Harbor, Matawan Creek, Raritan, South, and Elizabeth Rivers, Shoal Harbor and Compton Creek, and Cheesequake Creek, N. J----------------------------------------------------- 8,000 Shrewsbury River, N. J-------------------------------------- 10, 000 Absecon Inlet, N. J---------------------- -------- - - 25, 000 Delaware River below Philadelphia, Pa------------------------ 1, 000, 000 Wilmington Harbor, Del_---------------------------- ___ 30, 000 Pittsburgh Harbor, Pa ----- ___-----------------------__- 2, 500 Waterway from Chincoteague Bay, Va., to Delaware Bay, Del------ 1, 000 Potomac River at Washington, D. C----------------------------- 10, 000 Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers, Va -------------------- _ __ 4, 000 Rappahannock River, Va--------------------------- ---------- 5, 000 Beaufort Harbor, N. C--------------------------------------- 5, 000 Beaufort Inlet, N. C----------------------------------------- 10, 000 Fishing Creek, N. C ------------------------------------- 1, 000 Pamlico and Tar Rivers, N. C-------------------------_--- --- 18, 500 Bay River, N. C---------------------------------------------- 1, 000 Contentnia Creek, N. C---------------------------------- ---- 2, 000 Neuse River, N. C---------------- --------------------------- 25, 000 Swift Creek, N. C-------------------------------- 500 Waterway from Pamlico Sound to Beaufort Inlet, N. C-------------- 3, 400 New River, N. C., including inland waterways between Beaufort Har- bor and New River and between New River and Swansboro -------- 16, 000 Northeast, Black, and Cape Fear (above Wilmington) Rivers, N. C___-- 10, 500 CapeaiFear River above Wilmington, N. C., locks and dams.- 7----- 0, 000 Cape Fear River at and below Wilmington, N. 0(.... -..- ......-..-- 115, 000 Charleston Harbor, S. C., Ashley River Channel.....--------------- 15,000 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 33 Winyah Bay, S. C------------------------------------------ $15, 000 Great Peedee River, S. C-------------_---_ 10, 000 Santee, Wateree, and Congaree Rivers, S. C- -------- 30, 000 Savannah Harbor, Ga------------------------------- 150, 000 Brunswick Harbor, Ga ----------------------------------- _ __ 25, 000 Savannah River below Augusta, Ga-----------------__ __ 15, 000 Altamaha, Oconee, and Ocmulgee Rivers, Ga_ 40, 000 Flint River, Ga-------- ------------------------------------- 18, 000 Chattahoochee River below Columbus, Ga-----------_______---_ 65, 000 Coosa River, Ga. and Ala.: Lock in Dam No. 4 and Dam No. 5------------- _______- --- 30, 000 Lock and dam at Mayos Bar, near Rome, Ga----------------- 10, 000 Tampa Bay, Fla-------------------------------------------- 6, 000 St. Petersburg Harbor, Fla------------------ _________ ------- 1, 500 Apalachicola Bay, Fla-------------------------- ___-------- - 15, 000 St. Andrews Bay, Fla-------------------- -------------------- 36, 000 Narrows in Santa Rosa Sound, Fla______________________--------------------------- 5, 000 St. Johns River, Fla.: Jacksonville to the ocean ----------------- --------- _____ 217, 000 Jacksonville to Palatka ------------------------------------ 5, 000 Palatka to Lake Harney__________________________________ 5, 000 Indian River, Fla------------- ----------------------------- 10, 000 Caloosahatchee River, Fla------------------ ____ -------- __ 2, 000 Withlacoochee River, Fla____- -________-_________---____-_10, 000 Apalachicola River, Fla., including cut-off, Lee Slough, lower Chipola River, and upper Chipola River from Marianna to its mouth----- 15, 000 Channel from Clearwater Harbor to Tampa Bay, Fla-------------- 12, 000 Channel from Apalachicola River to St. Andrews Bay, Fla-- ---- _ 65, 000 Choctawhatchee River, Fla. and Ala------ _____ ___-- _ 20, 000 Escambia and Conecuh Rivers, Fla. and Ala_______ ____---------- 5, 000 Removing the water hyacinth in Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas ---------------------------------------------- 17, 000 Mobile Harbor, Ala-----------------------____ __ 62, 500 Mobile Bar, Ala------ --------------------------------- ----- 10, 000 Alabama River, Ala., including Coosa River up to Wetumpka______ 50, 000 Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tombigbee Rivers, Ala -------- ___ - 750, 000 Tombigbee River, Ala. and Miss.: Mouth to Demopolis, Ala---------------------------__- - _ 9, 000 Demopolis, Ala., to Walkers Bridge, Miss.___--------------- 9, 000 Gulfport Harbor and Ship Island Pass, Miss---------__ -_______ 30, 000 Pascagoula, Leaf, and Chickasahay Rivers, Miss-------------------- 4, 000 Yazoo River and tributaries, Miss., including Yazoo, Tallahatchie, Big Sunflower, and Coldwater Rivers, Tallahatchie River above the mouth of Coldwater River, Tchula Lake, Steele and Washing- ton Bayous, Lake Washington, and Bear Creek------------___ _ 30, 000 Big Sunflower River, Miss., lock and dam---- _--_---__--- ___ _ 90, 000 Southwest Pass, Mississippi River_ .-. _______________ __- 300, 000 Bayou Teche, La-- --- ------------------------------ 30, 000 Bayou Vermilion and Mermentau River, La., and tributaries, includ- ing Bayou Plaquemine Brule--------------------------------- 12, 000 Bayou Terrebonne, La-------------------------------------- 25, 000 Atchafalaya River below Morgan City, La-- ---_ ___________ __ 10, 000 Bayou Grossetete, La----------------------------------------- 9, 000 Galveston Harbor, Tex--- _________________---___________ -- _ 25, 000 Channel from Galveston Harbor to Texas City, Tex_______________ 25,000 Port Bolivar Channel, Tex-------- ------------------------- 15, 000 Port Aransas, Tex ----------------------------------------- 470, 000 Sabine Pass, Tex ------------------------------------------ 240, 000 Houston Ship Channel, Tex____________________________________ 110, 000 Anahuac Channel, mouth of Trinity River, Oyster Creek, and Cedar, Chocolate, Turtle, Bastrop, Dickinson, Double, and East Bay Bayous, Tex -------------- ----------------------------- 25, 000 Inland waterway on coast of Texas: West Galveston Bay-Brazos River section---------------------15, 000 Brazos River-Matagorda Bay section_------ --- -______ 20, 000 83 73 -ENG 1915--3 84 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Inland waterway on coast of Texas--Continued. Aransas Pass-Pass Cavallo section_ ______- __- $25, 000 _.______.. Guadalupe River, including bay section and river up to Victoria, Tex----------------------------------------------- 15, 000 Brazos River at the mouth, Tex------------------------------ 20, 000 Brazos River, Tex.: Velasco to Old Washington ----------------------------- 10,000 Old Washington to Waco_ 200, 000 Channel from Aransas Pass to Corpus Christi, Tex-----------------10, 000 Trinity River, Tex.: Open-channel work ----------- -------------------- 15, 000 Locks and dams---------------------------------------- 188,000 Cypress Bayou, La. and Tex__------------------------------------ 2, 000 Red River above Fulton, Ark---_------------------------------- 15, 000 Red River below Fulton, Ark---------------------------------- 30, 000 Ouachita River, Ark. and La.: Open-channel work_---------------------------------------20, 000 Locks and dams------------- -------------------- 300, 000 Arkansas River, Ark. and Okla--------------------------------- 46, 000 White River, Ark__ -- ----------------------------- 10,000 10,--- Cache River, Ark , 750 1----------------------- Black and Current Rivers, Ark and Mo....--------------------------- 17, 100 St. Francis and L'Anguille Rivers and Blackfish Bayou, Ark .____. 1, 000 Tennessee River : Between Florence and Riverton, Ala 000 110, 1_____________-____ 123, 000 Below Riverton, Ala ---------- ----- _____________ French Broad River--- -------------------------------------- 10, 000 Cumberland River below Nashville, Tenn------------------------ 210, 000 Toledo Harbor, Ohio 135, 000 Port Clinton Harbor, Ohio ----------------------------------- 500 Huron Harbor, Ohio ---. . . -- ------------ 12, 000 Vermilion Harbor, Ohio --------- ----------------------- 3, 000 Cleveland Harbor, Ohio_---------------- ---------------- 150, 000 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio 243, 530 Ohio River: Open-channel work ------------------------------------. 19, 000 Locks and dams----------- ------------ 1, 750,000 Ontonagon Harbor, Mich_ -- --------- __ 10, 000 St. Joseph Harbor, Mich.------ -- --- --------------------------- 3, 000 South Haven Harbor, Mich------------------------------------- 4, 500 Muskegon Harbor, Mich----------- --- ------------------------- 4, 500 Ludington Harbor, Mich --------------------------------------- 6,000 Frankfort Harbor, Mich----- ---------------------------------- 4, 000 Charlevoix Harbor, Mich --------------------------------------- 2, 000 Waterway across Keweenaw Point, Mich., harbor of refuge------- 75, 000 Ashland Harbor, Wis__----------------------------------------10, 000 Racine Harbor, Wis- -- - ------- - 3, 000 Fox River, Wis ------------- ___ --------------------------- 10, 000 Warroad Harbor, Minn____ -________---- __-______ _ 2, 000 Zippel Bay, Lake of the Woods, Minn----------------------------- 1, 000 _ Agate Bay, Minn----------------------------------- ----- 5, 000 Chicago River, Ill ------------------------------------------- 10, 000 Calumet River, 11----------------- ------------------------- 10, 000 Michigan City Harbor, Ind------------------------------------ 50, 000 Mississippi River: Head of Passes to Ohio River (work of Mississippi River Com- mission) ---------------------------------- -------- 3, 750, 000 Ohio River to Missouri River______________ _________________ 250, 000 Missouri River to Minneapolis, Minn ------------------------ 800, 000 St. Paul to Minneapolis, Minn-----------------------------150, 000 Brainerd to Grand Rapids, Minn----------------------------- 4, 000 Missouri River: Kansas City to the mouth-- _____-_______________ 850, 000 Kansas City to Sioux City- -- --------- --- - 50, 000 Sioux City to Fort Benton ...------------ - - - -. 50, 000 Gasconade River, Mo--------------------------------------- 15, 000 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 35 Los Angeles Harbor, Cal.: Inner harbor-------------------------- ------------ $42, 000 Outer harbor___.-------------------------- -__ 10,000 $52, 000 Oakland Harbor, Cal_--------------------- ---------- 98, 000 Humboldt Harbor and Bay, Cal_------------------------- __--200, 000 Sacramento and Feather Rivers, Cal. (work of the California D6bris Commission) ---------------------------------------------- 60, 000 Coos Bay, Oreg-- ----------------------------------------- 70, 000 Siuslaw River, Greg -------- ------------------------------ 5, 000 Coquille River, Oreg------ ------------------- -- -- 26, 000 Snake River, Oreg., Wash., and Idaho--------------------- 5, 000 Columbia River.and tributaries above Celilo Falls to the mouth of Snake River, Oreg. and Wash----------------------------- - 10, 000 Columbia River between the foot of The Dalles Rapids and the head of Celilo Falls, Oreg. and Wash----------------------- ------ 525, 000 Willamette and Yamhill Rivers above Portland, Oreg--------------- 25, 500 Columbia and Lower Willamette Rivers below Portland, Oreg------- 200, 000 Columbia River at the mouth, Oreg. and Wash------------------1, 000, 000 Grays Harbor and Chehalis River, Wash-------------------------15, 000 Grays Harbor and Bar, Wash ----------------------------------- 110, 000 Columbia River between Bridgeport and Kettle Falls, Wash-------- 35,000 Cowlitz and Lewis Rivers, Wash -- --------------------------- 6, 000 Honolulu Harbor, Hawaii-------- -------------- ------- -------- 90, 000 Kahului Harbor, Hawaii-------- ----------------------------- 10, 000 20, 000, 000 The river and harbor act approved March 4, 1915, contained the following provisions: That the sum of $25,000,000 be, and the same hereby is, appropriated, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be immediately available and to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of War and the supervision of the Chief of Engineers, for the preservation and maintenance of existing river and harbor works, and for the prosecution of such projects here- tofore authorized as may be most desirable in the interests of commerce and navigation and most economical and advantageous in the execution of the work: Provided, That allotments from the amount hereby appropriated shall be made by the Secretary of War upon the recommendation of the Chief of Engineers. * * * And provided further, That at the beginning of the next session of Congress a special report shall be made to Congress by the Secretary of War showing the amount allotted under this appropriation to each work of improve- ment. The Secretary of War may, upon the recommendation of the Chief of Engi- neers, transfer funds heretofore appropriated or authorized for any river or harbor improvement and which will probably not be required for that improve- ment prior to June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and sixteen, to any other river or harbor improvement for which funds may be needed prior to June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and sixteen: Provided, That the funds so transferred shall be subject to the same limitation as that imposed upon the original $25,000,000, namely, to be expended only for the preservation and maintenance of existing river and harbor works and for the prosecution of such projects heretofore authorized as may be most desirable in the interests of commerce and naviga- tion and most economical and advantageous in the execution of the work: And provided further, That the funds so transferred shall, as far as practicable, be limited to projects in the same or adjacent districts and shall be limited to an aggregate of $5,000,000. Under the authority conferred by the foregoing provisions of law, the Secretary of War has, upon the recommendation of the Chief of Engineers, allotted and transferred the following-named sums to the localities indicated: 36 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount made available. Locality. Total. By transfer. By allotment. St. Croix River, Me...........--- ......................... $50,000. 00 $50,000. 00 Portland Harbor, Me........... .................... 105, 000.00 -$14, 000.00 91, 000. 00 Boston Harbor, Mass......................................... 135, 769.00 135,769.00 New Bedford and Fairhaven Harbors, Mass....... ....... 56, 610.00 56, 610.00 Harbor at Fall River Mass................................. 12,000.00 -. 12,000.00 Harbor of Refuge at Point Judith, R. I. ...................... 75,000.00 58,000.00 17,000.00 Pawcatuck River, R. I. and Conn.*........................... 1,000.00 1,000.00 Thames River, Conn.................. ..................... 14, 500.00 -------------- 14,500.00 Connecticut River below Hartford ....................... 30, 000. 00 10,000.00 20,000.00 Branford Harbor, Conn.................. ......... 4,000.00 4,000.00 Housatonic River, Conn.... ...................... 6,000.00 6,000.00 Port Chester Harbor, N. Y.......................... 10,000.00 10, 000.00 Mamaroneck-Harbor, N. Y......................... 14,800.00 3,000.00 11,800.00 East Chester Creek, N. Y..... ........... 5,000.00 4,000.00 1,000.00 Bronx River, N. Y ........................................... 100,000.00 100, 000.00 Harlem River, N. Y... ............................................... 75,000.00 75, 000.00 Plattsburg Harbor N. Y .......... ....... .................. 2,000.00 2,000.00 Narrows of Lake Champlain, N. Y. and Vt................... 3, 000.00 3,000.00 Hudson River, N. Y..... ....................... 877,780.00 173, 780.00 Rondout Harbor, N. Y........................................ 3,000.00 3,000.00 Tarrytown Harbor, N. Y..................................... 3,000.00 3,000.00 Channel in Gowanus Bay, N. Y., Bay Ridge and Red Hook Channels................................... ............... 125, 000.00 110,000.00 15,000.00 Newtown Creek, N. Y....................................... 15, 000.00 15,000.00 Great South Bay, N. Y...................................... 5,000.00 2,000.00 5,000.00 ... .. ..... Browns Creek, N. Y....................................... 2,000.00 Sheepshead Bay N. Y........................................ 5,000.00 5,000.00 Huntington Harbor, N. Y............................ 5,000.00 5,000.00 Arthur Kill, or Staten Island Sound, N. Y. and N. J........ 400,000.00 25,000.00 375, 000.00 Passaic River N. J .... ........................... 100, 000.00 100,000. 00 Shrewsbury Diver, N. J................................. 18, 000. 00 8..... .0.0 10, 000. 00 Raritan Bay, N. J.............. .. ................. 20, 000. 00 20, 000. 00 Keyport Harbor Matawan Creek Raritan, South and Eliza- beth Rivers, Shoal Harbor and Compton Creek, and Cheese- quake Creek, N. J.................... ................. 24,000.00 24,000.00 Woodbridge Creek, N. J.................................... 6,000.00 6,000.00 Delaware River, Pa. and N. J., above Lalor St., Trenton, N. J.. 6,612.50 6,612.50 Delaware River, Pa. and N.J., from Philadeldpiatothe sea..... 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 Wilmington Harbor, Del..... 45,000.00 45, 000. 00 Cold Spring Inlet, N. J................................... 20,000.00 20,000.00 Absecon Inlet, N. J............................................ 60,000.00 60,000.00 Raccoon Creek, N. J...... ,.......................... 5,000.00 5,000.00 Appoquinimink, Murderkill, and Mispillion Rivers, Del...... 15, 000.00 15,000.00 Inland waterway between Rehoboth Bay and Delaware Bay, Del.......................................... 76, 000. 00 41, 000.00 35, 000. 00 Broadkill River, Del......................................... 5,000.00 5,000.00........... Tuckerton Creek, N. J.............................. 5, 000.00 5,000.00.... Inland waterway, Chincoteague Bay, Va., to Delaware Bay, Del.......................................... Elk and Little Elk Rivers, Md...................... ... 1,000. 00 5,000.00 , 666I .oo.00 1000.00 I............ Harbors at Rockhall, Queenstown, Claiborne, and Cambridge, and Chester, Choptank, Warwick, Pocomoke, La Trappe, Wicomico, and Manokin Rivers, and Tyaskin Creek, Md... 35,800.00 35,800.00 Corsica River, Md.... 4,800.00 4,800.00 Potomac River, at Washington, D. C.................... 20, 000.00 20, 000.00 York, Mattaponi, and Pamunkey Rivers, Va.............. 5,000.00 5,000.00 Rappahannock River, Va ............. .... ..... ..... 8,000.00 8,000.00 James River, Va............ ........... .......... 50,000.00 11,000.00 39,000.00 Pagan River, Va. ..................................... 2,000.00 .... ..... 2,000.00 Appomattox River, Va..................................... 5,000.00 Waterway from Norfolk, Va., to Sounds of North Carolina .... 5,000.00 5,000.00 Waterway from Norfolk, Va., to Beaufort Inlet, N. C ......- 400,000.00 174,000.00 226,000.00 Scuppernong River, N. C..................................... 2, 900.00 2,900.00 Shallowbag Bay, N. C.............................. 2,000.00 2,000.00 Fishing Creek N. C... ........ ... ............ 1,000.00 1,000.00 Pamlico and lar Rivers, N. C................. ............... Bay River, N. C............................................... 35, 800.00 1,900.00 35,800.00 1,900.00 Contentnia Creek, N. C....... ... ................. 1,000.00 1,000.00 Smiths Creek, N. C............................................. 1,400.00 1,400.00 Neuse and Trent Rivers, N. C............................... 22, 500.00 22,500.00 Waterway from Pamlico Sound to Beaufort Inlet, N. C....... 9,000.00 9,000.00 Beaufort Harbor, N. C............................. 17, 000.00 17,000.00 Waterway connecting Core Sound and Beaufort Harbor, N. C. 2,000.00 2,000.00 Harbor at Morehead City, N. C.............................. 3,800.00 3,800.00 New River, N. C., including inland waterways between Beau- fort Harbor and New River and between New River and Swansboro................................................... 37, 300.00 37, 300.00 Cape Fear River above Wilmington, N. C. (locks and dams).. 173,000.00 173,000.00 Cape Fear River at and below Wilmington, N. C ............. 150, 000.00 150, 000.00 Shallotte River, N. C..... ............................ 1,100.00 1,100.00 Waccamaw River N. C. and S. C........................... 40, 000.00 40,000.00 Winyah Bay, S. d............................... ....... 70, 000.00 55,050.00 14,950.00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 37 Amount made available. Locality. Total. By transfer. By allotment. Santee, Wateree, and Congaree Rivers, S. C.............. $15,000.00 $15,000.00 Charleston Harbor, S. C...... ..................... 5,150.00 55,150.00 Savannah Harbor, Ga. (26-foot project) .................. 235, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 185, 000.00 Savannah River below Augusta, Ga..... .............. 15,000.00 15,000.00 Waterway from Savannah, Ga., to Beaufort, S. C........... 5,000.00 5,000.00 Sapelo Harbor, Ga.... ...................... ................ 2, 000.00 2,000.00 Altamaha, Oconee, and Ocmulgee Rivers, Ga.............. 40, 000.00 40,000.00 Brunswick Harbor, Ga.............. .............. 30,000.00 30,000.00 Fancy Bluff Creek Ga..... ....... ................. 2,000.00 2,000.00 St. Marys River, G;a. and Fla....... .. 3,000.00 Channel between St. Johns River and Cumberland Sound, Ga. and Fla......... .................................... 2,500.00 .............. 2,500.00 St. Johns River, Fla.: Jacksonville to the ocean................................ 435,000.00 435,000.00 Jacksonville to Palatka ................................ 10,000.00 10,000.00 Palatka to Lake Harney................................ 10,000.00 10, 000. 00 Indian River, Fla...... ........................... 10,000.00 10,000.00 Caloosahatchee River, Fla........ ................... 5,000.00 5,000.00 Manatee River Fla............ ................... 35, 000. 00 35, 000. 00 St. Petersburg Harbor, Fla..... ..................... 1, 500.00 1,500.00 Hillsboro Bay, Fla................................. 160,000.00 160,000.00 Channelfrom Clearwater Harbor to Tampa Bay, Fla......... 3,000.00 3,000.00 Anclote River, Fla............ ..... ..... .. ....... 5,000.00 5,000.00 Removing the water hyacinth in the State of Florida.......... 5,000.00 5,000.00 Carrabelle Bar and Harbor, Fla............. .......... 20,000.00 .............. 20,000.00 Apalachicola Bay, Fla.............................. 25, 000.00 25, 000. 00 Apalachicola River, Fla............. ...... .... ........... 30,000.00 30,000.00 Flint River, Ga......... .......................... 40,000.00 40,000.00 Chattahoochee River, Ga. and Ala ...... ................ 75,000. 00 75, 000. 00 St. Andrews Bay Fla............................. 25,000.00 25,000.00 Choctawhatchee River, Fla. and Ala..................... 25,000.00 10, 700.00 Holmes River, Fla...... ............. 5,000.00 5,000.00 Narrows in Santa Rosa Sound, Fla.... ............... 5,000.00 5,000.00 Blackwater River, Fla.............. ................. 5,000.00 5,000.00 Harbor at Pensacola, Fla............................................ 25,000.00 25,000.00 Alabama River, Ala.. ............ ................... 75,000.00 75, 000.00 Coosa River, Ga. and Ala.: Lock in Dam 4 and Dam 5...... ................. 136,000.00 136,000.00 Rome, Ga., to Lock 4, Ala...................... 50,000.00 50,000.00 Mobile Harbor, Ala.......... ...................... 107, 000. 00 -20,000.00 87, 000. 00 Mobile Bar, Ala...... .... ...................... 10,000.00 10,000.00 Tombigbee River, Ala.: Mouth to Demopolis Ala........ .................. 42, 500.00 42,500.00 Demopolis, Ala., to Walkers Bridge, Miss ............. 6,300.00 6,300.00 10,300.00 Pascagoula River, Miss........................... 10,300.00 Gulfport Harbor and Ship Island Pass, Miss ..... ......... 62,500.00 62, 500. 00 Wolf and Jordan Rivers, Miss ........................... . ... 6,250.00 6,250.00 Pearl River below Rockport Miss........ ........... 11,000.00 11,00000 Southwest Pass, Mississippi River ................... ........ 400,000.00 400,000.00 South Pass Channel, Mississippi River ..................... 50,000.00 50, 000. 00 Bayou Plaquemine, La................ ..................... 20,000.00 20,000.00 Bayou Teche, La................................... 10 000.00 10,000.00 Waterway, Franklin to Mermentau, La .................... 5,000.00 5,000.00 Waterway, Mermentau River to Sabine River, La. and Tex.. 5,000.00 5,000.00 Calcasieun River, La............. .......... 3,000.00 3,000.00 Bogue Falia Bayou Manchac, and Amite, Chefuncte, and Tickfaw Rivers, La....................................... .. 5,000.00 ............. 5,000.00 Bayou Vermilion and Mermentau River, La., including Bayou Plaquemine Brule................ 8,000.00.0 ............ 8,000.00 Removal of water hyacinth in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas..................................................... 20, 000.00 .............. 20,000.00 Bayou Terrebonne, La....... ............. .......... 25,000.00 ........... 25,000.00 Atchafalaya River, La...................... ................ 20, 000.00 ........... 20,000.00 Bayou Grossetete, La..... ....................... 3,000.00 .............. 3,000.00 Galveston Channel, Tax................................. 100,000.00 .............. 100,000.00 Channel from Galveston Harbor to Texas City, Tex.......... 50,000.00 .......... 50,000.00 Channel to Port Bolivar, Tex ......................... 40, 000. 00 ........... 40,000.00 Houston Ship Channel, 'Tex................................. 200,000 00 ........... 200,000.00 West Galveston Bay and mouths of adjacent streams, Tex.... 20,000. 00 ........... 20, 000. 00 Inland waterway on coast of Texas: West Galveston Bay-Brazos River Section ........... 15,000.00 ......... 15, 000. 00 Brazos River-Matagorda Bay Section ............ ... 30, 000.00 ........... 30, 000.00 Aransas Pass-Pass Cavallo Section................. 30, 000. 00 .......... 30,000.00 Guadalupe River Section....... ................ 15, 000.00 ............... 15,000.00 Mouth of Brazos River, Tex.... .. ....... ......... 30,000.00 ........... 30, 000.00 Brazos River, Tex.: Velasco to Old Washington..................... 10,000.00........... 10, 000.00 Old Washington to Waco....... ........ ........ 200,000.00... 200,000. 00 Port Aransas, Tex......................................... 180,000. 00........ 180,000.00 38 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount made available. Locality. Total. By transfer. Byallotment. Channel from Aransas Pass to Corpus Christi, Tex........... $15,000.00.0 .......... $15,000.00 Sabine Pass and Port Arthur Canal, Tex...................... 100,000.00........... 100,000.00 Sabine-Neches Canal, Tex.................................. 5,000.00........... 5,000.00 Trinity River, Tex.: Open-channel work.............. ................ 25,000.00........... 25,000.00 Completion of instrumental survey ....................... 12, 000.00.............. 12,000. 00 12,000.00 Cypress Bayou, Tex. and La.... ................... 5,000.00 .............. 5,000.00 Red River above Fulton, Ark., to mouth of Washita River... 40,000.00 ........... 40,000.00 Ouachita River Ark. and La.: Locks and dams............ .................... 111,000.00 ............... 111,000.00 Open-channel work to Camden.................... 25, 000.00........... 25,000.00 Bayous Bartholomew, Magon, D'Arbonne, and Corney, and Boeuf and Tensas Rivers, La ............................... 4,000.00 4,000.00 Yazoo River and tributaries, Miss ..................... 15,000.00 15, 000. 00 Big Sunflower River, Miss....... .................... 104,000.00 104,000.00 Arkansas River, Ark......... ....................... 239,350.00 239, 350.00 White River, Ark ..................................... 14,000.00 14,,000.00 Cache River, Ark ............... .................. 3,000.00 3,000.00 Black and Current Rivers, Ark. and Mo .............. 24,000.00 24,000.00 St. Francis and L'Anguille Rivers, and Blackfish Bayou, Ark. 8,000.00 8,000.00 Mississippi River: Between mouths of Ohio and Missouri Rivers............ 300,000.00 300,000.00 Mouth of Missouri River to Minneapolis, Minn......... 1,000,000.00 $124, 890.00 875, 110.00 St. Paul to Minneapolis Minn..... ............... 65,000.00 25, 488. 00 39, 512.00 Brainerd to Grand Rapids Minn ..................... 6,000.00 6,000. 00 Warroad Harbor and River, Minn ........ ........... 2,000. 00 2,000.00 Zippel Bay, Lake of the Woods, Minn........ ........... 1,000.00 1,000.00 Missouri River: Kansas City to mouth . ....... ... ............ ..... 1,000,000.00 69,000. 00 931, 000. 00 Kansas City to Sioux City .... ..... ............ 5, 000.00 50,000.00 Sioux City to Fort Benton............................ 50,000.00 50,000.-00 Osage River, Mo........... ............ ............ 7,500.00 7,500.00 Gasconade River, Mo ..................................... 15,000.00 15,000.00 Cumberland River below Nashville, Tenn ............. 378,000.00 40,00.00 338,000.00 Tennessee River, Tenn., Ala., and Ky.: Above Chattanooga................. 150,000.00 3,219.00 146,781.00 Between Florence and Riverton, Ala............ ....... 100,000.00 100,000.00 Below Riverton ........ ........ ............ 251,000.00 150, 000.00 101,000.00 French Broad River, Tenn.......... ...... .......... 30,000.00 30, 000.00 Monongahela River, Pa. .................................... 211,200.00 211,200.00 Pittsburgh Harbor, Pa............................ ........... 7,500.00 7,500.00 Ohio River: Open-channel work............................. 310,000.00 . 310,000.00 Locks and dams....................................... 3,605,000.00 177,43.50- 3, 427,956.50 Big Sandy River, for construction of regulating works at the mouth....................... . .. ............. 25,000.00 25,000.00 Ashland Harbor, Wis.... .......................... 15, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 Ontonagon Harbor, Mich................................... 8,000.00 8,000.00 Harbor of Refuge, Keweenaw Point, Mich .................. 50,000.00 50,000.00 Harbor of Refuge, Grand Marais, Mich ....................... 10, 000.00 10, 000.00 Menominee Harbor and River, Mich. and Wis .............. 7,500.00 7,500.00 Two Rivers Harbor, Wis... .. . ........ ........ 12; 000.00 12,000.00 Port Washington Harbor, Wis..... .............. 5,000.00 5,000.00 Milwaukee Harbor, Wis......... ................ ............ 15,000.00 15,000.00 Racine Harbor, Wis............................................... 150,000.00 150,000.00 .. .. .. .. . Kenosha Harbor, Wis.... .. ....... 25,000.00 25, 000..00 Waukegan Harbor, Ill........... .................... 10,000.00 10,000.00 Fox River, Wis............... .................... 20,000.00 20,000.00 Chicago Harbor, Ill ................................... 500, 000. 00 200,000. 00 300, 000.00 Chicago River,Ill............................................ 20,000.00 20,000.00 Calumet Harbor, Ill......................................... 18,000.00 18,000.00 Calumet River, Ill. and Ind.............. ............. 22, 000.00 22,000.00 Indiana Harbor, Ind... ............................ 150,000.00 150,000.00 Illinois River, Ill...................... .................. .... 50,000. 00 50,000.00 St. Joseph Harbor, Mich...................................... South Haven Harbor, Mich................................ 5,000.00 8,300.00 5,000.00 8,300.00 .. ...... Saugatuck Harbor, Mich ...... ......... ............. 3,500.00 3,500.00 Arcadia Harbor, Mich ... .......................... 3,000.00 3,000.00 Holland Harbor, Mich....... ....................... 3,600.00 3,600.00 Grand Haven Harbor, Mich....... ................... 40,000.00 40,000.00 Grand River, Mich ....... ...... ................... 4,200.00 4,200.00 Muskegon Harbor, Mich .................................. 9,500.00 9,500.00 Ludington Harbor, Mich.... ..................... 9,300.00 9,300.00 Frankfort Harbor, Mich .......... .... ............... 3,400.00 3,400. 00 Charlevoix Harbor, Mich ............ ......... .... 2 700.00 2,700.00 Ship channel connecting waters of Great Lakes between Chicago, Duluth, and Buffalo............................... 20,000.00 20,000. 00 Black River, Mich., at Port Huron ........ ............... 5,000.00 5,000.00 Alpena Harbor, Mich ................... ........... 5,000.00 5,000.00 Harbor of Refuge, Harbor Beach, Mich .... ............ 200, 000. 00 129,200.00 70,800.00 St. Marys River,Mich. (fourth lock) ..................... 1,006,000.00 1006.10.00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 39 Amount made available. Locality. Total. By transfer. Byallotment. Toledo Harbor, Ohio.............................. $35,000. 00 $35, 000. 00 Sandusky Harbor, Ohio........... ...................... 5,000.00 Huron Harbor, Ohio......... ...................... 3,000.00 3,000.00 Cleveland Harbor, Ohio ..................................... 92,000.00 92, 000. 00 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio......... ....................... 195,000. 00 132, 500.00 62, 500. 00 Erie Harbor Pa .... .......... ...... ............... 30,000.00 20,000.00 10,000.00 Buffalo Harbor, N. Y..................................... 187,375.00 187,375.00 Charlotte Harbor, N. Y................................ 12,000.00 12,000.00 Lake Erie entrance to Black Rock Harbor and Erie Basin, NY.... ... . ............. ................. 10,000.00 10, 000.00 Oswego Harbor, N. Y. . ....... . ..... ................. 100, 000.00 35,000.00 65,000.00 Los Angeles Harbor, Cal ..................................... 75, 000.00 29,000.00 46,000.00 San Francisco Harbor, Cal................... .......... 12, 000.00 12,000.00 Oakland Harbor, Cal .................................... 80, 000.00 80,000.00 San Pablo Bay, Cal ........................... ........ .. 15, 000.00 15,000.00 Humboldt Bay, Cal. -........................................... 300,000.00 200,000.00 100,000.00 Petaluma Creek and Napa River, Cal..................... 15, 000.00 15, 00. 00 Sacramento and Feather Rivers, Cal. (improvement for navi- gation)..................... 60,000.00 30,000.00 Sacramento and Feather Rivers, Cal. (work of California D6bris Commission) ..... ..................... 140, 000. 00 140, 000. 00 Coquille River, Oreg ......... ............... ...... 76,000.00 76,000.00 Coos Bay, Oreg-..... ................................... 70,000.00 70,000.00 Coos River, Oreg........... .. ............. 3,000.00 3,000.00 Siuslaw River, Oreg....... ............................ 117,500.00 117,500.00 Yaquina River, Oreg......... ............ .. ........ 3,000.00 3,000.00 Nehalem Bay, Oreg................................... 116,175.00 116,175.00 Snake River, Oreg., Wash., and Idaho.................... 20, 000. 00 20, 000. 00 Upper Columbia River, above Celilo Falls to mouth of Snake River, Oreg. and Wash......... ................... 37, 000. 00 37, 000. 00 Mouth of Columbia River, Oreg. and Wash .............. 1, 500, 000. 00 1,500, 000. 00 Columbia and Lower Willamette Rivers, below Portland, Oreg. 450, 000. 00 38,443.00 411,557. 00 Willamette and Yamhill Rivers, above Portland, Oreg ..... 25,000.00 25, 000. 00 Cowlitz and Lewis Rivers, Wash. .... ..................... 15,000.00 15,000.00 Clatskanie River, Oreg.... ........................... 1,000.00 1,000.00 Grays Harbor and Bar, Wash............................. 460,000.00 75,000.00 385,000.00 Waterway connecting Port Townsend Bay and Oak Bay, Wash................................... ...... 15,000.00 13,750.00 1,250.00 Waterway connecting Puget Sound and Lakes Union and Washington...... ................................ 17, 500. 00 17, 500.00 Kahului Harbor, Hawaii .... .. .............. 10, 000.00 10,000.00 Honolulu Harbor, Hawaii ................... ,............ 62, 500.00 62,500.00 San Juan Harbor, P. R ........ ..................... 8,000.00 8,000.00 Mississippi River Commission........ ................ 4, 000, 000.00 4, 000, 000, 00 Examinations, surveys, etc........................... 500, 000.00 500, 000.00 Amount reserved for contingencies ..................... 2,413,028.50 2,413,028.50 i I 30,000, 000.00 5, 000, 000. 00 25, 000, 000. 00 Allotments made by transfer from one appropriation to another, as authorized by section 1 of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915. From-- To- Amount. Improving Stockton Harbor Me............... Improving harbor at Portland, Me......... $5,000.00 Improving Sasanoa River, Me................ . ..... . . . do.... ........................ 9,000.00 Improving Mystic and Malden Rivers, Mass., Improving harbor at Boston, Mass. (main- 10,000.00 (maintenance). tenance). Improving harbor at Boston, Mass. (27-foot .....do................................ 31, 269.00 chasnnel). Improving Dorchester Bay and Neponset .....do............................... ................ 30,000.00 rDvert Mass. Improving Weymouth River, Mass. (Wey- ..... do..................................... 64,500.00 mouth Fore River). Improving harbors at New Bedford and Fair- Improving harbors at New Bedford and 56, 610.00 haven. Mass. (Acushnet River Channelup to Fairhaven, Mass. (25-foot channel). Belleville.) Improving entrance to Point Judith Pond, R. I. Harbor of refuge at Point Judith, R. I....... 8, 000.00 Improving harbor at Bridgeport, Conn......... .... do.................................... 60, 000.00 Improving Connecticut River, Conn. (above Im roving.Connecticut River, Conn. (below 10, 000. 00 Hartford). Improving harbor at Larchmont N. Y......... Improvingharbor at Mamaroneck, N. Y.... 3,000.00 Improving harbor at Echo Bay, . Y.......... Improving East Chester Creek, N. Y........ 4,000.00 40 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Allotments made by transfer from one appropriationto another, etc.--Continued. From- To- Amount. i Improving New York harbor, N. Y., mainte- nance including- Ambrose Channel................... Improving Hudson River, N. Y.......... $300,000.00 Do............................ ...... . . do..................................... d o . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... ... . . . 180,000.00 Coney Island Channel................ 74, 000.00 Improving Wallabout Channel, N. Y.......... Improving Great South Bay, N. Y.......... 3,000.00 Improving harbors at Port Jefferson, Mattituck, Huntington Glencove, Flushing Bay, Canar- sie Bay and Sag Harbor, N. Y.: Port Jefferson Harbor ................ o........... ................ ......... 2,000.00 Flushing Bay ........................ Improving channel in Gowanus Bay, N. Y. 110, 000.00 (Bay Ridge and Red Hook Channels). Improving Jamaica Bay N. Y ................ Improving Hudson River N. Y........... 150, 000.00 Improving Arthur Kill, N. Y. and N. J. (21-foot Improving ArthurKill, N. Y. and N. J. (25- 25, 000.00 project). foot project). Improving Keyport Harbor, Matawan Creek Improving Keyport Harbor Matawan 24,000.00 Raritan, South, and Elizabeth Rivers, Shoal Creek, Raritan, South and Elizabeth Harbor and Compton Creek, and Cheesequake Rivers, Shoal Harbor and ComptonCreek, Creek, N. J. (South River). and Cheesequake Creek N. J. Improving Keyport Harbor, etc. (same as Improving Woodbridge Creek, N. J........ 6,000.00 above). Do................ ................ Improving Shrewsbury River, N. J......... 8,000.00 Improving Delaware River, Pa. and N. J. (at Improving Delaware River, Pa. and N. J. 6,612.50 the mouth of Neversink River). (above Lalor Street Trenton N. J.). Improving Maurice River N. 3J............. Improving Raccoon reek, N. .,...... 3,000.00 Improving Oldmans Creek, N. J................ ....,do ........... ............ . .. 2 000.00 Do............................................ Improving Tuckerton Creek, N. J.......... 5,000.00 Improving Mantua Creek, N. J ................ Improving inland waterway between Reho- 15, 000.00 both Bay and Delaware Bay, Del. Improving Cohansey River N. J............... .... do ..... ....................... 3,000.00 Improving Woodbury Creek, N. J.......... ..... do ............................. 6, 000.00 Improving Cold Spring Inlet, N. J............. Improving harbor at Wilmington, Del...... 45, 000.00 Do........................................ Improving Absecon Inlet,N. J.............. 15, 000.00 Improving Absecon Inlet, N. J. (river and har- .....do ............................. 45, 000:00 bor act of Mar. 4, 1913). Improving Smyrna River, Del ................ Improving Appoquinimink, Murderkill, and 15,000.00 Mispillion Rivers Del. Do....................... .................. Improving Broadkil River, Del............ 5,000.00 Improving harbor at Baltimore, Md.: General improvement...................... Improving inland waterway between Reho- 10, 000.00 both Bay and Delaware Bay, Del. Southwest Baltimore= Harbor.............. ..... do o ........ .................... ......... 7,000.00 Improving Patapsco River, Md................ Improving Rappahannock River, Va.... 8,000.00 Do................................................. Improving York, Mattaponi, and Pamunkey 5,000.00 Rivers and Occoquan Lower Machodoc, Nandua, Aquia, and darters Creeks, Va. Do........................................ Improving Corsica River Md........... 4, 800.00 Do................................ . _.. Improving Elk and Little Elk Rivers, Md.. 5,000.00 Do....................................... Improving harbors at Rockhall, Queens- 35, 800.00 town, Claiborne, and Cambridge, and Chester, Choptank, Warwick, Pocomoke, La Trappe, Wicomico, and Manokin Rivers, and Tyaskin Creek, Md. Improving Broad Creek, Md................ Improving Potomac River (at Washington, 20,000.00 D. C.). Improving harbor at Norfolk, Va.............. Improving inland waterway from Norfolk, 174,000.00 Va. to Beaufort, Inlet, N. C. Improving Appomattox River, Va. (diversion Improving Appomattox River, Va. (main- 5,000.00 works at Petersburg). tenance). Do.... ............... ........... Improving James River, Va................ 11,000.00 Improving Mingo Creek, S. C ................. Improving Winyah Bay, S. C ........... 11, 950.00 Improving Great Peedee River, S. C........... ...--. do ......................... 5,000.00 Improving Waccamaw and Little Peedee ..... do ...... ... . . ... ..., .......1,500.00 Rivers, N. C. and S. C. (Little Peedee River). ....do..................................... Improving waterway between Charleston and 36,600.00 Alligator Creek, S. C. Improving harbor at Charleston, S. C. (Ship- Improving harbor at Charleston, S. C. (28- 850.00 yard Creek). foot channel). Improving Archers Creek, S. C................ ,....do ................................... 4,300.00 Improving harbor at Savannah, Ga. (21-foot Improving harbor at Savannah, Ga. (26-foot 50,000.00 project). project). Improving Satilla River, Ga............ .... Waterway from Savannah,k;Ga., to Beau- 5,000.00 fort, S. C. Do... ......... ...... ............Improving St. Marys River, Ga. and Fla.... . ...... 3,000.00 Improving iarbor at Key West, Fla.: 20,000.00 Northwest Passage ..................... Improving Manatee River, Fla............. Main ship channel ----- -do ............................ 15,000.00 Improving Hillsboro River, Fla................ Improving harbor at St. Petersburg, Fla..... 1,500.00 Do............. -..................... .... Improving Anclote River, Fla............ 5,000.00 Improving Escambia and Conecuh Rivers, Fla. Improving Choctawhatchee River, Fla. and 4,800.00oo and Ala. Ala. Improving St. Josephs Bay, Fla.......................do .............................. 9,500.00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 41 Allotments made by transfer from one appropriationto another, etc.--Continued. From-- To- Amount. Improving channel connecting Mobile Bay Improving harbor at Mobile, Ala............ $20,000.00 and Mississippi Sound, Ala. Illinois and Mississippi Canal............... Improving Mississippi River from mouth of 124,890.00 the Ohio River to Minneapolis Minn. (Missouri River to Minneapolis, inn.). Improving Red River of the North, Minn. Improving Warroad Harbor and River,Minn. 2,000.00 and N. Dak. Do .................................... Improving Zippel Bay, Lake of the Woods, 1,000.00 Do..................................... Improving Mississippi River from mouth of 4,000.00 the Ohio River to Minneapolis, Minn. (St. Paul to Minneapolis). Reservoirs at headwaters of Mississippi Improving Mississippi River between Brain- 6,000.00 River (general improvement). erd and Grand Rapids, Minn. Do........... ........................ Improving Mississippi River from mouth of 5,000.00 the Ohio River to Minneapolis, Minn. (St. Paul to Minneapolis). Reservoirs at headwaters of Mississippi River ....do...................... ............. 8,500.00 (construction of Gull Lake Reservoir). Improving Minnesota River Minn. (survey ..... do..... ....... .......... .......... 948.00 of Big Stone Lake and Lake Traverse, Minn. and S. Dak.). Improving Lake Traverse, Minn. and S. Dak. .... do....d.................. ........ 7,040.00 Improving Missouri River at St. Joseph, Mo. Improving Missouri River (Kansas City to 50, 000.00 Sioux City). Do.................................... Improving Missouri River (Sioux City to 25,000.00 Fort Benton). Improving Missouri River at Atchison, Kans. .....do................... .... .. 25,000.00 Do.................................... Improving Missouri River (Kansas City to 65,000.00 the mouth). Improving Kansas River, Kans......... .do................................ 4,000.00 Improving Cumberland River above Nash- Improving Cumberland River below Nash- 40,000.00 ville, Tenn. ville, Tenn. Im]proving Clinch, Hiwassee, and Holston Rivers, Tenn.: Hiwassee River ........................ Improving Tennessee River, Tenn., Ala., 3,216.00 and Ky.*(above Chattanooga). Clinch River........................... ..... do................ .......... 3.00 Improving Tennessee River, Tenn. Ala., Improving Tennessee River, Tenn., Ala., 150,000.00 and Ky. (between Chattanooga and Browns and Ky. (below Riverton). Island). Improving Youghiogheny River, Pa....... Improving Ohio River below Pittsburgh, Pa. 87, 805.25 Improving Big Sandy River, W.Va. and Ky.: Levisa Fork........ .............. .....do................................ 44,630.25 Tug Fork......... ............ . ... do..... .................... 44, 608.00 Improving harbor at Manistique, Mich...... Improving harbor at Racine, Wis........ 25,000.00 Improving harbor at Oconto, Wis............ ... do.... do.. ....... ........................ 23,000.00 Improving harbor at Depere, Wis........... .... .do.............. .... ... .. .... 1,000.00 Improving harbor at Algoma, Wis. (outer ..... do............................ 10,000.00 harbor). Improving harbor at Manitowoc, Wis. (main- .... do.... ....................... ........... 30,000.00 tenance). Improving harbor at Milwaukee, Wis. (inter .... do...........do. .......................... 61,000.00 harbor). Improving harbor at Chicago, Ill. (mainten- Improving harbor at Chicago, Ill. (construc- 200,000.00 ance). tion of outer breakwater). Improving harbor at Manistee, Mich........ Improving Grand River, Mich........... 4,200.00 Do ....................................... Improving harbor at Ludington Mich...... 9,300.00 Do...................................... Improving Muskegon Harbor, Mich......... 9, 500.00 Do....................................... Improving St. Joseph Harbor and River, 5,000.00 Mich. (St. Joseph Harbor). Do .................................... Improving harbor at Grand Haven, Mich... 40, 000.00 Do................................ Improving harbor at Charlevoix, Mich.... 2, 700. 00 Improving harbor at Petoskey, Mich........ Improving harbor at Frankfort Mich...... 3, 400.00 Do............... ............... Improving harbor at Holland, .fich....... 3,600.00 Do................................ Improving harbor at Saugatuck, and Kala- 3,500.00 mazoo River Mich. Do............ ......................... Improving barbor at South Haven, Mich.... 3,500. 00 Improving harbors at Pentwater and White .... do ............................ .: 4, 800.00 Lake, Mich. Do...................................... Harbor of refuge at Harbor Beach Mich .. . 43,200.00 Improving St. Marys River, Mich. (third Improving St. Marys River, Mich. (fourth 11,0 300000.00 lock and canal). lock). Improving Hay Lake and Neebish Channels, ..... do......................... ... 1,000.00 St. Marys River, Mich. Improving Middle and West Neebish Chan- ..... do..................... ..... 5,000.00 nels, St. Marys River, Mich. Improving Mackinac Harbor, Mich......... Harbor of refuge at Harbor Beach, Mich... 1,000.00 Improving Saginaw River, 1ich ............... do ....... .......................... 15,000.00 Improving Detroit River, Mich. (Amherst- ......do ........................... ...... 70,000.00 burg Channel). S$500,000 cash; $500,000 unappropriated balance of continuing-contract authorization. 42 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Allotments made by transfer from one appropriation to another, etc.--Continued. From- To-- Amount. Improving Detroit River, Mich. (channel be- Ship channel connecting waters of the Great $20,000.00 tween Fighting Island and Wyandotte, Mich.). Lakes between Chicago, Duluth, and Buf- falo. Improving harbor at Lorain, Ohio............. Improving harbor at Toledo, Ohio........ 35,000.00 Improving harborat Cleveland, Ohio (improve- Improving harbor at Cleveland, Ohio (main- 92,000.00 ment). tenance). Improving harbor at Fairport Ohio.......... Improving harbor at Conneaut, Ohio........ 71,000.00 Improving harbor at Ashtabuia Ohio....l.....do.................................... 61,500.00 ........... Improving harbor at Erie, Pa. (preservation of Improving harbor at Erie, Pa. (maintenance) 20,000.00 Presque Isle Peninsula). Improving Black Rock Harbor, New York..... Improving harbor at Buffalo, N. Y.......... 167,375.00 Improving Tonawanda Harbor and Niagara ..... 4o...................................... 20,000.00 River, New York. Do ........... ........................ Improving Lake Erie entrance to Black 10,000.00 Rock Harbor and Erie Basin N. Y. Improving harbor at Ogdensburg N. Y......... Improving harbor at Oswego, N. Y........... 35,000.00 Improving harbor at San Pedro, Cal.......... Improving Los Angeles Harbor, Cal......... 29,000.00 Improving-harbor at Monterey, Cal ............ Improving Humboldt Harbor and Bay, Cal. 200,000.00 Improving San Joaquin River, Cal. (9-foot Improving Sacramento and Feather Rivers, 30,000.00 channel).Cal. Improving Columbia River, Wash............. Improving Columbia and Lower Willamette 13,000.00 Rivers below Portland, Oreg. Improving Oregon Slough, Oreg .............. do........ ...................... 25,443.00 Improving harbor at Tacoma, Wash.(Puyallup Improving Grays Harbor, Wash........... 75,000.00 Waterway). Improving St. Michael Canal, Alaska........... Improving waterway connecting Port Town- 12,500.00 send Bay and Oak Bay, Wash. Improving Polson Bay, Flathead Lake, Mont-......do ......................... 1,250.00 Total.......................... . .............. ................... 5,000,000.00 Estimates.-The estimates submitted for the next fiscal year are intended to cover only the minimum requirements for the prosecu- tion and maintenance of the various improvements, such estimates having been made up from estimates prepared on the same basis by the various district officers, and on the supposition that river and harbor work will be provided for by annual appropriations. THE BOARD OF ENGINEERS FOR RIVERS AND HARBORS. Section 3 of the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, provided for the organization in the office of the Chief of Engineers, by detail from time to time from the Corps of Engineers, of a board of five engineer officers (later increased to seven) whose duties shall be fixed by the Chief of Engineers, and to whom shall be referred for consideration and recommendation, in addition to any other duties assigned, so far as in the opinion of the Chief of Engineers may be necessary, all reports upon examinations and surveys provided for by Congress, and all projects or changes in projects for works of river and harbor improvements theretofore or thereafter provided for. And in the consideration of such works and projects the board shall have in view the amount and character of commerce existing or reasonably pros- pective which will be benefited by the improvement, and the relation of the ultimate cost of such work, both as to cost of construction and maintenance, to the public commercial interests involved, and the public necessity for the work and propriety of its construction, con- tinuance, or maintenance at the expense of the United States. It is further the duty of the board, upon request to the Chief of Engineers by the Committee on Commerce of the Senate or the Committee on Rivers and Harbors of the House of Representatives, in the same RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 43 manner to examine and report through the Chief of Engineers upon any projects heretofore adopted by the Government or upon which appropriations have been made and to report upon the desirability of continuing the same or upon any modifications thereof which may be deemed desirable. This provision of the law was extended by act of March 3, 1905, to require the board upon request of the com- mittees of Congress specified above, to examine and review surveys as well as projects provided for by acts or resolutions prior to the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, and it was further modified by the act of March 2, 1907, to include consideration of any exami- nation or survey made pursuant to any act or resolution of Congress. Section 13 of the act of March 3, 1909, increased the scope of pre- liminary examinations and surveys by providing that every report therein ordered shall contain such data as it may be practicable to secure regarding (first) the establishment of terminal and transfer facilities, (second) the development and utilization of water power for industrial and commercial purposes, and (third) such other subjects as may be properly connected with such project. It further provided that the investigation and study of these questions may, upon review by the board, "when called for as now provided by law, be extended to any work of improvement now under way and to any locality the examination and survey of which has heretofore been, or may hereafter be, authorized by Congress." Section 6 of the same act requires the board to pass upon all modifications in plan and location involved in the reconstruction of any lock, canal, canalized river, or other work for the use and benefit of navigation, for which expenditures are authorized by that section. The provisions relating to terminal and transfer facilities, water power, etc., were renewed in the act of June 25, 1910, and extended to apply to all examination and survey reports hereafter provided for. The required investigation of these questions was considerably amplified by the act of July 25, 1912. The same act provided that the board shall consist of seven members, a majority of whom shall be of rank not less than lieutenant colonel. During the past fiscal year the board was composed of the follow- ing officers of the Corps of Engineers: Col. William M. Black, Col. Frederic V. Abbot, Col. Harry F. Hodges, from January 21 to March 12, 1915; Col. Lansing H. Beach, Col. Harry Taylor, Col. Henry C. Newcomer, Lieut. Col. E. Eveleth Winslow, Maj. Charles W. Kutz, to October 23, 1914; Maj. Edward N. Johnston, from October 23, 1914, to January 21, 1915, and from March 12, 1915. Under the provisions of the acts of June 25, 1910, February 27, 1911, July 25, 1912, March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, all reports submitted in compliance with those acts during the year have been referred to the board for consideration and recommendation. In ad- dition, a number of subjects have been presented to it for report in accordance with resolutions of the Committee on Rivers and Harbors of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce of the Senate. The reports rendered by the board from time to time in response to legislative action have been duly presented to Congress. During the year the board also gave consideration to a number of other matters referred to it by the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, for its views and recommendations. 44 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The work accomplished by the board during the year and the status of its operations from its organization up to the close of the fiscal year are shown by the following table: Total Number Number of number completed Number Authority for investigation. investiga- completed during year remaining tions at close of endmg to be com- ordered. preceding June 30, pleted. fiscal year. 1915. Act of- June 13, 1902. ..................................... 170 170 ........ ........... Mar. 3, 1905- ----.. ------... --...........................---------------.. 176 176 .......... ........ June 28,1906 ...................................................... 1 1 ................... Mar. 2, 1907 -------------------------------------........................................ 200 200 ................... May , 1908 ...................................... 1 1 ................. Mar. 3, 1909. ......... ......... ..... ................ 274 274 ............. . ... June 25, 1910 ..................................... ............ 187 184 1 2 Feb. 27,1911................... ................. 90 85 2 3 July 25,1912............ ......................... . 226 192 10 24 Mar. 4, 1913......... ............ ...... .............. 122 76 27 19 Mar. 4, 1915....................... ................. 219 ........ 5 214 Resolutions of congressional committees.. .............. 131 123 4 4 Concurrent resolutions of Congress....................... 1 1 ................... Miscellaneous cases referred by the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army ....................................... 54 51 3 .......... Total .............. .. ..... ............. 1,852 1,534 52 266 Number of hearings given at the office of the board during the year ---------------------------------------------------- 10 Number of public hearings held elsewhere and inspections made during the year ------------------------------------ 30 Expenses of the board during the year---------------------- $19, 452.96 Estimated cost of projects recommended by the board from its organization up to June 30, 1915-----------------------$350, 871, 861. 76 Estimated cost of projects adopted by Congress------------$259, 479, 588. 73 Details of the operations of the board during the fiscal year will be found in the report of the board. (See page 2009). Status of works.-Statements derived from the reports of the offi- cers in charge of the various works and given herewith set forth the condition of each improvement and the extent of the work per- formed during the past fiscal year. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE PORTLAND, ME., DISTRICT. This district includes the States of Maine and New Hampshire. District officer: Lieut. Col. W. E. Craighill, Corps of Engineers, to November 16, 1914, and Maj. F. A. Pope, Corps of Engineers, since that time. Division engineer: Col. F. V. Abbot, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. St. Croix River, Me ........... 45 9. Rockland Harbor, Me ........ 56 2. Breakwater from Mount Desert 10. Georges River, (Thomaston to Porcupine Island (Bar Harbor) Me............. 58 Harbor), Me. .......... 47 11. Boothbay Harbor, Me ....... 59 3. Bass Harbor Bar, Me....... 48 12. Sasanoa River, Me .......... 60 4. Deer Island Thoroughfare, Me. 49 13. Kennebec River, Me ......... 61 5. Carvers Harbor, Vinalhaven, 14. Portland Harbor, Me......,.... 63 Me........................ 51 15. Saco River, Me... ........... 66 6. Penobscot River, Me......... 52 16. Harbor at Isles of Shoals, Me. 7. Stockton Harbor, Me ......... 54 and N. H............. .... 68 8. Rockport Harbor, Me.... .... 55 17. Pepperells Cove, Me.......... 70 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2013 TO 2027. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 45 1. ST. CROIX RIVER, ME. Location.-This river has its source in a series of lakes in eastern Maine, flows in a general southeasterly direction for about 100 miles, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. The section included in the project is about 3.5 miles in length, from the lower end of which it is about 10.5 miles to the mouth of the river. The stream forms a part of the international boundary. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 101.) Original condition.-The river is used for logging and power as far down as Calais, which is about 14 miles above the mouth and at the head of general navigation. At and near Calais the depth at mean low tide was little more than 3 feet, with width varying from 180 to 500 feet. Previous projects.-The first project for improvement was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1867. Work was authorized also by river and harbor acts of March 3, 1881, and September 19, 1890. The total amount expended was $5,000. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1731. Present project.-To secure by dredging a channel 9 feet deep at mean low tide, 100 feet wide from the upper steamboat wharf at Calais to the public landing at St. Stephen, N. B., and 150 feet wide thence to the lower steamboat wharf at Calais, and 12 feet deep and 200 feet wide thence to Hills Point. The mean tidal range is 19.9 feet. The section of river included in the project for improve- ment extends downstream from Calais a distance of about 3.5 miles. The estimated cost of the project is $234,000, with an estimated annual maintenance cost of $2,000. The plan of improvement (H. Doc. No. 748, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-About 2.3 miles, or about 64 per cent of the total length of channel, measured from the lower end, had been dredged. Expenditures amounted to $100,- 308.88, all for new work. As a result of all operations three piers were built at the ledge about 3.5 miles below Calais; a channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low tide had been dredged from Hills Point upstream a distance of about 1.8 miles, and thence 150 feet wide and 9 feet deep at mean low tide a farther distance of about .5 mile, or to a point about 6,500 feet below the International Bridge. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging in con- tinuation of the channel upstream was in progress under contract until December 24, 1914. The dredging amounted to 156,910 cubic yards, and added about 4,570 feet to the length of dredged channel. The coitract price was 191 cents per cubic yard. Expenditures dur- ing the fiscal year amounted to $40,144.45, all for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 89 per cent of the total length of channel has been dredged, involving about 84 per cent of the estimated total excavation, or about 71 per cent on the basis of estimated cost. The channel has been dredged to a depth of 12 feet at mean low tide, and a width of 200 feet for a distance of about 9,550 feet, measured from the lower end. For a farther distance of about 7,240 feet the channel has been dredged to a depth of 9 feet, with a width of 150 feet. Eight feet can be carried up as far as the 46 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. widening in the channel opposite the public landing at St. Stephen, N. B. The total expenditures under existing project have been $140,453.33, all for new work. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation. The only condition is that imposed by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, requiring that negotiations be conducted by the Secretary of State with a view to cooperation by the Government of Great Brit- ain. As a result of these negotiations the Canadian Government has agreed to pay 10 per cent of the cost of the work upon completion. Effect of improvement.-No appreciable benefit has been secured. As all business is to and from the head of navigation, the improve- ment must be completed to secure material benefit. Proposed operations.-No estimate for 1917. It is expected that the project will be completed with funds allotted from the appro- priation made by river and harbor act of March 4, 1915. Commercial statistics.-The chief items are lumber and coal, and the following is a comparative statement of the commerce for the past three years: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Estimated year. Calendartons. value. ........... 1912....................................... ................... 126,066 $983,279 ------....---.......... 1913... .............................................--.............--- 185,835 3,838,365 1914..................... .................. ..................................... 136,066 2,506,529 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to' June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------- $141, 453. 33 Maintenance ------------------- ------------------- 4, 000. 00 Total-------------------------------- 145, 453. 33 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ...... ............... .............. ....................... $46,656.85 $49,657.56 $40,144.45 Maintenance.............. .... ............... ........... ....................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------- ----------- -------- -------------- $75, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________________________ 49, 691. 12 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915- 50, 000. 00 99, 691.12 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ------------------------------------------------- 40, 144. 45 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- 59, 546. 67 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_________----------------- 150. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_____ __.__.--------------- - 59, 396. 67 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project __------ _-------------------- 34, 000. 00 SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 47 2. BREAKWATER FROM MOUNT DESERT TO PORCUPINE ISLAND, BAR HARBOR, ME. Location.-On the coast, about 120 miles by water northeast of Portland, Me., and about 50 miles east from the entrance to Penob- scot Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-The anchorage, which is about 4,000 feet by about 5,000 feet, and the wharves at Bar Harbor, were exposed to the seas from the south. The main portion of the breakwater is in water approximating 50 feet in depth, and the greater part of the area to be protected has natural depths ranging from 20 to 80 feet at mean low tide. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-Constructionof a riprap breakwater from Por- cupine Island to Dry Ledge, and thence in a direct line to within about 600 feet of the low-water line on Mount Desert Island, the top of the breakwater to be at level of mean high tide, and 20 feet wide. The breakwater is to be about 2,500 feet in length and is for protection of the anchorage and landings. The estimated cost is $420,200. The mean range in tides is 10.5 feet. This project (see Annual Report for 1887, p. 481) was adopted by the river and har- bor act of August 11, 1888. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The breakwater had been built for a distance of about 2,310 feet, though the outer end was not to full section, leaving about 190 feet yet to be con- structed. About 84 per cent of the estimated total quantity of stone had been placed in the work. Expenditures amounted to $313,509.51, all for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Construction of breakwater was in progress, representing the delivery of 49,090 tons of stone, by which the breakwater was extended 150 feet. The con- tract price is 77 cents per ton of 2,000 pounds. Expenditures dur- ing the year were $36,338.93, all for new work. This project was placed under the continuing-contract system by the river and harbor act of February 27, 1911, and the full amount has been supplied. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The breakwater has been practically completed for about 2,460 feet, and about 97 per cent of the estimated quantity of stone has been deposited. Nearly the full measure of protection has now been secured. The total expenditures have been $349,848.44, all for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The benefit of the improvement consists in protecting the wharves at Bar Harbor and the anchorage area, which is extensively used by costly pleasure craft. Proposed operations.-No estimate for 1917. The funds on hand are sufficient for any work that may be necessary. Commercial statistics.-The following is a comparative statement of the commerce of the locality for the past three years: 48 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Estimated tons. value. 1912....--.........................-- ....................... 26,864 $423,453 1913........................................................................ 35,989 1,555, 289 1914............................................................................ 37,037 2,291,754 About 14,000 tons were coal, the bulk of the remainder being gen- eral merchandise. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $349, 848. 44 Maintenance----- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................... ..... .................... ............ $23,133.15 $38,558.87 $36,338.93 Maintenance........................................ .................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 --------------------- -------- $30, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912-------------------- 75, 000. 00 June 23, 1913------------------------------------ 70, 200. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------113, 081. 61 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------- ----------------------- 36, 338. 93 July 1, 1915, unexpended ------------------------------------ 76, 742. 68 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-----------------$17, 147. 97 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts 16, 416. 02 33, 563. 99 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 43, 178. 69 3. BASS HARBOR BAR, ME. Location.--Bass Harbor Bar is a shoal extending from the south- erly extremity of Mount Desert Island a distance of about 1 mile to Great Gotts Island. It obstructs the eastern entrance to Blue Hill Bay. The locality is about 20 miles by water from Bar Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-The best crossing had about 14 feet at mean low tide where the width of the bar between the 15-foot contours was about 250 feet, but numerous bowlders obstructed the crossing, mak- ing it dangerous in rough weather-a frequent condition. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-To secure a clear depth of not less than 14 feet at mean low tide for a width of 250 feet across the bar. The mean range in tides is 10 feet. The estimated cost was $10,000. This project (see H. Doc. No. 1128, 62d Cong., 3d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, which provided the entire estimated cost. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-During1913 the channel was cleared of obstructive bowlders, etc., so as to give the full projected width and depth. Expenditures amounted to $4,- 076.13, all for original work. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 49 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done, the expenditures, amounting to $778.33, being for office and other expenses. The improvement is under supervision and an examina- tion will have to be made in order to determine whether or not more work will be necessary. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work contemplated by the project has been accomplished, but whether or not permanent con- ditions have been secured will have to be determined by a survey. The total expenditures have been $4,854.46, all for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The work promotes safety and regularity of traffic at an obstructive point in a much used route. No effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate for 1917. The funds on hand are sufficient for any work that may be necessary. Commercial statistics.-No statistics as to tonnage are available. The improvement is in general use, but there is no practicable way of ascertaining the number of vessels. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------- --- $4, 854. 46 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... $180.20 $3,895.93 $778.33 Maintenance... ................................. ...... ....................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] March 4, 1913---------------------------------------------- $10,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ ____-__- ___------- 5, 923.87 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement ---------------------------------------------------- __ 778. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_-------------------------------- 5, 145. 54 4. DEER ISLAND THOROUGHFARE, ME. Location.-This is a narrow passage about 9 miles long, on the southerly side of Deer Island, which lies on the eastern side of the entrance to Penobscot Bay. The bottom and shores are rocky and irregular. The depth is good except at the westerly end. The least width is about 800 feet. The portion included in the project is a shoal area about 800 feet long and 300 feet wide at the westerly end. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-The passage is a protected and much-used thoroughfare for east and west bound traffic. Its navigation is diffi-' cult, but the depth is 20 feet and greater except at the westerly end where there was only about 7 feet at mean low tide over ledges lying mid-channel. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-To excavate rock to a depth of 15 feet at mean low tide, over an area about 800 feet long and 300 feet wide, at the westerly end of the thoroughfare. The mean range in tides is 9.66 8373 0 -ENG 1915-4 50 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. feet. The estimated cost was $40,000. The project (see H. Doc. No. 1128, 62d Cong., 3d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, which provided the entire estimated cost. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-About two-thirds of the area to be excavated had been drilled and blasted, but none of the loosened material had been taken up. Expenditures amounted to $1,418.67, all for original work. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-At the beginning of the year the contractor had drilled and blasted about 66 per cent of the area, and the drilling and blasting were continued until the entire area had been gone over. In taking up the broken rock a great many irregular shoal areas were found and no attempt was made to determine the progress in contract units. The contractor has been going over the work a second time and the indications are that so far grade has been secured, though a special examination has not been made. This work in now nearly completed. The work paid for during the year amounted to 1,600 cubic yards, measured in place, at $14.50 per cubic yard. The contract is based on a total estimated quantity of 2,181 cubic yards. The loosened material re- moved during the year amounted to 12,052 cubic yards, scow measure- ment. Expenditures amounted to $23,009.39, all for original work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is nearly com- pleted and will give a straight channel about 350 feet wide and 15 feet deep at mean low tide, where formerly the least depth was about 7 feet and the channel crooked. The total expenditures have been $24,428.06, all for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The value of the improvement which is very soon to become available will not consist in an effect on freight rates, but in accommodation and facilities for regular and safe move- ment of a large water traffic east and west. Proposed operations.--No estimate for 1917. The funds on hand are sufficient for any work that may be necessary. Commercial statistics.-The commerce is local only and does not indicate the traffic through the thoroughfare. The greater part of the local tonnage is stone. Cdfmparative statement. Calendar year. Short Estimated tons. value. 1912- . - - - -.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - •-- - - -- [-- -]_ 1913---- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 227,828 $1,618,6884 1914.... -------------------------------------------------------------- 212,251 ,698, 830 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $24, 428. 06 Maintenance_- __ _--__--__- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-------------------.... $581.71 $836.96 $23,009.39 Maintenance...................................................................... RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 51 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------- $40, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________ 38, 581.33 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement -------------------------------------------------- 23, 009. 39 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ____ ----------- _ 15, 571. 94 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ - $2, 643. 15 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 8, 424. 50 11, 067.65 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------____ 4, 504. 29 5. CARVERS HARBOR, VINALHIAVEN, ME. Location.--This is a small shoal harbor indenting the southern shore of the island of Vinalhaven, which lies in the outer portion of the entrance to Penobscot Bay and about 10 miles eastwardly from Rockland Harbor, Me. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-About 25 feet can be carried in from the Atlantic, but before improvement the depth within the harbor was only from 3 to 8 feet at mean low tide. The harbor has an area of about 50 acres, irregular in shape. Previous projects.-The only previous project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. The cost was $43,199.70. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1732. Present project.-To dredge about 7 acres in the southerly part of the harbor to the depth of 10 feet at mean low tide. It consists of 2 areas, each about 400 feet square, adjoining the area dredged under the previous project. The mean range in tides is 9.3 feet. The estimated cost of the work was $16,000. This project (see H. Doc. No. 624, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, which provided the full amount. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work covered by the present project was completed about the close of the fiscal year 1914. Expenditures amounted to $9,246.77, all for original work. Operations by the Government have resulted in a depth of 16 feet at mean low tide in the main portion of the harbor and 10 feet at mean low tide over the two adjacent areas covered by the existing project. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There was no work, the expenditures, amounting to $6,753.23, being for original work and chiefly for contract dredging performed during the previous year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted as proposed, giving 10 feet at mean low tide over the areas in the southerly part of the harbor. The total expenditures have been $16,000, all for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Immediately on completion numbers of fishing craft were moved from the main harbor into the new areas, thereby relieving congestion in the former. 52 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.-No additional work is proposed. The proj- ect is completed and no further reports will be submitted. Commercial statistics.--The chief items of commerce are stone, fish, and coal, and the following is a comparative statement of the traffic for the past three years: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Estimated Ctons. value. 1912 .............................................................................. 72,000 .. 1913.-------....---------------------------------------------------.......... ---- 111,970 $1,400,220 1914..................-..............-.---- ......-. ---- --------.... 127,500 1,157,080 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $59, 199. 70 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...--...........---------------..-..--------.........--..---------------................. $48.40 $9,198.37 $6,753.23 Maintenance............................ .................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------- $16, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------------- 6, 753. 23 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement- -------------- ------------------- --- 6, 753. 23 6. PENOBSCOT RIVER, ME. Location.-Penobscot River drains a large number of lakes and small streams in north central and eastern Maine, and after assuming definite character as a stream flows about 100 miles in a southerly direction through the middle of the State, discharging into Penob- scot Bay. The present project is for improvement at Bangor, about 27 miles above the head of the bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-The head of general navigation is at Bangor, about 27 miles above the mouth. Practically the entire river above Bangor is used in lumbering. Prior to improvement a section of about 3 miles at and below Bangor was obstructed by ledge, bowl- ders, and mill-waste deposits, so that the available depth was only about 6 feet at extreme low tide. Extensive deposits of mill waste had also reduced the depth in the lower river. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 11, 1870. Subsequent modifications and additions were authorized by the river and harbor acts of July 5, 1884, August 11, 1888, July 13, 1892, and March 3, 1899. The amount expended prior to commencement of operations under the existing project was $367,800. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1732. Presentproject.-To widen the harbor along the Bangor front, giv- ing an additional width of from 100 to 300 feet for a length of about RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 58 2,000 feet, the depth to be 11 feet at extreme low tide (14 feet at mean low water), to correspond with previous improvement. The estimated cost was $130,000, with about $500 annually for main- tenance. The mean range in tides is 13.1 feet. This project (see H. Doc. No. 739, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, which provided the entire estimated cost. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work covered by the present project was completed in September, 1913, and con- sisted in removing ledge, bowlders, and hardpan. Expenditures sub- sequent to those reported under Previous projects amounted to $133,220.53, all for original work. As a result of all the operations of the General Government the harbor at Bangor has been deepened to 11 feet at extreme low tide (14 feet at mean low tide) ; the basin of the Kenduskeag stream at its junction with the Penobscot has been deepened to 2 feet at extreme low tide; the channel near Crosbys Narrows and near Stern's mill has been straightened, widened, and deepened to 12 feet at extreme low tide; and a depth of 22 feet at mean low tide secured between Winterport and Bucksport. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There was no work, the expenditures amounting to $1,569.61, being for new work, and for office expenses, etc. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted, giving 11 feet at extreme low tide along the Bangor front. The total expenditures since adoption of the existing project have been $134,790.14, all for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The effect on freight rates is indirect. The benefit consists in enlarging the anchorage area, and in giving better access to the wharves. Proposed operations.-No additional work proposed, except for maintenance if found necessary, for which the funds on hand are sufficient. Commercial statistics.-The chief items of tonnage are coal, lum- ber, fertilizer, and oil, and the following is a comparative statement of the commerce using the stream for the past three years: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated value. 1912....... ..--.---.--....------ 549,476 $11,000,000 1913...... -- ...-- .-----. ...---.-- 551,789 4,975,600 1914............................................................................ 1914.... 571,721 571,721 4,634,597 4,634,597 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------------- $502, 590. 14 Maintenance---------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......... .......... ...... $30, 528.36 $22,356.01 $1,569.61 Maintenance.......................................... 54 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------------- $5, 279.47 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ----------- 569. 61 1,---------------------------- July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 3, 709. 86 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 125. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ---------------------------------- 3, 584. 86 7. STOCKTON HARBOR, ME. Location.-On the westerly side of Penobscot Bay, near its head. It is a protected basin about 2 miles long and about 1 mile across at the widest part. (See United States Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Originalcondition.-There was a depth of 25 feet at mean low tide from the mouth up to the central part of the harbor. From thence it gradually shoaled to the shores. The entrance channel was 1,000 feet or more in width. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-Dredging a channel on the easterly side 25 feet deep at mean low tide and 300 feet wide, beginning at the 25-foot contour and extending about 3,600 feet into the harbor to a point off the new railroad wharf. The mean range in tides is 10 feet. The estimated cost was $38,000, with about $1,000 annually for mainte- nance. This project (see H. Doc. No. 1166, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, which provided the entire estimated cost. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The original work proposed by the present project was completed in January, 1911, the expenditures thereon amounting to $33,000, all for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There was no work and there were no expenditures. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted, extending the 25-foot depth, with a width of 300 feet, for a length of about 3,600 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project are $33,000, all for new work. This is $5,000 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.--No conditions have been imposed by Congress. On completion of the project the railroad company dredged a chan- nel leading to its wharves. Effect of improvement.-There is no local business. The principal effect has been to bring about better all-rail accommodations because of the existence of an adequate water terminal. Proposed operations.-No additional work proposed. No further report will be submitted. Comzmercial statistics.-The principal items of the tonnage are coal, fertilizer, potatoes, paper, rags, and lumber. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 55 Comparativestatement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated 1912.......................... ................................................. 402,760 $7,500,000 1913. .................... ........ .................. 469,836 8,951,829 1914....------------------------------------- ------------------------- 495,360 9,045,905 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $33, 000. 00 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........... ..................... ............. 980.61 $980.61........ ..... Maintenance...................................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- $5, 000.00 Deduction on ;account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 8. ROOKPORT HARBOR, ME. Location.-On the westerly side of Penobscot Bay, about 6 miles north of Rockland, Me. The portion which has been under improve- ment is about 1,400 feet long and from 600 to 900 feet wide. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-Before improvement the depth in the upper part of the harbor was about 4 feet at mean low-tide. The remainder was for the most part 12 feet or more in depth, but about midway of the entrance there was a ledge of considerable area with only 41 feet over the shoalest part, which reduced the channel width to about 400 feet. In the outer harbor the depth was not less than 50 feet at mean low tide. Previous projects. Previous improvement was under a project adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. The amount expended was $15,000. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1733. Present project.-To remove the ledge at the entrance to the depth of 15 feet at mean low tide, thereby widening the entrance channel about 250 feet. The estimated cost was $32,000. The mean range in tides is 9.8 feet. This project (see H. Doec. No. 963, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, which provided the entire estimated cost. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed in December, 1913, and consisted almost entirely in rock excavation. Expenditures amounted to $30,942.31, all for original work. Besides the removal of the ledge at the entrance, operations by the Government have included the dredging of the upper harbor to the depth of 12 feet at mean low tide. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-There was no work, the expenditures, amounting to $1,057.69, being for office expenses, etc., and chargedto new work. 56 REPORT OF THIE CITIEF OF EI GINEERS, T. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed and gives an entrance channel about 650 feet wide and 15 feet deep at mean low tide, where previously the width was about 400 feet. The total expenditures under existing project have been $32,000, all for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of impro ement.-The removal of the ledge has made the entrance safer and easier, and, it is claimed, has had an influence in keeping the harbor free from ice. Proposed operations.-No estimate for 1917. No further report will be submitted. Commercial statistics.-The chief items are lumber and cooper- age, coal, ice, bricks, clay, lime, and cement. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated 1912...................---............................................. 198,345 $637,387 1913............................................................................ 185,465 709,115 1914. ............................................................. 176,552 2,034,740 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $47, 000.00 Maintenance..--......... Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................... $11,121.05 $17,868.35 $1,057.69 Maintenance. .. ............................................... .............. APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------- $1, 057.69 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ---------------------------------------------------- 1, 057. 69 9. ROCKLAND HARBOR, ME. Location.-On the westerly side of Penobscot Bay, near its mouth. It is about 10,000 feet in one direction and about 7,000 feet in the other. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-The depth at the entrance is about 50 feet at mean low tide. Within the harbor, much of which is shoal, the depth ranges from 6 feet to 30 feet. Before improvement the wharf front, on the westerly side of the harbor, was exposed to heavy seas during easterly gales; there were two groups of dangerous ledges in the anchorage, and the greater part of the wharf front was bare at low tide. The entrance had a width of about 9,000 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The first appropriation was by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, and the'project subsequently developed provided for a breakwater extending about 4,346 feet southerly from Jameson Point, on the north side of the entrance. After a survey (H. Doc. No. 85, 54th Cong., 1st sess.) the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, provided for extending the project td include dredging IIVER ANt) ttAIBOft IMPROVEMENt. 57 the inner harbor in the vicinity of the wharves to depths ranging from 4 to 13 feet at mean low tide and for removing two groups of ledges, one to 22 feet and the other to 14 feet at mean low tide. The estimated cost of the enlarged project was $1,036,000. The mean range in tides is 9.6 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project had been completed subject to any work needed until the slopes of the breakwater have assumed a condition of definite permanence. Ex- penditures amounted to $915,862.73 for original work and $5,026.65 for maintenance, a total of $920,889.38. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There was no work, the expenditures, amounting to $82.24, being for inspection, etc., and charged to maintenance. The project was placed under the continu- ing contract system by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. The aggregate appropriations are $110,500 less than the authorization. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The breakwater affords a safe and extensive anchorage and harbor of refuge, the removal of the ledges has increased the available anchor- age area, and the dredging has afforded better access to the wharves. The total expenditures have been $920,971.62, of which $915,862.73 was for new work and $5,108.89 for maintenance. The project has been completed at a cost of $115,000 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The principal benefits have been the pro- tection of the wharf front and the establishment of a commodious and convenient harbor of refuge. The effect on rates has been such as would accrue through the use of larger vessels, made possible by the dredging. Proposed operations.-No estimate for 1917. The funds on hand are sufficient for any work that may be necessary. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of the tonnage are coal, granite and lime rock, lumber and cooperage, lime, fertilizer, pulp, etc. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated 1912........... ... .............................................. 712,990 $14,533,667 1913 .. ....... .............................................................. 668,018 14,334,860 1914... -------------------------------------------------------------- 476,149 13,087,837 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $915, 862. 73 Maintenance------------------------------------------5, 108. 89 Total _----------------------------------------_ 920, 971. 62 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... Maintenance .......................................... $430.81 320.00 $82.24 58 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------- _------ $4, 610. 62 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement--------------------------------------------- 82. 24 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 4, 528. 38 10. GEORGES RIVER (THOMASTON HARBOR), ME. Location.-About 80 miles northeast of Portland and about 4 miles west of Rockland, Me. The river rises in the westerly part of Waldo County and flows about 35 miles in a southerly direction, emptying into the Atlantic. The section included in the project is that at and immediately below Thomaston, sometimes called Thomaston Harbor, about 12 miles above the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-The depth was 21 feet or more up to a point about 1 mile below Thomaston. From thence the channel was nar- row, with a sharp bend at one point, and shoaled opposite Thomaston to about 11 feet at mean low tide. The head of practical navigation is at Thomaston, although small vessels can go about 6 miles farther. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-To dredge a channel extending about 1 mile downstream from Thomaston, the depth to be 16 feet at mean low tide, the width varying from 90 to 220 feet. The mean range in tides at Thomaston is 9.3 feet. The original estimated cost was $30,000. This project (see H. Doc. No. 236, 53d Cong., 3d sess.; also Annual Report for 1895, p. 590) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. Operations and results prior to the fiseal year.-The project was completed in 1903. The total cost was $26,000, of which $212.09 was charged to maintenance and $25,787.91 to new work. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-There was no work and no expenditure of funds. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1903. The total expenditures have amounted to $25,787.91 for new work and $212.09 for maintenance, a total of $26,000, or $4,000 less than the original estimated cost. The last examination indicated that the depth of 16 feet at mean low tide had been maintained in mid-channel, but that the width had materially decreased, particu- larly at the bend. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The increased depth permitted the use of larger vessels and such saving as was due to their use for bulk freight. Proposed operations.-The shoaling at the bend has made naviga- tion at that point difficult and dangerous and the reduced width else- where has given rise to congested conditions. To restore the chan- nel to its project dimensions will probably require the excavation of not less than 20,000 cubic yards of material. As the amount of work is small and the place somewhat remote, the sum of $10,000 is asked for. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 59 Commercial statistics.-The annual commerce is about 22,500 short tons, chiefly coal, lime, and wood. The annual passenger traffic is about 9,100 by regular steamers. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $25, 787. 91 Maintenance -------------------------------------------------- 212. 09 Total --------------------------------------------------- 26, 000. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............-.....-.. .......... .............................. Maintenance.......................... ........................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _ ____________ _ $10, 000. 00 11. BOOTHBAY HARBOR, ME. Location.-About 14.5 miles southeast of Bath, Me., by water. The outer harbor is commodious, with depths of 30 feet and greater. The inner harbor, which has been under improvement, is about 2,100 feet long and from 900 to 1,200 feet wide. Besides being a summer resort the harbor is popular with fishermen and small coasting craft because of its ease of access and good shelter. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Originalcondition.-The depth at mean low tide was from 14 to 25 feet, except along the wharves and at the upper end, where it was only from 4 to 7 feet. Loaded vessels could go to or from the wharves at high tide only. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-To secure a depth of 12 feet at mean low tide along the wharves and at the uper end. The mean range in tides is 8.8 feet. The estimated cost was $18,000. This project (see H. Doc. No. 82, 62d Cong., 1st sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--The project was completed in December, 1913, the work having consisted in dredging and in the removal of a small ledge. The project depth was secured. Expenditures amounted to $17,002.82, all for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Office work only. Expenditures were $997.18, all for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1913. The total cost is $18,000, all for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The increased depth along the wharf front is reported to have proved of much benefit. Loaded vessels can more readily reach the wharves. Proposed operations.-No estimate for 1917. No further reports will be submitted. Commercialstatistics.-The chief items are ice, coal, oil, and fish. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 60 REPORT OF THE CiIEi OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated value. 1912......... ...-....-... ....- .................. ...... (Incomplete.).......... 1913-............................................................. 108,098 $1,588,770 1914 ..........----------------------------------------------- --------------- 53,447 1,142,000 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------------ $18, 000. 00 Maintenance-------------------------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................................................... 12,238.59 $4,764.23 $997.18 Maintenance.... .................................. .... .... ........... ............. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 _ ____-------------------------------__ $18, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------------- 997. 18 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------ 997. 18 12. SASANOA RIVER, ME. Location.-The Sasanoa, formerly called Back River, and some- "times " Gut opposite Bath," is a tidal passage or thoroughfare, about 9 miles in length, connecting the Kennebec River, at Bath, Me., with Sheepscot River. Improvement has been confined to a length of about 2 miles at its western end. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.--The stream was much obstructed" in the vicinity of Upper Hell Gate. The channel at and near that place was crooked and narrow and was obstructed by ledges, the shoalest of which had not much more than 3 feet of water over it at mean low tide. At the narrowest place it was about 60 feet between 12-foot contours. Currents were swift and dangerous. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 11, 1870. Subsequent modifications and additions were authorized by the river and harbor acts of June 18, 1878, and June 3, 1896. The cost was $57,487.69. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1734. Present project.-To increase to a width of not less than 140 feet the channel 90 feet wide previously made through the ledges south- easterly of Upper Hell Gate, all to the depth of 12 feet at mean low tide. The estimated cost was $44,000 and was for original work. The mean range in tides is 8.5 feet. This project (see Rivers and Harbors Com. Doc. No. 47, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed in December, 1908. The work consisted entirely in ledge excavation, and resulted in a channel 12 feet deep at mean low tide, and not less than 140 feet wide where the width formerly was 90 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 61 feet. Expenditures amounted to $35,000, all for original work. As a result of all operations by the Government a depth of 12 feet at mean low tide has been secured at and near Upper Hell Gate for a width of from 125 to 140 feet, by removal of rock and other material. A number of sunken ledges were removed and a small jetty built. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There was no work, and no expenditure of funds. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, and gives 12 feet at mean low tide, for a width of 140 feet where the width was formerly 90 feet. The increased width has reduced the velocity of the current and has eliminated some of the dangerous cross currents. Expenditures under the existing project have been $35,000, all for new work. This is $9,000 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The use of larger vessels necessary to accommodate the increasing travel and in rendering the passage less dangerous has resulted from the work of improvement. Proposed operations.-No additional work proposed. No further report will be submitted. Commercial statistics.-The following is a comparative statement of the commerce using the stream during the past three years. Comnparative statement. Calendar year. IShort Estimated Passen- Calendar year. tons. value. gers. 1912............ ----..... .............................................. 9,808 $1,000,000 59,691 1913 .......--......... .--.............................................. 9,948 1,000,000 59,298 1914.. ... ................. -----......................................------- 2,630 263,000 51,358 The usual tonnage is general merchandise; the business is chiefly passenger traffic. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $92, 487. 69 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... . .................... .......... ............................... Maintenance.... ............................................................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _----------------------------_ $9, 000. 00 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------- 9, 000.00 13. KENNEBEC. RIVER, ME. Location.-Kennebec River drains a large number of lakes and minor streams, and from Moosehead Lake, in western central Maine, flows about 150 miles in a southerly direction and discharges into the Atlantic about 25 miles east of Portland. Improvement has been confined to that section of the river between Augusta, about 44 miles above the mouth, and the foot of Swan Island, about 23 miles from the mouth. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) 62 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-From Augusta to Gardiner, about 64 miles, the navigable depth was about 3 feet in low summer tides. There was a shoal at South Gardiner with about 8 feet at mean low tide. At Swan Island there were dangerous ledges and a shoal with only 10 feet at mean low tide. The channel west of Swan Island was ob- structed at Hatchs Rock Shoal, over which there was 74 feet. Augusta, 44 miles from the mouth, is at the head of navigation. The river above Augusta is used for water power and lumbering opera- tions. Previous projects.-The first project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1827. Modifications and additions were authorized by river and harbor acts of August 30, 1852, June 23, 1866, July 11, 1870, March 3, 1871, March 3, 1873, March 3, 1881, August 11, 1888, and June 13, 1902. The amount expended was $590,411.03. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1735. Present project.-To secure a channel below Gardiner not less than 150 feet wide, with a depth of 17 feet at mean low tide at Beef Rock Shoal, at the foot of Swan Island, and 18 feet at mean low tide at Lovejoy Narrows, decreasing to 1 feet deep at Gardiner. The work included dredging, rock excavation, the repair of two training walls and the extension of one of them. The estimated cost was $275,000, with about $2,000 annually for maintenance. This project (see H. Doc. No. 321, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. The river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, adopted an addition providing for a channel west of Swan Islands 100 feet wide, 12 feet deep at mean low tide except at the upper shoal, where the depth was to be 15 feet. This project (see H. Doc. No. 746, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) was estimated to cost $30,500, with an annual maintenance cost of about $2,500. The section of river included by the project is about 15 miles in length. The mean tidal range is 6.9 feet at Bath, 5.1 feet at Gar- diner, and 4.3 feet at Augusta. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel in the main river, below Gardiner, had been completed, except for two small shoals. No work had been done on the channel west of Swan Island. Expenditures amounted to $271,589.71 on the main channel and $157.91 west of Swan Island, all for new work, a total of $271,- 747.62. As a result of all Government operations, a channel 125 feet wide and 11 feet deep at mean low tide had been dredged from Augusta, at the head of navigation, downstream to Gardiner, a dis- tance of about 6.5 miles; from Gardiner down to the foot of Swan Island a channel depth of from 16 to 17 feet, for a width of not less than 150 feet, had been made by dredging and rock excavation. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Two small shoals in the main river were removed during July and August, 1914, with hired plant. The channel west of Swan Island was dredged during July, August, and September, 1914. The latter work was done under contract and amounted to 123,230 cubic yards, place measurement. It extended over a channel length of about 5 miles. The contract price was 21.7 cents per cubic yard. Expenditures during the year amount to $3,351.92 for the main river and to $30,342.09 for the channel west of Swan Island-a total of $33,694.01, all for new work. The act of 1907 placed the project for the main river under the continuing-contract system. The entire estimated cost has been ap- propriated. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 63 Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted, giving a depth of 16 feet at mean low tide in the main river up to Gardiner and a steamboat channel west of Swan Island with a general depth of 12 feet at mean low tide. Total expenditures under the existing adopted project have been $305,441.63, of which $274,941.63 was for the main river and $30,500 for the channel west of Swan Island-all for new work. Local cooperation.- None. Effect of improvement.-The benefit consists in permitting the use of larger vessels in handling bulk freight, such as coal, ice, etc., which demand cheap transportation. The improvement of the chan- nel west of Swan Island is expected to permit regular steamboat facilities to the landings above Bath, which had been threatened with discontinuance of such service. Proposed operations.-No estimate for 1917. It is not expected that any work will be required. . Commercial statistics.--The chief items are coal, lumber and coop- erage, wood pulp, ice, and feldspar. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. value. 1912-----------------------------------------------------..--. 281,700 $5,139,850 1913............------ .. --... .. ----------------------........ ------.. 419,810 3,484,750 1914 ------------------------------------------------------ 271,905 2,934,964 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_----------------------------------------------- $895, 852. 66 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................. .................. ............... $2,138.27 $127.75 $33,694.01 Maintenance................................................ ................... .... .. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913- - _-___-------------------- $30, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -- __ ----------------------- 33, 755. 63 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement-------------- -------------------------------- 33, 694. 01 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------- 61. 62 14. PORTLAND HARBOR, ME. Location.-On the southwestern coast of Maine, about 100 miles northeast of Boston, Mass. The outer harbor is in Casco Bay and the inner harbor in Fore River, while northwest of the city is a large bay known as Back Cove, the greater part of which consists of flats exposed at low tide. From the ocean the main channel of entrance leads through Casco Bay between the mainland and Cushing Island, and the distance to the head of navigation at Stroudwater on Fore River is about 8 miles and in Back Cove about 6 miles. To the 64 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. anchorage ground opposite the eastern end of the city the distance is about 3.5 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-The inner harbor in Fore River is about 9,000 feet long and about 2,500 feet wide, and had a channel depth of about 25 feet at mean low tide, except at the mouth where it shoaled to 16 feet. Thence to the sea the least depth was about 42 feet. The wharf front was exposed to swell from the main entrance. In Back Cove the channel depth was about 1 foot at mean low tide. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement was au- thorized by the river and harbor act of July 4, 1836. Subsequent modifications and additions were authorized by river and harbor act of June 23, 1866; joint resolution of June 5, 1868; river and harbor acts of June 10, 1872, June 3, 1896, and sundry civil act of March 3, 1905. The total amount expended on the original and modified projects thus authorized was $1,515,701.74. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 736. Present project.-Provides for enlarging the deep-water anchor- age in Casco Bay opposite the eastern end of the city by dredging to 30 feet at mean low tide over an area about 1,500 feet by 3,500 feet; for excavating rock and other material between Grand Trunk and Tukeys bridges at the entrance to Back Cove, a distance of about 1,700 feet, so as to give a channel 14 feet deep at mean low tide, the general width being 320 feet; for restoring the channel depth of 12 feet at mean low tide in Back Cove for a width of 300 feet and a length of about 5,000 feet; for redredging a portion of the channel of approach to Back Cove to 30 feet at mean low tide; and for re- storing the depth of 30 feet over an area about 6,000 feet long and 1,000 feet or more in width, constituting the more important part of the inner harbor. The mean tidal range is 8.9 feet. The estimated cost of the present project is $460,000, with about $2,000 annually for maintenance. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912 (H. Doc. No. 489, 62d Cong., 2d sess.). Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-About 40 per cent of the anchorage area had been dredged, about 70 per cent of the rock excavation between Grand Trunk and Tukeys bridges had been accomplished, the channel of approach to Back Cove had been re- .dredged, and the 30-foot depth in the inner harbor had been restored. Expenditures amounted to $122,927.51, all for new work. As a result of all Government operations up to this time a stone breakwater about 1,900 feet long had been built on the south side of the inner harbor; the greater portion of the inner harbor had been dredged to 30 feet at mean low tide, with a channel of the same depth and 300 feet wide extending about 8,000 feet up Fore River to the Boston & Maine Railroad bridge; a channel 300 feet wide, 30 feet deep at mean low tide, as an approach to Back Cove had been dredged; rock exca- vation to give 14 feet at mean low tide between Grand Trunk and Tukeys bridges at the entrance to Back Cove was in progress; within Back Cove a channel about 5,600 feet long, 300 feet wide, and 12 feet deep at mean low tide, extending to the head of the cove, had been dredged, but had shoaled; and about 40 per cent of an extensive anchorage area east of the city had been excavated to a depth of 30 feet at mean low tide. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging of the anchorage area was continued until about the last of May. About 84 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 65 per cent of that area has now been completed. The quantity of ma- terial removed amounted to 1,910,446 cubic yards, scow measurement. The work was done under contract at 10.6 cents per cubic yard, scow measurement. The rock excavation between Grand Trunk and Tukeys bridges at the entrance to Back Cove was completed in No- vember, 1914. The excavation which was commenced in January, 1914, amounted to 2,713 cubic yards, measured in place. This does not include a considerable quantity of overlying material. The work was done with hired plant, and exclusive of inspection, etc., cost $38,- 652.91, or $14.24 per cubic yard, place measurement. The area over which the project depth of 14 feet at mean low tide was secured is about 1,700 feet long, with an average width of about 320 feet. The restoration of the 12-foot depth in Back Cove Channel, under a con- tract made December 17, 1914, was commenced in March, 1915. By the close of the year 165,975 cubic yards of material had been re- moved, constituting about 75 per cent of the work covered by the contract. The work was commenced at the lower end of the channel, and a length of 3,600 feet has been dredged. The total channel length to be excavated is about 5,000 feet. The contract price for this work is 11.88 cents per cubic yard, measured in scows. Expenditures dur- ing the fiscal year amounted to $172,401.05, all for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 87 per cent of the work contemplated by the project has been accomplished. Otherwise ex- pressed, all the items of proposed work have been accomplished except about 16 per cent of the anchorage area and about 25 per cent of the channel in Back Cove. The main portion of the inner harbor, such part of the anchorage area as has been dredged, and the channel of approach to Back Cove have been dredged to not less than 30 feet. Over the ledges between Grand Trunk and Tukeys bridges (exca- vated to 14 feet) 13 feet at mean low tide may be carried and in Back Cove itself 12 feet, except at the upper end, where the depth is only about 9 feet. The total expenditures under existing project have been $295,328.56, all for new work. Local cooperation.-Noconditions have been imposed by Congress and there has been no local cooperation. There has been some dis- cussion as to construction of public docks, but no definite action. Effect of improvement.-Work done has permitted safe use of larger vessels, and, so far as bulk freight is concerned, has permitted such reduction in rates as is effected by larger cargoes. Proposed operations.-No estimate for 1917. The funds on hand are sufficient for any work that may be necessary. Commercial statistics.--Rathermore than one-half the tonnage is coal, chiefly bituminous. The Grand Trunk Railway uses Portland as a winter port and ships large quantities of grain and food products via trans-Atlantic steamers. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated 1912------------. .....................-------- ---- --------------------------- . ...........----- 3,259,949 $107,981,000 1913.--..---..........-------..---.--..--...............-----------...----------------------------.... 3,339,538 128,506,579 1914..--------..---.......---- ------------------------...--... ----------------------- 2,797,760 117,901,294 0 8373 -ENG 1915-5 66 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- _ $1, 808, 879. 62 Maintenance--------------------------------------------- 2,150. 68 Total------------------------------------------ 1, 811, 030. 30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................... ......................... 7,712.61 $115,272.99 $172,401.05 Maintenance.... ............................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912- ___ $100, 000.00 Mar. 4,1913----------------------------------- - 150,000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------------- 105, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------- 105, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---- ___-----__________ _______ 134, 107. 24 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 105, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 105, 000. 00 344, 107. 24 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement-----------------------------------------------172, 401. 05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -- _----------__________ 171, 706. 19 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---- $43, 319. 43 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts --------------------------------- 31, 906. 17 75, 225. 60 July 1, 1915, balance available_______ ____-______________-____ 96, 480. 59 15. SACO RIVER, ME. Location.-Saco River rises in the White Mountain region of New Hampshire, flows about 105 miles in a general southeasterly direc- tion, and discharges into the Atlantic about 16 miles southwest of Portland Harbor, Me. The section under improvement is that from the cities of Saco and Biddeford, at the head of navigation, to the mouth, a distance of about 5 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-Above the head of navigation the river has been used for lumbering and affords a large amount of water power. The navigable portion, from Saco and Biddeford to the sea, was generally shoal, had a winding course with numerous shoals and ledges, and discharged through a wide sandy beach, where the depth was only 2 feet at mean low tide. Outside the bar the water deepened to 30 feet. Previous projects.-Allusion is made to an appropriation made in 1824, but the first regular authority appears in the river and harbor act of March 2, 1827. Additional work was authorized by the river and harbor acts of June 23, 1866, July 5, 1884, and September 19, 1890. The amount expended was $346,680.12. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1738. Present project.-To secure a channel depth of 7 feet at mean low tide from the head of navigation to the sea, the width to be 100 feet RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 67 in the upper section, 140 feet in the middle section, 200 feet wide in the lower section between the jetties, and 140 feet wide across the bar. The work included the extension of the south jetty across the bar at the mouth of the river. The estimated cost was $55,000, with an estimated annual charge of $3,000 for maintenance. This project (see H. Doc. No. 752, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The mean tidal range is 8.8 feet. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The project, which included dredging, a small quantity of rock excavation, repair of jetties, and extension of the jetty on the south side of the mouth of the river, had been completed except for some work which may yet have to be done on the jetties and except for the depth on the bar at the mouth. Expenditures amounted to $48,619.24 for original work and $1,071.55 for maintenance-a total of $49,690.79. Under the several projects a depth of 7 feet at mean low tide within the river and up to Saco and Biddeford has been secured by dredging and a small quantity of rock excavation. Several jetties were built within the river. On the north side of the mouth of the river a break- water has been constructed extending seaward about 4,200 feet, and a jetty or training wall on the south side of the mouth, practically parallel with the breakwater and about 4,800 feet long. The project depth across the bar has not yet been secured. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There was no work during the year, the expenditures, amounting to $2,216.02, have been for office expenses, upkeep of inspection launch, etc., charged to new work. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted except for some additional work which may be necessary on the jetty and for the channel through the bar at the mouth. A narrow cut was made through the bar, but more work is expected to be required. An early survey to determine conditions is to be made. Total expenditures under existing adopted project have been $50,835.26 for new work and $1,071.55 for maintenance-a total of $51,906.81. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It is expected to bring about some reduc- tion in freight rates, through the use of larger vesels and loading them to full instead of partial cargoes. The full benefit will not be reached until the project depth across the bar has been secured. Proposed operations.-No estimate for 1917. The funds on hand are sufficient for any work that may be necessary. Commercial statistics.-The tonnage consists entirely in coal, and the following is a comparative statement of the commerce for the past three years: Comparative statement. 68 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $397, 365. 38 Maintenance -- 1 221. 55 1,------------------------ Total -------------------------------------------------- 398, 586. 93 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work--..-.. . ...---------------------------------------. 15,248.56 $8,594.89 $2,216.02 Maintenance... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------------------------------------------- -- $25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- ------------------------- 10, 400. 84 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement ------------------- -------------------------------- 2, 216. 02 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 8, 184. 82 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 95. 83 July 1, 1915, balance available--------- ----------------------- 8, 088. 99 16. HARBOR AT ISLES OF SHOALS, ME. AND N. H. Location.-In the open sea about 6 miles southeast of Portsmouth Harbor, N. H. The harbor lies between Star Island on the south and southwest, Cedar Island on the southeast, and Smuttynose Island on the north and northeast. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-The harbor, which is a refuge or protected anchorage about 32 acres in area, had a depth of 18 to 48 feet at mean low tide and entrance depths of not less than 24 feet. Two shal- lower openings to the east and southeast gave exposures from which the harbor failed to give the full protection from easterly storms needed by small vessels. Previous projects.-The first work of improvement by the Govern- ment was ordered by the act of March 3, 1821. Subsequent modifi- cations and additions were authorized by the act of May 7, 1822, and the river and harbor act of July 13, 1902. Expenditures amounted to $41,453.21. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1739. Present project.-The construction of a rough-stone breakwater extending from Cedar Island to Star Island, with a view to giving further protection to the anchorage from the south and southeast. The estimated cost was $40,000. The mean range in tides is 8.7 feet. This project (see H. Doc. No. 1122, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, which provided the entire estimated cost. An allotment of $5,000 for maintenance was made from the appropriation "Maintenance and improvement of existing river and harbor works," act of October 2, 1914. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--The breakwater from Cedar Island to Star Island, covered by the present project, had been completed in July, 1913, but storm damage occurred the following winter and an allotment of $5,000 has been made for re- pair. Expenditures on the present project amounted to $39,238.32, all for original work. As a whole the work by the Government has included the construction of a small breakwater from Smuttynose RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 69 Island westwardly to Malaga Island, on the north side of the harbor; a breakwater extending southeastwardly from Smuttynose Island to Cedar Island, protecting the harbor on the east; and the third and recent breakwater extending southwestwardly from Cedar Island to Star Island, affording protection from the southeast and south. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There was no work during the year beyond inspection and office work in arranging for repair, for which the expenditures amounted to $47.92, charged as maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed ex- cept for repair of the breakwater, which affords much needed pro- tection from the south and southeast. The expenditures under ex- isting adopted project have been $39,238.32 for new work and $47.92 for maintenance, a total of $39,286.24. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The local commerce is inconsiderable. The value of the improvement consists in the refuge it affords for small coastwise vessels. Proposed operations.-No estimate for 1917. Funds for repair are in hand, with which it is proposed to place about 3,500 tons of stone in the breakwater between Cedar Island and Star Island. Commercial statistics.-The following is a comparative statement of the commerce of the harbor during the past three years: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated 1912 .... .. ....... ............. ................................................ 16,650.......... 1913...... .....--........ ......... .................................................- 16,650... 1914........................................................................ - -8,776 $389,9250 The bulk is fish, about 1,000 tons of coal, and the remainder general supplies. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $80, 691. 53 Maintenance --------------------------------------------- 47.92 Total _-_------------------------------ 80, 739. 45 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............ .............................. 30,881.75 $6,054.50 .... ..... Maintenance ....... ..... ....... 7...... $79......2 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914------- ------------ -------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___-------- ------------------ _ 761.68 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_.. 5, 000. 00 5, 761. 68 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement-__------- _ __ -- ____- _-___ __- 47.92 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ...........------------------ 5, 713. 76 70 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S' ARMY. 17. PEPPERELLS COVE, ME. Location.-On the easterly, or Maine, side of Portsmouth Harbor and about 1 mile within the entrance. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Originalcondition.-PepperellsCove was a shallow cove of irregu- lar shape, with depths ranging from 1 to 11 feet at mean low tide. About midway of the entrance there was a ledge over which there was about 5.5 ,feet. Portsmouth Harbor has a depth of about 42 feet at the mouth, with greater depth inside. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-To secure by dredging and rock excavation an anchorage area about 1,450 feet by 1,250 feet, the general depth to be 12 feet at mean low tide, with 12.5 feet over rock._ The work was estimated to cost $158,400. The mean tidal range is 8.7 feet. The project is based on a report on examination and survey (H. Doc. No. 1081, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The dredging, which constituted about 60 per cent of the project, had been accom- plished. Expenditures amounted to $81,307.48, all for original work. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The rock excavation to complete the project was in progress. The entire area has been drilled and blasted and the greater part of the broken rock removed. The contractor failed to secure grade and has been redrilling over considerable areas. This work is now nearly completed. Expendi- tures amounted to $652.96, all for new work. Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-The dredging has been accom- plished and the rock excavation is nearing completion. The purpose of the project, which is to secure an anchorage for vessels of small draft, will not be accomplished in a measureable degree until the rock excavation is completed. The total expenditures have been $81,960.44, all for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Some use has been made of the anchorage, but it will necessarily be limited until all the rock is taken out and the plant removed. Proposed operations.-No estimate for 1917. Funds for comple- tion of the project are in hand. Commercial statistics.-The following is a comparative statement of the commerce of Portsmouth Harbor, N. H., during the past three years: Comparative statement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 71 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------- ----------------------- $81,960.44 Maintenance__ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................... $32,599.73 $95.14 $652.96 Maintenance.... ............................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------- 35, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------------- 63, 400.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------77, 092. 52 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement ---------------------------------------------- ---- 652.96 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------- 76, 439. 56 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts ---------- 75, 840. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 599. 56 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH RIVER AND HAR- BOR ACTS APPROVED JULY 25, 1912, AND MARCH 4, 1913. Reports on preliminary examinations and survey and plan and estimate of cost of improvement required by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1913, of the following localities within this district were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were transmitted to Congress and printed in documents as indicated. 1. Preliminary examination and survey of Criehaven Harbor, Me.-Reports dated November 27,1912, and April 26, 1913, with map, are printed in House Document No. 1454, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of this locality by the United States in the manner desired is not deemed advisable at the present time. 2. Preliminary examination and plan and estimate of cost of im- provement of Thomaston Harbor,Me., with a view to securing greater depth and width of basin.-Reports dated December 15, 1913, and March 13, 1914, with map, are printed in House Document No. 1458, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of this locality by the United States in the manner desired is not deemed advisable at the present time to a greater extent than is permissible in connection with the maintenance of the channel heretofore provided. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided forby the river and harbor act of Ma:ch 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Jonesport Harbor, Me., including Moosabec Bar. 2. Monhegan Harbor, Me. 3. Mouth of Cape Neddick River, York, Me. .4. York Harbor, Me. 5. Machias River, Me. 6. South Bristol Harbor, Me. 7. Isle au Haut Harbor, Me. 72 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 8. Hendricks Harbor, Me. 9. PortlandHarbor,Me., including the obstructionknown as Witch Rock. 10. Gotts Island Channel, Me. 11. Belfast Harbor, Me. 12. Indian Creek, Vinal Haven, Me. 13. Portsmouth,Harbor, N. H. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE BOSTON, MASS., DISTRICT. This district includes eastern Massachusetts from the New Hamp- shire State line to Chatham at the southeast point of Cape Cod. District officer: Col. W. E. Craighill, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. Frederic V. Abbot, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Newburyport Harbor, Mass__ 72 9. Boston Harbor, Mass------- 92 2. Merrimac River, Mass_______ 74 10. Dorchester Bay and Nepon- Bay, Cape Ann, Mass _____ 76 set River, Mass _------- 99 3. Harbor of Refuge at Sandy 11. Weymouth River, Mass-- ..--- 101 4. Gloucester Harbor, Mass____ 78 12. Plymouth and Province- 5. Beverly Harbor, Mass-_____ 81 town Harbors, Mass _____ 105 6. Salem Harbor, Mass -- ____- 82 7. Lynn Harbor, Mass_ ------- 84 8. Mystic and Malden Rivers and Mystic River below mouth of Island End River, Mass_ 86 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2029 TO 2053. 1. NEWBURYPORT HARBOR, MASS. Location.-The water front of Newburyport is on the south bank of Merrimac River, about 21 miles above the mouth and about 58 miles by water north of Boston. The river at this point is about one- fourth of a mile wide. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-In its original condition the outlet of Merri- mac River, which between Plum Island and Salisbury Point was 1,000 feet wide and 30 feet deep at mean low water, was obstructed by a sand bar nearly a mile outside, through which in 1880 a narrow channel about 7 feet deep at mean low water was maintained by the natural current of the river. The channel from the bar up to New- buryport was of.navigable width and had a depth of 9 feet at mean low water. Previous projects.-None for Newburyport Harbor. (See Mer- rimac River.) Present project.-The object of the present project is to create at the outer bar a permanent channel 1,000 feet wide and at least 17 feet deep at mean low water, to enable vessels of such draft as can proceed at high tide to the wharves at Newburyport to enter the river at mean low water. The project is to construct two jetties, each 15 feet wide on top at elevation 12 feet above mean low water, with slopes of 1 on 2 on the seaward face and 1 on 1 on the shoreward RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 73 face; one projecting from the north shore 4,118 feet, the other from the south shore 2,445 feet, converging until 1,000 feet apart, and then extending seaward parallel to the axis of the channel for a distance of 1,000 feet, and to partially close Plum Island Basin by a timber dike about 800 feet long and 51 feet above mean low water, at a total estimated cost of $599,547.49. No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated. (Annual Report for 1881, p. 502; modifications, Annual Report for 1882, p. 509; 1883, p. 437; 1884, pp. 494, 497; 1886, p. 558; 1897, p. 825; 1899, p. 63; 1910, p. 60.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, and dredging through the bar, if found advisable, was authorized by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The mean tidal range at the bar is 7.9 feet and at Newburyport 7.6 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The north jetty was completed for a length of 2,868 feet, and a core 12 feet above mean low water, with a width of about 5 feet on top, had been built for a farther distance of 1,250 feet to its outer end. The south jetty was completed except for a distance of 30 feet at its outer end. The jetty work resulted in creating a navigable channel over the bar of a depth of 9 feet at mean low water. Plum Island Basin had been closed with a timber dike 817 feet long, 5 feet above mean low water, except near the middle where a weir 150 feet long and 2 feet above mean low water was left temporarily, and two sand catchers, respec- tively 480 and 572 feet in length, had been built in rear of the south jetty. The dike has been carried away in part, allowing the water to flow freely in and out of Plum Island Basin. The construction of the dike and sand catchers is not believed to have had any material effect upon the improvement. North Rock was removed in 1901. The expenditures were $443,580.07 for original work and $10,389.68 for maintenance, a total of $453,969.75. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Under contract, the outer 1,250 feet of the north jetty was completed to the full projected cross section. The expenditures were $20,263.55 for new work and $15.44 for maintenance, a total of $20,278.99. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 97 per cent completed. The construction of the jetties has increased the depth so that under favorable conditions about 12 feet draft can be carried over the bar at mean low water, but the usual draft is 9 feet and this draft can be carried to the wharves at Newburyport, along- side some of which there is a depth of 12 to 15 feet at low water. There was expended for new work $463,843.62 and for maintenance $10,405.12, a total of $474,248.74. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It is reported that the improvement made has reduced freight rates 25 cents per ton, and that if the projected depth of 17 feet at mean low water be obtained over the outer bar it would still further reduce the freight rates 15 to 25 cents per ton. Proposed operations.-Due to settlement on account of storm seas both jetties require retopping in places, which it is estimated will require about 16,000 tons of stone at $1.25 per ton, $20,000. Commercial statistics.-The commerce during the current year was chiefly coal, about 48 per cent of which was reshipped to points on the Merrimac and Powow Rivers. 74 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, I. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Amount in Value. short tons. 1912. --....--------------------------.. ... ------------ --------------------- 148,047 $671,056.80 1913..----------------.... --..-..-...... -- .... ---.. ------------------------------------- 177,064 910,359.00 1914...--. --. --.--. ----- ---------------- -------------------------- 183,428 967,374.96 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------- ------ $463, 843. 62 Maintenance-----------------------------------------------10, 405.12 Total----------------------- ------------ -------------- 474, 248. 74 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................ ... .............. ..... $131.30 $12,649.57 $20,263.55 Maintenance......................................................... 15.44 Total........................................ 131.30 12,649.57 20,278.99 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-- ------------------------ ----------------- $25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 20, 325. 56 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------- $20,263. 55 For maintenance of improvement------------- 15.44 20, 278. 99 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 46. 57 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-------------------------------------136, 141. 86 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------- 120, 000. 00 2. MERRIMAC RIVER, MASS. Location.-Merrimac River is formed by the confluence of Pemige- wasset and Winnepesaukee Rivers at Franklin, N. H. It flows southerly through the State of New Hampshire, enters the State of Massachusetts above Lowell, whence it flows in an easterly direction and discharges into the Atlantic Ocean below Newburyport, Mass., about 55 miles by water north of Boston. Its total length is about 110 miles. Only that section of the river between Newburyport (about 2 miles above the mouth) and Haverhill, Mass., covering a distance of 161 miles, is included in the project. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 6.) 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 75 Original condition.-Priorto improvement the river had a prac- ticable channel 7 feet deep at mean low water from its mouth up to South Amesbury, 9 miles. From there to Haverhill there was a very narrow and crooked channel, obstructed by shoals and bowlders. Above Haverhill there was practically no navigation, the river being obstructed by ledges, bowlders, shoals, and rapids. The head of commercial navigation is at the hat factory one-half mile above the railroad bridge at Haverhill and about 20 miles above the mouth of the river. Above Haverhill it is navigable for rafting and logging at times and minor navigation in pools formed by dams. Rafting and logging have long since been abandoned. Previous projects.-The original project, adopted by the act of May 23, 1828, was for improving the bar at the mouth of the river. The project for improvement of the river above the mouth was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 11, 1870, and extended by the river and harbor act of June 23, 1874. The river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, provided for removal of certain rocks below Rocks Bridge. The total expenditures were $254,466.72. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1740. Present project.-The present project provides for obtaining a channel 7 feet deep at mean low water, 150 feet wide, from Newbury- port, 162 miles to the railroad bridge at Haverhill, at an estimated cost of $171,442.70. No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated. (H. Doc. No. 52, 55th Cong., 1st sess., no map; Annual Report for 1897, p. 865.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. The mean range of tides is, at the mouth of the river, 7.9 feet, and at Haverhill 4.6 feet at low-water stage of the river. Tidewater extends about 1 miles above Haverhill. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By dredging and removal of bowlders and other obstructions a channel of a least depth of 7 feet at mean low water and least width of 150 feet had been obtained from the mouth of the river to Haverhill. About 9 feet draft could be carried at mean low water to Newburyport, and about 12 feet in the natural channel from Newburyport to Ames- bury. Above Haverhill a channel 60 feet wide and 4 feet deep had been made through Mitchells Falls; this has long since deteriorated and fallen into disuse. The expenditures under present project were $115,424.77 for original work, and $28,059.74 for maintenance, a total of $143,484.51. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--Under contract a stretch of channel extending about 1,500 feet upstream from Rocks Bridge was redredged, completing the restoration of the entire chan- nel to the projected dimensions. The expenditure was $6,317.57, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project was completed in December, 1907. The channel from Newburyport to Haverhill is now 150 feet wide and 7 feet deep at mean low water. The expenditures were $115,424.77 for new work (which completed the project at a saving of $56,017.93) and for maintenance, $34,377.31, a total of $149,802.08. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement of the channel is re- ported to enable the delivery of coal by water at rates 35 to 50 cents per ton less than by rail. 76 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.-The restoration of the channel to its full projected dimensions was completed in August, 1914. From past records it may be expected that by 1917 maintenance dredging will again be necessary, for which it is estimated that $10,000 will be required. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the river during the current year consisted chiefly of coal distributed to the cities and towns along its banks. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Amount in Value. short tons. 1912 -----------------------------------------------------..------- 86,651 $438,706.65 1913-.. 108, 669 ' 513,000.00 1914-------- ... .. .. ..... ....... ..------------------------------------------------------ 88,559 501,285.50 1 Over. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $369, 891.49 _ Maintenance .---------------------------------------- 34, 377. 31 ----------------------------------------- Total__ 404, 268. 80 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................... ........ ...... Maintenance............. ..............................- $34.75 $4,949.66 $6,317.57 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____---_________ 6, 517. 57 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---------------------------------------------- 6, 317. 57 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______________ _______-___- 200. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement________ - __________ 110, 000. 00 3. HARBOR OF REFUGE AT SANDY BAY, CAPE ANN, MASS. Location.-Sandy Bay is at the northeastern extremity of Cape Ann; by water about 9 miles northeast of the entrance to Gloucester Harbor, 23 miles north of Boston Harbor, and 24 miles south of Portsmouth Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-In its original condition this bay, whose southerly shore extends about 2 miles westerly from the point of Straitsmouth Island and thence about 2 miles northerly to Andrews Point, had a good holding ground of sand mixed with mud, and a depth of 7 to 15 fathoms at mean low water, but was fully exposed to easterly, northeasterly, and northerly gales. a Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 77 Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project is to secure a harbor of refuge by building a breakwater extending from Averys Ledge a little west of north 3,600 feet to Abners Ledge, thence 5,400 feet northwesterly in the direction of Andrews Point, covering an anchor- age area within the limits of the 24-foot contour of about 1,377 acres. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884 (S. Ex. Doc. No. 74, 48th Cong., 1st sess., with map; Annual Report for 1884, p. 565). It was originally proposed that the breakwater should consist of a mound of rubblestone to the grade of 22 feet below mean low water, 40 feet wide on top, to be surmounted by a masonry wall. A special board submitted a report February 13, 1900 (H. Doc. No. 453, 56th Cong., 1st sess., with map; Annual Report for 1900, p. 1184), proposed a new cross section and submitted a revised estimate for the project, amounting to $6,904,952.25. No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated. The locality is so exposed to extreme storm conditions that as work progressed it was found neces- sary to further modify the character of the originally projected masonry wall forming the superstructure. These changes were made successively under authority of the War Department, and were re- ported to Congress in the annual reports. The cross section adopted by the board and the latest cross section (applicable both to the southern and western arms) are shown as sections D and C, respec- tively, on sheet 2 of the drawings accompanying the report of the district engineer (Appendix B 4, p. 1168, Annual Report for 1911). The mean range of tide is 8.6 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-In general terms the substructure had been completed to about mean low water from Averys Ledge to the angle at Abners Ledge, known as the southern arm, and for about 2,500 feet from that point toward Andrews Point, known as the western arm. A total length of 625 feet of superstruc- ture had been completed, of which 201 feet was on the western arm and 424 feet on the southern arm. The expenditures were $1,811,094.61 for original work and $1,484.47 for maintenance, a total of $1,812,579.08. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Under contract the new type of superstructure was extended on the southern arm 200 feet. The expenditures thereon were $65,769.73 for new work. In repair of various portions of the apron 627 tons of stone were de- posited under contract and 1,852 tons under written proposal and acceptance. The expenditures for this maintenance work were $5,294.64, of which $1,366.86 was for the work under contract and $3,927.78 for work under written proposal and acceptance. The total expenditures during the year were $71,064.37, of which $65,769.73 was for new work and $5,294.64 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been 26 per cent completed. A total length of 825 feet of superstructure is now completed. No material facilities or advantages to navigation have yet been derived. The expenditures were $1,876,864.34 for new work and $6,779.11 for maintenance, a total of $1,883,643.45. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The anchorage behind so much of the breakwater as has been built affords some protection to vessels, but 78 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. it is very little used. The substructure on which superstructure has not been built serves to some extent to break the heavy roll of the sea. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds is submitted, as it is considered desirable to give further test to the ability of the present type of superstructure to withstand the unusually severe storm seas of this exposed locality before asking additional funds. Commercial statistics.-As the breakwater is designed for a harbor of refuge only, no definite statements can be given as to the commerce affected. Various estimates have been made as to the number of ves- sels passing in the vicinity, some placing the number of all kinds as high as 70,000 annually. The commerce benefited at present is negligible. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------- __ -- $1, 876, 864. 34 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 6, 779. 11 Total ---------------------------------------- 1, 883, 643. 45 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................. $20,692.02 $43,920.46 $65,769.73 Maintenance.. 1,484.47 5,294.64 Total....................................................... 20,692.02 45,404.93 71,064.37 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------$100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ________________________ 137, 421. 92 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_ ___.. $65, 769. 73 For maintenance of improvement - __-----5, 294. 64 71, 064. 37 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _____--------_________ 66, 357. 55 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _______ -___$13, 791. 89 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts-- ---------------------------------- 43, 158. 20 56, 950. 09 July 1, 1915, balance available_ ...------- __- --- -- ______ -9, 407. 46 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---- __----_____________ ---- 14, 954, 952. 25 4. GLOUCESTER HARBOR, MASS. Location.-This harbor is situated at the southern extremity of Cape Ann, distant about 23 miles northeast by water from Boston Harbor. It is an important center for the fishing fleet of New Eng- land. The outer harbor has an area behind the breakwater of ap- 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, RIVER AND IARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 19 proximately 350 acres at the 18-foot contour, and the inner harbor about 80 acres at the 12-foot contour. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original coandition.-In its original condition this harbor, which had a depth sufficient for the largest ships, contained several very dangerous submerged rocks, and the outer harbor was entirely with- out protection against the sea on the south. Previous projects.-The original project for removal of rocks and dredging was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 10, 1872, and extended by the river and harbor acts Qf August 11, 1888, Sep- tember 19, 1890, and June 3, 1896. The breakwater project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894; modified by river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. The total expenditures were $513,783. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1740. Present project.-The present project is to remove three ledges in the inner harbor, one to 12 feet and two to 15 feet depth at mean low water, and five ledges in the outer harbor, four to 18 feet and one to 25 feet depth at mean low water, aggregating a total of 2,206 cubic yards, place measurement. These grades correspond to the general level available for navigation in the vicinity. The total estimated cost was $51,000. (H. Doc. No. 1112, 60th Cong., 2d sess., with map). The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The mean range of tide is 8.9 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Obstructingrocks and shoals in the inner harbor had been removed and the harbor in front of the wharves had been dredged to the general depth of 15 feet at mean low water, Harbor Cove had been dredged to the depth of 10 feet at mean low water by the United States and deepened to 15 feet by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and a breakwater had been built from Eastern Point to Cat Ledge. Under the present project one ledge in the inner harbor had been removed to 12 feet depth, two ledges in the outer harbor to 18 feet depth, and other ledges to be removed had been drilled and blasted over and some material had been removed, but none of these had been cleared to grade. The expenditures under the present project were $4,563.41, all for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Under contract, one ledge in the outer harbor was removed to the depth of 18 feet at mean low water and two ledges in the inner harbor to the depth of 15 feet at mean low water, and work on removal of one of the two remaining ledges in the outer harbor was in progress. The ex- penditures were $2,837.87 for new work. Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-The project is 83 per cent com- pleted. All the ledges in the inner harbor embraced in the project and all but two in the outer harbor have been removed to the re- quired grades. The removal of these obstructions materially facili- tates approach to the water front in the inner harbor and increases the width of the channel in the outer harbor. The expenditures were $7,401.28 for new work. Local cooperation.--No conditions have been imposed by law. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has deepened Harbor Cove to 15 feet below mean low water over the entire area 50 feet outside the wharf lines, at a cost of $15,670.07, and has dredged Smiths Cove, in the 80 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. inner harbor, to the depth of 5 feet, at a cost of $4,562.95. It also proposes to extend a channel along the water front about 1,100 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 12 feet deep at mean low water, northeasterly from the 12-foot contour opposite Five Pound Island. Effect of improvement.-Freight rates are probably not affected, as the principal industry is fishing, but the work done has resulted in greatly increased facilities for navigation. Proposed operations.--It is expected that the project will be com- pleted with the available funds. No estimate of additional funds required is therefore submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists largely of fish and salt, these in calendar year 1914 comprising about 49 per cent of the total. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Amount Sshort in tons. Value. 1912. 188,753 $11,073,328.62 .................... 191.................................................. 29,000 (1) 1913.- .......... ....................... .............. . 164, 421 3, 453, 846.86 90,000 1914.................................................... .................... 150,000 (3,249,942.53 89, 200 (1) 1 Not ascertainable. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $505, 180. 1.2 Maintenance ------ ------------------------------------ 16, 004. 16 Total------------------- ------------------------- 521, 184. 28 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........................................... $772.77 $764.23 32,837.87 Maintenance ............................................ 6,697.94 .... ........... Total..................................................... 7,470.71 764.23 2,837.87 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------_ .---------- --- _ _ $.. 000.00 $15, July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 23, 736. 59 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ---------------------------------------------- 2, 837. 87 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __________-------------20, 898. 72 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts 15, 923. 49 ----------- July 1, 1915, balance available--_-. - ------- 4, 975. 23 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 81 5. BEVERLY HARBOR, MASS. Location.-This is a small harbor about one-half mile wide at the western end of Salem Bay and immediately adjacent to Salem Harbor on the south, from which it is separated by Salem Neck. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.--In its original condition this harbor had a practicable channel 18 feet deep at mean low water from deep water at Monument Bar Beacon, about 1 mile to its head, about 600 feet below the highway bridge, sufficient for the commerce of the harbor and of its three tributary streams, called, respectively, North River, Essex Branch, and Beverly Creek, but the channel was circuitous in its passage through the shoals at the entrance. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. The expenditures were $8,272.10. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1741. Present project.-The present project provides for obtaining, by dredging and rock excavation, a channel 18 feet deep at mean low water, not less than 250 feet wide at the bend, for a distance of about 3,200 feet from Bar Beacon to Lobster Rocks Beacon, including the removal of the middle ground, and not less than 200 feet wide a dis- tance of 2,000 feet from Lobster Rocks Beacon to the lower end of the draw pier at the highway bridge, at an estimated cost of $39,680.68 (H. Doc. No. 916, 59th Cong., 1st sess., with map). The cost of maintenance was estimated to be inconsiderable. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. The mean range of tide is 9 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By dredging and rock removal a channel had been obtained 18 feet deep at mean low water and not less than 250 feet wide for a distance of about 3,200 feet from Bar Beacon to Lobster Rocks Beacon, with an increase of about 100 feet in width on the northerly side about opposite Rams Horn Beacon, and not less than 200 feet wide from Lobster Rocks Beacon to the lower end of the draw pier at the highway bridge. The expenditures under the present project were $40,332.49 for original work and $265 for maintenance, a total of $40,597.49. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-By use of Govern- ment plant and hired labor an examination was made of a portion of the channel for a reported obstruction. No obstruction was found. The expenditures were $125, chargeable to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project has been completed. The condition is as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The expenditures were $40,332.49 for new work and $390 for maintenance, a total of $40,722.49. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement to 18-foot depth is re- ported to have effected a reduction in freight rates of 25 cents per ton on bituminous coal. Proposed operations.-As no work in maintenance of the improved channel is necessary, no estimate of additional funds required is submitted. 8373o-ENG 1915----6 82 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-Coal and oil comprise practically all of the commerce, these amounting in the calendar year 1914 to 98 per cent of the total. Comparative statement. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $48, 604. 59 Maintenance -------------------------------------------- 390. 00 Total ---------------------------------------------- 48, 994. 59 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................. ................................. $1,094.86 $12,387.49 ............ Maintenance....................................... .. .......... .......... 250.00 $125.00 Total..1..................... ................ 1,094.86 12,637.49 125.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------- ------ $375.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 2. 65 Feb. 3, 1915, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913___ 150. 00 152. 65 Deduction on account of amount returned to emergency appropria- tion ----------------------------------------------------- 25.00 127. 65 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------- 125. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __________________________--2. 65 6. SALEM HARBOR, MASS. Location.-Salem Harbor is about 12 miles by water to the north- ward of the entrance to Boston Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-In its original condition the harbor, from its entrance between Winter Island and Naugus Head, had a channel of ample width, 18 to 25 feet deep at mean low water, extending to within 2,500 feet of the entrance of South River at Derby Wharf Light, where for 1,500 feet the depth was 8 feet, and for the remain- ing 1,000 feet the channel was 6 feet in depth to Derby Wharf Light, narrowing to 25 feet in width. Thence in South River to the head of navigation, at Lafayette Street Bridge, a distance of about 3,000 feet, the low-water channel was less than 1 foot in depth. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 83 Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1873, and extended by the river and har- bor act of September 19, 1890. The total expenditures were $52,- 368.66. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1741. Present project.-The present project provides for dredging a channel about one-half a mile long, 10 feet deep at mean low water from that depth in the harbor to about opposite the outer end of Derby Wharf, 300 feet in width at the entrance, gradually narrowing to 200 feet at Derby Wharf Light (H. Doc. No. 303, 58th Cong., 2d sess., with map; Annual Report for 1904, p. 878). The estimated cost was $12,000. This estimate does not appear in the House docu- ment, but was given in response to an informal request from the chairman of the River and Harbor Committee calling for informa- tion in regard to this portion of the work considered in the survey report. No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905. The mean range of tide is 9 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By dredging, a channel has been obtained 10 feet deep at mean low water from that depth in the harbor to about opposite the outer end of Derby Wharf, 300 feet in width at the entrance, gradually narrowing to 200 feet at Derby Wharf Light, thence 8 feet deep at mean low water, gradu- ally narrowing to 100 feet in width near the inner end of Derby Wharf, and thence 6 feet deep at mean low water and 50 feet wide to the head of navigation at Lafayette Street Bridge. This channel had deteriorated from the outer end of Derby Wharf seaward so that it had a depth of about 8 feet at mean low water. The expendi- tures under the present project were $11,500 for original work. Operationsand results during' the fiscal year.-Under contract, the channel from the outer end of Derby Wharf seaward was redredged to the project depth of 10 feet at mean low water. All work was for maintenance. The expenditures were $7,500. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed March 7, 1906. The channel was redredged in 1915 to the depth and width specified in the existing project. The expenditures were $11,500 for new work (which completed the project at a saving of $500) and $7,500 for maintenance, a total of $19,000. Local cooperation.-No conditions have been imposed by law. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, between 1909 and the present time, has improved South River from about opposite Derby Wharf Light to the head of navigation, so that there is now a dredged channel 10 feet deep at mean low water from the Federal Channel near Derby Wharf Light to above Central Wharf, and thence 8 feet deep to Salem Electric Lighting Co.'s Wharf. The State authorities, having expended for this work $13,222.13, are now arranging to deepen this channel to 12 feet and to extend it farther upstream. Effect of improvement.-It is not believed that the improvement has resulted in any reduction in freight rates, but greatly improved facilities for navigation have been provided. Proposed operations.-As no work is necessary, no estimate of additional funds required is submitted. Commercial statistics.-Thecommerce during the current year con- sisted chiefly of coal and building materials, and the following is a 84 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. comparative statement of that for South River during the past three years: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Amount in Value. short tons. 1 1912........................................................... ............ 1 38,970 $161,989.10 1913......................................................................... 91,617 2400,00000 1914 ........................................................................... 77,685 317,685.80 1Incomplete; no statistics obtainable from one firm which in 1909 received 93,000 tons. 2 Over. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------- ------------------------------- $63, 868. 66 Maintenance --------- ------ ------ --- --------- 7, 500. 00 Total------------------------------------- -------- 71, 368. 66 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... .. .......... ................. ......... .. ......... ............. Maintenance ................. ................... .... ................................ $7,500.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914------------ ----------------------------------- 7, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 7, 500. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------------- 7, 500. 00 7. LYNN HARBOR, MASS. Location.-Lynn Harbor is distant about 14 miles by water in a northeasterly direction from Boston Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.-In its original condition three narrow and crooked channels, in which the depth was but 6 feet at mean low water, extended from the sea to the wharves, through flats, the greater part of which were bare at low water. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement of Lynn Harbor was submitted December 31, 1881, and modified in 1884 and 1888. The western (Saugus River) channel project was adopted by a proviso in the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892. The project for the main ship channel 200 feet wide and 15 feet deep was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. The total expenditures were $294,837. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1742. Present project.-The present project is to widen the existing chan- nel, which from the sea to the wharves is 13,500 feet long, to 300 feet and increase the dimensions of the turning basin to 500 feet square, all to the depth of 15 feet at mean low water, at an estimated cost of $179,000. (H. Doc. No. 948, 60th Cong., 1st sess., without map.) No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The mean range of tide is 9.3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By dredging a channel from the sea to the wharves 300 feet wide and 15 feet deep RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 85 at mean low water and a turning basin at the inner end of the same depth and 500 feet square had been obtained. The western (Saugus River) channel in Lynn Harbor had been dredged to a depth of 8 feet at mean low water and 150 feet wide, for an aggregate length of 2,200 feet. The expenditures under the present project were $125,792.53 for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-A survey by day labor developed the necessity of some redredging in the inner chan- nel and basin. The expenditures were $694.21, for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project was completed September 8, 1913. The outer channel is in good condi- tion and the inner channel and basin have full continuous depth of 15 feet at mean low water but are contracted in width by shoaling. The shoalest depth found on a recent examination was 12 feet at mean low water, but the material is soft and does not seriously obstruct navigation at present. Steps will be taken later to remove these shoals. The expenditures were $125,792.53 for new work (which completed the project at a saving of $53,207.47) and $694.21 for maintenance, a total of $126,486.74. Local cooperation.-No conditions have been imposed by law. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has dredged immediately east of the Government channel an anchorage basin to the depth of 6 feet at mean low water, at a cbst of $36,953.21, and is dredging a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water from Broad Sound up Saugus River to the Lynn works of the General Electric Co., oppo- site which it is 18 feet deep at mean'low water, thence continuing 6 feet deep at mean low water to Fox Hill Bridge. A large portion of the material is being pumped ashore to make land on the northerly side of the channel easterly of Lynn Boulevard. This channel through Broad Sound supersedes the 8-foot channel dredged by the United States. Effect of improvement.-The deepening of the channel to 15 feet enables the smaller barges to carry full cargoes of coal to the wharves at all stages of the tide and barges of the greatest draft during the higher stages. It is reported by local commercial interests that the cost of transportation was reduced 25 cents a ton by deepening the channel to 10 feet and further diminished by increasing the depth to 15 feet. Proposed operations.-The project being completed and the unex- pended funds being sufficient for any necessary maintenance of the channel, no estimate of additional funds required is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce during the current year consisted chiefly of coal, lumber, and building materials. Comparative statement. Amount Calendar year. in short Value. tons. 1912............................................... 399,137 $1,852,526.96 S 67,500 (1) 1913................................ .... ................ ................ 382,513 1,95 720.47 48,000 (1) 1914..................................................... ................. 343, 0203 1,718,216.97 ascerta39,000 Not 1inable. 1 Not ascertainable. 86 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---- ------------------------------------- $412,229. 53 Maintenance -------------------------- 9, 094. 21 Total ------------------------------------- 421, 323. 74 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .............. ............................. .. $21, 560.11 $48,732.42 ... M6intailance. ......................................... .... 6, 400. 00 .. $69.21 Total.............. .. .. .......... ............. 27,960.11 48,732.42 694.21 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- $35, 000. 00 March 4, 1913-------------------------------------------84, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------56, 207. 86 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------ 694. 21 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------55, 513. 65 8. MYSTIC AND MALDEN RIVERS, AND MYSTIC RIVER BELOW THE MOUTH OF ISLAND END RIVER, MASS. (A) MYSTIC RIVER. Location.-This river rises in Mystic Lakes, Mass., and after flow- ing about 7 miles in a southeasterly direction, empties into Boston Harbor near the Charlestown Navy Yard. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 6 and 109.) The river from the mouth of Island End River upstream to the section under improvement has a natural channel sufficient for the commerce using the upper por- tion of the river. The section under improvement extends from the Boston& Maine Railroad bridge (western division) to the head of commercial navigation at Medford, 3 miles, or about 5 miles above the mouth. Original condition.-In its original condition the Mystic had a practicable channel 6 feet deep at mean low water, extending to Dennings Landing, about 4 miles above its mouth in Boston Harbor, and 4 feet deep at mean low water about 2,000 feet farther. The head of commercial navigation is at Cradock Bridge at Medford, 5 miles above the mouth. At Cradock Bridge a small lock and dam is provided for passing pleasure craft to a pool extending up to the dam between Mystic (lower and upper) Lakes. (See Conditionat the end of fiscal year.) Previous projects.--None. Present project.-The present project provides for obtaining a channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low water from the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 87 Boston & Maine Railroad (western division) bridge up about 1 mile to the first turn above Dennings Wharf and thence 2 miles to the head of navigation at Cradock Bridge in Medford, 4 feet deep at mean low water, gradually narrowing from 100 feet to 50 feet at the upper end, at an estimated cost of $25,000. (Annual Report for 1891, p. 672, with map.) No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892. The mean range of tide is 9.8 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By dredging, a channel of the projected dimensions had been completed. An exami- nation in 1911 showed it to be in good condition. The expenditures were $28,794.88 for original work and $200 for maintenance, a total of $28,994.88. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations were in progress. The expenditure of $50 was in connection with a public hearing on plans for rebuilding a bridge, and chargeable to mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project was completed in November, 1906. The condition is as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The expenditures were $28,794.88 for new work and $250 for maintenance, a total of $29,044.88. The dam at Cradock Bridge, Medford, 5 miles above the mouth of the river, was built and is maintained by the Common- wealth of Massachusetts. The river at this point is 110 feet in width. The dam includes a boat lock 60 feet in length, canoe rollway, weirs which ordinarily will automatically regulate the height of the water above the dam, and sluice gates operated by electric motors, for use when needed. The dam is intended to completely exclude tide water and maintain the level of the river above the dam at a grade about 3 feet below mean high water and with a navigable depth varying from 7 feet at the dam to 4 feet at the Lower Mystic Lake. Dimensions: 15 feet wide, 45 feet long. Lift: 6.3 feet above mean low water. Completed : 1909. Cost : Unknown. Local cooperation.-None. Efect of improvement.-It is reported that barges of the lightest draft remaining in service deliver coal at Medford without the ex- pense of lightering, which would be about 50 cents per ton. Proposed operations.-No estimate of additional funds required is submitted, as it is not expected any work will be required. Commercial statistics.-The commerce during the current year consisted chiefly of coal. Comparative statement. Amount Calendar year. in short Value. tons. 1912 -----........................................................................... 41,372 $180,791.89 1913..-------------------------................................--..........----...........................------------------------------ 24,328 172,611.10 1914.................................................................. ........... 29, 487 188,700.00 88 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsunvmmary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $28, 794. 88 Maintenance------------------------------------------- 250. 00 Total---------------------------------------------- 29, 044. 88 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ............................................................. Maintenance ................................................... ..................... X50.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 17, 1914, amount allotted from Malden River, act of Mar. 2, 1907_ $50, 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement .......-------------------------------------------- 50. 00 (B) MALDEN RIVER. Location.--Malden River rises in Melrose, Mass., flows for 44 miles in a southerly direction, and empties into Mystic River 3 miles above the mouth of the latter. The section included in the project is about 1.6 miles long, extending from the confluence with the Mystic up to Medford Street Bridge. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 6 and 337.) Original condition.--In its original condition the river had a prac- ticable channel 4 feet deep at mean low water, extending only 2,000 feet above its confluence with the Mystic. The head of navigation is now at the Medford Street Bridge, in Malden, to which point the river is navigable in fact 1.6 miles above its confluence with Mystic River. Previous project.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. The expenditures were $69,750. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1742. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water, 100 to 150 feet wide from the mouth of the river to the Medford Street Bridge, a distance of about 1.6 miles, at an estimated cost of $80,000. The channel is to be main- tained by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (H. Doc. No. 77, 62d Cong., 1st sess., with map.) This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. The river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, provided for the application of the funds on hand and available, to any modified plan of improvement which may be recommended by the Chief of Engineers and approved by the Secre- tary of War, subject to certain conditions stated under the heading Local cooperation of this report. (See also H. Doc. No. 878, 63d Cong., 2d sess., with map.) Steps have been taken to obtain the necessary permits and releases and the modified plan is in course of preparation. The mean range of tide is 9.8 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--Under the pre- vious project a channel 100 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean high water was dredged from the mouth of the river to the Medford Street Bridge, to which point the river is actually ihavigated at ordi- nary high water by coal barges drawing 10 to 11 feet. Work under the new project has not been commenced. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 89 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations were in progress. The expenditure of $50 was in connection with a public hearing on plans for a new bridge and for relocating the draw in Malden Bridge, chargeable to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Work has not been commenced under the new project. The condition is as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The total expenditures under the existing project are $50, charged to maintenance. Local cooperation.-The conditions imposed by the river and har- bor act of July 25, 1912, adopting the project, and the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, authorizing a modification in it, were that the riparian owners should give proper permits to dump spoil on their lands behind dikes and release the United States from all claims for damages by settling or caving of banks into the dredged channel, and upon the Commonwealth of Massachusetts lowering the siphon of the metropolitan sewer and pledging itself for all costs of maintenance of the new channel, and that any increase in cost because of any modified plan shall be paid for by local interests and involve no further appropriation by the United States for the prosecution or completion of the improvement. These conditions were accepted by the Commonwealth by act approved April 29, 1915. It is expected that the sewer siphon will be lowered this year and all other condi- tions met so that dredging may be begun early in the season of 1916. Effect of improvement.-No work has been done on the approved project, but the improvement by the previous project is reported to enable the smallest barges, or larger barges with partial cargoes, to deliver coal at Malden, saving the cost of lightering-50 cents per ton. Proposed operations.-The funds already appropriated are suffi- cient for the completion of the improvement as projected, and no further appropriation is required. Commercial statistics.-About 90 per cent of the commerce during the current year consisted of coal; the remainder was sand. Comparative statement. Amount Fiscal year. in short Value. tons. ...... ....................... 1912...................... ........................ 80,949 $437,304.36 1913-................ ....... ............. .......... ............................ 86,676 389,624.18 1914.................... ...... ............ .... ... ........... ................. 80,865 409,636.98 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--- -- ----- --------------------- $24, 986. 39 Maintenance------------------------------------------- 44,763. 61 Total--.....--------------------------------- ------- 69, 750. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ..... Maintenance ...... ............... ........................ ..................... - ................................ .............. $178.90 ................ 50.00 90 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------- --------------------------------- $80, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_----------------------------80, 300.00 Deduction on account of withdrawal for allotment to Mystic River__ 50. 00 80, 250. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------- 50.00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__------_____________---- 80, 200. 00 (C) MYSTIC RIVER BELOW THE MOUTH OF ISLAND END RIVER. Location.-The present improvement extends from the mouth of Island End River 2,700 feet downstream through the Chelsea (north) Drawbridge, where the river enters the 35-foot channel in Boston Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Charts Nos. 6 and 109.) Original condition.--In its original condition Mystic River up to Island End River had a narrow channel 14.4 feet deep at mean low water, but so narrow above the drawbridge as to be barely prac- ticable. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and curtailed by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The expenditures were $136,005.12. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1743. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel 30 feet deep at mean low water from the mouth of Island End River to Chelsea (north) Bridge, and through the bridge to the 35-foot chan- nel of Boston Harbor, a length of about one-half mile. The channel has a width of 600 feet at the upstream end, gradually narrowing to 300 feet, with widening of the entrance channel leading to Mystic Wharf, at an estimated cost of $172,000, and annual cost of main- tenance not exceeding $2,000. (H. Doc. No. 1086, 60th Cong., 2d sess., with map.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The mean range of tide is 9.6 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By dredging, a channel 30 feet deep at mean low water from Island End River down- stream through the Chelsea (north) Bridge to the 35-foot channel in Boston Harbor had been obtained, 600 feet wide at the upstream end, gradually narrowing to 300 feet. The entrance channel leading to Mystic Wharf had been widened as projected. To adapt the project to the openings in the drawspan of the new bridge built by the city of Boston, the channel above the bridge was widened along the west- ern edge. The expenditures under the present project were $126,- 632.48 for original work. Operations and results -duringthe fiscal year.-A survey by day labor developed that some redredging is necessary. The expenditures were $812.98, chargeable to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed March 30, 1914. The channel has some small shoals in it, the least depth being about 28.3 feet at mean low water. These shoals are not seriously obstructive to navigation at present, but steps for their removal will be taken later. The expenditures were $126,632.48 for RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 91 new work (which completed the project at a saving of $45,367.52) and $812.98 for maintenance, a total of $127,445.46. Local cooperation.-No conditions have been imposed bylaw. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1914 dredged two areas in front of Mystic Wharf, one to the depth of 20 feet and the other to the depth of 30 feet at mean low water, at an expenditure of $15,957.52. Deepening to 30 feet of the area previously dredged to 20 feet is contemplated. Effect of improvement. It can not be ascertained that any mate- rial reduction in freight rates has been effected by the improvement, but it is of great advantage to shipping interests in permitting utilization of larger vessels. Proposed operations.-No estimate of additional funds required is submitted, as the project has been completed and funds in hand are sufficient for maintenance. Commercial statistics.-The commerce during the current year was chiefly coal, comprising over 92 per cent of the total. Comparative statement. Amount Fiscal year. in short Value. tons. 1912.....------ ......... ---------........ ........ .....--....... 3,671,242 $16,313,507.3 1913 ......................................................... 3,869 879 115r000,0.00.00 1914......................................................................... 4,196, 845 120, 000,000.00 1 Over. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ -- ---------------------------------- $252, 355. 68 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 11, 094. 90 Total ------ ------------------------------------ --- 263,450. 58 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ...... -......... ................................. .$12,816.78 $49,984i78 Maintenance .................................................. $812.98 Total ......... ....... .............................. 12,816.78 49,984.78 812.98 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912----------------- ------------------------- $50; 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -- --------------------------------------- 25,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 20,36. 87 Receipts from sales-------------- -------------------------- 1.08 20, 369.95 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance. of improvement------------------------------------------- 812. 98 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ----------------------------- 19, 556. 97 92 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- ..------------------------------------ $306, 136. 95 Maintenance ------------- ---------------------------- 56, 108. 51 Total ------------- ---- --------------------- 362, 245. 46 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................... .... ........................ $12,816.78 $49,984.78 ... Maintenance................. ...................... 178.90 ........... * 912.98 Total.............................................. 12,995.68 49,984.78 912.98 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--- ------------------------------------ $10,000.00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------ 130, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------- ---------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------110, 668. 87 Receipts from sales---------- ..--------------------------------- 1.08 110, 669.95 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------ 10, 000.00 100, 669. 95 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement---------------------------- --------------- 912. 98 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 99, 756. 97 9. BOSTON HARBOR, MASS. Location.--This harbor includes all the expanse of tidewater lying within a line drawn from Point Allerton to Point Shirley and ex- tending from that line westward to the shores of the mainland. This comprises a surface area of about 47 square miles, exclusive of the islands. The distance from the Point Allerton-Point Shirley line to the Charlestown Navy Yard (via the 35-foot channel) is about 7 miles. Included under this heading is Chelsea Creek, a tributary channel beginning at a dam in the town of Revere and flowing in a southerly direction for about 3 miles into Boston Harbor at Meridian Street Bridge. The present improvement extends from the mouth about seven-eighths of a mile upstream to Chelsea Street Bridge. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 6 and 109.) Original condition.-The headlands and islands were without pro- tection against the sea, which was extensively eroding them. Rocks obstructed the entrance to the lower main ship channel, which was 23 feet deep at mean low water, with a least width of 150 feet. The upper main ship channel from President Roads to Boston had a 1Appropriation of $10,000 transferred to other works. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 93 least depth of 18 feet at mean low water, with a least width of 100 feet. The channel from President Roads through Broad Sound had a least depth of 29 feet at mean low water, with a least width of 200 feet. Chelsea Creek up to Chelsea Street Bridge had a natural least depth of 18 feet and width of 100 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for sea walls was adopted by the act of March 2, 1825. The project for the 23-foot main ship channel was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1867. To this project were added from time to time projects for improve- ment of the following minor channels, within or tributary to the harbor, by provisos in the following river and harbor acts: Nan- tasket Beach Channel, acts of June 14, 1880, and September 19, 1890; Jeffries Point Channel, act of September 19, 1890; Charles River, act of June 14, 1880; Chelsea Creek (upper), act of June 3, 1896; Fort Point Channel, August 5, 1886. The expenditures under the foregoing projects were $2,816,687.23. The project for the 27-foot channel in Boston Harbor was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, $1,474,337.29 being expended, and the project for the 30-foot channel by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, $455,000 being expended. Total expenditures on previous projects, $4,746,024.52. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1743. Present project.-The present project provides for obtaining chan- nels in the main harbor and in Chelsea Creek, as follows: (a) In the main harbor, channels 35 feet deep at mean low water, 1.200 feet wide from the navy yard at Charlestown and the Chelsea Bridge and Charles River Bridge, to President Roads, 6 miles, and 1,500 feet wide from President Roads through Broad Sound to the ocean, 1l miles, at an estimated cost of $7,994,000 in round numbers. No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated (H. Doc. No. 119, 56th Cong., 2d sess., with map; Annual Report for 1901, p. 1096). The estimate differs from any in the House document cited, owing to the different widths of the channels adopted. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. (b) In Chelsea Creek, a channel 150 feet wide and 25 feet deep at mean low water from the Meridian Street Bridge, at the head of the 35-foot channel in Boston Harbor, to the old East Boston (Chelsea Street) Bridge, a distance of about seven-eighths of a mile, at an estimated cost of $85,000. No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated (H. Doc. No. 272, 62d Cong., 2d sess., with map). The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. The mean range of tides is 9 feet at Boston Light and 9.6 feet in the upper harbor. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Sea walls of a total length of about 3.75 miles had been built and maintained, protecting the most exposed headlands and islands, and all the channels men- tioned under the heading Previous projects had been completed. By dredging and rock excavation the channel of the projected width of 1,200 feet in the inner harbor and 1,500 feet in the outer harbor, and depth of 35 feet at mean low water, had been completed, except in the inner harbor on the northerly side in the vicinity of Governors Island, where the width was restricted by ledges to about 500 feet, and by a ledge in the upper end of the harbor; scattered shoal areas 94 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. in the outer and inner channels reduced the available depth to 32 feet. The expenditures under the present project, for 35-foot chan- nel, were $6,839,065.15, of which $6,708,149.02 were for improvement, and $130,916.13 for maintenance. No work had been done in Chelsea Creek (lower). Operations and results during the fiscal year. THIRTY-FIVE-FOOT CHANNEL. Eight ledges on the northerly side of the channel in the vicinity ,of Governors Island and one ledge in the upper end of the harbor (aggregating about 49,396 cubic yards, place measurement) were re- mibved under contract, completing the project. The expenditures were $395,925.79, all for new work. Removal of scattered shoals obstructing the channel was begun May 10, 1915, by dredging plant hired under contract, an area of about 702,000 square feet being worked over and 91,427 cubic yards removed. The dredge was em- ployed 614 hours and 21 minutes, unit price $35 per hour; expendi- ture, $28,996.67, for maintenance. GENERAL IMPROVEMENT. Repair of sea walls at Deer Island was commenced and about 12 per cent of the repair work at that place completed by day labor; expenditure, $1,098.15. For expenses in connection with public hear- ings, examinations of bridge structures, for issuing proposals for re- dredging Chelsea Creek (upper) and Nixes Mate Channel $1,542.33 was spent, chargeable $294.95 to Fort Point Channel, $816.89 to Chelsea Creek (upper), and $430.49 to Nixes Mate Channel, making the total expenditures for general improvement $2,640.48, all for maintenance. CHELSEA CREEK (LOWER) . Contract was entered into for the dredging in Chelsea Creek (lower), but work was not commenced. The expenditures were $189.11 for new work. The total expenditures on all projects were $427,752.05, of which $896,114.90 was for new work and $31,637.15 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The part of the project pro- viding for the 35-foot channel was completed March 22, 1915. Cer- taini areas in the extreme upper harbor are shoaled to a general depth of 32 to 33 feet at mean low water. From President Roads up to the Commonwealth Piers, although the general depth of the channel is fully 35 feet, there are isolated spots having but 33 or 34 foot depth, but they are probably not such as would prevent the use of the chan- nel to its maximum project capacity. In Broad Sound through the northern half of the channel there are also some small scattered shoals which make the available depth between 33 and 34 feet, but along the southern half such shoals as exist are not serious enough to prevent the use of the channel to its maximum project capacity. The expenditures were, for new work, $7,104,074.81 (which completed the project at a saving of $890,223.49), of which $13,811.97 represents RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 95 accounts not paid, and $159,912.80 for maintenance, a total of $7,263,987.61. In Chelsea Creek work has not been commenced. The expenditures were $189.11, all for new work. The total expenditures on the present projects were $7,264,176.72, of which $7,104,263.92 was for new work, and $159,912.80 for main- tenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions have been imposed by law in connection with the main ship channels. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has voluntarily dredged an anchorage basin 30 feet deep at mean low water, about 1 mile long and 1,000 feet wide, off Bird Island Flats immediately adjoining the 35-foot channel on the East Boston side; has built on the flats owned by it at South Boston adjoining the 35-foot channel the Commonwealth pier, 1,200 feet long and 400 feet wide, with berths on either side 40 feet deep at mean low water, and provided with all the equipment necessary to make it a first-class terminal for the largest freight and passenger vessels; a pier for the fishing interests; three short pile piers with a frontage of 700 feet; and is making preparations for the construction of a dry dock large enough to take in any vessel now built or proposed. At East Boston the Commonwealth has acquired a site for a steamship pier, the construction of which has not been commenced. The ex- penditures for the harbor by the Commonwealth, already made and provided for, total about $15,000,000. The act of July 25, 1912, adopting the Chelsea Creek project, required that the 24-inch water main of the metropolitan water system, which crosses the stream about 800 feet above the Meridian Street Bridge, be lowered without expense to the United States, and this was completed in February, 1915. Effect of improvement.-The completion of the 35-foot channel has effected no reduction in freight rates, but has had the effect of establishing new trans-Atlantic steamship lines. Between 1902 and 1914 the steamships using this port increased in carrying capacity from 4,500 to 6,000 tons dead-weight to 8,000 to 12,000 tons dead- weight, and drawing from 29 to 33 feet fully loaded; the foreign commerce from $165,000,000 in round numbers to $235,000,000; and the tonnage of the shipping, foreign and coastwise, from 9,906,748 net tons to 15,285,992 net tons. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available will be sufficient for completing the repair of the sea walls and carrying on the maintenance dredging in the 35-foot channel up to June 30, 1916. To clear the channel will probably require five or six months' dredging after that date, estimated to cost $75,000. For any minor repairs which may become necessary to the sea walls, for the mainte- nance of the survey and inspection steamer Executive, and for en- gineering expenses, rent of wharf, etc., $25,000 will be required, making a total of $100,000. No estimate of additional funds required is submitted for Chelsea Creek, as the funds in hand are sufficient for completion of the project. Commercial statistics.-The figures given are for the foreign com- merce only. No detailed statistics of the tonnage or value of the domestic commerce are obtainable. The leading articles of foreign 96 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. commerce are grain, sugar, and other foodstuffs, cotton, hides, wool, and manufactured articles; of domestic commerce, coal, oil, lumber, and other building materials. The commerce during the current year consisted chiefly of coal and oil. Comparative statements. Calendar year. Amount in Value. 1912.....................................................................---- 11,989,988 $216,310,889 1913 .................................. 1.2, 365,032 202,400,253 1914........................................................................ s2,079,499 2 234,976,978 CHELSEA CREEK. 1912...............---................--............................394,805 $6,906,779.30 1913........ .................................................... 337,323 6, 424, 451.33 1914........ .................................................... 346,929 6,311,689.68 1Boston Harbor only. 2 Boston and subports ("District of Massachusetts"). Financial summary. 27-FOOT CHANNEL. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------- --- $1, 414, 390. 99 Maintenance ---------------------------- 59, 946. 30 Total--------- --------------------------------- 1, 474, 337. 29 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................. Maintenance-........................................... .......... $231.00.. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----------.--.. $31, 269.00 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ..... 31, 269. 00 30-FOOT CHANNEL. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------- 385, 200.00 Maintenance------------------ ------------------------ 69, 800. 00 Total------ --------------------------------------- 455, 000. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 97 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. 35-FOOT CHANNEL. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ________________________________ $7, 104, 074. 81 Maintenalace---------------------------- 159, 912. 80 Total--------------------------------- 7, 263, 987. 61 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................. ..... ................ 79 $191,747.00 $263,870.98 $395,925. Maintenance........ .. . 39,755.61 91,160. .......................... 52 28,996.67 ............. Total.......................... ................. 231,502.61 355,031.50 424,922.46 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911------------------- ----- $900, 000.00 Aug. 24, 1912-------------------------------------------------25, 000. 00 June 23, 1913------------------------------------------------150, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914_.------------------- 177, 500.00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------- -------------------- 135, 769. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------436, 189. 85 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 177, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 135, 769. 00 -- Receipts from sales____ _____________-_____--109. 65 749, 568. 50 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement__------------ $395, 925. 79 For maintenance of improvement -------------- 28, 996. 67 424, 922. 46 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 324, 646. 04 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities . $30, 429. 80 ._______________ July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 243, 016. 75 273, 446. 55 July 1, 1915, balance available _ ___________________________ 51, 199. 49 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement____________________ (1) GENERAL IMPROVEMENT. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- 2, 804, 827. 65 Maintenance ___________________----------_________ 11, 859. 58 Total --------------------- ------------ 2, 816, 687. 23 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... Maintenance................................................. $1,646.94 $172.43 $2,640.48 1 See consolidated financial summary on p. 99, 8373 0 --ENG 1915---7 98 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------- -- --------- $25, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 _...--- 22, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------- 31, 951.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 22, 500. 00 -Receipts from sales-------------------- 1. 26 54, 452. 26 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for mainte- nance of improvement--______--------------------- 2, 640. 48 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 51, 811. 78 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ __- _______-__-___- 328. 92 July 1, 1915, balance available -_____________-_____-___ - 51, 482. 86 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___ (1) CHELSEA CREEK. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------ 189. 11 Maintenance---------------------- -- -------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work---------------------------------------------------------..... --------- $189.11 Maintenance ............................................. .......... ........................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912_____ __________ 85, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_________________________ 85, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement_-_ - 189. 11 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ______ 84, 810.89 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__________________ $0. 31 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ----------------------------------------- 40, 950.00 40, 950.31 July 1, 1915, balance available_______________________ 43, 860. 58 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work .......... 11, 708, 682. 56 301, 518. 68 Total-------------------------- 12, 010, 201. 24 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work--------------------------------------------.......................................................... $191,747.00 $263,870.98 $396,114.90 Maintenance..--........................... .......................-- -. 41,402.55 91,563.95 31,637.15 Total--.........- .............................-- --........ 233,149.55 355,434.93 427,752.05 1 See consolidated financial summary on p. 99. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 99 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911------------------------------------------------- $900, 000.00 July 25, 1912------------------------ 85, 000. 00 Aug.24,191-----------------------------------_------250.0 25, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 --------------------------------------------- Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 June 23, 1913-------------------------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ......... 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------ 35, 769. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ _____ -_____--___ 584, 409. 85 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 200, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 135, 769. 00 Receipts from sales_-.....________---______- - - - 110. 91 920, 289. 76 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915________________ _ 31, 269. 00 889, 020. 76 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ------- $396, 114. 90 For maintenance of improvement --------- __ __ 31, 637. 15 427,752. 05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 461, 268. 71 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------ $30, 759. 03 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 283, 966. 75 314, 725. 78 July 1, 1915, balance available__ 146, 542. 93 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement --------------------- 1100,000.00 10. DORCHESTER BAY AND NEPONSET RIVER. Location.-DorchesterBay is at the mouth of Neponset River, in Boston Harbor. Neponset River rises in Foxboro, Mass., and flows in a northeasterly direction about 25 miles, emptying into Dorchester Bay. The section of the river included in the project extends from the mouth in the bay upstream 1 miles to Neponset Highway Bridge. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 6 and 109.) Original condition.-Priorto the adoption of the present project the controlling depth at mean low water in the bay up to Commercial Point, at the mouth of the river, was 13 feet; thence up the river to the highway bridge at Neponset, 1l miles above its mouth, it was 8 feet; and from said bridge up to Milton Mills, at the head of navigation, 4 miles above its mouth, it was 3J feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for dredging a channel 175 feet wide and 18 feet deep at mean low water through Dor- chester Bay to the mouth of the river at Commercial Point, 2.9 miles, and 100 feet wide and 15 feet deep at mean low water in the river 1 Eiclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, 100 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. from Commercial Point to the Neponset Highway Bridge, a distance of 1 miles, at an estimated cost of $125,233. No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated (H. Doc. No. 83, 59th Cong., 2d sess., with map). The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. The mean range of tide is 9.6 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year..-By dredging, a channel 175 feet wide and 18 feet deep at mean low water had been obtained up to Commercial Point, and 100 feet wide and 15 feet deep at mean low water thence to Neponset Highway Bridge. The ex- penditures were $94,584.55 for original work and $348.45 for main- tenance, a total of $94,933. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations were in progress and no expenditures made. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project was completed December 28, 1909. The condition is as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The total expendi- tures were $94,584.55 for new work (which completed the project at a saving of $30,648.79) and $348.45 for maintenance, a total of $94,933. Local cooperation.-The conditions imposed by the act of March 2, 1907, adopting the project, were that the portion of the river from Neponset Highway Bridge to Milton Mills should be dredged and maintained by the State of Massachusetts or other agency, to the depth of 6 feet at mean low water, 100 feet wide up to the Granite Bridge, 1.15 miles; 75 feet wide thence to Godfrey's Wharf, 1.25 miles; and thence 50 feet wide to the railroad bridge at Milton, a distance of 250 feet. These conditions were accepted by resolves of the Legislature of Massachusetts, approved June 24, 1907, and March 5, 1908, accepted by the Secretary of War February 10, 1908, and the work was completed in August, 1910, at a cost of $34,269.70. In 1914 the State widened to 280 feet, with a depth of 15 feet, the easterly side of the Government channel opposite the yacht basin of George Lawley & Sons, at a cost of $1,682.24. Effect of improvement.-So far as can be ascertained, the improve- ment has resulted in no material reduction in freight rates, but is of advantage to shipping interests in permitting the utilization of larger vessels. Proposed operations.-No estimate of additional funds required is submitted, as it is not expected that any work will be required. Commercial statistics.-The commerce during the current year con- sisted chiefly of coal and lumber. Comparative statement. I Incomplete. 2 Over. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 101 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $94, 584. 55 Maintenance -------------------------------------- 348. 45 Total --------------------------------------------- 94, 933. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ........................... .................................... ------------------------------------------ Maintenance................................................. $348.45...................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------$30, 300. 00 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------30, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 300. 00 11. WEYMOUTH RIVER, MASS. (A) WEYMOUTH FORE RIVER. Location.-This river rises in Braintree, Mass., and flows in a northerly direction 7 miles, emptying into Hingham Bay, Boston Harbor. The section included in the project commences at the mouth and extends to the bridge at Quincy Point, a length of 34 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 6 and 109.) Original condition.-In its original condition the channel had a depth of 18 feet at mean low water, with a least width of 300 feet up to a point about 1 mile below the bridge at Quincy Point, the 18-foot channel extending two-thirds of a mile above that point, but being too tortuous for safe navigation of large vessels. In the remaining one-third of a mile to the bridge the channel when surveyed was 150 feet wide and 13 feet deep at mean low water. From the bridge at Quincy Point to the head of navigation at East Braintree, 6.2 miles above the mouth of the river, the channel was 12 feet deep at mean low water, gradually shoaling to 6 feet and finally to 3 feet, where the channel became too narrow to be practicable. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and was for improvement of the channel above the Quincy Point Bridge. For improvement be- low the bridge a project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905. The total expenditures were $97,750. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1745. Present project.-The present project embraces that portion of the river extending from its mouth in Hingham Bay about 31 miles up to Weymouth Fore River Bridge at Quincy Point and is for widening and straightening by dredging and removal of " channel rock," at an estimated cost of $140,000, that part of the channel, about 1 mile in length, which had been dredged by the United States under the project of 1905 to the depth of 18 feet at mean low water and width of 300 feet. No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated. (H. Doc. No. 1334, 61st Cong., 3d sess., without map.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of February 27, 1911. The mean range of tide is 9.5 feet. 102 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By dredging, a channel had been obtained 18 feet deep at mean low water from that depth in Hingham Bay 300 feet wide up to the bridge at Quincy Point, and a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide narrowing to 50 feet, in the upper river. The expenditures under the present project were $75,500 for original work, and $8 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-An examination for obstructions reported in the channel disclosed several small bowlders, which were removed by Government plant and hired labor at a cost of $1,837.29, chargeable to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project was completed May 20, 1913. The condition of the improvement below the bridge at Quincy Point is as stated in Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year, with the exception of a slight deficiency in depth in several places. The expenditures were $75,500 for new work (which completed the project at a saving of $64,500) and $1,845.29 for maintenance, a total of $77,345.29. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of the present project. Under the project of March 3, 1905, the improvement of the river above the Quincy Point bridge was to be maintained by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts or other agency. This was provided for by a resolve of the legis- lature approved May 26, 1905, and accepted by the Secretary of War June 7, 1905. The Commonwealth has maintained the improve- ment at an expenditure of $13,830.83, and has also expended over $30,000 in dredging in the vicinity of Quincy Point bridge and in local improvements in the lower part of the river. Effect of improvement.-The increased depth obtained is of im- portance chiefly to the Fore River Shipbuilding Corporation, which builds at its extensive plant at Quincy Point large passenger and freight steamers, cruisers, and battleships up to 30,000 tons. No direct reduction in freight rates has been realized, but the improved channel has proven of value and benefit in permitting the entrance of larger barges loaded with coal and lumber and the passage of vessels of greater draft between the harbor and the shipyards on the river. Proposed operations.-The full depth of the present project is insufficient at the highest high water for the deep draft vessels built at the shipyard and it is important that the improvement be main- tained to the full projected depth. It has now shoaled in several places and it is probable that by 1917 considerable shoaling may take place. It is estimated that an appropriation of $15,000 will be re- quired to remove these shoals. Commercial statistics.-The greater part of the commerce during the current year was coal. Comparative statement. rabue. Calendar year. short tonsin Amount Value. 1912........... ............................................................ 170,266 $1,281,053.16 1913--............................................--............................... 175,051 . 1,084,081.73 1914........................................................ .................. 175,585 741,182.48 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 103 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work____ ----------------------------------------- $170, 500.00 Maintenance------------------------------------------45.2 Maintenance ________________________ 4, 595. 29 Total -------------------------------------------- 175, 095. 29 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.....................---------------------..-------------------.......................--. $42,049.50...................... Maintenance....--- -----------------..--------------------------------- $8.00 $1,837.29 APPROPRTATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------ $140, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------- 66, 992. 00 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 191511111 64, 500. 00 2, 492.00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for mainte- nance of improvement_----------------------- 1, 837. 29 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended6__6-- -____-- _ 654. 71 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement______________ 15, 000. 00 (B) WEYMOUTH BACK RIVER. Location.-Weymouth Back River rises in East Weymouth, Mass., and flows in a northerly direction 42 miles, emptying into Hingham Bay at the mouth of Weymouth Fore River. The section included in the project commences one-fourth of a mile above the mouth and ex- tends upstream about 1 mile. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 6 and 109.) Original condition.--In its original condition the river had a prac- ticable channel not less than 200 feet wide and not less than 12 feet deep at mean low water about 1 miles to the wharf of the American Agricultural Chemical Co., except on a bar 400 feet across one-fourth of a mile above the mouth, where the depth was 11 feet, and except the 2,000 feet next below the wharf, where the depth gradually shoaled from 12 feet to 6 feet at mean low water. The head of navi- gation is about 4 miles above the bar and about 3 miles above the wharf of the chemical company. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project is to dredge a channel through the bar one-fourth of a mile above the mouth of the river 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water and to widen and straighten to the same dimensions the natural channel 2,200 feet to the wharf of the American Agricultural Chemical Co., at an esti- 1 Of this amount $64,500 was transferred to other works. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 104 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. mated cost of $22,000. No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated. (H. Ex.' Doc. No. 256, 51st Cong., 2d sess., with map; Annual Report for 1891, p. 682.) The project was adopted by a proviso in the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894. The -mean range of tide is 9.4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By dredging, a channel at least 12 feet deep at mean low water and 200 feet wide was completed from the mouth to the chemical company's wharf, widened at the upper bend to 250 feet. The expenditures were $26,000, of which $20,478.68 was for original work and $5,521.32 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations were in progress and no expenditures made. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project was completed in 1912. The condition is as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The expenditures were $26,000, of which $20,478.68 was for new work (which completed the project at a saving of $1,521.32), and $5,521.32 was for maintenance. The Navy Department had dredged a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water and 150 feet wide from the improved channel of that depth opposite the chemical company's wharf to the naval magazine at Hingham. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-No data are available as to the effect on freight rates. The tonnage is carried almost exclusively in vessels owned and operated by the American Agricultural Chemical Co. Proposed operations.-The channel is in good condition at the present time and no additional funds are necessary. Commercial statistics.--The commerce during the current year con- sisted principally of fertilizer and fertilizing material. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Amount in alue. short tons.Value. 1912............... .............. ..... ................. ..... .................-------- 241,984 $5,187,732 1913..... .................................................... .............. 196,125 4,108,418 1914.................................................................................... 257,206 5,822,994 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------$20, 478. 68 Maintenance ----------------------------------------------- 5, 521.32 Total---------------------------------------------------- 26, 000. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................................................................................... Maintenance ................................................ ...... ................... ............ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_______________ $1, 000. 15 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------- 1,000. 15 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 105 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------_ $190, 978. 68 Maintenance ----------------------------------------------- 10,116. 61 Total-------------------------------------------------- 201, 095. 29 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............... ... ................................. $42,049.50 .............. Maintenance... ......... . 8..........................0......... $8.00 $1,837.29 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------------------------------------------- $140, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- 67, 992. 15 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------64, 500. 00 3, 492. 15 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------- ----------------------------------- 1, 837. 29 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended1, -------------------------------- 154. 86 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ---------------- 215, 000. 00 12. PLYMOUTH AND PROVINCETOWN HARBORS, MASS. (A) PLYMOUTH HARBOR. Location.-Plymouth Harbor is situated 45 miles by water south of Boston. Its outer anchorage, the "Cow Yard," is common to Plymouth, Duxbury, and Kingston. The harbor contains 2,000 acres, much of which, outside the channels, is dry at low tide. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1208.) Original condition.-In the original condition of the harbor the channel and low-water line were about 2,500 feet from the wharves at Plymouth, to which access could be had only at high water. Long Beach, a narrow, low sand spit, 3 miles long, between the harbor and the ocean, was liable to inroads by the sea that would injure or destroy the harbor. Previous projects.--The original project was adopted by act of May 26, 1824, and was for the preservation of the beach. A project for dredging was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1875, modified in 1877, 1884, and 1885. The total expenditures were $202,813.64. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1746. Present projects.-The present project for beach protection is for strengthening the sections of Long Beach damaged by the great storm of November, 1898, and for restoring Eel River to its former course. The estimated cost was $95,700. No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated. (Annual Report for 1899, p. 1089; no 1 Of this amount $64,500 was transferred to other works. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915 (for Weymouth Fore River). 106 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. map.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. The present project for dredging is to obtain a channel 18 feet deep at mean low water from that depth in the bay to the town wharves, a distance of about 2 miles, 200 feet wide, increased at the entrance and on curves, with a suitable turning basin at the inner end of the channel, at a total estimated cost of $167,000 for first con- struction and approximately $5,000 annually for maintenance (H. Doc. No. 1194, 62d Cong., 3d sess., with map). The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. The mean range of tide is 10.1 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the beach protection projects various sand-catching devices of timber had been built but have long since washed away; several miles of rubblestone dike had been built, which resulted in strengthening the beach by the accretion of a large volume of sand and shingle; Eel River had been restored to its former course, and the place where it had cut through to the sea was also protected with a stone dike. By dredg- ing, a channel 150 feet wide and 9 feet deep at mean low water had been obtained to the town wharves, including a turning basin; and a new channel, 18 feet deep, which is located on the site of the old one and supersedes it, had been 20 per cent completed. The expenditures under the present project for beach protection were $81,376.28 for new work and $18,800 for maintenance. The expenditures under the present project for dredging were $9,291.41 for new work, making the total expenditures $109,467.69, of which $90,667.69 was for new work and $18,800 for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-No operations were in progress and no expenditures made, except for dredging the 18- foot channel, which was practically completed, and in the turning basin. The expenditures were $86,758.25, all for new work, under contract. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The condition of the work under the present project for beach protection is as stated under Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year. The protection as at present constructed is sufficient, but from the nature of the work it can at no time be considered completed. The expenditures were $81,376.28 for new work and $18,800 for maintenance. The 18-foot channel project is 96 per cent completed, which gives a channel of that depth up into the turning basin at Plymouth. The expenditures were $96,049.66 for new work, making a total on the existing project of $196,225.94, of which $177,425.94 was for new work and $18,800 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Theact of March 4, 1913, adopting the project for the 18-foot channel appropriated one-half ($83,500) of its total estimated cost, subject to the condition that the Commonwealth of Massachusetts or other local agency contribute a like amount. This condition was accepted by the Commonwealth on June 16, 1913, when an appropriation of $83,500 was made, and this amount was deposited in the Treasury of the United States by the Secretary of War August 25, 1913. The town of Plymouth, in 1909, at an expense of $12,000, restored and deepened to 10 feet at mean low water the channel and RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 107 a portion of the basin completed by the Government under the project of 1875. In 1911, with funds provided by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the town of Plymouth, the Commonwealth dredged a channel to the wharf of the Plymouth Cordage Co., for a length of about 1,100 feet to the width of 250 feet and depth of 20 feet at mean low water and for a length of about 5,000 feet to the width of 150 feet and depth of 18 feet at mean low water, at a total cost of $142,339.09. Effect of improvement.-It is reported by the harbor master at Plymouth that the old 9-foot channel effected a saving of 50 cents per ton in freight rates. No data are yet available as to the effect of the deeper channel. Proposed operations.-No estimate of additional funds required is submitted for the reason that the available funds are sufficient. Commercial statistics.-The commerce during the current year con- sisted chiefly of coal. Comparative statement. Calendar year. mshoruntin Value. 1912------....-- ------------------------------------------------------ 37,620 1'$200,000 1913-----.....-----.................-----------.--..-------------------------------------............................................... 38,612 2200,000 1914.......----------...................-------------................................................... 45,127 243,780 'About. 2 Over. Financialsummary. GOVERNMENT FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $318, 047. 70 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 32, 967. 05 Total ------------------------------------------ 351, 014. 75 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ... $4,645.53 $43,379.30 Maintenance... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------- ------------------------------ $83, 500.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___---------------------------- 88, 854. 47 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------------------------------------- 43, 379. 30 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------- 45, 475. 17 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------- $12,316. 14 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts 4, 510. 35 16, 826. 49 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------- --------------- 28, 648. 68 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project for beach protection-- - 20, 700. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 108 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915, new work.__ $48, 024. 8& Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30, new work: 1914 ------------------------------------------------- 4, 645. 88 1915--------- -------------------------------------- 43, 378. 95 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Acts of Massachusetts, 1913, chapter 132 ___ __- 83, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended 78, 854. 12 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------ ------------------------------- 43, 378. 95 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 35, 475. 17 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__________________ $6, 681. 13 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 4, 510. 34 11, 191. 47 July 1, 1915, balance available_____________- _______________ 24, 283. 70 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ 366, 072. 53 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 32, 967. 05 Total-----------------------------------------------399, 039. 58 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......----------------------------------------------------$9,291.41 $86,758.25 Maintenance.... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------$83, 500. 00 Acts of Massachusetts, 1913, chapter 132----------------------83, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________________________ 167, 708. 59 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------------------------------------- 86, 758. 25 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----______ 80, 950. 34 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---_____________ $18, 997. 27 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 9, 020. 69 28, 017. 96 July 1, 1915, balance available______________________________ 52, 932. 38 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project for beach protection----------------------- '20, 700. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 109 (B) PROVINCETOWN HARBOR. Location.-This is an important harbor of refuge in the bight at the extremity of Cape Cod, about 40 miles southeast from Boston Light at the entrance to Boston Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6.) Original condition.--In its original condition the width and depth of its entrance and the depth of its anchorage area, about 4,000 acres at the 18-foot contour lying within an east and west line through Wood End, were ample for the largest vessels, but actual or threat- ened inroads by the sea across the low and narrow part of the cape east of the town, and at intervals along about 1l miles of the narrow beach southwest of the town, were a serious menace to the harbor. Previous project.-The original project was adopted by the act of May 20, 1826. The expenditures were $215,800.44. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1746. Present project.-The existing project is for a rubblestone dike 5 feet wide at the top, 15 feet above mean low water, across House Point Island flats, from Stevens Point to Wood End, a distance of about 6,150 feet; also a 300-foot extension of the Long Point beach protection and bringing it up to grade where necessary; all at an estimated cost of $140,000. No estimate of cost of maintenance was stated. (H. Doc. No. 821, 61st Cong., 2d sess., with map.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The object of the dike is to protect the harbor against the washing away of the low and narrow part of the beach. The mean range of tide is 9.2 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Rubblestone beach protection has been built on the east and outside of Long Point; and timber structures of temporary character designed to catch and hold the sand had been built at various other places, but without success as a permanent improvement. A dike across House Point Island flats had been built. The expenditures under the present project were $118,331.49 for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations were in progress. The expenditures were $13,337.63 for final payment on contract ($12,728.63 for the dike and $609 for repair of beach pro- tection at Long Point) and $593.16 for engineering expenses, charge- able $13,321.79 to new work and $609 to maintenance, a total of $13,930.79. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project was completed June 26, 1914, with the exception of the extension of the beach protection at Long Point, which is not now considered neces- sary. The expenditures for new work were $131,653.28 (which com- pleted the dike at a saving of $4,846.72) and $609 for maintenance, a total of $132,262.28. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The object of the improvement is the preservation of this very excellent and important harbor of refuge. The effect of the improvement -upon the commerce of the port is of minor consideration. 110 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.---As all needed protective work has been com- pleted and funds in hand are sufficient for maintenance, no estimate of additional funds required is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of Provincetown is not large and in recent years has run from 27,000 to 30,000 tons per annum. The harbor is of importance mainly as an anchorage and a harbor of refuge, and as such has great value. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $347, 453. 72 Maintenance --------- ______________------- 609. 00 Total -------------------------------------------- 348, 062. 72 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .. ........-.......-.---------------------- 44, 999. 85 $27, 235. 52 $13,32. 79 Maintenance.------------------------------------------------------------------ 609.00 --------------------------------------------- Total.................................. 44, 999. 85 27, 235.52 13,930.79 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years.only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________________________ _ $28, 031.04 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement $--------------------13,321.7 For maintenance of improvement -- ______6_______ 609. 00 13, 930. 79 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 14, 100. 25 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work- Government funds----------------------- 665, 501.42 Contributed funds----------------------- 48, 024. 83 713, 526. 25 Maintenance (Government funds) _------------------------- 33, 576. 05 Total ----------------------------------------- 747, 102.30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 ---------.......--...--.....-------....... New work..---------.......---...---......... $36,526.93 $100,080.04 $-------------44,999.85 Maintenance......................................----................ ........... ..------------------........ 609.00 Total........---------------.... ,..............------------------------------ 44,999.85 36,526.93 100,689.04 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 111 APPROPRTATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- $83, 500.00 Acts of Massachusetts, 1913, chapter 132_---------------------- 83, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------- 195, 739. 63 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement- Government funds ----- ---------- $56, 701.09 Contributed funds ----------------------- 43, 378. 95 100, 080. 04 For maintenance of improvement---------------- 609.00 100, 689. 04 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 95, 050. 59 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _____________-_- $18, 997. 27 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracnts O Cv-LI UL~ - _ _ _ _ _ - _ -. __ _ _ _._ 9 02 _ _ __._ 69 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ VW. . Vtw I 28, 017. 96 July 1, 1915, balance available--_____---_---_----_--___ 67, 032. 63 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project for beach protection, Plymouth Harbor------- '20, 700.-00 EXAMINATION REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1913. A preliminary examination of Lynn Harbor and Saugus River, Mass., with a view to providing a channel 15 feet deep up to the bridge at East Saugus, required by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, was duly submitted by the district officer under date of June 10, 1913. It was reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors pursuant to law and transmitted to Congress and printed in House Document No. 1452, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and re- ports thereon will be duly submitted when received. 1. Merrimac River, Mass., with a view to securing increased depth from Lowell to the sea or in any part of this section of the river. 2. Merrimac River, from Lowell, Mass., to Manchester, N. H. 3. Lynn Harbor, Mass. 4. Mystic River, Mass., from the mouth of Island End River to Woburn, or as far as practicable. 5. Mystic River, Mass., below the Island End River, with a view to widening the channel. 6. Manchester Harbor, Mass., with a view to straightening the channel by the removal of Bow Bell Ledge. 7. Dorchester Bay and Neponset River, Mass., up to the Neponset Highway Bridge. ' Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 112 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE NEWPORT, R. I., DISTRICT. This district includes the State of Rhode Island and part of the State of Massachusetts comprising the southern coast line of the latter State and extending as far north as Chatham Harbor on the east coast line of Cape Cod. The several islands of both States lying off this coast and the tributary streams of the watersheds of Narra- gansett Bay, Buzzards Bay, and Nantucket Sound are also included. District officer: Col. John Millis, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. Frederic V. Abbot, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Pollock Rip Shoals, Nantucket 9. Providence River and Har- Sound, Mass ------------- 112 bor, R. I-_______________ 127 2. Hyannis Harbor, Mass--__ 114 10. Newport Harbor, R. I_ ____ 132 3. Harbor of Refuge at Nan- 11. Harbor of Refuge at Point tucket, Mass------------- 116 Judith, R. I_ 134 4. Woods Hole Channel, Mass__ 118 12. Entrance to Point Judith 5. New Bedford and Fairhaven Pond, R. I_ 136 Harbors, Mass----------- 119 13. Harbor of Refuge at Block 6. Taunton River, Mass________ 122 Island, R. IL----- -__ __-- 137 7. Fall River Harbor, Mass... 123 14. Great Salt Pond, Block 8. Pawtucket (Seekonk) River, Island, R. I_ ------------ 139 R. I---------------------- 125 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2055 TO 2075. 1. POLLOCK RIP SHOALS, NANTUCKET SOUND, MASS. Location.-Pollock Rip Channel is the northerly passage through the shoals off the eastern entrance to Nantucket Sound, connecting the deep water of the Sound with that of the ocean. It is about 26 miles east from the harbor of Vineyard Haven on the island of Mar- thas Vineyard, Mass., and 60 miles south from Provincetown Har- bor, at the northern extremity of Cape Cod. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1107.) Originalcondition.--In its original condition the channel was very crooked and in places narrow. It was subject to very strong tides and directly exposed to the full force of easterly storms of the ocean. Its length was about 121 miles measured from the Handkerchief light vessel to the whistling buoy north of Pollock Rip Slue, and, with a depth of 21 feet at mean low water, varied in-width from about 2,000 to 3,600 feet, with a width of several miles as the Hand- kerchief light vessel was approached. The limiting depth was 27 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912 (H. Doc. No. 536, 62d Cong., 2d sess.), provides for experimental dredging on the shoals, using an available Government-owned plant under appropriations aggregating $250,000, with a view to determining the amount of improvement, if any, which RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 113 may be advisable. The mean range of the tide is about 3.7 feet at Monomoy Point. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The operations consisted of dredging with a Government-owned seagoing suction dredge, chiefly on the northerly tongue of Stone Horse Shoal which crossed the contemplated channel nearly opposite the Shovelful light vessel. The result was a net gain of about 1,200 feet in channel width, with a depth of 30 feet. A small amount of dredging was also done in the shoal at the eastern end of the channel. The total amount expended under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $183,420.66, all of which was for original work. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The work of dredg- ing by the Government seagoing dredge Navesink in Pollock Rip Channel, in progress at the beginning of the fiscal year, was con- tinued until August 28, 1914, when it was discontinued from ex- haustion of funds. This work was executed chiefly on the northerly tongue of Stone Horse Shoal and to a small extent on the shoal at the northeasterly end of the proposed channel. In consequence of the shallow water in the latter locality work could only be prose- cuted there under the most favorable weather conditions. The net widening of the 30-foot channel at the former locality has been about 700 feet. At the northeasterly end of the channel there is a clear straight channel 300 feet wide, with a minimum depth of 21.8 feet, which was originally obstructed by depths of 15.4 feet or less. The total expenditure for the fiscal year was $37,010.76, all of which was for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The present project, which provides for experimental dredging, is completed, and it has been demonstrated that a dredge of the type used is well adapted to the conditions that obtain in the locality and to the material to be handled. In the vicinity of Stone Horse Shoal the increased width of channel at a point where there is a sharp bend in the existing sail- ing course has been immediately beneficial to navigation. The in- creased depth obtained at the eastern end of the channel has not been utilized by commercial vessels, but would be of great importance in the event of further prosecution of this work. The total expendi- tures under the present project have been $220,431.42, all of which were for original work. Local cooperation.- None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement on freight rates, if any, will not be known until the improvement is completed, but the widening of the channel near the Shovelful Light Vessel has made the sharp turn in the sailing course somewhat easier. Proposed operations.-Further operations await the action of Congress. Commercial statistics.-It is estimated that a commerce of over 20,000,000 short tons annually will be benefited greatly if it be practi- cable to construct and maintain the proposed channel. It is im- practicable to estimate the value of the commerce passing through this locality. During the calendar year 1914 the following vessels are reported as having passed the Pollock Rip Slue Light Vessel: Steamers, 5,160; sailing, 4,380; barges, 7,698. 8373 0 -ENG 1915 8 114 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummnary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------- -------------- ------------------ $220, 431. 42 Maintenance... Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................... $81,753.37 $101,667.29 $37,010.76 Maintenance.... .............................................. APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- $125, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 125, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _________________________- 66, 860. 14 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------- 77. 46 66, 937. 60 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------- 37, 010. 76 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ---------------------------- 29, 926. 84 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities 29, 926. 84 2. HYANNIS HARBOR, MASS. Location.-The harbor of Hyannis is on the south side of Cape Cod and about 15 miles to the westward of the heel of the cape. It is 20 miles east-northeast of the harbor of Vineyard Haven, on the island of Marthas Vineyard, Mass., and 85 miles from the harbor of Provincetown, the northern extremity of Cape Cod. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1107.) Original condition.-The site of the harbor was an open roadstead exposed to southerly storms, with a depth of from 9 to 20 feet at mean low water. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the act of March 2, 1827. Modifications and extensions were adopted by the acts of August 30, 1852, and July 11, 1870 (Annual Report for 1870, p. 895). The total amount expended under this project and its modifications was $123,431.82, all of which was for new work. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1747. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886 (H. Doc. No. 96, 48th Cong., 2d sess.), modifications and extensions adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902 (H. Doc. No. 79, 56th Cong., 1st sess.), provides for the dredging to 151 feet at mean low water an anchorage area of about 36 acres north of the existing breakwater, at a total estimated cost of $76,312.14. The mean tidal variation is about 3.3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The operations comprised the building of a stone breakwater 1,170 feet in length and 7 feet above mean low water; the dredging of the 36-acre area north of the breakwater to a depth of 15 feet at mean low water, increasing the available anchorage area of the harbor by that much; at a total cost, exclusive of the previous project, of $77,790.61, of which $73,950.76 was for new work and $3,839.85 for maintenance. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 115 The project had been completed, but some deterioration in depth had taken place. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations con- sisted of the completion of the redredging of about 24 acres within the limits of the present project to the project depth, provision for which was made by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. This work was prosecuted under the contract in force at the close of the last fiscal year, and was completed November 12, 1914. The total expenditure during the fiscal year was $20,027.45, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The general project is 100 per cent completed. A survey in November, 1914, showed the greater part of the improved area to have the required depth of 152 feet at mean low water. The harbor now has an anchorage area of about 83- acres protected from southerly storms by a breakwater 1,170 feet long. The total expenditure under the existing project was $97,818.06, of which $73,950.76 was for new work and $23,867.30 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-So far as known, the improvement has had no effect on freight rates, but the harbor provides shelter for a greater number and a larger class of vessels. Proposed operations.-Projectis completed. No new work is con- templated at this time. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists chiefly of coal, oil, lumber, and other building materials. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............ ..............................---..............................-- 3,064 $243,728.00 1913-........... .............................................................-- 1,520.5 134,432.50 1914........... ............ ........................................... ........ 1,668 80,354.00 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work___-----------_ $197, 382. 58 Maintenance _----------- 23, 867. 30 Total -------------------------------------------- 221, 249..88 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............. Maintenance............................................................. $3,678.42 $20,027.45 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------$24, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____----------------------------- 20, 565.32 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------- 20, 027. 45 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____-- - - - - -_ 537.87 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ ___----------- 355. 33 July 1, 1915, balance available-_ _..._ - __- --- -__182. 54 116 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 3. HARBOR OF REFUGE AT NANTUCKET, MASS. Location.-The harbor of Nantucket is an indentation in the coast line on the northerly side of the island of Nantucket. It is 32 miles east-southeast from the harbor of Vineyard Haven on the island of Marthas Vineyard, Mass., and 80 miles south from the harbor of Provincetown at the northern extremity of Cape Cod. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1107.) Original condition.-The channel entrance to the harbor was ob- structed by a bar 1.5 miles in width over which was a limiting depth of 6 feet at mean low water. The channel was crooked and subject to changes in location and depth. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the act of March 2, 1827. The total expenditure under this project was $45,734.75. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1747. Present project.-The present project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880 (H. Doc. No. 18, 46th Cong., 2d sess.); modifications and extensions adopted by the river and harbor acts of July 21, 1885 (Annual Report for 1885, p. 564), 1905-1907 (Annual Report for 1907, p. 77), provides for two converging jetties, one on either side of the harbor, and for dredging a channel between them of from 12 to 15 feet depth, at mean low water, from the deep water in Nantucket Sound to the deep water in the harbor, a distance of about 1.4 miles, at a total estimated cost of $475,000. The mean tidal variation at the entrance and in the harbor is 3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The operations under the project of 1829 consisted of ineffectual dredging on the bar, which, after three years' trial, were abandoned. Those under the existing project consisted of building two converging jetties and dredging a channel between them. The east jetty had been built 6,968 feet long, of which 834 feet at the shore end was of full cross section and 6,134 feet of only partial cross section; the west jetty had been built 4,955 feet long, of which 400 feet was at half tide and 4,555 feet at from 3 to 5 feet above mean low water; the channel between them, 1.4 miles in length, had been dredged to a depth of 15 feet at mean low water and about 250 feet in width, at a total cost of $484,362.61, of which $397,589.76 was for new work and $86,772.85 for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The operations com- prised dredging only. The channel between the jetties was increased in width about 50 feet for its full length, 1.4 miles, and some shoals which had formed in the previously dredged area were removed, making the present width of channel about 300 feet and 15 feet deep at mean low water. An additional width of 150 feet and same length was partially dredged, over the greater part of which there is a depth of 12 feet. This work was done by contract and completed Septem- ber 5, 1914, at a total cost of $38,674.59, of which $29,005.94 was for new work and $9,668.65 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the close of the fiscal year about 95 per cent of the original project was completed, the result of which is a channel 300 feet wide and 15 feet deep at mean low water from the deep water in Nantucket Sound to the deep water in Nan- tucket Harbor, a distance of 1.4 miles, with an additional width of RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 117 150 feet, over the greater part of which there is a 12-foot depth. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project was $523,037.20, of which $426,595.70 was for new work and $96,441.50 for mainte- nance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-So far as known the project has had no effect on freight rates, but the widening and deepening of the chan- nel gives the use of the harbor to vessels of larger size. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to apply the funds asked for to the restoration of the jetties to original cross section, which was disturbed by ice and storms, as shown on survey of August, 1914, and the extension of the west jetty and dredging harbor entrance channel. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists of coal, lumber, and other building materials and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912...-------...---..----....--.........---------------------------------------------................................................... 33,742 $1,476,131 1913............................................................................. 35,000 1,200,000 1914...................................------------------------------------------------------------.. 36,653 1,488,381 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------- $472,330.45 Maintenance- ---------------------- ------ 96, 441. 50 Total-----------------------------------------568, 771. 95 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work -................--------..---...........----.---------........----..------.----------------............... $11,308.61 $29,005.94 Maintenance ---..----.......................----------.--..........------------..----...........-----....... ---- $10.95 1,250.00 9,668.65 Total...-................ ...................-.... ....-..... --- 10.95 12,558.61 38,674.59 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------ -------------- - - -- $20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------- --------------------- 51, 312. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------- 46, 276. 14 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------- ------- ---- $29, 005.94 For maintenance of improvement----------- ---- 9, 668. 65 38, 674. 59 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---- ------------------------ 7, 601.55 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-- -------------- -- --------------------- 1 48, 404. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------- 25, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 118 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 4. WOODS HOLE CHANNEL, MASS. Location.-Woods Hole Channel is a waterway connecting Buz- zards Bay with Vineyard Sound, through the so-called " Great Har- bor," and separates the peninsula of Cape Cod from the Elizabeth Islands. It is 17 miles southeasterly from New Bedford, Mass., and 7 miles northwesterly from the harbor of Vineyard Haven, on the island of Marthas Vineyard. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1107.) Original condition.-The channel through this waterway was crooked and dangerously obstructed by bowlders. The narrowness of the passage, together with the difference in the elevation of the tidal planes and times of high water at either end, produced strong currents, reaching velocities of from 5 to 7 miles per hour at certain stages of the tide. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the act of 1852. This project bears no relation to those which follow. The next project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879 (H. Doc. No. 84, 43d Cong., 1st sess.) ; modifications and ex- tensions were adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. The total amount expended under these projects and modifications was $113,599.92, of which $108,599.92 was for new work and $5,000 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1747. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896 (Annual Report for 1895, p. 750), pro- vides for deepening the channel through the strait to 13 feet at mean low water and widening the same to 300 feet, with a branch channel of same dimensions leading from the strait to Vineyard Sound, at a total estimated cost of $396,000. The mean tidal varia- tion at the Buzzards Bay end is 4 feet and at the Vineyard Sound end 1.65 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The operations comprised the partial construction of a breakwater on the northerly side of Great Harbor, Woods Hole, to close a passage through which water passed between it and Buzzards Bay; the dredging of an entrance channel into Little Harbor 150 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water, a distance of about one-half mile, with a turning basin of same depth and 300 feet wide in front of the wharf of the Lighthouse Establishment; the construction of retaining walls, stone piers, and wooden wharves at the United States Fish Com- mission; the dredging through the strait of the main channel to 13 feet depth, 300 feet wide, and 3,500 feet long, with a branch chan- nel of same width and minimum depth of 11 feet and 1,300 feet long leading toward Vineyard Sound; at a total cost exclusive of previous projects of $229,989.79, all of which was for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No works of im- provement were in progress during the fiscal year. Total expenditure was $10.21, all of which was for contingencies and charged as new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The general project is about 90 per cent completed. The main channel through the strait has a width of 300 feet and a navigable depth of about 13 feet at mean low water, and the branch or Broadway channel leading toward Vine- RIVER AN'D TARBOR iMPROVEMEN'S. 119 yard Sound has the same width and a minimum depth of 11 feet. The total expenditure under the existing project was $230,000, all of which was for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The deepening and widening of the main channel and its branch enables vessels of larger size to pass between Buzzards Bay and Vineyard Sound and to use Great Harbor at the entrance of the sound. So far as known, the improvement has had no effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No operations contemplated at this time. Commercial statistics.--The commerce consists chiefly of coal, lumber and other building material, fish, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912--... ....... ........ .....................................................-- 46,096 $2,914,025.50 1913 .................................. .................................... 41,125 2,629,497.00 1914 ...................................................................... 45,385 3,620,615.06 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $338, 599. 92 Maintenance ------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Total --------------------------------------- -- 343, 599. 92 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...------------------------------------------ $35, 650. 75 $21,368.89 $10.21 Maintenance.................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- $10. 21 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement -------------------- --- 10. 21 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project _-------- _ 25, 000. 00 5. NEW BEDFORD AND FAIRHAVEN HARBORS, MASS. Location.-New Bedford Harbor is an estuary of Buzzards Bay at the mouth of the Acushnet River, the east portion of the harbor being called Fairhaven Harbor. The entire length of the harbor in a northerly and southerly direction is about 5 miles, the upper 2 miles being about three-fourths of a mile in width and the lower 3 miles being 1I miles in width. It is 21 miles by water southeasterly to the harbor of Vineyard Haven on the island of Marthas Vineyard, Mass., and about 42 miles to Point Judith Harbor, R. I., to the west- ward. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts No. 1107 and No. 1108.) Original condition.-The greater portion of the harbor was very shoal, and the channel through it had a minimum depth of only 12 feet at mean low water. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the act of 1839; modifications and extensions were adopted by the act of 120 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. March 3, 1875, and the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. The total amount expended under this project and modifications was $170,709. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1748. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act March 2, 1907 (H. Doc. No. 271, 59th Cong., 2d sess.), provides for dredging a channel 300 feet wide from Buzzards Bay to the north end of Fish Island, just above the New Bedford and Fair- haven bridge, with a turning basin above the bridge and an anchor- age below the bridge of about 114 acres between New Bedford and Fairhaven, all to be 25 feet deep at mean low water, at an estimated cost of $527,000. This was modified by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909, so as to include the extension of the turning basin north of Fish Island southward to the bridge between New Bedford and Fish Island, and the extension of the channel along the New Bed- ford water front below the bridge northward to said bridge, if said extensions could be made within the estimated cost of the 1907 project. A further modification by the river and harbor act, July 25, 1912 (H. Doc. 442, 62d Cong., 2d sess.), provides for an extension of the channel from the turning basin up the Acushnet River a distance of 2.15 miles, with a width of 100 feet, and a turning basin at its ter- minus 300 feet wide, the extension and basin to be 18 feet deep at mean low water, at an estimated cost of $56,610, with $3,000 an- nually for maintenance. Mean tidal variation at the entrance and in the harbor is about 4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The 300-foot channel from Buzzards Bay to the north end of Fish Island has been dredged to 25 feet at mean low water, except close to the New Bedford and Fairhaven Bridge, where it is but 18 feet deep, owing to the crossing of a city-water pipe. The turning basin north of the New Bedford and Fairhaven Bridge and the anchorage area be- tween New Bedford and Fairhaven have been completed, with the exception of a narrow strip about 40 feet wide along the southwest side of the anchorage area and a small area of ledge rock at the north end of Palmers Island. The short channel between New Bedford and Fish Island authorized by the river and harbor act, March 3, 1909, has not been dredged because the work could not be done within the limits of cost as prescribed. The total amount expended was $524,092.45, all of which was for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No works of im- provement have been in progress during the fiscal year. The total expenditure was $2,000.07, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the close of the fiscal year about 91 per cent of the general project had been completed. The main channel, 300 feet wide and 2.9 miles long, extending from the deep water in Buzzards Bay to just above the New Bedford and Fairhaven Bridge, a turning basin 600 feet bjr 900 feet above the bridge, and an anchorage of 114 acres between New Bedford and Fairhaven have been dredged to 25 feet at mean low water, with the exception of a strip about 40 feet wide along the southwest side of the anchorage area, the ledge of rock at the north end of Palmers Island, and a ridge across the main channel close to the bridge in which is a city water pipe. There is now a navigable depth of 25 feet from the bay to the city. The total amount expended under the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 121 existing adopted project was $526,092.52 of which $524,092.45 was for new work and $2,000.07 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Themodification of the existing project auth- orized by river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, imposed the con- dition that local interests construct a new bridge at Coggeshall Street with a draw opening of at least 100 feet and build a substantial wharf upon the city property at Belleville, the name given to the northern part of the city. These conditions have not been met and there is no present prospect of their being complied with. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the deep water on com- merce is the use of deeper draft vessels and larger cargoes. So far as known the improvement has had no effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to apply the funds asked for to maintenance dredging of completed channels and anchorage. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the port consists chiefly of coal, cotton, lumber and other building materials, oil, including whale oil, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 .. --.. -----............................................................. 1,478,733.5 $44, 599,344.57 1913 . .. ............................................................ 1,491,046.5 46, 360, 645.43 1914 .................................................................. 1, 460,784.5 43,354,028.60 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $694, 801.45 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 2, 000. 07 Total 6-------------------------------- 696, 801. 52 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................ . .... ..... $127,573.42 $12,032.21........... Maintenance... ................................... ......................... $2,000.07 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $50, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-------------------------------------- 56, 610. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 ------------------------------------------- 127, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------59, 549. 83 Sept. 9, 1914, amount reallotted ___-------------------------- 180. 15 59, 729. 98 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_ ----------------------------------------- 2, 000. 07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 57, 729. 91 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ___------------------------130. 96 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------- 57, 598. 95 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project __________------------------------- 56, 610. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ___________ 10, 000. 00 'Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 122 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 6. TAUNTON RIVER, MASS. Location.-Taunton River rises in Norfolk County, Mass., flows in a general south by west direction a distance of about 44 miles, and empties into Mount Hope Bay, a name given to that part of Nar- ragansett Bay which branches to the northeast, and at the head of which is the city of Fall River. The river is under improvement between Taunton and Dighton, about 6 miles. Dighton, the lower end of the improvement, is about 8 miles above the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1108.) Original condition.-That portion of the river under improvement had in places a width of about 100 feet and a minimum depth of 1 foot. The channel was crooked and obstructed in many places by bowlders. A vessel of 30 tons was as large as could go up to Taunton. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the act of July 11, 1870 (Annual Report for 1871, p. 891). The total amount expended under this project was $63,000. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1748. Present project.-The present project, adopted by river and harbor act June 14, 1880 (H. Doc. No. 61, 46th Cong., 2d sess.), provides for a channel 12 feet deep at mean high water and 100 feet wide from the mouth of the river to Berkley Bridge, about 1 mile above Digh- ton; thence same depth and 80 feet wide, with enlargement at the .bends to 100 feet to Briggs Shoal; thence same width and 11 feet deep to the shipyard; thence same depth and 60 feet wide to Weir Bridge, at a total estimated cost of $125,000. The mean tidal varia- tion is: At Fall River, 4.7 feet; at Dighton, 5.5 feet; and at Taunton, 3.4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The operations comprised the dredging of a channel 100 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean high water from the wharves at Dighton to Berkley Bridge, a distance of about 1 mile, and with the same depth and 80 feet width with enlargements at the bends to 100 feet to Briggs Shoal, a distance of about one-half mile; thence a channel 80 feet wide and 11 feet deep to the shipyard, a distance of about 41 miles, and with the same depth and 60 feet wide to within a short distance of Weir Bridge, where the full width could not be secured, a distance of about one-fourth mile, at a total cost of $137,414.67, of which $108,497.93 was for new work and $28,916.74 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No works of im- provement have been in progress during the year pending the result of an examination and survey with a view to further improvement. The total expenditure for the fiscal year was $525.25, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the close of the fiscal year the general project had been completed. The 11 and 12 feet deep channel had been dredged its projected length, and those shoals of subsequent formation offering the greatest obstruction to navigation had been redredged several times. The channel has suffered some deterioration in depth and width. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project was $137,939.92, of which $108,497.93 was for new work and $29,441.99 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 123 Effect of improvement.-The deepening and widening of the chan- nel enables vessels of light draft to carry full cargoes to Taunton without, as previously, lightering at Fall River. So far as known the improvement has had no effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-Furtheroperations await result of report on examination and survey of the river. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the river consists chiefly of coal, bricks, lumber, moulding sand, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....................................................................................................... 113,834 $482,167.93 ------------------ 1913................------------......................--------.....---...-------.........--------.--...................... 107,156 490, 869.82 ------------------ 1914....-----------.....--....---.................................----------------------..------------.......................... 105,413 463,744.52 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $171, 497.93 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 29, 441. 99 Total -------------------------------------------- 200, 939. 92 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work . .................................... ... ..... .............. ........ ...... Maintenance.-------------------------------------------- $1.60 $170.99 $525.25 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 9, 776. 76 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------ 525.25 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended9,----------------------------- 9,251. 51 7. FALL RIVER HARBOR, MASS. Location.-Fall River harbor is situated at the mouth of Taunton River, on the east side and at the head of Mount Hope Bay which empties into the ocean through Narragansett Bay and Sakonnet River. It is the port of entry of the city of Fall River, and the largest cotton manufacturing city in the United States. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1108.) Original condition.--The approach channel through Mount Hope Bay had a ruling usable depth of about 21 feet at low tide, except for a distance of about 1 mile in the middle part of the bay where the depth diminished to 15 feet. Along the water front in the reentrant in the wharf line above the Old Colony Steamboat Co's. wharf the depth was only 6 feet, and a considerable area of the harbor, espe- cially at the north end, had a much less depth. Previous project.--The previous project was adopted by the act of June 23, 1874, and modified and extended by the river and harbor acts of March 3, 1899, and June 13, 1902. Total amount expended under this project and modifications was $225,421.51 of which $205,412 was for original work and $20,009.51 124 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. for maintenance. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1749. Present project.-The present project adopted by the river and habor act, June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 778, 61st Cong., 2d sess.), pro- vides for the removal, to a depth of 25 feet at mean low water, of a shoal occupying a central position in the harbor and extending the area of that depth along the eastern side of the harbor, at an esti- mated cost of $143,000, with $6,000 annually for maintenance. The mean tidal variation is 4.7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The operations comprised the dredging in the reentrant in front of the wharves immediately north of the Old Colony Steamboat Co.'s Wharf of a channel 160 feet wide, 12 feet deep at mean low water, and 1,500 feet long, with an additional width, same length, of 100 feet and 11 feet deep; a channel 300 feet wide and 25 feet deep at mean low water through Mount Hope Bay and a channel of same dimensions along the city front to connect the deep water in Narragansett Bay with the deep water in the upper portion of the harbor, a total dis- tance of about 4.6 miles; an increase in the 25 feet deep area of the harbor of about 87 acres, all of which has been completed, at a total expenditure of $124,810.51, all of which was for new work. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The operations con- sisted of dredging the greater part of the small shoal areas on the east side of the harbor between the Old Colony Steamboat Co.'s Wharf and Slades Ferry Bridge. This work was done by the Gov- ernment-owned dredge Gedney, and hired labor at a total cost of $15,746.15, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the end of the fiscal year the general project was 100 per cent completed, but there still re- mains to be done certain maintenance work. The maximum depth over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement is about 22.4 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the exist- ing adopted project was for new work $124,810.51, and for mainte- nance $15,746.15, a total of $140,556.66. The project was completed for $18,189.49 less than the total estimated cost. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The increased depth in the approach channel and in the harbor permits the entrance of larger vessels, but, so far as known, the improvement has had no effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No further estimate is submitted, as the available funds are believed to be sufficient to complete all mainte- nance work required at present. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the harbor consists chiefly of coal, cotton, lumber and other building materials, oil, shellfish, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. ..... .................................................. 1,166,625 $48,777,452.53 1913................. ... ....... ........................ ................. 1,286,077 50,714,675.77 1914.......................... ---.--- .. ...........------------------.... 1,426,853 49,880,20.87 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 125 Financialsum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $330, 222. 51 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 35, 755. 66 Total - 365, 978. 17 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .... ...................................... $36,091.24 $32,417.39 .... 5,746. Maintenance ..... .......................................................... 15, 746 15 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- $12, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 18, 697. 82 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 12, 000. 00 Sept. 9, 1914, amount reallotted--------------------------- -- 180. 15 30, 877. 97 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------- 15,746. 15 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --------------------------- 15, 131.82 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities 107. 31 1,---------------------------- July 1, 1915, balance available_------------------------------ 14, 024. 51 8. PAWTUCKET (SEEKONK) RIVER, R. I. Location.-This river rises in the vicinity of Worcester, Mass., and flows in a general southeasterly direction for about 50 miles, emptying into Providence Harbor at Providence. Its upper portion as far as Pawtucket is known as the Blackstone River, and that be- tween Pawtucket and Providence, a distance of 5.2 miles, as the Pawtucket or Seekonk River. (See Providence sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey.) Original condition.-That part of the river between Providence and Pawtucket was a shoal tidal basin, with a ruling depth of water in the channel of about 5 feet at mean low tide. The basin was wide, the channel narrow and obstructed by two bridges with badly ar- ranged draws. Navigation was difficult even for very small vessels. Previous projects.-The previous project was adopted by the act of March 2, 1867, and modified and extended by the river and harbor acts of July 5, 1884, and March 3, 1899. Total amount expended under this project and modifications was $334,444.91. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1749. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905 (see H. Doc. No. 113, 66th Cong., 1st sess. and Annual Report for 1900, p. 1302), provides for a channel 16 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide, the width being reduced to 50 feet through the ledge rock at Pawtucket, at a total estimated cost of $237,875. The river and harbor act of March 3, 1909, permitted the expenditure of any balance remaining after the 126 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. completion of the above-mentioned work in deepening the channel to 18 feet and increasing the width at such places as would best sub- serve the interests of commerce. The length of channel under im- provement is 3.4 miles. The mean tidal variation at Pawtucket is about 5 feet; that at the mouth of the river 4.7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The operations comprised the deepening to 16 feet at mean low water of the 100-foot wide channel from the Red Bridge in Providence to the lower wharves in Pawtucket, a distance of about 3 miles; thence, with the same depth and a width of 60 feet, a channel to the upper wharves, a distance of about 900 feet, widening at one point to 70 feet to take in an obstructing rock. At Phillipsdale the channel has been en- larged in width to 230 feet for a distance of about 1,600 feet, afford- ing greater facilities for passing tows and vessels lying at the wharves; at the upper end of the ledge rock channel there is an 18-foot depth. Total amount expended on this project and modifi- cations was $234,171.04, of which $232,416.87 was for new work and $1,754.17 was for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The operations con- sisted of a small amount of maintenance dredging in the upper sec- tion of the river where deterioration in depth had taken place. This work was done by contract at a total cost of $5,424.01, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--At the end of the fiscal year the general project was completed. The channel between Providence and Ph'illipsdale had a usable depth of 16 feet, between Phillipsdale and Pawtucket, 15 feet, and between the wharves at Pawtucket from 15 to 18 feet at mean low tide. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project was for new work $232,416.87, and for main- tenance $7,178.18, a total of $239,595.05. Local cooperation.-Inthe modification of the project by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, a condition was imposed that the State of Rhode Island should contribute $67,792, which was com- plied with. Effect of improvement.-So far as known the improvement has had no effect on freight rates, but the increased width and depth in the channel enables vessels of larger size to reach Pawtucket. Proposed operations.-No further improvement work is contem- plated at this time. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the river consists of coal, lumber and other building material, oil, shellfish, and iron and steel products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ..... ... ...... ..... ......... ...... ......... ...... .................... .... 622,156 $6,211,249.98 1913.......................... ................................................ 520,757 6,196,134.01 1914....... . ........ .... ............................................... ..... 477,413 6,568,853.56 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 127 Financialsummary. GOVERNMENT FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------- $499, 069.78 Maintenance ---- -------------------------------------- 7, 178. 18 Total --------------------------------------------- 506, 247. 96 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..,.......-----..-..--..--..-.........---........--..... .$5,778.25........-- - 4 Maintenance... ......................................... 1,754.17 $5,424.01 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 --------------- ----------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 5,811. 52 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement-- ---------------------------------------- 5, 424. 01 _387. July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 51 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915, new work - --- 67, 792. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, new work------ ------------------- --------------------------- 958. 15 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ 566, 861. 78 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 7, 178. 18 Total -------------------------------------------- 574, 039. 96 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................... $6,736.40.. ............. Maintenance.............................................. ............. $1,754. 17 $5,424.01 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911_______---------- -------------------------------- $5, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 5, 811. 52 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for main- tenance of improvement ----------------------------------- 5, 424. 01 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 387. 51 9. PROVIDENCE RIVER AND HARBOR, R. I. Location.-Providence River is formed at the city of Providence by the junction of the Seekonk (Pawtucket) River and two small streams which rise in northern Rhode Island. It flows southerly from Providence about 8 miles and empties into Narragansett Bay. Provi- dence Harbor is that part of the river north of Fields Point, and the 128 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. length of the section included in the project is about 1.4 miles. It is about 37 miles north of Point Judith Harbor of Refuge at the en- trance to Narragansett Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1108.) Original condition.-Providence River was obstructed by many shoals, at one point in the channel near the head of navigation the minimum depth being but 4.5 feet at mean low water. Providence Harbor was a shallow tidal basin, with a channel of varying widths and depths. Previous project.-The original project was adopted by the act of August 30, 1852; modifications and extensions were adopted by acts of March 3, 1873, June 18, 1878, river and harbor acts of August 2, 1882, August 5, 1886, June 3, 1896, June 13, 1902, March 2, 1907, and June 25, 1910. The total amount expended under this project and its modifications was $2,471,685.70, of which $2,422,730.35 was for new work and $48,955.35 for maintenance. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1750. Present project.-The present project has two parts, one of which was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 919, 60th Cong., 1st sess.), and provides for the removal of a triangular shoal area in the southeastern part of the harbor to a depth of 25 feet at mean low water, at an estimated cost of $184,800. The second part, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913 (H. Doc. No. 1369, 62d Cong., 3d sess.), provides for dredging to 30 feet depth at mean low water all of the harbor from Fox Point to Fields Point, limited on the east and west sides by the harbor lines, excepting the area formerly known as Green Jacket Shoal; for dredging to the same depth an approach channel 600 feet wide south- ward from Fields Point to the deep water of Narragansett Bay at a Point nearly opposite North Point on Popasquash Neck, at an esti- mated cost of $927,800 with $25,000 annually for maintenance. The total length of both river and harbor included within the project is 10.4 miles. The mean tidal variation in the harbor and approach channel is about 4.7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The operations consisted of dredging and a small amount of rock excavation which have resulted in an approach channel 600 feet wide and a harbor from 1,000 to 1,800 feet wide in front of the city of Providence, all 25 feet deep at mean low water except the area in the northern part of the harbor known as Green Jacket Shoal, which was dredged to 25 feet, but has now shoaled to about 20 feet, and two small areas in the southern part of the harbor, the deepening of which is provided for. Also, an extension of the channel from its southerly end 400 feet wide and 25 feet deep by way of the Westerly Passage of Nar- ragansett Bay and the deepening of a shoal opposite Conimicut Light from about 14.4 feet to 29.5 feet and a shoal south of Conimicut Light from 22 feet to 27 feet at mean low water; a total expenditure, exclusive of the cost of previous projects, of $87,324.78, all of which was for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations for the fiscal year under the part of the project adopted in 1913 consisted of dredging in the 30-foot approach channel between Fields Point and its southern extremity at North Point of Popasquash Neck. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 129 The approach channel was divided into two sections, the dividing line being at Bullocks Point Light. In the lower section were five detached shoals, with ample depth between, embracing an aggregate length of about 1.2 miles, all of which have been removed by the Government-owned dredges Gedney and Navesink. The upper sec- tion between Bullocks Point Light and Fields Point, a distance of about 4.4 miles, is under contract. Of this section the channel has been dredged full width up to Sabins Point Light, a distance of 1.4 miles, and to a width of about 400 feet from that point to Fields Point, a distance of about 3 miles, all subject to final survey and cleaning up of shoals which may have been left in the dredging. In the 30-feet deep anchorage area above Fields Point, Providence Har- bor, the Government-owned dredges Gedney and Navesink have been working since the fulfillment of the requirements of the law -for local cooperation. Operations under the part of the project adopted in 1910 consisted of dredging to 25 feet depth in the triangular shoal area in the southeastern part of Providence Harbor. This work is under contract, and was being prosecuted at-the close of the fiscal year. The total expenditures during the fiscal year were $266,192.06, all of which was for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the close of the fiscal year about 52 per cent of the part of the project adopted in 1913 and about 31 per cent of the part of the project adopted in 1910 were completed, or about 48 per cent of all present contemplated work. There is an approach channel 600 feet in width from its southern extremity, opposite the North Point on Popasquash Neck, to Sabins Light, a distance of about 6.4 miles, thence about 400 feet in width to Fields Point, a distance of about 2.6 miles, which has been dredged to about 30 feet depth at mean low water, the limiting lines of the 30-foot deep channel in the upper part being the same as those of the 25-feet deep channel previously dredged between Gaspee Point and Fields Point. About 97 per cent of the area of Provi- dence Harbor has been dredged to 25 feet depth, and the work of deepening the harbor to 30 feet had been commenced. The total expenditure under the existing adopted projects was $353,516.84, all of which was for new work. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, provided as follows: That no work in the harbor proper north of Fields Point shall be done until the Secretary of War is satisfied that the State and city have completed their proposed expenditures in the combined Providence and Pawtucket Harbors up to at least $2,000,000 for public terminals or other permanent public harbor improvements. This was modified by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915 (Rivers and Harbors Committee Doc. No. 9, 63d Cong., 2d sess.), by the addition of the words- or shall have given to the Secretary of War assurance satisfactory to him that the expenditure of the $2,000,000 aforesaid will be completed within a time satisfactory to him and not later than three years from the passage of this amendment. This assurance has been given the Secretary of War and was ap- proved by him June 11, 1915. Effect of improvement.-The deepening of the harbor has modified to a considerable extent the character of the vessels using it. Large 8373 0 -- ENG 1915 9 130 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. steam colliers are replacing some of the coal barges formerly bring- ing coal from southern ports, where the trip involved a considerable ocean voyage, and a trans-Atlantic line of steamers to Mediterranean ports now makes Providence a regular port of call. Proposed operations.--It-isproposed to apply the funds asked for to dredgingto 30 feet diepth in Providence Harbor between Fox Point and"Fields Poirit, d to the removal of any shoal spots that may be found after survey ii that part of the 30-foot channel dredged by Government plant. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists chiefly of coal, oil, lumber, cotton, shellfish, and general merchandise. A large oil producing concern bringing oil from Gulf ports has acquired a tract of land on the east side of the harbor and is dredging slips and building docks to make Providence a distributing point for its prod- ucts. A second oil company producing oil in Mexico has leased property and dredged a slip for local distribution of its products. - Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912---..---....----...--..-..-.........................----------------------------------------------------- 4,585,364 $118, 952,684.92 1913...-------------------------------------------------------------------4,539,805 111, 146, 764.62 1914..........................................--- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . - 4,104,409 254, 014,508.43 Financialsummary. ANCHORAGE AREA ON EAST SIDE. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________________ ____ $164, 800. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement---------- ---- - - - - - 6, 455. 01 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------- ____- 158, 344. 99 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities __ __ -_____-$17, 285. 55 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 69, 140. 93 86, 426. 48 July 1, 1915, balance available__- --------- _____-_____- 71, 918. 51 MAINTENANCE. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------- ---- ______ 9, 868. 13 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 9, 868. 13 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------------------ 79. 44 July 1, 1915, balance available _____--- ____------------ - 9 788. 69 30-FOOT CHANNEL. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _______________________ 32, 715. 49 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914____ 500, 000. 00 532, 715. 49 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------------------------------------ 259, 737. 05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------- ------------------- 272, 978. 44 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities______________--- $74, 941. 65 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 95, 542. 40 170, 484. 05 July 1, 1915, balance available_---- _--------------- -------- 102, 494. 39 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 131 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 4, 1913___ $827, 800. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization_____------ ____ 500, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated _ __---- -____-____ ----- 327, 800. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-- ---- ------------------------------- 1327, 800. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement--------- --- ---- 2327, 800. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-_------------------ 2, 776, 247. 19 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 48, 955. 35 Total ------------------------------------------- 2, 825, 202. 54 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 $128,073.25 $266,192.06 New work---..--...-----------...............................--..---------...........--- Maintenance..................................-----------------------------..---------------................ 39,119.28 2,538.82 ......... Total........................................................ 170,173.25 130,612.07 266,192.06 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911 ------------------ ------------------------- $300, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912------------------ 104, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------- 264, 800. 00 June 23, 1913------------------------------ 30, 000. 00 Aug. 1, 1914--------------------------------------------500, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________________________ 207, 383. 62 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914__ 500, 000. 00 707, 383. 62 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ----------------------------------- ------ 266, 192. 06 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _---------- ----_______ _ 441, 191. 56 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities __________-__$92, 306:64 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts----------- ------------------------- 164, 683. 33 256, 989. 97 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 184, 201. 59 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 4, 1913_ 827, 800. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization_____ __-___ 500, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated----------------------------- 327, 800. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project_________ ------------------------ 327, 800. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement- _________________ 2 327, 800. 00 2This estimate is for appropriation 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. in the next sundry civil act for work under con- tinuing-contract authorization provided by the river and harbor act of 1913. 132 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 10. NEWPORT HARBOR, R. I. Location.-Newport Harbor proper is at the main entrance to Narragansett Bay, with an inner harbor between Goat Island and the city of Newport. It is about 12 miles northeast of the harbor of Point Judith and 48 miles westerly from the harbor of Vineyard Haven, Mass. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts No. 1107 and 1108.) Original condition.-The outer harbor from "The Dumplings " to Gould Island, a distance of about 31 miles, has a width of from 1 to 1 miles, and over a greater portion, a natural depth of from 6 to 23 fathoms. The inner harbor between Goat Island (on which is the United States naval torpedo station) and the city is about 1.1 miles long with varying widths of from 1,500 to 2,000 feet, narrow- ing at one point to 750 feet. Its capacity was limited by shoals and the general business wharves could not be reached by vessels drawing more than 8 feet. Previous project.-The previous project was adopted by the act of March 3, 1873, and modified and extended by the river and harbor acts of March 3, 1881, July 5, 1884, July 13, 1892, and August 17, 1894. The total amount expended under this project and modifica- tions was $244,695.71, of which $234,695.71 was for original work and $10,000 for maintenance. For scope of previous project see Appen- dix, page 1751. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907 (H. Doc. No. 121, 58th Cong., 2d sess., and H. Doc. No. 438, 59th Cong., 2d sess.), and modifications and ex- tensions, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 610, 61st Cong., 2d sess.), provide for a channel 750 feet wide and 18 feet deep at mean low water along the east side and around the southerly end of Goat Island and northward through the harbor, and the partial removal of the shoal at the south end of the island; for an anchorage area of the same depth to extend from the channel eastward to the harbor line, limited on the north by city wharf and the east and west prolongation of the line of its south face, and on the south by a line running in a generally southwesterly direction from Perry Mill Wharf; and for the removal to 18 feet depth of Nourmahal Rock in Brentons Cove, off the Fort Adams shore, and the extension of the 13-foot anchorage area southward from the 18-foot contour to the harbor line, over that portion of the harbor lying to the eastward of the city stone pier, all at a total estimated cost of $483,900 and $5,000 annually for maintenance. The mean tidal variation at the entrance and in the harbor is 3.75 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The operations comprised the dredging, to a depth of 18 feet at mean low water, of the 750-foot wide channel around, and the partial removal of the shoal at, the southerly end of Goat Island, giving a wider and much better turn around the south end of the island; the dredging of the same channel northward through the harbor and the 18-foot deep anchorage area lying between the channel and the east harbor line, except a ledge rock area in the northeastern part and two small rock areas near the central part of the harbor; the removal of Nourmahal Rock in Brentons Cove to the required 18-foot depth, and RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 133 the dredging to 13 feet at mean low water of the area lying between the 18-foot curve and the southerly harbor line and limited on the west by the city stone pier, except small ledge rock areas projecting about 1 foot above the required depth, at a total cost of $374,799.05, all of which was for new work. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The operations con- sisted of dredging and rock removal. The ledge rock in the northern part of the harbor has been removed to the required 18-foot depth, the two small ledge-rock areas near the central part of the harbor and the small rock areas in the 13-foot anchorage area at the south end of the harbor have been partially removed. Work on these areas was in progress under the contract in force at the close of the fiscal year. The total expenditure for the year was $48,069.57, all of which was for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the close of the fiscal year about 95 per cent of the general project had been completed. The approach channel around the south end of Goat Island and the same channel northward through the harbor, the 18-foot deep anchor- age area to the eastward of the channel, except two small ledge-rock areas near the central part of the harbor, and the 13-foot deep anchor- age area at the south end of the harbor, except some small ledge-rock areas, had been dredged to their required depths. The total expendi- ture under the existing adopted project was $422,868.62, all of which was for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.--The deeper and wider channel at the en- trance and through the harbor and the enlargement of the anchorage area have increased the number and size of the vessels using the inner harbor. So far as known the improvement has had no effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate for additional funds is sub- mitted as those on hand are believed to be sufficient to complete all work contemplated at present. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the port consists chiefly of coal, oil, lumber and other building materials, fish and shell fish, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912...--...------......-------.......---.......----------------------------------------............................................ 243,518 .$6,265,404.37 1913 ------------------------------------------------------------ 220, 435 6,606,097.89 ----------------------------------------------------------- 1914........................................................................... 245,928 7,845,781.15 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------- $657, 564. 33 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Total -------------------------------------------------- 667, 564. 33 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................... $25,752.61 $8,681.05 $48,069.57 Maintenance...................................................................... 134 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911----- -------------------------------------- $183, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------- --------- 109, 431.39 Sept. 9, 1914, amount reallotted----- ------ -------- --- 180.15 109, 611. 54 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement-------------------------------------------48, 069. 57 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended 541. 97 6-----------------------------1 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------$3, 634. 08 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 14, 855. 13 18, 489. 21 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 43, 052. 76 11. HARBOR OF REFUGE AT POINT JUDITH, R. I. Location.-PointJudith is the southern extremity of the township of Narragansett, R. I., and marks the southwestern entrance to Narragansett Bay. It is about 50 miles westerly from the harbor of Vineyard Haven, on the island of Marthas Vineyard, and about 23 miles easterly from Stonington Harbor, Conn. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts No. 1107 and No. 1108.) Original condition.-The only protection the site of the harbor afforded was the mainland to the north. A long ledge, known as Squid Ledge, projects over a mile from shore in a direction south by east about 1.5 miles west of the point. This locality was danger- ous for vessels to pass during a storm, especially for the light-built barges transporting coal from New York Bay points to Narragansett Bay. Previous projects.-None. Present project.--The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890 (H. Ex. Doc. No. 66, 51st Cong., 1st sess.), with modifications and extensions by the river and harbor acts of June 13, 1902 (H. Doc. No. 53, 55th Cong., 1st sess.), March 2, 1907, and June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 911, 60th Cong., 1st sess., in part), provides for a main breakwater to be built in part on Squid Ledge, approximately in the form of the letter V, with its apex facing outward in about a south-by-west direction, and lying a con- siderable distance from shore; for a shore-arm breakwater to be built to the eastward of the main breakwater, leaving an entrance to the harbor 1,200 feet in width; for a westerly shore-arm break- water extending out from shore toward the west arm of the main breakwater, leaving an entrance to the harbor 1,500 in width, at a total estimated cost of $2,485,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The operations comprised the construction of the main breakwater, about 6,970 feet in length and 10 feet high above mean low water; of the easterly shore arm, about 2,240 feet in length and same height; of about 3,200 feet of the westerly shore-arm breakwater, of which there is a section 940 feet in length adjacent to the shore built to the proposed height of 8 feet above mean low water, the remaining length having the same height as the other breakwaters. The areas inclosed within RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 135 the lines along which the breakwaters were built and the shore line originally comprised about 640 acres, of which 390 acres had a depth of 25 feet and more at mean low water and 198 acres additional a depth of 18 feet and more at mean low water. The total expenditure prior to the fiscal year was $2,329,803.01, of which $2,244,869.97 was for new work and $84,933.04 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations for the fiscal year consisted of the completion of the westerly shore-arm breakwater to its full length, 3,640 feet, and the making of extensive repairs to the east arm of the main breakwater and the outer end of the easterly shore arm, the unusually severe storm of March 1, 1914, having knocked down the top of the east arm of the main breakwater in numerous places. The damaged parts of the breakwaters have been restored to their original heights. With the completion of the westerly shore-arm breakwater it is expected that the inflow of sand which heretofore had deposited in the western part of the harbor causing a deterioration in depth, will be stopped. This work was done by contract at a total cost of $160,219.15, of which $90,411.15 was for new work and $69,808 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the close of the fiscal year the project had been completed. There had been created a harbor which is fairly suitable for sailing vessels but has poor holding ground. A dangerous reef near the central part, over which there is a minimum depth of 13.5 feet, the limited usual area of the harbor because of shoals, and the exposure of the eastern entrance to the east and south storms of Block Island Sound lessen the advantages of the harbor to commerce. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project was, for new work, $2,335,281.12, and for mainte- nace, $154,741.04, a total of $2,490,022.16. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-So far as known, the improvement has had no effect on freight rates, but the harbor forms a fairly good refuge for vessels during fogs and storms. Proposed operations.-No estimate for additional funds is sub- mitted as those on hand are believed to be sufficient to complete all work authorized at present. Commercialstatistics.-Six hundred and seventy-seven vessels used the harbor during the calendar year 1914. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------------- $2, 335, 281. 12 Maintenance --....----... -- 154, 741. 04 Total -------------------- --- --------- 2, 490, 022. 16 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... . ...................-- - ...... ...... ................... $242,429.11 $179,512.96 $90,411.15 Maintenance ......................................-------.... ..... ......... 17,232.31 13,516.94 69,808.00 Total................... .......................... 259,661.42 193, 029.90 160,219.15 136 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------- -- __ --- $50, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912__ 160, 000. 00 June 23, 1913--------------------------- 290, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 _..- 75, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------183, 738. 18 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 75, 000. 00 Receipts from sales___------------------------------------------- 10. 00 258, 748. 18 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-------------------- $90, 411. 15 For maintenance of improvement _ 9, 808. 00 6---------__ 160, 219. 15 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended.--------------- - 98, 529. 03 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------- 90. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_-- - - - 98, 439. 03 12. ENTRANCE TO POINT JUDITH POND, R. I. Location.-Point Judith Pond is a shallow salt pond with a length north and south of about 4 miles, lying in the rear of the sandy beach of the Rhode Island shore, just west of Point Judith. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 118.) Original condition.-The entrance to the pond was shallow, with uncertain limits and location, and frequently was closed entirely by storms. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project is based on report submitted in House Document No. 60, Fifty-eighth Congress, second session, and was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905, which appropriated $2,000, and provided that this amount, together with the unexpended balances of previous appropriations, should be applied to the extension of the jetties or in dredging, as the Secretary of War might deem most beneficial. The river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, appropriated the further sum of $8,000, to be applied to dredging. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The funds appro- priated prior to and including March 3, 1905, $12,000, were ex- pended in surveys and in extending and strengthening the western jetty originally built by the State. The appropriation of March 2, 1907, had not been expended. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations have been in progress during the fiscal year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The narrow entrance through the sandy beach to the pond produces very strong currents which tend to keep a channel from 12 to 16 feet deep at mean low water in its narrow part and to the building up of shoals at its two ends. Within the pond the channel is narrow and subject to change of location. The total expenditure on this improvement has been $12,000, all of which was for new work. Local cooperation.-Duringthe years 1903-1910 the State of Rhode Island and the town of South Kingston dredged an entrance into RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 137 the pond near the westerly side of Point Judith Harbor of Refuge and constructed two jetties, one on either side to protect the entrance. Effect of improvement.--The improvement has afforded a landing place on either side of the entrance channel for the lobstermen and small fishermen operating in and about Point Judith Harbor. Proposedoperations.-No operations are contemplated at present. Commercial statistics.-There is practically no commerce in the pond excepting a few small fishing boats which carry their cargoes to Wakefield, near the head of the pond, for shipment by rail. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------------------$12, 000 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........... ............................................................. Maintenance........ ................................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------- ------------------- $8, 000 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act, approved Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------8, 000 13. HARBOR OF REFUGE AT BLOCK ISLAND, R. I. Location.-This harbor is on the east side of Block Island near the south end of the inner curve of the shore line. It is 13 miles south by east from Point Judith Harbor and about 25 miles south- easterly from Stonington Harbor, Conn. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 1108.) Original condition.-The site of the harbor was unprotected ex- cept by the shore line of the island which formed a partial shelter from southerly and westerly storms. There was no natural harbor on the island and the small boats used by the fishermen were hauled up on the beach by oxen for safety during storms. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the act of July 11, 1870, and modified and extended by the river and harbor acts of August 5, 1886, August 11, 1888, and June 3, 1896. The total expenditure under this project and its modifications was $531,219.23 of which $500,764.09 was for new work and $30,455.14 for mainte- nance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1752. Present project.-The present project adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912 (H. Doc. No. 828, 60th Cong., 1st sess.), provides for strengthening and rebuilding the old walls inclosing the inner basin and in dredging to a depth of 15 feet at mean low water the anchorage area of the inner and outer harbors and the basin, at a total estimated cost of $132,000.. The mean tidal varia- tion at the entrance and in the harbors is about 3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The operations comprised the building of two breakwaters, one on either side of the harbor, the east one having a length of 1,950 feet curved harborward 138 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. at the outer end, and a height above mean low water of 9 feet; the west one, built L-shaped with arms of equal length and 5 feet high, a length of 1,100 feet, the two breakwaters forming an inner and outer harbor with an ample entrance way between them. Adjacent to the shore with its east wall forming the root of the main break- water, a basin about 300 feet square has been constructed, which in the earlier stages of the improvement was used as a shelter for the contractor's plant. The channel from the ocean to the town wharves has been dredged to 15 feet depth at mean low water and is from 60 to 130 feet wide; its total length is about 1,400 feet, all at a total cost of $20,492.16 of which $20,144.65 was for new work and $347.51 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations consisted of the completion of the removal of a shoal which was formed in the harbor by sand coming over the breakwater during the severe storm of March 1, 1914, and making repairs to the east wall of the inner basin which forms the root of the main breakwater, and which was damaged by the same storm. The work was done under emergency contracts one of which, for dredging, was in force at the close of the fiscal year. At the completion of the contracts, the shoal area in the channel from the ocean to the town wharves had been redredged to 15 feet depth at mean low water and 100 feet wide, and the east wall strengthened and increased in height to pre- vent sand from the outside beach being washed into the basin. Also the outer end of the main breakwater had been repaired at a total cost of $28,450.52 of which $18,984.79 was for new work and $9,465.73 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the close of the fiscal year about 34 per cent of the main project had been completed. There had been dredged a channel from the ocean to the wharves owned by the town, 1,400 feet in length, 15 feet deep at mean low water and from 60 to 130 feet in width, and the greater part of the area within the basin to the same depth; the east wall of the inner basin strengthened and increased in height and the outer end of the main breakwater repaired. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project was $48,942.68, of which $39,129.44 was for new work and $9,813.24 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-So far as known, no effect has been pro- duced on freight rates, but the deepening and widening of the chan- nel allows vessels of greater draft and size to reach the wharves. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for additional funds pending the results of work under the contract, which has just been awarded. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the island consists chiefly of fish, coal, oil, lumber and other building materials, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..-----------------------------------------------.. ..--- 9,952 $549,271.02 1913...............-----..------......-----...---...---.....- -10 416 ----...--..----........................... 590,573.25 1914.......................... ............. 7,661 399,667.75 RIVER AND HIARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 139 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------ $539, 893. 53 ------------------------------------ Maintenance----------------------------------------- 40, 268. 38 Total --------------------------------------------- 580,161. 91 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..-...---......--------.--------...-----------............-..-......--.............--------------............ $20,144.65 $18,984.79 Maintenance-....-..- ...... ----................ ...... ... ..... ......... 347.51 ............ 9, 465.73 -----------. Total --.............--- . . .....-- ............... 347.51 20,144.65 28, 450.52 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ______----------------------------- $12, 500.00 July 25, 1912 ___ ____________ _______________ 30,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913-- --------------------------------- 50,000.00 _ July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------- _ -------------- 83, 867. 58 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: --- For works of improvement____________ ____ $18,984. 79 For maintenance of improvement--------- ----- 9, 465. 73 28, 450. 52 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended________________________ _ 55, 417.06 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities.- __________------------425. 03 July 1, 1915, balance available __________ ___--------54, 992. 03 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------- ------------------------------- 152, 000.00 14. GREAT SALT POND, BLOCK ISLAND, R. I. Location.-Great Salt Pond is located near the central part of the island of Block Island and is 12 miles southwesterly from the har- bor of refuge at Point Judith and 20 miles southeasterly from Ston- ington Harbor, Conn. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1108.) Original condition.-It was a large pond with brackish water, separated from the ocean on the west side by a narrow strip of beach, and contained an area of about 150 acres with a depth exceeding 18 feet at mean low water. Previous project.-None. Present project.-The present project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896 (H. Doc. No. 57, 54th Cong., 1st sess.), with modifications and extensions adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902 (Annual Report for 1900, p. 1277), provides for a channel from the ocean to the pond 600 feet wide to have a central depth of 25 feet for a width of 150 feet, sloping gradually to 12 feet in a width of 504 feet; thence with a bottom slope of 1 on 4 to the low-water level; the channel seaward to be protected on the 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 140 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. south by a jetty extending 350 feet beyond the 18-foot contour and on the north by a jetty about 1,200 feet long; the sides of the channel where it passed through the original beach to be protected by stone revetments and sand fences; all at a total estimated cost of $305,000. The mean tidal variation, in the channel and within the harbor is about 3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Before the adop- tion of the present project the State of Rhode Island and the town of New Shoreham appropriated together $100,000 for securing a channel connecting the pond with the ocean on the west; the channel dimensions and protecting works were in part the same as those of the present adopted project. Under this appropriation there was dredged a channel 300 feet wide and about 12 feet deep at mean low water, protected seaward on the south side by a jetty 837 feet long. A northern jetty had also been started from the shore. By the United States expenditures the south jetty had been extended in length, making a total of 1,691 feet from its initial point on shore, the 25- foot-deep channel 150 feet wide and 3,000 feet long had been com- pleted, and the 18-foot depth had been dredged to a width of 300 feet and the same length, all at a total cost of $210,404.79, of which $189,036.65 was for new work and $21,368.14 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No works of im- provement were in progress during the fiscal year, pending observa- tions of the stability of the channel as far as constructed. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the close of the fiscal year about 58 per cent of the general project had been completed. Some deterioration in depth in the channel had taken place, the minimum usuable depth being about 23 feet at mean low water. The total ex- penditure under the existing adopted project was $210,404.79, of which $189,036.65 was for new work and $21,368.14 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The project was adopted without special con- ditions being imposed, but the State of Rhode Island and town of New Shoreham appropriated and expended $100,000 in the com- mencement of the work. Effect of improvement.-So far as known, no effect has been pro- duced on freight rates by the improvement. The accessibility of the pond gives to vessels a harbor of refuge with an entrance channel of good width and depth and has afforded means of reaching vessels in distress that could not have been reached from the open shore. Proposed operations.--No estimate of funds is submitted pending the determination of the stability of the channel as far as constructed. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the harbor consists chiefly of fish, coal, oil, lumber and other building material, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 141 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------- ---- $189,036.65 Maintenance ----------------- ------------------ 21, 368.14 Total------------------------------------------------- 210, 404. 79 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ......... . .... ..... .. ........... .. . . -...... Maintenance.............................................. 16 ........... ........----------------------------------------------------. 2,369. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------$27, 630. 84 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 247. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-- ---....... 27, 383. 84 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-- ------------------------------ ----- 175, 000. 00 EXAMINATION AND SURVEY REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1913. Reports dated December 11, 1913, and September 30, 1914, with maps, on examination and survey of Buzzards Bay, Mass., with a view to the removal of Cleveland Ledge and other obstructions to such depth as will be suitable for vessels using the Cape Cod Canal; also with a view to providing a depth of 25 feet up to the dredged channel in the harbor of New Bedford, Mass., required by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and transmitted to Congress and printed in House Document No. 1341, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Taunton River, Mass., from its mouth to the head of navigation at Weir Village, with a view of securing a channel of 25 feet depth, or of such depth as may be considered advisable in the interests of commerce. 2. Wickford Harbor, R. I. 3. Point Judith Pond, R. I., from Point Judith Harbor of Refuge to Wakefield. 4. Onset Bay, Mass., for the deepening and widening of the existing channel from Onset to the vicinity of Wickets Island, for the construction of an anchorage basin in Onset Bay, and for the construction of a channel between Wickets Island and Onset Island to the Cape Cod Canal channel above Monument Beach. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 142 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE NEW LONDON, CONN., DISTRICT. This district includes the river and harbor improvements in Con- necticut, including the Pawcatuck River, Conn. and R. I., and the Connecticut River, Conn. and Mass. District officer: Maj. G. B. Pillsbury, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. F. V. Abbot, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Pawcatuck River, R. I. and 10. New Haven Harbor, Conn__ 161 Conn_ ________-_- _ __- - 142 11. Breakwaters at New Haven, 2. Harbor at Stonington, Conn_ 144 Conn________________-__ 164 3. Mystic River, Conn ._______ 146 12. Milford Harbor, Conn____ - 166 4. New London Harbor, Conn__ 148 13. Housatonic River, Conn__. 168 5. Thames River, Conn- -- __. 150 14. Bridgeport Harbor, Conn___ 171 6. Connecticut River, above 15. Norwalk Harbor, Conn____ 174 Hartford, Conn-----------152 16. Harbors at Fivemile River, 7. Connecticut River, below Stamford, Southport, Hartford, Conn_. __- - 154 Greenwich and Westport 8. Harbor of refuge, Duck Harbor and Saugatuck Island Harbor, Conn_---- 157 ....------- River, Conn--- 176 9. Branford Harbor, Conn- -- _ 159 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2077 TO 2102. 1. PAWCATUCK RIVER, R. I. AND CONN. Location.-Formed by the junction of the Wood and Charles Rivers in southwestern Rhode Island, the river flows westerly and southerly 18 miles and enters Little Narragansett Bay about 13 miles east of New London Harbor. The lower 9 miles is the bound- ary between Rhode Island and Connecticut. The tidal section from the mouth to Westerly, R. I., 5 miles, together with the entrance through Little Narragansett Bay extending 22 miles westerly to Fishers Island Sound at Stonington, is under improvement. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth was 44 feet through the bay; in the river the channel was crooked and obstructed by numerous shoals and rocks, the depth being 1 to 1l feet. The head of navigation is at Westerly, 5 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871, and modified by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886. The amount expended prior to opera- tions under the present project was $97,500.01. For scope of pre- vious projects, see Appendix, page 1752. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel 10 feet deep from Stonington, Conn., to Westerly, R. I., with a width of 200 feet from Stonington to Avondale, R. I., a distance of about 4 miles; a width of 100 feet from Avondale to the lower wharves at Westerly, a distance of about 3 miles; a width of 40 feet between the upper and lower wharves of Westerly, a distance of about one-half mile; and the removal of obstructions at Watch Hill, at the south- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 143 eastern part of Little Narragansett Bay. The plane of reference is mean low water, the tidal range being 2.6 feet at the mouth of the river and 2.3 feet at the head of navigation. The estimated cost of the improvement was $200,361.60 for new work. The estimated cost was in 1913 reduced to $149,732.97 from the beginning, as much of the work has been accomplished at prices less than originally estimated. There is no approved estimate for maintenance. The project appears in House Document No. 62, Fifty-fourth Con- gress, first session, and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. The river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, authorized the expenditure of $1,000 in the removal of obstructions at Watch Hill. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channels have been dredged to project dimensions, except that the channel in the bay has a general width of but 100 feet and the channel in the river at Pawcatuck Rocks has a width of but 80 feet. The most obstructive bowlders in the vicinity of Watch Hill have been removed. The im- provement has been maintained by dredging. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the project was, for new work, $80,730.90; maintenance, $15,526.39; total, 96,257.29. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no operations. The expenditures were for administration and inspec- tion and amounted to $211.07. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 74 per cent completed, providing the depths prescribed, and the prescribed widths, except through the bay and at Pawcatuck Rocks in the river. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water to West- erly is 9 feet. The expenditures under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year are, for new work, $80,730.90; for maintenance, $15,737.46; total, $96,468.36. The proportionate cost of the completed improvement is 54.4 per cent less than the original estimate, the sav- ing amounting to $67,566.24. Local cooperation.-No conditions for local cooperation were pre- scribed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. Obstructive bowlders have been removed from the bay at Watch Hill by the Watch Hill Improvement Association at a cost of $1,025. Effect of improvement.-The improvement affords the town of Westerly the benefit of water transportation, which could not be car- ried on under modern conditions in the river in its natural state. The improvement has resulted in a reduction of the rates on bulk com- modities. Proposed operations.-It is expected that the funds available for this improvement on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by July 1, 1916. The work proposed during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is maintenance dredging in the channel at the entrance to Little Narra- gansett Bay. While the amount of material that must be removed at this locality can not be predicted with certainty, the estimate is based on the following itemization: Dredging, 3,000 cubic yards, at 30 cents------------------------$900 Administration, superintendence, and contingencies___------------------ 100 Total ---------------------------------------- 1, 000 144' REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The channels of dimensions now completed appear to satisfactorily meet the demands of commerce, and no estimate for additional funds toward completion of the project is therefore made at this time. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the cal- endar year were coal, lumber, and paving blocks. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ..---- -------------------------------------------------------------- 55,522 $393,626.16 1913-----.. ------- ------...... --- ------. ---------------------------------- 56,400 351,509.01 1914. . . . 47,506 331,949.25 ..--------------------------------------------------------------- Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $178,230.91 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 5, 737. 46 Total ------------------ --------------------------- 193, 968. 37 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................. .... ................ ... ............ $13,386.57 $3,846.21 .. Maintenance.........................................................--- 295.62 150.36 $211.07 Total......... ..... ... ..... ..... 13, 19 682. 3,996.57 211.07 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------- $6, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___ ----------------------------- 3, 373. 97 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ - 1, 000. 00 4, 373. 97 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement -------------------------------------------- 211. 07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___----------------------------- 4, 162. 90 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 2, 446. 55 July 1, 1915, balance available__-------------------------------- 1, 716. 35 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project______--------------------------------------- 70,000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------_.. 1, 000. 00 2. HARBOR AT STONINGTON, CONN. Location.-On the north shore of Fishers Island Sound, near its outlet to the ocean and about 9 miles east of New London Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 145 Original condition.-Originallyan open bay, exposed to southerly storms, about 1 mile long and three-eighths of a mile wide, with mini- mum usable depths of 17 feet at entrance, 12 feet midway up the harbor, and 6 feet opposite wharves. The head of navigation is immediately above the inner wharves. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of May 23, 1828, and modified by the river and harbor acts of March 3, 1873, and March 3, 1875. The amount expended prior to operations under the present project was $184,453.83. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1753. Present project.-The present project, with its modifications, pro- vides for the construction of an eastern breakwater, about.half a mile long, extending from the vicinity of Bartletts Reef to the vicinity of the Middle Ground Shoal or until it gives sufficient protection to the harbor against southerly winds, together with dredging a cut across Noyes Shoal about 500 feet long, 200 feet wide, and 17 feet deep, and the construction of a dike or water break around Stonington Point. The plane of reference is mean low water, the mean tidal range being 2.7 feet. The estimated cost was approximately $151,000 for new work. There was no estimate for maintenance. The documents con- taining the plans for improvement and the dates of adoption are: Eastern breakwater, Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1881, page 583, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880; Noyes Shoal dredging, Reports of the Chief of Engineers for 1893, page 891, and for 1895, page 699, adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894; dike or water break, Report of the Chief of Engi- neers for 1896, page 664, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-An inner break- water or pier, 740 feet in length, had been constructed for the pro- tection of the inner harbor, and two breakwaters, designated the east and west, respectively, had been constructed for the protection of the outer harbor; a shoal in the inner harbor had been dredged to a depth of 12 feet; and a channel 17 feet deep and 160 feet wide had been dredged across Noyes Shoal outside of the entrance. A water- break had been constructed around Stonington Point. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the present project was $153,000, all of which was for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--Repair of the east and west breakwaters was begun, under contract, and nearly com- pleted by the end of the fiscal year. A total of 4,953.46 long tons of stone was placed during the year. The expenditures were for maintenance and amounted to $4,284.18. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--The approved project has been completed, and on completion of the work in progress the breakwaters will be left in good condition. The expenditures under the project up to the close of the fiscal year are, for new work, $153,000; for maintenance, $4,284.18; total, $157,284.18. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The breakwaters serve a most useful end in providing a harbor of refuge for barges and other craft passing through Fishers Island Sound. The effect of the improvement on freight rates can not be definitely stated. 8373 0 -ENG 1915-10 146 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed other than the completion of repairs to the east and west breakwaters, for which sufficient funds are available. Commercial statistics.-The number of vessels seeking shelter in the harbor from November 22, 1914, to December 31, 1914, was 188. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------- $337, 453. 83 Maintenance------------------- ------------------- 4, 284. 18 Total --- --- --------------------------- 341, 738. 01 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. ... ....................................................... Maintenance ............................................ ... ............ ............ $4,284.18 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914---------------------.......------- ------------------------ $6, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 210. 22 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 6, 000. 00 6, 210. 22 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------- 4, 284. 18 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 1, 926.04 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------- $1, 148. 96 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts- 45.15 1, 194. 11 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------------------- 731. 93 3. MYSTIC RIVER, CONN. Location.-The river has its source in southeastern Connecticut, flows in a southerly direction 8 miles and empties into Fishers Island Sound at Noank, 5 miles east of New London. The portion under improvement is the lower 3.8 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth was 15 feet to Mystic, except for a short distance where the depth was 10 feet; thence 10 feet for eight-tenths mile; and thence 6 feet for one-third mile farther to the head of navigation. The channel was narrow and crooked. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890. The amount expended prior to operations under the present project was $36,600. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1753. Present project.-The present project with its modification pro- vides for the restoration and maintenance of the original project, namely, a channel 100 feet wide and 15 feet deep from Fishers Island Sound to the highway bridge at Mystic, a distance of about 2j miles, and the reducing of five bends in the natural cbannel; and in addition thereto, for a channel, having a general width of 100 feet and a depth of 12 feet, from the highway bridge at Mystic northerly RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 147 about one-half mile to a point 700 feet above the wharf of the Mystic Manufacturing Co. The plane of reference is mean low water, the mean tidal range being 2.5 feet. The estimated cost of the improve- ment was $11,660 for new work and about $400 per annum for main- tenance. The documents containing the plans for improvement and the dates of the acts of adoption are: House Document No. 858, Sixty-first Congress, second session, adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and House Document No. 637, Sixty-second Congress, second session, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channels have been dredged to project dimensions except that the channel above the highway bridge is slightly deficient in width. The amount ex- pended subsequent to the adoption of the project was, for new work, $8,025.50; for maintenance, $3,578.41; total, $11,603.91. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations were limited to administration, inspection, and surveys to determine the condition of the channels. The expenditure amounted to $136.63 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 98.3 per cent completed, providing the depths prescribed, and the prescribed widths except above the highway bridge. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water is 14 feet to the highway bridge at Mystic, and thence 11 feet to a point 1,200 feet above the wharf of the Mystic Manufacturing Co. The expenditures under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year are, for new work, $8,025.50; for maintenance, $3,715.04; total, $11,740.54. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been to facilitate navigation. The most recent improvement, that above the highway bridge, resulted in a reduction of 5 cents per ton in freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is made, as the channels are in good condition and appear to satisfactorily meet the demands of commerce. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the calendar year were coal, stone, and lumber. Comparative statement. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------- ------------------------------ $44, 625. 50 Maintenance----------------------------------- ------- 3, 715. 04 Total--------------------------------------------- 48, 340. 54 148 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................ ............ ........... $197.20 7.......... $7,828.30 Maintenance......................................................... 3,405.53 172.88 $136. 63 Total............ ...................................... 3,602.73 8,001.18 136.63 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-__ - _ $3, 500. 00 1913_______________ Mar. 4, Mar 113------------------------------------------------ 4 8,160.00 8,100 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------208. 50 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------- 136. 63 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ __ _ --- __-______ _ 71. 87 4. NEW LONDON HARBOR, CONN. Location.-On the north shore of Long Island Sound, at its east- ern end, and about 14 miles east of the mouth of the Connecticut River. The harbor comprises the lower 3 miles of the Thames River and includes Shaws and Winthrop coves, both lying on the westerly side near its head. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.--The original minimum usable low-water depth in the main channel to the head of the harbor was 26 feet for a width of from one-quarter to 1 miles; along the New London dock front, 10 to 15 feet; in Shaws Cove, 2 to 8 feet; and in Winthrop Cove, 7 to 14 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, as a part of the improvement of the Thames River, and as a separate project by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881. A project for Shaws Cove as a part of the im- provement of the Thames River was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892. The amount expended prior to operations under the present project was $40,800, of which $21,000 was applied to Shaws Cove and is included in the expenditures reported under Thames River. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1753. Present project.-The present project with its modification pro- vides for a ship channel 400 feet or more in width, 23 feet deep, and about 6,000 feet long in the main harbor, skirting the water front of the city, and for dredging Shaws Cove to a depth of 15 feet. The depths refer to the plane of mean low water, the mean tidal range being 2.6 feet. The estimated cost of the improvement is-for new work, $157,000, and for maintenance, $1,300 per annum. The docu- ments containing the plans for improvement and the dates of the acts of adoption are: Main harbor, House Document No. 392, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902; Shaws Cove, House Document No. 329, Sixtieth Congress, first session, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--The channel skirt- ing the water front in the main harbor and Shaws Cove had both RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 149 been dredged to project dimensions. The amount expended subse- quent to the adoption of the project was as follows: For new work: In the main harbor ------------------------ $141, 460. 00 In Shaws Cove____ ______________________ 10, 870. 55 $152, 330. 55 For maintenance: In the main harbor-- -- __------------40. 00 In Shaws Cove- . -__------------------ 908. 66 948. 66 Total ---------------- ----------------------------- 153, 279. 21 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations were limited to administration and inspection. Expenditures amounted to $383.75, of which $314.93 was applied to the main harbor and $68.82 to Shaws Cove for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project is com- pleted, providing the depths and widths prescribed. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water to opposite all the prin- cipal docks in the main harbor is 21 feet and in Shaws Cove 14 feet. The expenditures under the existing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year are, for new work, $152,330.55; for maintenance, $1,332.41; total, $153,662.96. The project has been completed for slightly less than the estimate, the saving amounting to $4,669.45. Local cooperation.-None prescribed by law. The State of Con- necticut is engaged in the construction of a pier with modern terminal transfer facilities at an estimated cost of $1,000,000. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been to materially reduce freight rates. Proposed operations.-None. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the calendar year, as usual, were general merchandise, coal, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. ........................................................... 907,990 $107,688,345.90 1913........................................................................ 924,127 112,332,489.00 1914........................................................................ 824,095 102,871,515.53 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------ ----------------------- $172, 10. 55 Maintenance _______--___-------------------------- 1, 332. 41 Total---__- -------------- --------------- 173, 462. 96 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........... ......................... .............. ....... $10,895. 70 ................ Maintenance.. . .... ...... ... ............................. 900.00 $48.66 $383.75 Total................. ....... ......... ............... 11, 795. 70 48. 66 383. 75 150 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__---------------------------- $2, 122. 79 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_ ------------------------------------------ 383. 75 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 1, 739. 04 5. THAMES RIVER, CONN. Location.-Thames River is a tidal stream extending from the junction of the Yantic and Shetucket Rivers at Norwich, Conn., 15 miles southerly to Long Island Sound at New London. The lower 3 miles constitutes New London Harbor. The improvement em- braces the remainder, 12 miles in length. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.--The original minimum usable low-water depths and widths were: New London to Bartletts Crossover, 4 miles, 26 feet deep and 250 feet wide; Bartletts Crossover to Allyns Point, 2 miles, 13 feet deep and 300 feet wide; and thence to Norwich, 6 miles, about 6 feet deep and generally narrow. The head of naviga- tion is at Norwich. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 4, 1836. The amount expended prior to oper- ations under the present project was $40,300. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1754. Present project.-The present project with its modifications pro- vides for a channel 200 feet in width and of 20-foot depth up to Allyns Point; thence of the same width and 14 feet deep to the head of navigation at Norwich; the construction of five training walls, located, respectively, at Mohegan, Trading Cove, Long Rock, Rolling Mill, and Norwich, with their tops at mean high water; and the re- moval of obstructions in the Shetucket River at Norwich. All depths refer to the plane of mean low water, the mean tidal range being 2.6 feet at New London, and 3.1 feet at the head of navigation. The es- timated cost of the entire improvement, including operations in New London Harbor prior to 1902 and in Shaws Cove prior to 1910, is, for new work, $514,071.74, and for maintenance, $9,500 per annum. The documents containing the plans for improvement and the dates of the acts of adoption are: Dredging in river, Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1866, Part IV, page 197, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 23, 1866; Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1879, page 332, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879; removal of shoal in New London Harbor, Report of the Chief of Engi- neers for 1878, page 397, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880; training walls and increased width of channel in river, Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1882, page 606, adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882; dredging to Allyns Point, Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1889, page 655, adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888; dredging in Shaws Cove, House Document No. 73, Fifty-first Congress, second session, and in Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1891, page 833, adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892; dredging to Allyns Point, House Document No. 265, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907; and removal of obstructions in Shetucket River, House Document No. 397, Sixty-first Congress, second session, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 151 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All channels have been dredged to project dimensions, the training walls have been es- sentially completed, and the obstructions in Shetucket River have been removed to project depth. The improvement has been main- tained by dredging. The amount expended subsequent to the adop- tion of the project was, for new work, $447,424.51; for maintenance, $61,063.89; total, $508,488.40, of which $21,000 was expended in Shaws Cove prior to the adoption of the present project for New London Harbor. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year Long Rock Dike was restored to project dimensions, and work on the restoration of Trading Cove Dike had been started, the work being done by Government and hired plant and hired labor. The expenditure for the repair of dikes was $4,831.63. Dredging was begun, under contract, to restore the 20-foot channel to Allyns Point to project dimensions, and the work was in progress at the end oi the fiscal year, the channel at Bartletts Crossover then being nearly completed. The expenditure for dredging was $1,622.06. The total expenditure, including the expenses of administration and inspec- tion, amounted to $8,185.56, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, pro- viding a channel 200 feet wide and 20 feet deep from New London Harbor to Allyns Point, a distance of 6 miles, thence a channel 200 feet wide and 14 feet deep to the head of navigation, at Norwich, a further distance of 6 miles. The training walls have been completed except the upper end of the Rolling Mill Dike, replaced by adjacent shore improvements. The repair of the Trading Cove Dike is not yet completed. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water is 19 feet to Allyns Point, thence to Norwich 13 feet, and 12 feet in the Shetucket River to the town dock. The expenditures under the existing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal yeas are, for new work, $447,424.51; for maintenance, $69,249.45; total, $516,673.96. The cost of the completed improvement is $61,506.52, or 12.1 per cent, less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-No conditions for local cooperation were pre- scribed by law at the time of the adoption or modification of the project. In 1835-36 the Merchants' Bank of Norwich expended $3,679 in dredging channels in the vicinity of Norwich, and in re- cent years considerable amounts of dredging have been done by pri- vate interests to connect their wharves with the channels provided by the United States. Effect of improvement.-The work done has reduced the cost of transportation by enabling freight to be brought in vessels of 16 and 22 foot draft, instead of 8-foot draft. The river commerce of the present day could not be carried except for the increased depths thus obtained. Proposed operations.-It is anticipated that the funds availale June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. The work pro- posed during the fiscal year 1917 is the restoration of the channel between Allyns Point and Norwich. An itemized statement of this work, so far as it can be predicted, is as follows: Dredging, 40,000 cubic yards, at 20 cents_ ____..-----------__ $8, 000 Administration, superintendence, and contingencies_ ______________ 1, 000 Total _9-----------------------------,-------- 000 152 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the cal- endar year were general merchandise, coal, lumber, stone, and paper stock. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............. .. ............... ........................................... 565,480 $8,779,172.39 650,554 1913-----..-....-..----..-...-..--..----.............-----------------------------------------............................. 1914------------------------------------------------------------------ 1914... .... .. . ................................................. 4950,654 9,114,246.54 8,110,46.50 ....... 490,605 8,110,426.50 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------- ------------------------------- $487, 724. 51 Maintenance----------------------_ 69, 249.45 Total-------------------------------- 556, 973. 96 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....................................... ......... ....... 7,581.32 .. .... Maintenance................................................... 17,815.74 $9,801.16 $8,185.56 Total........ ..................................... 25,397.06 9,801.16 8,185.56 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------- $12, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-----------------------------------------------5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------- 14, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---- ------------------- 3, 317. 14 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 _ 14, 500. 00 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------- 3. 50 22, 820. 64 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------ 8, 185. 56 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------- 14, 635. 08 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _____________----------- 5, 742. 94 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------------- 8, 892. 14 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement -------------------- 9, 000. 00 6. CONNECTICUT RIVER ABOVE HARTFORD, CONN. Location.-The Connecticut River has its source at Connecticut Lake, in northern New Hampshire, flows southerly between New Hampshire and Vermont and through Massachusetts and Connecti- 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 153 cut, a distance of 345 miles, and empties into Long Island Sound at Saybrook, 14 miles west of New London. Hartford is 51.9 miles from its mouth and Holyoke is 34 miles above Hartford. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Con- necticut.) Originalcondition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth was about 2 feet from Hartford, 101 miles, to the foot of Enfield Rapids; thence, 5 miles to the head of the rapids, the river could be navigated only with great difficulty by boats of shallow draft; and thence, 18 miles to Holyoke, the available depth was about 5 feet. Previous projects.)-None. Present project.-No comprehensive project has been adopted. Improvement was authorized by the river and harbor act of July 11, 1870, and prosecuted by the construction of wing dams and, on one occasion, by dredging, under plans described in the Reports of the Chief of Engineers for 1871, page 761, and 1880, page 565. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Several wing dams were constructed prior to 1886, and some dredging was done in 1873. One of these wing dams became an obstruction to navigation, and its removal was in progress at the beginning of the year. The expendi-. ture prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was, for new work, in- cluding surveys for a comprehensive project, $116,324.81; for mainte- nance, $1,808.48; total, $118,133.29. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The upper dike at the mouth of the Farmington River, constructed in 1871, was re- moved by contract to a depth of 5 feet below mean low water, and two small stone piers located a short distance above the dike were also removed by subsequent agreement. The expenditure was for maintenance and amounted to $7,182.04. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The only one of the old wing dams that had become objectionable is removed. The maxi- mum draft that can be carried at mean low water through the sec- tion between Hartford and the Enfiel Rapids, which is the shoalest section, is between 2 and 3 feet. The expenditure has been, for new work, including surveys for a comprehensive project, $116,324.81; for maintenance, $8,990.52; total, $125,315.33. Local cooperation.-No conditions for local cooperation have been prescribed by law. About 1830 a dam 1,500 feet long and canal 5.3 miles long, with 4 locks, was built at Enfield Rapids by the Connec- ticut River Co., at a cost reported as about $1,000,000. The canal is maintained by that company primarily for power uses. The locks are about 19.5 by 88 feet, with 3-foot depth at lower-lock sill at low water. During 1909 and 1914 bars between Hartford and Windsor Locks were dredged by the Springfield Navigation Co. to provide a channel about 3 feet deep and 35 feet wide, at a cost of $5,100. Between 1891 and 1914 the Commonwealth of Massachusetts constructed about 5,050 linear feet of shore-protective works at West Springfield and Agawam, at a cost of $23,499.13. Effect of improvement.-No permanent benefit has resulted from the work so far done by the United States, and none is to be antici- pated until a comprehensive project is adopted. Proposed operations.-None. 154 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-There is no navigation of a commercial character other than the operation of small excursion steamers in the reach above Enfield Rapids. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------------$116, 324. 81 Maintenance -__-_ _______ __---__-__ _ .- 8, 990. 52 Total------------------------------------------------- 125, 315. 33 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .......................................................... $24.64 ............ Maintenance......................................... ............ ....... 1,480.36 $328.12 7,182.04 Total....-.-.....-..-................-1,505.00 328.12 7,182.04 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-,------------------------------------------$25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended - __________-__--- ___-__-_ 23, 195.02 Deduction on account of transfer, under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915_ 10, 000. 00 13, 195. 02 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement _________________________ - - 7,182. 04 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---- , 012. 98 6___________________ July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_____________________ ___ 89. 43 July 1, 1915, balance available__ - , 923. 55 5___________________ 7. CONNECTICUT RIVER BELOW HARTFORD, CONN. Location.-The river has its source at Connecticut Lake in north- ern New Hampshire; flows southerly between New Hampshire and Vermont, and through Massachusetts and Connecticut, 345 miles, and empties into Long Island Sound at Saybrook, 14 miles west of New London. The improvement here considered extends from the mouth to Hartford, a distance of 51.9 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth was 7 feet over the bar at Saybrook and thence about 5 feet to Hartford, the head of commercial navigation. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 4, 1836, and a second project by the river and harbor act of July 11, 1870. The amount expended prior to opera- tions under the present project was $649,382.07. For scope of pre- vious projects see Appendix, page 1754. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel 12 feet deep and 100 feet wide at mean low water (2 feet on the Hart- ford gauge) from Hartford to the bar at the mouth of the river, RIVER AND IIAIRBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 155 51.3 miles, and for a channel across the bar 300 feet wide; 15 feet. deep at mean low water, and about six-tenths of a mile long, the channels to be obtained by dredging and the construction of dikes, training walls, and revetments at an estimated cost of $177,000. The estimated cost of maintenance is $15,000 per annum until such time as dikes and training walls are completed, and $7,000 per annum thereafter. The project also provides for the maintenance of the jetties at the mouth of the river. The mean tidal range is 3.4 feet at the mouth of the river, and, on low water, 1.2 feet at Hartford. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of February 27, 1911, in accordance with a plan printed in House Document No. 1294, Sixty-first Congress, third session. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under previous projects two parallel jetties had been constructed for the purpose of maintaining a channel across Saybrook Bar at the mouth of the river, a training dike had been constructed at Hartford Bar, and a channel through the river bars maintained by annual dredging. Under the present project the channel through the bar at the mouth of the river was completed; the dredging necessary to secure a chan- nel of project dimensions thence to Hartford was 65 per cent com- pleted; and training and regulating works had been built at Sears Shoal and Press Barn Bar, and were under construction at Clay Banks Bar. The improvement was maintained by dredging. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the project was, for new work, $82,995.33; for maintenance, $51,160.64; total, $134,155.97. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year the channels through the river bars throughout the entire sec- tion were kept open for navigation by dredging, and the initial dredging necessary to secure a channel of full project dimensions was essentially completed, the work being done mainly by formal contract; the river was cleared of snags by Government lighter. The expenditure for dredging and snagging, including inspection and field expenses was, for new work, $4,598.88; for maintenance, $14,222.53; total, $18,821.41. The training dike at Clay Banks Bar, under construction by contract at the beginning of the year, was completed, 750 linear feet of new work being constructed during the fiscal year; the training dike at Sears Shoal was raised from its former height of 4 feet above mean low water to 6 feet above mean low water, in part by contract and in part by hired labor; repairs and minor extensions were made to the various training works, par- ticularly those at Press Barn Bar, by hired labor; the revetment of the bank at Wethersfield was commenced, under contract, 525 linear feet being completed during the fiscal year. The expenditure for dikes, training walls, and revetments was for new work, $24,238.64; for maintenance, $3,605.85; total, $27,844.49. Extensive repairs to the inshore arm of the west jetty at the mouth of the river were made, by hired labor, at a cost of $4,932.25. The expenditures during the year, including general administration and payment of liabilities outstanding at the beginning of the year, were, for new work, $30,512.25; for maintenance, $34,855.18; total, $65,367.43. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project may be considered 85 per cent completed; the channel through the bar at 156 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. the mouth of the river, 300 feet wide and 15 feet deep at mean low water, being entirely completed; the channel in the river, 100 feet wide and 12 feet deep, being so far completed as to be essentially in the status of maintenance; and the construction of dikes, training walls, and revetments to the extent contemplated by the project, 75 per cent completed. The west jetty at Saybrook is in good condition, minor repairs only to restore slight damages to the new slopes during the winter storms being necessary. Extensive repair to the east jetty, while not pressing, will eventually be necessary. The least depth on any bar at any time during the fiscal year (except when the water surface was below its mean low level) is believed to have been but slightly less than 11 feet, vessels drawing 10.5 feet never experiencing serious delay. The maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, at mean low water through the river was 11 feet. The expendi- tures under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year are: For new work, $113,507.58; for maintenance, $86,015.82; total, $199,523.40. Local cooperation.-No conditions for local cooperation were pre- scribed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. On various occasions between 1884 and 1904, when funds for maintenance were lacking or insufficient, channels through the various bars, sufficient to pass a regular line of steamboats, were maintained by dredging by the Hartford & New York Transportation Co., at a cost of $28,384.18. Previous to 1868 dredging and regulation work were done by private and municipal interests at a cost in excess of $93,000. Effect of improvement.-The work done has afforded the city of Hartford and other river ports the advantage of water transporta- tion and has effected a reduction in the rates on bulk commodities. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted or pledged by the end of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916. For the essential maintenance dredging during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, the following itemized estimate is submitted: Dredging, 100,000 cubic yards, at 13 cents_----------------------- $13, 000 Administration, superintendence, and contingencies_____----,___ 2, 000 Total --- ------------------------------------------ 15, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the cal- endar year were coal, general merchandise, stone, and fertilizer. Comparative statement. [Including Eightmile River.] Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 619,445 $39,443,282.94 1912.................................................................................................. 1913 ............ . ...... ............................................... .... 644,633 38,843,681.52 1914.......................................... .......................... 559,728 35,193,842.88 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-__________-____________ $400, 881. 87 Maintenance --- ______________________-- - - - 448, 023.60 Total --- - -- - _______________________ 848, 905. 47 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 157 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................ .............. .............. $35,690. 43 $33,489.99 $30, 512.25 Maintenance . .. .... .................. ... 11, 779.28 28,186.08 34, 855.18 Total............. ............................... 47, 469.71 61,676.07 65,367.43 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ----------------------------------------- $77, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912----- __------------------ 40, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 June 23, 1913- 0,000.00 6------------------------------ Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------30, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------90, 495. 36 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 30, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-- _----- - _________ ------------- __ 8. 25 120, 503. 61 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_____________________ $30, 512. 25 For maintenance of improvement-.------------ 34, 855. 18 65, 367. 43 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------___ _ ______ 55, 136. 18 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------- 7, 652. 96 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 20, 591. 10 28, 244. 06 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------- 26, 892. 12 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement______ ___________ _ 15, o0000 8. HARBOR OF REFUGE, DUCK ISLAND HARBOR, CONN. Location.-Duck Island Harbor is a small bay on the north shore of Long Island Sound, approximately midway between New London and New Haven Harbors and about 23 miles distant from each. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-In its original condition the harbor afforded practically no shelter in winds from the east around through the south to the west, but afforded good protection from all northerly winds. The usable low-water depth for anchorage was about 16 feet over a considerable portion of the bay. Previous projects.--The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890. The amount expended prior to operations under the present project was $120,202. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1755. Present project.-The present project provides for the construc- tion of three riprap breakwaters, viz, a breakwater extending north- wardly from Duck Island a distance of 1,100 feet; a breakwater ex- 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 158 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. tending westwardly from Duck Island 2,697 feet; and a breakwater extending southwardly from Stone Island, just south of Kelsey Point,' a distance of 3,750 feet; the three breakwaters to be S feet wide on top, 9 feet high above mean low water, with side slopes of 2 on 3, except on the northerly side of the breakwater extending westwardly from Duck Island and the westerly side of the break- water extending northwardly from Duck Island, where the slopes are to be 1 on 1. The mean tidal range is 4.2 feet. The original estimated cost of the improvement was $350,000, reduced to $310,000 in 1913 and to $299,000 in 1914, for new work, and $5,000 once in 10 years for maintenance. The plan of improvement is printed in House Document No. 398, Sixtieth Congress, first session. The proj- ect was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The breakwater at Kelsey Point and the breakwater extending northerly from Duck Island had been completed to project dimensions. Contract had been entered into for enlarging to project dimensions the breakwater. con- structed under the original project, extending westerly from Duck Island, and one load of stone delivered. The amount expended sub- sequent to the adoption of the project was $269,088.55, all of which was for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year the breakwater extending westerly from Duck Island was brought to full project dimensions, 15,721.97 long tons of riprap and capstones being placed by contract. The breakwater extending northerly from Duck Island was repaired in part by open-market agreement and in part by Government plant, a total of 2,030.75 long tons of riprap being placed. The amount expended for new work was $23,095.29; for maintenance, $3,856.44; total $26,951.73. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project is com- pleted. The total expenditures under the existing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year are: For new work, $292,183.84; for maintenance, $3,856.44; total, $296,040.28. The project has been completed for less than the original estimate, the amount of saving being $57,816.16. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement affords shelter for the passing commerce of Long Island Sound, adding materially to the safety thereof, it being the only suitable harbor of refuge in a reach of 46 miles. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed other than minor repairs which may become necessary, and for which sufficient funds are available. Commercial statistics.-The number of vessels reported as having taken refuge in the harbor was 1,245 in the calendar year 1912, 905 in 1913, and 975 in 1914, made up principally of schooners, tugs with tows, and yachts. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $407,051. 74 Maintenance __ _ __ __ _ 9,190. 54 ....-..-. Total--- - - - - --- 416, 242. 28 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 159 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............ ... .. ................. ...... $104,646.46 $85,135.63 $23,095.29 Maintenance. ..---... ... .. .. .... .. ....... .... .856.....44 3...3 Total......... ........... 104,646.4685,135.63 26,951.73 ........................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------ ------------ $100, 000.00 Aug. 24, 1912 ------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 June 23, 1913 ------------------------------------- - 82, 000.00 Aug. 1, 1914 ---------------------------------- 7,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------- 23, 948. 67 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914-. 7, 000. 00 30, 948. 67 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement----------------------$23, 095. 29 For maintenance of improvement ----------------- 3, 856. 44 26, 951. 73 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------- 3,996. 94 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 15. 67 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------------- 3, 981.27 Amount of continuing contract authorization, act of Feb. 27, 1911__ 190, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization ------------------- 139, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated ___________________ _-151, 000. 00 9. BRANFORD HARBOR, CONN. Location.-On the north shore of Long Island Sound, 5 miles east of New Haven Harbor. It includes the navigable portion of Bran- ford River, 12 miles in length. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depths were about 7 feet in the outer and inner harbors, 12 feet in the river to near the lower wharves, and thence less than 6 feet by a very narrow channel to the upper wharves at the head of navigation. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The project provides for a channel 8 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide, through the shoals at the mouth of the harbor, a length of about one-half mile, and of the same depth and width between the lower and upper wharves in the river, a length of about one-half mile. The mean tidal range is 6 feet. The original plan for improvement (H. Doc. No. 100, 56th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1901, p. 1188) included only that part of the channel between the wharves, at an estimated cost of $5,000, later increased to $10,000, and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. The limitations of the project were extended by the 1 The project has been completed at less than estimated cost; balance of continuing contract authorization will therefore not be needed. 160 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, to include the shoals at the mouth of the harbor. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All channels had been dredged to project dimensions and the improvement had been maintained by dredging. The amount expended was, for new work, $9,537.45; for maintenance, $8,285.09; total, $17,822.54. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-There were no op- erations. The expenditures were for administration and inspection and amounted to $79.36, applied to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The channel in the river remains at substantially its project dimensions, but the channel through the shoal at the mouth of the harbor has filled so that it affords a depth but slightly exceeding 7 feet at mean low water. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water to Branford is about 7 feet. The expenditures under the project up to the end of the fiscal year are, for new work, $9,537.45; for maintenance, $8,364.45; total, $17,901.90. Local cooperation.--None prescribed by law. The upper part of the river at the head of navigation has been enlarged by the Malleable Iron Fittings Co. by dredging, about 49,000 cubic yards of material having been removed at a cost of $8,885.94. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has afforded the town and factories of Branford increased facilities for the water transpor- tation of bulk commodities, and it is believed that it has effected a decrease in the freight rates. Proposedoperations.-Thechannel through the shoal at the mouth of the river fills so rapidly after dredging that the expense of its restoration does not appear justifiable at the present time. Funds in hand are sufficient for all other maintenance operations probably necessary before the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, and no estimate for additional funds is therefore submitted. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the cal- endar year, as usual, were coal, iron, sand, and gravel. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................. ........ .................................... 45,389 $271,295. 68 1913........................ .. ... ............................... 43,643 242,187.76 1914............................................. ............................... 41,333 204,529.50 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---- ------------ -------------------------- $9, 537. 45 Maintenance--- ------------- -------------------------- 8, 364. 45 Total------------------ ------------------ 17, 901.90 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .... ....... .. ...................................I .... ........ Maintenance........................... ..................$177.51 36,188.29 $79.36 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 161 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------------- $3,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_______ ________________- - 180. 96 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915--- 4, 000. 00 4, 180. 96 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------------ 79.36 - July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________________-- - ___ __ 4, 101. 60 10. NEW HAVEN HARBOR, CONN. Location.-On the north shore of Long Island Sound, about 71 miles to the east of New York City. The harbor includes the navi- gable portions of the Mill and Quinnipiac Rivers, emptying into the main harbor from the northeast, and of West River, from the west. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth in the harbor proper was 9 feet from the wharves to Cranes Bar, one-third way down the harbor, and 13 feet on the bar below Fort Hale; Quinnipiac River, about 4 feet; west branch of the Mill River, about 5 feet (the east branch of the same river ran nearly bare at low tide); West River, less than 3 feet. The heads of navi- gation for small unmasted craft in the Quinnipiac, Mill, and West Rivers are, respectively, about 21, 8, and 2 miles above their mouths. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 30, 1852, and modified by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871. The amount expended prior to opera- tions under the present project was $325,695.66. For scope of pre- vious projects see Appendix, page 1755. Present project.-The present project, with its modifications, pro- vides for a channel 20 feet deep, 400 feet wide, and 3 miles long, from Long Island Sound to the inner end of the 20-foot anchorage basin; thence of same depth, 700 to 500 feet wide (increased to 1,200 feet at the turn opposite Long Wharf), 1.2 miles to Tomlinsons Bridge; three anchorage basins below Tomlinsons Bridge of 20, 16, and 15 foot depths; a channel 100 feet wide and 12 feet deep from the 15- foot anchorage basin toward Brewery Street, about 1,500 feet; a channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep up the Quinnipiac River to Ferry Street and 50 to 100 feet wide and 8 feet deep between Ferry Street and Grand Avenue; a channel up Mill River 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep to the junction of the two branches above Chapel Street, and thence channels 12 feet deep extending to Grand Avenue, with width in the east branch of 100 feet and a general width in the west branch of 125 feet; a channel to West River 12 feet deep and 100 feet wide, from the downstream corner of the 16-foot anchorage basin via Oyster Point and the dock frontage of West Haven to Kimberly Avenue Bridge; thence a channel 12 feet deep and prevail- ing width of 75 feet upstream in West River approximately to the bridge of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Co.; an 0 8373 -ENG 1915-11 162. REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. anchorage basin 6 feet deep in West River opposite Mars Dock; and the removal of certain obstructive rocks in Morris Cove. All depths refer to the reference plane of mean low water, the mean tidal range being 6 feet. The estimated cost of the entire im- provement detailed is $722,700 for new work. Estimates for main- tenance are not included in several of the component plans, but this estimate is now placed at $10,000 per annum. The documents containing the plans for improvement and the dates of the acts of adoption are as follows: Main harbor, House Document No. 82, Fifty-fifth Congress, first session, adopted with limitations by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899; limitations modified by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902; West River, House Document No. 73, Fifty-eighth Congress, second session, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, consolidated with main harbor by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907; main harbor, modification of project, House Document No. 1159, Sixtieth Congress, second session, adopted in part by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910; Mill and Quinnipiac Rivers, modifica- tion of project, House Document No. 26, Sixty-second Congress, first session, and West River, modification of project, House Document No. 535, Sixty-second Congress, second session, both adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912; main harbor, modification of project by widening the channel in the upper part of the harbor at an estimated cost of $202,000, House Document No. 1258, Sixty- second Congress, third session, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All channels and basins detailed in the project, except the enlargement of the main channel, covered by the last modification, had been dredged to prac- tically project dimensions, and this enlargement had been 47 per cent completed. Under the prior project a dike had been constructed at Fort Hale Bar. The improvement had been maintained by dredg- ing. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the project was, for new work, $452,057.22; for maintenance, $119,014.27; total, $571,071.49. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year work was continued on widening the main channel by dredging under contract. Work under the contract in force at the beginning of the year served to enlarge the channel by approximately half the increase in width contemplated in the project, over its entire length of 7,200 feet. A contract was entered into for completing the en- largement, but work had not been begun before the end of the fiscal year. Maintenance operations included restoring under the first- named contract, the adjacent portions of the adjoining channel to their project depth. The expenditures for new work were $19,- 450.80; for maintenance, $5,343.41; total, $24,794.21. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project is 89 per cent completed, providing the depths prescribed and the pre- scribed widths except in the small portion of the enlargement of the main channel yet to be completed. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water through the main channel, due allowance being made for the margin of depth required for navigation, is about RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 163 18 feet; the draft that can be carried at high water is about 23 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water through the subsidiary channels is as follows: Mill River, about 11 feet; Quinnipiac River to Ferry Street Bridge, 11 feet; to Grand Avenue Bridge, 7 feet; West River Channel, 11 feet; Brewery Street Chan- nel, 10 feet. The expenditures under the existing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year are, for new work, $471,508.02; for maintenance, $124,357.68; total, $595,865.70. Local cooperation.-No conditions for local cooperation were pre- scribed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. One mu- nicipal wharf, with limited facilities, has been constructed at a cost of approximately $20,000. The upper portion of the West River Channel had been improved by private parties at a cost of about $10,000 before its further improvement was undertaken by the United States. Extensive dredging has been done by the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Co. to connect one of its coal-handling plants with the main channel. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has secured for New Haven the benefit of very low water freight rates, particularly on bulk commodities. The present commerce of New Haven could not be carried on without the improvements made. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed other than such maintenance as may be necessary, for which sufficient funds are avail- able. It is expected that the project will be completed under the contract now in force. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the cal- endar year, as usual, were general merchandise, coal, lumber, and oysters. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912. ......--------------------------------------------------------- 2,080,122 $140,696,765.65 1913...---- --- -- ----------------------------- -----...------- 2,096,135 123,093,132.96 1914-----...........-..-..----...---------------------------------................................... 1,704,854 105,459,519.16 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $797, 203. 68 Maintenance---------------- ------- -------- 124, 357. 68 Total------------- --------------------------------------- 921, 561. 36 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...----...... -...-.......... ...........................- . $19,080. 41 $110,220. 28 $19,450.80 Maintenance...- .-..-.......... ................................ 7, 433. 34 17, 359.95 5, 343.41 Total....................................... ................. 26,513.75 127,580.23 24,794.21 164 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- $73, 200. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ----------------------- - 90, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914----------------------------------- 86, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------28, 627. 27 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 86, 000. 00 Receipts from sales------------------------- ------------------ 46. 89 114, 674. 16 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement--------------------- $19, 450. 80 For maintenance of improvement 5, 343. 41 24, 794.-21 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------89, 879. 95 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------------ 490. 87 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 52, 080. 00 52, 570. 87 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------- 37, 309. 08 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-_------------------------------------- 136, 000.00 11. BREAKWATERS AT NEW HAVEN, CONN. Location.-New Haven Harbor is on the north shore of Long Island Sound, about 71 miles east of New York City and 45 miles west of New London Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-Opposite New Haven, Long Island Sound is at its widest, about 19 miles, and the broad open mouth of the harbor in its natural condition left the anchorage ground exposed to storms from the southeasterly and southwesterly quarters, so that vessels were usually obliged to go from 2 to 4 miles up the harbor in order to obtain refuge, and even then the shelter was inadequate with the wind in some directions. The width of the harbor from Morgans Point to Oyster River Point is 41 miles, and the depths available for anchorage in the lower harbor are from 20 to 28 feet at mean low water. The mean range of tide is about 6 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project with its modifications pro- vides for a harbor of refuge at the entrance to New Haven Harbor, to be made by constructing three breakwaters, viz, one 3,450 feet long, extending from Southwest Ledge to Quixes Ledge; one 4,450 feet long from a point 550 feet north 54 ° east from Ludington Rock in a direction south 54 ° west across the rock; one about 4,200 feet long extending northwesterly from a point 6,000 feet south 54 ° west from Ludington Rock; the cross section of these breakwaters to be 12 feet wide on top and 6 feet above mean high water, with outer slopes of 1 on 11 and inner slope of 1 on 1. The estimated cost from the be- ginning in 1880 is $1,264,000, with $5,000 once every five years for maintenance. The mean tidal range is 6 feet. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 165 The construction of breakwaters at New Haven was authorized by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879, following which a project was adopted as printed in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engi- neers for 1880, page 449 (without map). The project provided for two riprap breakwaters, each to be 12 feet wide on top and 6 feet above mean high water; the easterly to extend from Southwest Ledge to Quixes Ledge, a distance of 3,300 feet, and the westerly to extend 4,200 feet northwest and to overlie Ludington Rock; all at an esti- mated cost of $1,311,134. The project was modified by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, in accordance with the plans sub- mitted by the Chief of Engineers in report for 1889, page 678 (with map), under which the position of the westerly breakwater, not then constructed, was changed to extend from a point 1,000 feet north 54° east from Ludington Rock in a direction south 54° west across the rock for a distance of 5,000 feet; and two additional breakwaters were provided for, one about 4,200 feet long, extending northwesterly from a point 6,000 feet south 54° west from Ludington Rock; and one about 1,200 feet long, extending southwesterly from Morgan Point on the east side of the harbor entrance-the cross section of all these breakwaters to be 12 feet wide on top and 6 feet above mean high water, with outer slope 1 on 2 and inner slope 1 on 1. The estimated cost from the beginning, in 1880, was $2,151,134. April 21, 1910, the Chief of Engineers approved a revision of this project that provided for the omission of the Morgan Point Break- water, the omission of any further extension of the middle break- water, and a reduction of the outer slope of all the breakwaters from 1 on 2 to 1 on 12. The estimated cost of completing the revised project at the time the revision was approved was $135,000, exclusive of appropriations made prior to that date, or $1,264,000 from the be- ginning of the work. The river and harbor act of February 27, 1911, appropriated funds for the completion of the project in accordance with this estimate. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The breakwaters had been brought to the full lengths and nearly to their full project sections. The amount expended was, for new work, $1,203,518.80; for maintenance, $21,144.92; total, $1,224,663.72. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year the Middle and West Breakwaters were completed, by contract, to full project dimensions, 12,014.4 long tons of riprap stone being placed upon the former and 14,281.3 long tons upon the latter. The amount expended for new work was $41,971.60; for maintenance, $608.99; total, $42,580.59. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The anchorage sheltered by the breakwaters exceeds 2,000 acres, of which over 500 acres has depths of 20 to 28 feet, and the remainder is 9 to 20 feet deep at mean low water. The expenditures up to the close of the fiscal year are, for new work, $1,245,490.40; for maintenance, $21,753.91; total, $1,267,244.31. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The commerce benefited by the improve- ment is mainly the passing commerce of Long Island Sound. The breakwaters also provide an outer anchorage for vessels bound to and from New Haven and help to protect the entrance to New Haven Harbor proper from seas and to diminish channel filling. 166 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.-None. Commercial statistics.-It is impracticable to estimate accurately the tonnage and value of the commerce benefited by the improve- ment, but it is certainly very large and practically amounts to the entire commerce passing through Long Island Sound. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_______--------------------------------------------- $1, 245, 490.40 Maintenance ---- ______ __ ___- _____ 21, 753.91 Total ------------------------- - ---- 1, 267, 244. 31 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ------------------------------------... $133.32 ................. $41, 971. 60 Maintenance.......- 331.06 $241.71 608.99 ------..... Total-----.. ------.. ----..---...---..---.. . .... 464.38 241.71 42,580.59 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------------- $35, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------____ 42, 580. 59 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement 971. 60 $----------------------41, For maintenance of improvement ----------------- 608. 99 42, 580. 59 12. MILFORD HARBOR, CONN. Location.-On the north shore of Long Island Sound, about 8 miles west of New Haven Harbor. It includes the navigable portion of the Wepowage River, 1 mile in length. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth was less than 2 feet on the bar in the bay, and in parts of the river the channel was nearly bare. The head of navigation is 1 mile from the head of the bay. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the liver and harbor act of June 23, 1874, and modified by the river and harbor acts of June 18, 1878, June 14, 1880, and August 2, 1882. The amount expended prior to operations under the present project was $47,100. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1756. Present project.-The present project provides for dredging and maintaining a channel across the bar and through the lower harbor 100 feet wide and 10 feet deep to Merwins Wharf, a distance of about 3,000 feet, with an anchorage basin of same depth of about 6 acres in area on the east side of the channel, and a channel through the river from Merwins Wharf to the Straw Works Wharf 90 feet wide and 6 feet deep, a distance of about 3,500 feet. All depths refer to the plane of mean low water, the mean tidal range being 6.2 feet. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 167 The estimated cost of the entire project was $15,000, with $1,000 bi- ennially for maintenance. The first cost of the improvement was subsequently estimated to be $25,000. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, in accordance with a plan printed in House Document No. 280, Fifty-sixth Congress, first ses- sion, and in the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1900, page 1357. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the previous project two jetties had been built at the entrance to the river to concentrate the tidal flow, shore-protection works constructed at Welchs Point, and channels of less than the present project dimen- sions dredged. Under the existing project the entrance channel, 100 feet wide and 10 feet deep, had been completed, the anchorage area of the same depth on the east side of the channel had been dredged over an area of 21 acres, but could not be further extended at reason- able cost, as ledge rock had been met; to compensate for the lack of anchorage area on the east side a basin 1.6 acres in area had been dredged on the west side, and the channel through the river 6 feet deep and 90 feet wide had been dredged to a point about 500 feet above the town wharf, or 560 feet from its projected terminus, ledge rock preventing its further extension at reasonable cost. At the time of the last complete examination, in 1913, all channels were found in good condition except the portion above the town wharf and the west anchorage basin, the former of which had shoaled to a ruling depth of 4 feet at mean low water and the latter to a general depth of 7 feet at mean low water. As a result of these operations the project may be termed to have been so far completed as is justi- fied by present commerce under the present plans. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the existing project was, for new work, $23,617.33; for maintenance, $343.66; total, $23,960.99. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no operations. The expenditures were for administration and inspection and amounted to $64.42, applied to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work is in the same condition as prior to the fiscal year, as previously described. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water is 8 feet to Merwins Wharf; thence 6 feet to the town wharf; and thence about 21 feet to the head of navigation. The expenditures under the exist- ing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year are, for new work, $23,617.33; for maintenance, $408.08; total, $24,025.41. Local cooperation.-No conditions for local cooperation were pre- scribed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. Prior to 1896 about 85,000 cubic yards was dredged from the outer bay by William Merwin & Sons and others, at a cost of about $15,000. Shore protective works were constructed by the citizens of Milford at the mouth of the harbor prior to 1872 at an unknown cost. A town wharf has been maintained near the head of navigation for many years. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has afforded the town of Milford the benefits of water transportation for bulk commodities at rates cheaper than by rail. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed other than such maintenance as may become necessary, for which sufficient funds are available. 168 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the calendar year were oysters and shells, coal and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 12,043 $106,125.44 1912-..-------..--......------------..........----------------------------------------................ 12,570 101,578.96 1913...............................................----------------------------------------------..... 18,464 184,739.85 1914-----..-..------..------------------------------------------------................................ Financial sumvmar2y. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------- $67, 557. 77 Maintenance-___-_ 3, 567. 64 Total___ ______ - 71 125,41 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ...................................................................... Maintenance ................................................... 33.40 $3.10 $64.42 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------ --------------------- $5, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_________---_------- -------- 8, 039.01 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement___-------------------------------------------- 64.42 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _-_------ ----------------- 7, 974. 59 13. HOUSATONIC RIVER, CONN. Location.-The river rises in northwestern Massachusetts, flows south through Massachusetts and Connecticut 130 miles, and empties into Long Island Sound at Stratford 5 miles east of Bridgeport Harbor. The portion under improvement is the tidal section extend- ing from the mouth to Derby and Shelton 13 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.--The original minimum usable low-water depth in the river was 3 feet, and there was a bar at the mouth over which the depth was 4 feet. The head of navigation is at Otter Rock, 3 miles above Derby and Shelton, and 16 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project with its modifications pro- vides for a channel 7 feet deep at mean low water, 200 feet wide across the outer bar and 100 feet wide through the river to Derby; a breakwater at the mouth of the river consisting of an inner arm 3,250 feet long, 3 feet above mean low water, 6 feet top width, side slopes 1 on 1, and an outer arm 2,500 feet long, 6 feet above mean high water, 12 feet top width, outer slope 1 on 2, inner slope 1 on 1; a dike in the river below Stratford not to exceed 1,500 feet in length; and a jetty at Sow and Pigs Rocks. The mean tidal variation is 6.3 feet at the mouth and 4.2 feet at Derby. The estimated cost of the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 169 entire improvement is, for new work, $275,000, and for maintenance, $4,000 annually. The documents containing the plans for improvement and the dates of the acts of adoption are: For the channels and the jetty at Sow and Pigs Rocks, House Document No. 95, Forty-first Congress, third session, and the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1871, page 781, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871; for the break- water and modification of width of river channel, Senate Document No. 103, Fiftieth Congress, first session, and the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1888, page 554, adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channels of project dimensions had been completed; the breakwater at the mouth of the river constructed to its full length, but the outer arm was not to the full cross section provided for in the project plans. Work was in progress on giving this structure an adequate cross section. The dike at Stratford had been extended to a length of 1,115 feet. The jetty at Sow and Pigs rocks was completed. The improvement had been maintained. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the project was, for new work, $222,376.26; for maintenance, $98,217.78; total, $320,594.04. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work on the outer arm of the breakwater, under contract, was completed and the struc- ture brought to an adequate cross section at a cost of $12,179.78. The inner arm of the breakwater was repaired by Government plant and hired labor at a cost of $1,425.75. A small shoal that developed im- mediately above the Washington Bridge was removed under informal agreement at a cost of $374.69. The amount expended during the fiscal year was, for new work, $6,288; for maintenance, $2,901.25; total, $9,189.25. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 93 per cent completed. The breakwater at the mouth of the river is of the projected length and the inner arm of the projected cross section. The outer arm is of the projected height, but has a top width of 8 feet and outer slope of 1 on 1-l instead of the full dimensions planned, the lesser dimensions having proved sufficient to withstand wave attack. The Stratford dike has a length of 1,115 feet, which has proved to be not quite sufficient to preserve the channel in the vicinity. The channel has been dredged to its project dimensions and is at the end of the fiscal year in good condition except near the Stratford dike, where a marked shoal has developed during the past spring. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water is 6.5 feet at the outer bar and thence 4 feet to Derby. Commercial navigation is carried on the tide. The expenditures under the project up to the close of the fiscal year are, for new work, $228,664.26; for mainte- nance, $101,119.03; total, $329,783.29. The proportionate cost of completed work is less than the estimate, the amount of saving being $27,085.74. Local cooperation.-No conditions for local cooperation were pre- scribed by law at the time of the adoption of the project or its modi- fications. A considerable amount of dredging has been done by private parties at the outer bar to obtain material for oyster beds, the cost and extent of which is not known. 170 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has afforded the towns of Derby and Shelton the advantage of water transportation of bulk freight and has had the effect of materially reducing the freight rates to these points. Proposed operations.--It is expected that the funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted June 30, 1916. The work thereafter pro- posed is dredging the river bars where necessary to maintain the im- provement and the extension of the Stratford dike by 200 feet to pre- serve and fix the channel at that locality. The amount of dredging necessary can not be accurately predicted, but the estimate is based on past experience. Dredging, 18,000 cubic yards, at 30 cents . --- $5,400 Administration and inspection__------------- 600 -- $6, 000 Extension of Stratford dike: 4,000 long tons of stone, at $1.40-- - - 5, 600 Administration and inspection- - - 400 6, 000 Total ---------------- ----------------------------- 12,000 Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the cal- endar year are coal, petroleum products, and oyster shells. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..................................................................... 86,009 $634,554.22 1913.......................................................................... 114,183 1,023,558.99 1914.. ------------------------------------------------------------ 114,988 1, 131, 813.54 Financial sum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------ -------- ---- $228, 664. 26 Maintenance ----------------- -------------- 101, 119. 03 Total --------------------------------------------- 329, 783. 29 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 ....... New work ............................... ............... 10,592. 74 $6,182. 34 6,288.00 Maintenance................. ........ ..... .... .......... .. . 524.34 11,040.49 2,901.25 Total.................. .............------ ... ..........-------- 11,117.08 17,222.83 9,189.25 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912___ _______ __ _ __ _________ $10, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913_ _________ _ _---------- 20, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914_- - ______________________________ 1,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915_____________________________---------------------------------------------------- 6, 000.00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 171 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------- ____----_-----__ $7, 907. 08 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 1, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 6, 000. 00 14, 907. 08 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_______________________ $6, 288.00 For maintenance of improvement ______________ 2, 901. 25 9, 189. 25 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ----------- 5, 717. 83 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 77. 44 _ July 1, 1915, balance available----------- ------------------ 5, 640. 39 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------------- __-----------------141,117.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance ____- 12, 000. 00 14. BRIDGEPORT HARBOR, CONN. Location.-On the north shore of Long Island Sound, about 57 miles east of New York City. The harbor includes the navigable portions of Poquonock River and Yellow Mill Pond emptying into the main harbor from the north, and Johnsons River from the east, together with Black Rock Harbor, which lies about 21 miles west of the main harbor, and has two branches, Burr Creek and Cedar Creek. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depths were: On the bar at the mouth of Bridgeport Harbor, about 5 feet; in the Poquonock River, from 2 to 5 feet; in Johnsons River, nearly bare in upper half; in Yellow Mill Pond, generally bare; in Black Rock Harbor, 12 to 6 feet; in Cedar Creek, 2 to 4 feet; and in Burr Creek, nearly bare. The head of navigation in Poquonock River, Yellow Mill Pond, Johnsons River, Burr and Cedar Creeks are, respectively, about 11, two-thirds, three-fourths, one-half, and l1 miles above their mouths. Previous projects.-The original project for the main harbor was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 4, 1836. A second project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871, and modi- fied in 1875, 1878, 1882, 1888, 1892, 1894, and 1896. The original project for Black Rock Harbor, which prior to the adoption of the existing project was separate and distinct from the main harbor of Bridgeport, was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 4, 1836. A second project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884. The amount expended prior to operations under the present project was: Bridgeport Harbor, $317,848.50; Black Rock Harbor, $72,900; total, $390,748.50. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1756. Present project.-The present project with its modifications pro- vides for: First. The main channel, 22 feet deep and 300 feet wide from Long Island Sound to the inner end of the 22-foot anchorage basin, thence 18 feet deep and 200 feet wide to the lower or Stratford Avenue Bridge across the Poquonock River. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 172 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Second. Five anchorage basins: One 22 feet deep and 1,280,000 square feet in area, opposite the inner breakwater; one 18 feet deep, 500 feet wide, and 2,000 feet long adjoining the main channel on the west above the inner beacon; one 12 feet deep, 500 feet wide, and 900 feet long adjoining the main channel and immediately to the north- westward of the 18-foot anchorage; one 12 feet deep, 608,600 square feet in area, northwest of the 22-foot basin and adjoining the main channel on the east; and one 12 feet deep adjoining the main channel on the east and between the steel works point and the lower bridge. Third. Poquonock River Channel, from the lower bridge to Black's coal dock, nearly 1 mile, .18 feet deep and from 100 to 230 feet wide, thence for 750 feet farther to head of navigation 12 feet deep and 100 feet wide. Fourth. Yellow Mill Channel, from the main channel to the head of Yellow Mill Pond, about 1 mile, 12 feet deep and 100 feet wide. Fifth. Johnsons River Channel, from the main channel to the head of navigation, about 1i miles, 9 feet deep and 100 feet wide. Sixth. Black Rock and Cedar Creek Channel, from the 12-foot curve in Black Rock Harbor to the head of navigation in both branches of Cedar Creek, a total length of nearly 2 miles, 12 feet deep and 100 feet wide, with additional width at the turns; also Burr Creek Channel from the junction with Cedar Creek Channel to the head of navigation in Burr Creek, about one-half mile, 9 feet deep and 100 feet wide. Seventh. The extension of the east breakwater and the construc- tion of the west breakwater at the entrance to Bridgeport Harbor, and the repair and maintenance of the existing breakwaters, and the- construction and maintenance of shore protection on Fayerweather Island to check the shifting of the beach. All depths refer to the reference plane of mean low water, the mean tidal range being 6.5 feet. The estimated cost of the entire improvement detailed in the last modification, is $697,470 for new work, and $6,000 annually for maintenance. The documents con- taining the plans for improvement and the dates of the acts of adoption are: Whole harbor, the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1899, page 1173, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899; modified main channel, anchorage basins, and breakwaters, House Documents Nos. 275 and 521, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907; and modified channels in Poquonock River, Cedar Creek, and Black Rock Harbor, House Document No. 751, Sixty-first Congress, second session, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under previous projects a breakwater had been constructed at the east side of the entrance to the main harbor and an inner breakwater built on the west side for the protection of the upper harbor; a breakwater had been constructed connecting Fayerweather Island with the mainland, and a sea wall had been built to protect the island from erosion; and channels had been dredged in the main harbor and in various branches. Under the present project the work prescribed, as detailed in the description of the project, had been completed, except that at the inner ends of Yellow Mill Channel and Johnsons River, and in a section of Burr Creek ledge rock was encountered and full depths had not been secured; and the channel in the Poquonock River RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 173 through the East Washington Avenue Bridge has been dredged to a depth of but 12 feet, as greater depth would endanger the bridge. The improvement had been maintained. As a result of this work there had been created at Bridgeport a protected harbor with chan- nels and anchorage basins generally sufficient for the considerable coastwise commerce of the port. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the project was, for new work, $516,239.64; for maintenance, $59,848.43; total, $576,088.07. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The shore protec- tion at Fayerweather Island, constructed under a previous project, was repaired and protected, the work being done with Government and hired plant and labor. The establishment of a system of harbor lines in Cedar Creek was begun. The expenditures were for main- tenance and amounted to $7,418.09. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project is 99 per cent completed, providing channels, basins, and breakwaters of prescribed dimensions except at the inner ends of Johnsons River, Burr Creek, and Yellow Mill channels, and in the Poquonock River at the East Washington Avenue Bridge. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water is: Main channel, to just inside the inner breakwater, 20 feet, and thence 17 feet to the lower bridge; in the Poquonock River, 17 feet from Stratford Avenue to the East Washington Avenue Bridge; through the bridge 11 feet; from a point 100 feet above the bridge to a point opposite Black's coal dock, 17 feet, and thence to the head of the improved channel, about 11 feet; in the Yellow Mill Channel 11 feet to Stratford Avenue, and thence 9 feet to head of the improved channel; in Johnsons River 8 feet to the turn above the shipyard, and thence about 7 feet to the head of the channel; at Black Rock 12 feet to the head of navigation in both branches of Cedar Creek; in Burr Creek about 6 feet to its head. The expenditures under the existing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year are, for new work, $516,239.64; for mainte- nance, $67,266.52; total, $583,506.16. The proportionate cost of the completed improvement is 25 per cent less than the modified estimates and the saving amounts to $174,255.66. Local cooperation.-None prescribed by law. Dredging totaling quite an extensive amount has been done by private interests in various portions of the harbor, which has resulted in benefit to gen- eral navigation. The cost of this work is not known. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement is to afford the city of Bridgeport the advantages of water transportation at greatly reduced rates. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed other than such maintenance as may be necessary, for which sufficient funds are avail- able. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the calendar year were general merchandise, coal, lumber, oysters and shells, and construction materials. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........................... ............................. 1,023,319 $44,265,501.02 1913.......... .. ..... ............ ................... 1,083,047 43,727,073.50 1914................... .................................... 1,039,398 ,003,507.55 174 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------- ------------------------------- $901, 039. 17 Maintenance------------------------- --- - 73, 215. 49 Total---------------------------------------- 974, 254. 66 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 N ew w ork-... -- --- --- ---- --- --- --- ---- --- --- ---- -- - --- - --- ---- ------- ------------- Maintenance.................................................. 1,893.00 5,450.09 7,418.09 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- $70, 533. 15 Receipts from sales -------------------------------------------- 2. 00 70, 535. 15 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 20, 535. 15 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------- 7, 418. 09 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 13, 117. 06 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 112. 15 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 13, 004. 91 15. NORWALK HARBOR, CONN. Location.-On the north shore of Long Island Sound, about 44 miles east of New York City. The harbor includes the tidal part of Norwalk River, 1 miles in length. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth was 5 feet to South Norwalk, a distance of about 3 miles, and thence to Norwalk, about 1 miles, the river ran nearly bare at low tide. The head of navigation is at Norwalk. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 10, 1872, and modified in 1880 and 1894. A second project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 6, 1896. The amount expended prior to operations under the present project was $134,913. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1757. Present project.-The present project provides for the restoration of the channel, 10 feet deep and 150 feet wide, to South Norwalk, a distance of 2.55 miles; for a channel 8 feet deep, of a general width of 100 feet, from South Norwalk to Norwalk, a distance of 1.45 miles; and for a channel 6 feet deep, 2,900 feet long, of a general width of 75 feet, to the docks at East Norwalk; and for their maintenance. The depths refer to the reference plane of mean low water, the mean tidal range being 7 feet. The estimated cost of the improvement is $63,500 and $8,000 per annum for maintenance. The plan of im- provement is printed in House Document No. 262, Fifty-ninth Con- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 175 gress, second session. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All channels had been dredged to project dimensions and the improvement had been maintained by dredging. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the project was, for new work, $44,365.49; for main- tenance, $17,119.85; total, $61,485.34. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The upper portion of the channel in the river at Norwalk was found to have shoaled with material brought down by the spring freshet, and agreement was entered into for removing the deposit. Dredging was started June 30, 1915. The expenditures were for administration and work in connection with the establishment of harbor lines, and amounted to $976.26 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project has been completed, and the maintenance of the only portion of the prin- cipal channel in which material shoaling has been disclosed, is under way. The branch channel to East Norwalk has shoaled considerably, but its restoration has not as yet been considered as justified by the needs of commerce. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water is 10 feet to the South Norwalk wharves; 6 feet to Nor- walk; and 4 feet to East Norwalk. The expenditures under the ex- isting project up to the end of the fiscal year are, for new work, $44,365.49; for maintenance, $18,096.11; total, $62,461.60. The proj- ect has been completed for less than the estimate, the amount being $19,134.51. Local cooperation.-No conditions for local cooperation were pre- scribed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. Aside from minor dredging operations there has been no local cooperation. Effect of improvement.--The improvement is essential to the water- borne commerce of the locality and has effected a material reduction in freight rates. Proposed operations.-Itis anticipated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be reduced to a low figure by June 30, 1916. The whole channel through the Norwalk River will probably require re- dredging before the end of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. While the amount can not be accurately predicted so far in advance, the following approximate estimate is presented: Dredging, 45,000 cubic yards, at 20 cents_ _______ _____- _ _____ _ o$9, 000 Administration, superintendence, and contingencies- .......-- -_ 1, 000 10, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the calendar year were general merchandise, coal, oysters, and shells. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..........24 ... .......... 369$2...........6............... 243,669 030. 71 1913 ----------------------------------------------------------- 247,968 22, 568, 126. 89 1914........................................................... 206,467 11,463,619.10 176 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial sum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work 761. 60 $------------------- Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 33, 613. 00 Total __------- --- ---- _ _ 197, 374. 60 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................ $26047 .............................. ............ ..... Maintenance................ ... ......... ............... ..... ......... 563:91 $2,978.02 $976.26 Total............................................. ... 824.38 2,978.02 976.26 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------$7, 023. 74 Receipts from sales -------------------------------------------- 1. 75 7, 025. 49 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement 976.26 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- 6,049. 23 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__- ___________-________ 159. 32 July 1, 1915, balance available ---------------------- 5, 889. 91 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ___----- -___- 110, 000. 00 16. HARBORS AT FIVEMILE RIVER, STAMFORD, SOUTHPORT, GREEN- WICH AND WESTPORT HARBOR AND SAUGATUCK RIVER, CONN. (A) FIVEMILE RIVER HARBOR, CONN. Location.-On the north shore of Long Island Sound, about 41 miles east of New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth was 3 feet at the mouth, the upper part of the harbor being bare. The head of navigation is about 1 mile from the harbor mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel 100 feet wide, 8 feet deep, and 6,000 feet long. The depth refers to the reference plane of mean low water, the mean tidal range being 7.2 feet. The estimated cost of the improvement as revised in 1894 is $45,000 and $1,000 per annum for maintenance. The plan for im- provement is printed in the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1887, page 639, and was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1717 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--A channel of project width and depth had been dredged up the harbor a distance of 5,300 feet and thence 200 feet farther, with project depth. and: width of from 75 to 25 feet. The project had been maintained by dredging. The amount expended was, for new work, $35,490.44; for maintenance, $10,803.16; total, $46,293.60. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no operations. The expenditures were for maintenance, applied to ad- ministration and inspection, and amounted to $18.61. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 82 per cent completed. A channel of project dimensions has been dredged about 5,300 feet up the harbor, and thence about 200 feet farther, with proj- ect depth and widths of 25 to 75 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water through the improved channel is 7 feet, to within about 200 feet of its head, thence about 3 feet to the head of the channel, above which point no navigation is possible except at high tide, when a draft of from 4 to 41 feet can be carried for about one-fourth of a mile farther, to the head of navigation. The expenditures under the project up to the end of the fiscal year are: For new work, $35,490.44; for maintenance, $10,821.77; total, $46,312.21. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The benefit of the improvement lies in facilitating the operation of vessels employed in the oyster industry rather than in a reduction in freight rates. Proposed operations.-The improvement being so far completed as appears necessary in the interest of commerce, and there being sufficient funds in hand for such maintenance operations as may be necessary, no estimate for additional funds is made. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the cal- endar year were oysters and oyster shells. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons.. . Value. 1912. ......................... ........................... ... 11...,570 $165,897.37 1913 ............................................................................ . 14,725 171,229.94 1914 ............................................................................. 10,118 140,316.58 Financialsummary. Amnount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------------$35,490. 44 Maintenance---------------------------------------- ----- 10, 821. 77 Total-------------------------------------------------- 46,312. 21 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................... .... .... . Matenance.................... ............ $274.02 $118.66 $8.6 8373°-ENG 1915 12 178 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------- $2, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------- 2, 350. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 2, 951. 95 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------- 18. 61 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 2, 933.34 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project__------------- ---- ------------ 19, 300.00 (B) STAMFORD HARBOR, CONN. Location.-On the north shore of Long Island Sound, 36 miles east of New York City. It consists of a bay from which two tidal inlets, known as the east and west branches, extend northerly into the city of Stamford. (See U. S. Coast & Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.--The original minimum usable low-water depth in the west branch was from 1 to 3 feet at the head, grad- ually increasing in the bay to 12 feet; the depth in the east branch was small, but this branch had been straightened and dredged to about 6 feet at mean low water over a width of about 60 feet by private enterprise before its improvement was begun by the Federal Government. The head of navigation in the east and west branches is about 14 and 15 miles, respectively, above the head of the bay. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the act of August 5, 1886. The amount expended prior to operations under the present project was $20,000. For the scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1758. Present project.-The present project as modified provides for a channel in the west branch 7 feet deep, 150 feet wide, and about 15 miles long, with a basin of the same depth between harbor lines at the head of the harbor, and in the east branch a channel 9 feet deep and 100 feet wide for a length of about 8,535 feet, and from about 80 to 125 feet wide for about 1,200 feet farther to the head of the harbor. The depths refer to the reference plane of mean low water, the mean tidal range being 7.3 feet. The estimated cost of the entire improvement is $123,500 for new work. There is no esti- mate for maintenance. The documents containing the plans for improvement, and the dates of the acts of adoption are, for west branch, the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1891, page 848; for the east branch, the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1893, page 955; both adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892. The project was modified to provide increased width at the head of the east branch in accordance with a special report to the Chief of Engineers, which was approved February 12, 1901. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All channels and basins detailed in the project had been dredged to project dimen- sions. The improvement had been maintained by dredging. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the project was, for new work, $115,042.85; for maintenance, $33,881.16; total, $148,924.01. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 179 Operations and result's during the fiscal year.-There were no operations. The expenditures were for administration and inspec- tion and amounted to $671.33, applied to maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, pro- viding the depths and widths prescribed. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water is 6 feet to the head of the west branch, and 8 feet to the head of the east branch. The ex- penditures under the existing project up to the close of the fiscal Tyear are, for new work, $115,042.85; for maintenance, $34,552.49; total, $149,595.34. The project has been completed for less than the estimate, the amount of saving being $8,457.15. Local cooperation.-No conditions of local cooperation were pre- scribed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. Prior to the adoption of the original project, a channel 61 feet deep and 60 feet wide had been dredged to the head of the east branch by pri- vate interests, at a cost said to be about $250,000. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has afforded the city of Stamford increased facilities for water transportation, with a consequent reduction in freight rates. Proposed operations.-The project being completed, no operations are proposed other than maintenance, for which ample funds are available. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the calendar year were steamboat freight, coal, sand and stone, earths, and ores. Comparative statistics. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................................... ........................ 302,272 $14,955,811.10 1913...........................................................332,576 15,984,034.84 1914.............................................. ..................... 263,331 10,456,050.03 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $135, 042. 85 Maintenance 34, 552. 49 Total ----------------------------------------- - 169, 595. 34 Amount expended during fiscal year ending Tune 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................... .. ..........------......... Maintenance.................. ....... . ...... $393.94 $607.73 $671.33 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended...---------------------------$11, 756. 97 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------ 671. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--- 11, 085. 64 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -------------- 7. 84 July 1, 1915, balance available- , 077. 80 11------------------------- 180 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. (c) SOUTHPORT HARBOR, CONN. Location.-On the north shore of Long Island Sound about 50 miles east of New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth was 2 feet at the entrance. At the head of the harbor the bot- tom was bare. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1829, and modified in 1876 and 1881. The amount expended prior to operations under the present project was $31,587.43. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1758. Present project.-The present project with its modifications pro- vides for a channel 6 feet deep and 100 feet wide from the 6-foot curve in Long Island Sound to the second turn inside of the breakwater, and thence with same depth and width of 75 feet upstream as far as the docks and with same depth and width of 60 feet along the dock front; also to dredge an anchorage basin 6 feet deep and 75 feet wide outside of the above-described channel and to remove two pieces of ledge rock to depth of 7 feet. All depths refer to the reference plane of mean low water, the mean tidal range being 6.6 feet. The esti- mated cost of the entire improvement is $33,670.98 for new work and $800 per annum for maintenance. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, in accordance with a plan printed in House Document No. 112, Fifty-fourth Congress, second session, and in the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1897, page 986, and modified by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, in accordance with a plan printed in the Report of the Chief of Engi- neers for 1911, page 1245. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under previous projects a breakwater had been built at the mouth of the harbor con- tinued by a dike within the harbor entrance. Under the present project the channel had been completed to project dimensions, the rock removed, and about one-third of the anchorage basin dredged to project depth. The improvement had been maintained. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the project was, for new work, $33,125.60; for maintenance, $2,177.53; total, $35,303.13. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The breakwater built under the original project was repaired by Government and hired plant and labor. The expenditures were for maintenance and amounted to $123.70. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 95 per cent completed, providing channels of the dimensions named in the project, aggregating 0.95 mile in length, an anchorage basin of about one: third of the projected area, and rock removed to a depth of 7 feet within the channel lines. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water is 5 feet. The expenditures under the existing proj- ect up to the end of the fiscal year are, for new work, $33,125.60; for maintenance, $2,301.23; total, $35,426.83. Local cooperation.-No conditions for local cooperation were pre- scribed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. The break- water was kept in repair at local expense in the interval between its completion in 1837 and the resumption of operations by the United States in 1876. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 181 Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been to benefit the operations of those engaged in the oyster fishery rather than to reduce the freight rates. Proposed operations.-It is not believed profitable to expend at the present time the funds necessary to fully complete the project, and the need of maintenance during the fiscal year 1917 is not now foreseen. No estimate for additional funds is therefore now made. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the cal- endar year were coal, sand, and pitch. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912-----...-..----------..----.......-...---.....---------------------------------------................................................ 3,400 $18,500 1913............................................................................. 4,998 24,505 1914............................................................................. 5,168 25,050 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $59, 713. 03 Maintenance-----------------------------------------7, 301. 23 Total------------ ------------------------- 67, 014. 26 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................... 3190.31 $14,264.31 .......... . Maintenance .------------------------------------------------------------..... $123.70 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------- $15,000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---- ----------- 545. 38 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------ ------------------------------ 123. 70 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 421. 68 (D) GREENWICH HARBOR, CONN. Location.-On the north shore of Long Island Sound, about 30 miles east of New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Originalcondition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth was 6 feet at the lower docks, decreasing to 2 feet at the head of the harbor. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The original and present project provides for a channel 90 feet wide from the mouth of the harbor to the causeway at its head, a distance of about a mile, to be 9 feet deep to the steam- boat dock and 6 feet deep above, the upper end to be enlarged to form a turning basin. The depths refer to the reference plane of mean low water, the mean tidal range being 7.5 feet. The estimated cost of the improvement is $20,000. The plan of improvement is printed in House Document No. 25, Fifty-third Congress, third session, and 182 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. in the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1895, page 860, and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel and basin had been dredged to project dimensions and maintained by dredging. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the project was: For new work, $17,017.19; for maintenance, $10,226.60; total, $27,243.79. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no operations during the fiscal year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, pro- viding the depths and widths prescribed. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water is about 8 feet to the steamboat dock and thence, to the head of navigation, 5 feet. The expenditures under the project up to the end of the fiscal year are: For new work, $17,017.19; for maintenance, $10,226.60; total, $27,243.79. The proj- ect has been completed for less than the estimate, the amount being $2,982.81. Local cooperation.-No conditions for local cooperation were pre- scribed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. A small amount of dredging has been done by private interests at an unknown cost that has tended to reduce the cost of subsequent operations by the United States. Efect of improvement.-The improvement has afforded the town of Greenwich added facilities for water transportation and has tended to reduce freight rates. Proposed operations.-It is anticipated that maintenance oper- ations will be necessary prior to the end of the fiscal year 1917. The amount of material which it will be necessary to remove can not, from the circumstances of the case, be accurately forecast. Based on past experience the following estimate is submitted: Dredging, 12,000 cubic yards, at 25 cents ____ _________-- -__ $3, 000 -___ Administration and inspection _ - -----....- __ _---- 500 Total ------------------------------------------------- 3, 500 Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the cal- endar year were coal, steamboat freight, sand and stone, and building materials. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912... .... ................................................... 113,831 $9,747,163 1913........................................................................... 116,570 8,582,337 1914 ............................................................................. 119,677 6,550,723 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $17, 017. 19 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 10, 226. 60 Total ---------------------------------------------- 27, 243. 79 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ......................................................... Maintenance... ........................................... $514.52 b3, $ 386.10... . RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 183 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------- ----- ------------------- $1, 500.00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------2, 400.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------- 3, 500. 00 (E) WESTPORT HARBOR AND SAUGATUCK RIVER, CONN. Location.-Saugatuck River has its source in western Connecticut, flows southerly about 20 miles, and empties into Long Island Sound 46 miles east of New York City. The portion under improvement extends from the mouth to Westport, 42 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth was 5 feet to a point 3 miles above the mouth, above which the depth decreased to less than 1 foot at Westport, 41 miles. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1827, and modified by the river and harbor act of July 4, 1836. The amount expended prior to operations under the present project was $19,444. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1758. Present project.-The present project with its modification pro- vides for a channel 4 feet deep and 60 feet wide up to Westport, for removing the ledge opposite Stony Point, for removing bowlders from the channel, and for repairing Cedar Point breakwater. The depth refers to the reference plane of mean low water, the mean tidal range being 7 feet. The estimated cost of the improvement de- tailed is $18,000. The documents containing the plans for improve- ment and the dates of the acts of adoption are, channel to Westport, House Document No. 179, Fifty-first Congress, second session, and the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1891, page 840, adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892; repair of Cedar Point breakwater, removal of ledge opposite Stony Point, and removal of bowlders from channel, House Document No. 67, Fifty-fourth Con- gress, first session; and in the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1.896, page 806, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel of nearly prescribed dimensions had been once provided, but its upper portion had subsequently shoaled. The removal of ledge opposite Stony Point had been completed, and a portion of the bowlders re- moved from the channel. A breakwater had been constructed at Cedar Point. The amount expended subsequent to the adoption of the project was, for new work, $15,160.55; for maintenance, $764.19; total, $15,924.74. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--There were no oper- ations. The expenditures were for administration and inspection and amounted to $222.38 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project is 70 per cent completed, providing a channel of nearly prescribed dimen- 184 REPORT oF THSE CHIEF OF I;GINEERS, U. S. ARMY. sions, the upper portions of which have, however, shoaled to nearly original conditions. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water to Saugatuck, 3 miles above the mouth, is 5 feet. Thence to Westport, commercial navigation is possible at high tide only, when a draft of about 7 feet can be carried. The expenditures under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year are, for new work, $15,160.55; for maintenance, $986.57; total, $16,147.12. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.--The improvements made have not been sufficient to materially decrease freight rates, which are much higher in this harbor than in any other improved harbor in this vicinity. Proposed operations.-As the depth provided by the project is in- sufficient for the economical prosecution of dredging operations with any plant available at the present day, it is not believed that funds can be profitably expended for the completion and maintenance of the project, and no estimate for funds is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of freight for the cal- endar year were coal, sand, and stone. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 .......... ..................... .................................... ................ 17,090 $93,276.86 1913 ............................... .......................................... 13,921 70,510.23 1914 ................................................................... ...... 15,612 60,879.55 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------- ---------- ----------- $32, 104. 55 Maintenance ------------------------------------- 3, 486. 57 Total-.--------------------------------- 35, 591.12 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........ ............... ................. . ......... . 6399.................. $63.99. Maintenance....................................................... 62.14 $27.62 $2222238 Total.................... ................. ...... 126.13 27.62 222.38 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------------------- ------------------------- $250. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------- -------------------- 222. 38 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance .of improvement------ ----------------------------------- 222. 38 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------------- --------------------------- 3, 000. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 185 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $279,368.06 Maintenance___--____________________---------------- 66, 388. 66 Total--------------------------------------------- 345, 756.72 Amount expended during fiscal year endingJune 30. 1913 1914 1915 - New work................- ......... ........ ............ ......... ......... 3254.30 $14,264.31 Maintenance..----......------..... ............. ......................... 1,244.62 4,140.11 $1,036.02 Total............ .......... ...................... 1,498.92 18,404.42 1,036.02 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $3, 500.00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------5,000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ....------------ 15, 476. 68 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement__----------- 1,036. 02 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 14, 440. 66 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -------------------------------. 7. 84 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------- ---------- 14,432. 82 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------- ------------------ 112, 300.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------- 3, 500. 00 EXAMINATION AND PLA N AND ESTIMATE OF COST OF IMPROVEMENT MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1913. Reports dated April 3, 1913, and July 10, 1914 (with map), of pre- liminary examination and plan and estimate of cost of improvement, respectively, of Fivemile River Harbor, Conn., required by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors pursuant to law and were transmitted to Congress and printed in House Document No. 1419, Sixty-third Congress, third session. Further improvement by the United States than contem- plated by the existing project is not deemed advisable at the present time. Reports dated November 25, 1912, and March 19, 1914 (with maps), by the district officer on preliminary examination and survey of Bridgeport Harbor, Conn., and printed in House Document No. 898, Sixty-third Congress, second session, cover also the locality for 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 For Greenwich Harbor, Conn. 186 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. which a provision for examination was contained in the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, as follows: Johnsons Creek, Bridgeport, Conn.-This creek is a part of Bridgeport Harbor and its improve- ment to a depth of 12 feet with a width of 125 to 175 feet to the first turn at the entrance to the river, thence 9 feet deep and 100 feet wide, increased to 150 and 175 feet at the turns, to a point 350 feet below the dam at the head of navigation, at an estimated cost of $19,800, in connection with a comprehensive improvement of Bridgeport Harbor at an estimated cost of $175,300 for first construction and $10,000 per annum for maintenance, is recommended. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follovws, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Connectciut River, Hartford, Conn., to Holyoke, Mass. 2. Housatonic River, Conn. 3. Thames River, Conn., with a view of providing a 20-foot channel between New London Harbor and the city of Norwich. 4. Shetucket and Quinebaug Rivers, Conn., and FrenchRiver, Conn. and Mass., with a view to securing slackwater navigation between Norwich, Conn., and Worcester, Mass. 5. Niantic Bay, Conn., with a view to making it a harbor of refuge. 6. Tuxis Island, Conn., with a view to the construction of a suitable harbor of refuge. 7. Quinnipiac River, New Haven Harbor, Conn. 8. Mill River, New Haven Harbor, Conn., up to the Grand Avenue Bridge. 9. Morris Cove, New Haven Harbor, Conn., with a view to the construction of a harbor of refuge. 10. Mianus River, Conn. 11. Mystic River, Conn. 12. Sebethe River, Conn., from its mouth to a point at or near the city of Bristol, Conn., and canal from a suitable point on the Sebethe River to New Britain, Conn. 13. East Branch of the Yantic River, Conn., from its junction with the Thames River to some point about 2,500 feet northerly to provide a channel of 14 feet in depth, to include this part of the Yantic River in the Thames River project, and to provide for the closing of the West Branch of the Yantic River. 14. Housatonic River, Conn., to head of navigation,with a view of securing a channel 20 feet deep. 15. Connecticut River, from Hartford, Conn., to Long Island Sound. 16. New Haven Harbor, Conn., with a view to cooperation with local interests for further developments. 17. Farmington River, Conn., with a view to the removal of the bar at its mouth. 18. Branford Harbor, Conn. 19. Harbor of refuge at Duck Island, Conn. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 187 IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE FIRST NEW YORK, N. Y., DISTRICT. This district includes that portion of the north shore of Long Island Sound which lies within the limits of the State of New York; East River from the head of Long Island Sound at Throgs Neck and its tributaries from the north to the Battery, New York City; Hudson River and tributaries to the head of navigation about 250 miles from the Battery; and Lake Champlain and tributaries from Whitehall, N. Y., to the Canadian border. District officer and division engineer: Col. W. M. Black, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Port Chester Harbor, N. Y.... 187 11. Plattsburg Harbor, N. Y..... 214 2. Mamaroneck Harbor, N. Y.... 190 12. Burlington Harbor, Vt........ 217 3. Larchmont Harbor, N. Y...... 192 13. Narrows of Lake Champlain, 4. Echo Bay Harbor, N. Y....... 194 N. Y. and Vt............... 219 5. East Chester Creek, N. Y...... 196 14. Hudson River, N. Y.......... 221 6. Westchester Creek, N. Y..... 199 15. Saugerties Harbor, N. Y...... 227 7. Bronx River, N. Y ........... 201 16. Harbors at Rondout and Peek- 8. East River and Hell Gate, skill, N. Y................. 229 N. Y ..................... 204 17. Wappinger Creek, N. Y...... 234 9. Harlem River, N. Y.......... 208 18. Tarrytown Harbor, N. Y...... 236 10. St. Albans Harbor, Vt........ 212 19. Hudson River Channel, N. Y. 238 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2103 TO 2146. 1. PORT CHESTER HARBOR, N. Y.. Location.-Port Chester Harbor consists of the Byram River and a shallow bay at its mouth, about 100 acres in extent, opening into Long Island Sound at the boundary between the States of New York and Connecticut, about 32 miles by water east of the Battery, New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Originalcondition.-Before improvement the river, 100 to 300 feet wide, had a mean low-water depth of about 1 foot. Salt Rock in the river and Sunken Rock in the bay were considered to be dangerous obstructions. The head of navigation is at the fixed bridge, about 14 miles from Long Island Sound. The mean tidal range is 7.29 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement, adopted June 10, 1872, was modified in 1884 and enlarged March 3, 1899, and March 2, 1907. Prior to operations under the existing project the amount expended was $91,369.12-$75,000 for new work and $16,369.12 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1758. Present project.-The existing project for improvement was adopted by act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 1165, 60th Cong., 2d sess., with map). It provides for a channel 150 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water from Long Island Sound to the southerly point of Fox Island; thence 100 feet wide and 10 feet deep to 900 feet below the fixed bridge at Mill Street, including a turning basin opposite the steamboat landing; and thence 175 to 100 feet wide and 3 feet deep to 100 feet below the fixed bridge. Estimated cost, 188 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. $188,000, and $2,500 annually for maintenance. The length of the section included in the project is about 1# miles. The mean tidal range is 7.29 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work done had resulted in the removal of Salt Rock to 9 feet below mean low water; the construction of a rubblestone breakwater at Bvram Point; the excavation of a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water and 70 feet wide to the southerly point of Fox Island, and thence to the steamboat wharf, about 1,000 feet below the fixed bridge at Main Street, 9 feet deep and 60 feet wide; in widening the channel at several points at and above Fox Island to Bents Wharf by removing ledges of rock to a depth of 10 feet at mean low water; in excavating material overlying ledge rock in this same stretch of the river, secur- ing the full projected depth only in the sections from which ledge rock was removed; and in maintaining the excavated channels to the extent necessary to keep them open to navigation. The expenditures up to June 30, 1914, on the existing project amounted to $64,307.64, all for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The channel from 900 feet below the fixed bridge to about 700 feet below the angle at the steamboat wharf, a length of about 1,000 feet, was dredged under contract to the project depth of 10 feet at mean low water and width of 100 feet, except for a length of about 150 feet at the upper end, where the width was made 90 feet, and at the angle below the steam- boat wharf, where the width was gradually increased to a maximum of about 200 feet. The amount expended during the year was $15,296.23, of which amount $14,425.47 was for new work and $870.76 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Up to June 30, 1915, about 40 per cent of the existing project had been completed at a cost of $79,603.87, of which amount $78,733.11 was for new work and $870.76 was for maintenance. The expenditure of this amount has resulted in widening the channel at and above Fox Island by the removal of part of the rock ledges which endangered navigation in this stretch of Byram River, and in widening and deepening about 1,000 feet in length of the channel at the wharves in Port Chester. The maxi- mum mean low-water draft available for navigation on June 30, 1915, was about 9 feet up to about 3,000 feet above the southerly point of Fox Island; thence 8 feet to about 700 feet below the angle at the steamboat wharf; thence to Willett Avenue 10 feet; thence to Highland Street 2 feet; and above this to the head of navigation 1 foot and less. Local cooperation.--There have been no conditions imposed by law requiring local cooperation. About 1893, the local authorities, aided by private interests, expended $1,200 in dredging the channel above Fox Island previously excavated by the United States. Effect of improvement.-As the result of the improvement, build- ing materials are now carried by water at about one-half the rates charged by rail, and the water rates for other classes of freight are much lower than are the rates by rail. Also, the removal of rocky obstructions has rendered navigation much safer. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 189 Proposed operations.-The amount required for continuing, the improvement is estimated as follows: Dredging projected channel opposite and below steamboat wharf to remove bar obstructing approach to wharves in east side of river___ $16, 500 Removing rock projecting into the channel at and above Fox Island__ 11, 000 Total- -___ 27, 500 The funds available will be exhausted by December 15, 1915. Commercial statistics.-As the result of a careful canvass it appears that the tonnage and value of the commerce of this harbor, mainly in general merchandise, building materials, fuel, raw mate- rials, and manufactures, is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..................... ....................................................... 255,141 $7,864,067 1913................... ...... ........ ............................. 195,605 6,359,430 1914........--- ...........-- ....................................... .... 199,128 5055, 017 Passengers carried, none reported. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $153, 733. 11 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 17, 239. 88 Total --------------------------------------------- 170, 972. 99 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .......................... ....................... $568.31 $26, 731.08 $14, 42& 47 Maintenance ............................. ...... ........................... ...... .. ....... ..-- 870.76 Total............................................ 568.31 26,73L08 15,296 .23 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-- ----------------------------------------- $10,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913-------- - 15; (O.000.0 Oct. 2, 1914----------------------------------------- 10,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------ ---------- ---------- ------------------- 10, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 5, 839. 89 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 10,000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 10, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-------- ------------------- ---- ------ 5.62 25, 845.51. Jane 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------ $14, 425.:47 For, maintenance of improvement--------------- 870. 76 15,296. 23 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------- ------ 10, 549. 28 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 11. 70 July 1, 1915, balance available_ ___ __-------------------- 10, 417. 58 190 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project_-______ ____-____-- - _ - - $98, 734. 98 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement------------------------ 27, 500. 00 2. MAMARONECK HARBOR, N. Y. Location.-This harbor, situated on the north shore of Long Island Sound about 5 miles west of the Connecticut State line and about 27 miles, by water, east of the Battery, New York City, consists of an inlet opening into a shallow bay about 1 square mile in area. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Chart No. 52.) Original condition.-Before improvement a narrow winding chan- nel extending to the old steamboat wharf on Harbor (Hog) Island, about half a mile up the inlet, had a depth. of 5 feet at mean low water, gradually decreasing to 1 foot at the upper wharves just below Boston Post Road. Various rocks at and near the mouth obstructed navigation. The head of navigation is at the fixed bridge at Boston Post Road. The mean tidal range is 7.3 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement was adopted August 2, 1882. It was modified in 1884 and enlarged by acts of March 3, 1899, and March 2, 1907. The amount expended prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $40,000, of which amount $35,371.50 was for new work and $4,628.50 was for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1759. Present project.-The existing project for improvement was adopted by act of July 25, 1912 (H. Doc. No. 1087, 61st Cong., 3d sess.). It provides for a channel 7 feet deep at mean low water and bottom width of 80 feet, with increased width at bends, from the head of the bay to a turning basin near the head of the proposed improve- ment; of 100 feet at the upper wharves; of 50 to 40 feet just below the fixed bridge at the Boston Post Road; and of 80 feet for a dis- tance of approximately 300 feet east of the turning basin, subject to the condition that any necessary easement for right of way and for the depositing of dredged material on Harbor Island be furnished by local interests free of cost to the United States. Estimated cost $29,500, increased in 1914 to $44,300, and $1,000 annually for main- tenance. The mean tidal range is 7.3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work done resulted in the removal, to the projected depths, of Round, Bush, and Inner Steamboat Rocks; in dredging a channel 7 feet deep at mean low water from the harbor entrance to the turn at Harbor (Hog) Island, and thence 100 feet wide to the upper wharves; in straight- ening the channel by excavating to a depth of 7 feet at mean low water and navigable width across the flats on the easterly side of Grassy Knoll and through the marshland in the northeasterly side of Harbor Island, thence to the steamboat landing to the full proj- ected width and depth, and above this to depth of from 4 to 7 feet at mean low water. Up to June 30, 1914, there had been expended on the existing project $20,329.54, all of which was for new work. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 191 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year the work, which consisted of both dredging and rock removal, was prosecuted by the use of Government plant. The cost of this work, including the cost of superintendence, engineering, and contin- gencies, was: For dredging, $10,536.96; for rock removal, $8,730.96. This work resulted in completing the project except completing the channel at the outer end by dredging and at the extreme head of the adopted channel by dredging and rock removal and for the removal of a few small areas of hard-packed material and several scattering points of ledge rock; and in excavating, for maintenance, a com- paratively large amount of material, the greater part of which was probably carried into the dredged channel by the Mamaroneck River during freshets since the last previous dredging in 1914. There was expended during the year $15,385.37, of which amount $7,524.29 was for new work and $7,861.08 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--Up to June 30, 1915, about 90 per cent of the existing project had been completed. The ex- penditures up to that date amounted to $35,714.91, of which amount $27,853.83 was for new work and $7,861.08 was for maintenance. The maximum mean low-water depth available for safe navigation was about 6.3 feet. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, required that easements for right of way and for the disposition of the dredged material on Harbor Island be furnished free of cost to the United States. This has been done by the local authorities at a cost to the village of Mamaroneck of about $10,000, the greater part of this cost being for the building of a riprap retaining wall around Harbor Island. Effect of improvement.-As the result of the improvement much larger cargoes are now carried to the harbor than formerly and freight rates on building materials and bulk freight are lower by water than by rail. Also building material is now transferred to cars at the water front and carried to points in the interior. Proposed operations.- For completing improvement by dredging and rock removal, and the removal of small areas of hard-packed material and scattering points of ledge rock ------------------------------------------ $5, 000 For maintenance of improvement by dredging--------------------2, 000 __--------------------------------- Total ---------------- 7, 000 It is estimated that the funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by August 31, 1915. Commercial statistics.-As the result of a careful canvass, it ap- pears that the tonnage and value of the commerce of this harbor, mainly in general merchandise, building materials, coal, and pumice stone, is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912------...........-----.. --.. ------------------------------------------------..... 64,371 $128, 012 1913....... .... .. . .............................................. 118,992 970,164 1914............ .......... ......................................... 74,985 875,106 Passengers carried: None reported. 192 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $63, 225. 33 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 12,489.58 Total----------------------------------------------75,714.91 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... $1, 486.74 $18,842.80 $7,524.29 Maintenance .....-- ...---.. _ 7, 861.08 Total ......... ....... .... ....... .................. 1,486.74 18,842.80 15,385.37 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------- ---------------------------- $29, 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915...--- --------------------------------------- 14, 800. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------- - ___ -- __ 9,186. 77 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 3, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 14, 800. 00 Receipts from sales---._.....--. - 5. 00 26, 991. 77 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-----------------________ $7, 524.29 For maintenance of improvement ------ _-- ----- 7, 861. 08 15, 385. 37 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 11, 606.40 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------- ------------------- 8,971. 85 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------------------- 2,.634. 55 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----- ----------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance --------- 7,000. 00 3. LARCHMONT HARBOR, N. Y. Location.-This harbor is situated on the north shore of Long Island Sound, about 7 miles west of the Connecticut State line and about 25 miles, by water east of the Battery, New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.--In its original condition it was exposed to easterly and southerly storms and was obstructed at its entrance by two submerged rocks-Umbrella Rock and Huron Rock. The un- obstructed entrance to the harbor was 18 feet deep at mean low water, this depth gradually diminishing toward the head of the bay. The mean tidal range is 7.4 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement was adopted September 19, 1890. The amount expended on this project prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $5,000. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1760. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 193 Present project.-The present project was authorized by act of March 3, 1899 (Annual Report for 1899, pp. 1213 and 1214). It pro- vides for a breakwater to extend southwardly 1,440 feet from the 6-foot curve off Long Beach Point; also for the removal of Huron Rock to a depth of 14 feet at mean low water. Estimated cost $108,- 000. By act of March 2, 1907, the project was extended to include the removal of ledges adjoining Huron Rock to a depth of 14 feet at mean low water. No increase was made in the estimated cost. The mean tidal range is 7.4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work done resulted in building a heavy riprap breakwater to its full projected section for a length of 1,410 feet, and in the removal of Huron Rock and adjoining ledges to a depth of 14 feet at mean low water. Up to June 30, 1914, there had been expended on existing project $78,094.23, of which $77,970.54 was for new work and $123.69 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The expenditures for the year, amounting to $2.88, were in part payment of office expenses and are applied to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The last work done in this harbor was completed on December 5, 1910. The object of the project seems to be fulfilled, and it is therefore considered as com- pleted. As the result, a protected anchorage area, about 60 acres in extent, and from 6 to 12 feet in depth, has been made available. The entrance channel is about 18 feet deep at mean low water. Up to June 30, 1915, the expenditures on existing project amounted to $78,097.11, of which amount $77,970.54 was for new work and $126.57 was for maintenance. The amount expended for improvement is $32,126.57 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-As the result of the improvement the harbor can be now used with comparative safety by the boats of the Larchmont Yacht Club and also by fishing and other small vessels seeking a harbor for night anchorage or for safety from storms. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to expend the available funds, amounting to $4,805.04, in maintaining the improvement, as occasion may require. Commercial statistics.-The harbor has no water-borne commerce. It is used by the Larchmont Yacht Club, by coasting and fishing vessels for night anchorage and as a harbor of refuge. The num- ber of vessels in the fleet of the Larchmont Yacht "Club in 1914 is reported as 232, and the value of this fleet is estimated at about $2,000.000. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $82,970. 54 Maintenance ------------------------------------------------ 126. 57 Total --------------------------------------------------- 83, 097. 11 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... .................................................................... . Maintenance................................................. $87.90 $35.79 $2.88 8373 0 -ENG 1915 13 194 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------ $7, 811. 46 Deduction on account of amount withdrawn for reallotment else- where ------------------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 4, 811. 46 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----- ----------------------------------------- 2. 88 July 1, 1915; balance unexpended--------------------------------- 4, 808. 58 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 3. 54 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------------- 4, 805. 04 4. ECHO BAY HARBOR, N. Y. Location.-This harbor, on which lies the city of New Rochelle, is situated on the north shore of Long Island Sound about 8 miles west of the Connecticut State line and about 24 miles by water east of the Battery, New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The inlet, or inner harbor, is landlocked, except at its extreme outer end, and the bay, or outer harbor, is ex- posed to southeasterly storms. Originally the channel leading from the bay to the wharves was only 1 to 2 feet deep and was obstructed by Long Rock, Start Rock, and Sheepshead Reef. The first- mentioned rock was exposed at low water and the other two had not more than 1.6 feet and 2.2 feet of water over them, respectively, at mean low water. The head of navigation is situated at the head of the inlet about three-fourths of a mile from the 18-foot contour in the bay. Mean range of tides, 7 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement was adopted June 18, 1878, and was modified June 13, 1902, March 3, 1905, and March 2, 1907. The amount expended under this project, as modified, was $47,379.41, of which amount $47,369 was for new work and $10.41 was for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1760. Present project.-The existing project adopted by the act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 1118, 60th Cong., 2d sess.), provides for a channel 10 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide, extending from the 10-foot contour in Echo Bay to the city wharf at Beaufort Point (Hudson Park), and a turning basin of the same depth at the inner extremity of the channel. Estimated cost, $22,110. The mean range of tides is 7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--The expenditures resulted in removing Long Rock to a depth of 6 feet, Start Rock to a depth of 7 feet, and Sheepshead Reef to a depth of 9 feet at mean low water, and in completing all work contemplated in the project adopted June 25, 1910. Up to June 30, 1914, the expenditures on existing project amounted to $18,602.72, of which amount $18,281.71 was for new work and $331.42 was for maintenance. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 195 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-An examination of the dredged channel showed that the amount of deterioration by shoaling was small and that expenditures for maintenance were in- advisable. The expenditures, amounting to $46.82, were in payment of the cost of making the examination referred to and in part payment of office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--The existing project was com- pleted June 20, 1911, and, with the exception of slight shoaling of the channel in scattered areas of small extent, the channel width and depth and the depth over rocks are as required by the adopted proj- ects. The cost of this work to June 30, 1915, was $18,649.54, of which amount $18,281.71 was for new work and $367.83 was for maintenance. The cost of making the improvement was $3,828.29 less than the estimate. The maximum mean low-water depth avail- able for navigation in the dredged channel was about 10 feet. Local cooperation.-Priorto 1913 the local authorities of the city of New Rochelle expended about $27,500 in constructing a public wharf at Beauford Point and about $50,000 in dredging, mainly at and in the approaches to this wharf. There was expended in 1913, by private interests, in the construction of a public pier $2,500, and during and prior to 1913 private interests expended for dredging about $87,475, mainly in the excavation of a channel extending from the main channel at Beauford Point to the head of navigation at Main Street and from the same point up to and along the water front of the New Rochelle Coal & Lumber Co. property. There have been no conditions imposed by law requiring local cooperation in the im- provement of this harbor. Effect of improvement.-As the result of the improvement freight rates have been reduced, the tonnage of the vessels carrying this com- merce has been greatly increased, and a steamboat line for carrying passengers and motor vehicles has been established and is making several trips daily between New Rochelle and Sea Cliff, Long .Island. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to expend the available funds in maintaining the improvement, as occasion may require. No esti- mate for additional funds is submitted. Commercial statistics.-As the result of a careful canvass in 1915, it appears that the tonnage and value of the commerce of this harbor, mainly in general merchandise, building materials, and petroleum and products, are as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. Passengers Vehicles carried. carried. 1912............ . ... ...... ....... ............. 532,003 $1,854,219 100,000 .. .. 1913............. .. ..... ........................ 506,180 3,750,000 146,212 4,117 1914 . ............................................ 143,766 1,830,134 134,185 4,100 The tonnage and value of the commerce for 1914, in the above table, is for Echo Bay Harbor only. For years prior to 1914 the figures given included the commerce for New Rochelle Harbor as received from the local associations interested in the improvement. 196 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---- --------------------- -------------- $65, 650. 71 Maintenance -------------------------------------------- 378. 24 Total------- ------------------------------------- 66, 028. 95 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................................... ............................... Maintenance................................................. $234.54 $86.47 $46.82 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------------- $7, 174. 71 Receipts from sales--------------------------------------------- .25 7, 174. 96 Deduction on account of amount withdrawn for reallotment else- where ---- _--------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 3, 174.96 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement________--------------------------------------------- 46. 82 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ---------------- 3, 128.14 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities______________ ________________ 7. 54 July 1, 1915, balance available_ _--------------_-_____________ _ 3, 120. 60 5. EAST CHESTER CREEK, N. Y. Location.-This creek, also known as Hutchinson River, empties into East Chester Bay, an indentation in the north shore of Long Island Sound inimediately east of Throgs Neck, about 12 miles west of the Connecticut State line and about 21 miles, by water, east of the Battery, New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-Originally the creek had a natural tidal width of from 100 to 1,000 feet and was navigable at high tide for vessels drawing 7 feet as far as Lockwoods, at the Boston Post Road, about 24 miles above the head of the bay; above this it was narrow and tortuous and practically a rivulet, affected by tides for a length of about 6,000 feet. The bay is about 3 miles long and from about 1,000 feet to about 8,000 feet wide; the maximum mean low-water depth available for navigation up to the lower end of the projected channel is 5 feet. Mean tidal range, 7.1 feet. Previous projects.--The original project was adopted March 3, 1873, and was modified in 1891. The amount expended under this project was $115,502. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1761. Present project.-The existing project (H. Doc. No. 1250, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted June 25, 1910. It provides for a chan- nel 5 feet deep at mean low water and 150 feet wide from about 1,900 feet below Pelham Highway Bridge to about 700 feet above the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 197 New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad bridge, thence 100 feet wide to about 1,200 feet below Lockwoods, and thence 70 feet wide to about 300 feet above Fulton Avenue Bridge. The length of the section under improvement is about 3 miles, and extends from a point about 1,900 feet below the Pelham Highway Bridge, at the mouth of the creek, to the head of navigation, about 3,000 feet above the bridge at Boston Post Road. Estimated cost, $103,000 and $3,000 annually for maintenance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All work contem- plated under projects prior to the existing project had been com- pleted, and the channel provided for under the existing project had been excavated from a point about 350 feet below the bridge at the Boston Post Road up to the Fulton Avenue Bridge, except in the draws of two bridges at Boston Post Road. Two ledges of rock below the Boston Post Road had been removed to a depth of 6 feet below mean low water, the removal of a third ledge was nearly completed to the same depth, and the channel had been dredged to its project width and depth where not obstructed by ledge rock for a distance of about 1,400 feet above Town Wharf. The expenditures up to June 30, 1914, on existing project amounted to $56,122.12, of which $29,711.34 was for the new work and $26,410.78 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Drilling,blasting, and dredging operations for removing blasted rock, in progress at the close of the fiscal year 1914, by the use of Government plant were continued until July 9, 1914,, when the plant was returned to Albany, N. Y., for urgent work there. There were excavated and dis- posed of by this plant 50.7 cubic yards of rock, at a cost of $577.68, including superintendence, engineering, contingencies, and the cost of transferring the plant to Albany, N. Y. The channel dredged in 1914 by Government hydraulic pipe-line dredge Captain Andrew Talcott, had shoaled for a distance of about 800 feet above Town Wharf. This section was redredged, and the channel below this to within about 600 feet above the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad bridge was completed to its project dimensions except for the removal of a number of ledge points uncovered by the dredge im- mediately above and in the vicinity of Goose Island. This work was done at a cost of $20,105.71, including the cost of superintendence, engineering, contingencies, and a proportionate cost of the transfer of plant from and to Albany, N. Y. Of this amount $16,496.74 was for new work and $3,608.97 was for maintenance. The expenditures during the year amounted to $24,081.05, of which amount $20,472.08 was for new work and $3,608.97 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 78 per cent of the exist- ing project has been completed. The work accomplished has resulted in completing the channel to its projected dimensions (except where prevented by straggling points of ledge rock) from a point about 600 feet above the railroad bridge near the mouth of the creek up to a point above 1,400 feet above Town Wharf, and also from a point about 700 feet below Boston Post Road up to Fulton Avenue Bridge, except through the draws of the old and temporary bridges at Boston Post Road. The maximum mean low-water depth available for navi- gation up to a point about 1,000 feet above the railroad bridge was 3.5 feet; above this to the Fulton Avenue Bridge, 5 feet; and above 198 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. this bridge 1 foot and less. Up to June 30, 1915, the expenditures under the existing project amounted to $80,203.17. Of this amount $76,594.20 was for new work and $3,608.97 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.--There were no conditions imposed by law re- quiring local cooperation. In 1877 (Annual Report for 1877, p. 249) the lands necessary for a right of way were secured to the United States by the State of New York. This right of way extended from a point some distance below the Boston Post Road up to a point about 3,000 feet above this road. The value of the land transferred is not known. In 1894 a slip and basin were excavated and bulk- headed in the west shore of the creek, immediately above the Boston Post Road, at a cost of about $50,000. Effect of improvement.-As the result of the improvement there has been a slight increase in the loaded draft of vessels using the creek, and navigation has been made safer in the rock sections above Town Wharf. It is also reported that the cost of transporting freight by water has been somewhat reduced. Rates on bulk freight carried by water are lower than rail rates. Proposed operations.-The funds recommended for appropriation for continuing the improvement and for maintenance are estimated as follows : Dredging and rock removal in the projected channel between the Boston Post Road and Town Wharf and at and below Goose Island, including a shoal area in the channel between the railroad and highway bridges, and for maintenance------------------------------------- $6, 000 Commercial statistics.-It is estimated that the funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by April 30, 1916. As the result of a careful canvass, it appears that the tonnage and value of the commerce of this locality, mainly in building materials, coal, and oil and products, are as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 .............................................................................................. 116,734 $784,684 1913............................................................................. 194,956 1,158,279 1914............................................................................ . 1135, 065 857, 827 1Full returns not received because of lack of interest on part of two parties located on water front above Boston post road. Passengers carried : None. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------- $165, 685.42 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 30, 019. 75 Total -------------------------------------- ------ 195, 705.17 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .............. ................... ................. $8,353.45 $26,203.88 $20,472.08 Maintenance......... ............... .......................... .. .......... ............ 3,608.97 Total.............. .... . ....... ....... .8,353.45 26,203.88 24,081.05 RIVER AND ITARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 199 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] 27, 2, 1911--___________ Feb.Feb. $10,000.00 191-------------------------------------------------$00.0 July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------------10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-- - - - - - - -- - - - - -______1_ - - -- - -- - - - 11_ 20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------- _--- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------___ 7, 897. 89 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 20, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 -- 5, 000. 00 Receipt from sales_ ----------------------------------------------- 7. 90 32, 905. 79 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ---------------------- $20,472. 08 For maintenance of improvement----------------- 3, 608. 97 24, 081.05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 8, 824. 74 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------- 2, 724. 28 July 1, 1915, balance available-----------------------------------6, 100. 46 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project __ ____---------- 117, 608. 97 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance ------- 16, 000. 00 6. WESTCHESTER CREEK, N. Y. Location.-This creek lies wholly within the limits of Greater New York and extends northward about 4 miles from an estuary in the north shore of the East River, N. Y., situated about 14 miles by water, east of the Battery, New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-Originally the maximum mean low-water depth available for navigation was 3 feet through a channel varying in width from 20 to 80 feet. The head of navigation is at a fixed bridge at Main Street in Westchester, about 1.7 miles above the mouth of the creek. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project, as adopted by the act of June 25, 1910, provides for a channel 8 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide across the estuary; thence 80 feet wide to about 1,000 feet above Scrivens Wharf; and thence 60 feet wide to the head of navigation (River and Harbor Committee Doc. No. 7, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The section included in the project for improvement consists of about 1.7 miles of the creek and about 1 mile of channel in the estuary. The mean tidal range is 6.8 feet. Original estimated cost $42,780, and $2,000 annually for maintenance. This estimate was subsequently increased to $91,280. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The expenditures resulted in making a channel of the project width and depth from 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 200 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. the East River to 1,900 feet below Unionport Bridge, except for a shoal in the easterly side of the channel about 2,800 feet below the bridge, and thence to the head of navigation a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water and of full project width. The expenditures to June 30, 1914, amounted to $49,023.07, all for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The projected channel was excavated to a depth of 8 feet at mean low water and width of 60 feet from a point about 3,100 feet below the bridge at Unionport, except for the removal of a small area and a few small points of ledge rock. The work, which consisted of dredging at a cost of $36,773.58 and of rock removal at a cost of $1,532.12, was done by the use of Government plant; the cost of superintendence, engineering, and contingencies is included in the figures given. Part of this work consisted of redredging where shoaling had occurred since the last previous dredging in 1913. The expenditures during the fiscal year amounted to $34,169.16, of which amount $23,502.62 was for new work and $10,666.54 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 95 per cent of the project has been completed and has resulted in making a channel of the projected dimensions, with the exception of a small area of ledge rock at the Unionport Bridge and a few small points of ledge rock in the east side of the channel about 3,000 feet below this bridge. The expenditures under the existing project up to June 30, 1915, amounted to $83,192.23, of which amount $72,525.69 was for new work and $10,666.54 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.Delays to water-borne commerce have been reduced and part of the water-borne commerce of Bronx River has been diverted to this stream pending the completion of the chan- nel at that place provided for under the project adopted March 4, 1913. Also the freight rates by water are much lower than the rail rates. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to expend as much of the available balance as may be necessary in completing the improve- ment by rock removal and in dredging for maintenance. No addi- tional funds appear to be necessary at this time. Commercial statistics.-As the result of a careful canvass, it ap- pears that the tonnage and value of the commerce of this locality, mainly in building materials, coal, and petroleum products, are as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. ............................................................ 169,164 $733,236 1913 -------------------------------------------------------------- 571,166 1,531,161 1914....................................-------------------------------------------------------....... 589,322 1,036,984 Passengers carried: None. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 201 Financial sum m ary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $72,525.69 Maintenance- _....10, 666. 54 Total ------------------------------------------ 83, 192.23 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-... ---------------------------------------------.. ! $37, 174.48 $6, 430.07 $23, 502.62 Maintenance.--------..----------.....---.-...-- -- --------------------.... 10,666.54 Total-.................--------------..------------------------------............. 37,174.48 6,430.07 34,169.16 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------ -- - ------ -- $32, 780. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------------- 12, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------------- 36, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------- 5, 770. 43 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 36, 500. 00 Receipts from sales ----------------------------------------------- 1. 75 42, 272. 18 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_______________________ $23, 502. 62 For maintenance of improvement-----------0, 666. 54 34, 169. 16 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________ July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_-_________-__________- _____-- __ 8, 103. 02 4, 185. 08 July 1, 1915, balance available------------- 3, 917. 94 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ------ -------------------- -- 10, 666. 54 7. BRONX RIVER, N. Y. Location.-This stream is about 15 miles long, flows in a general direction slightly west of south, and empties into a shallow bay or estuary, about 1 mile long and 300 to 4,500 feet wide, in the north shore of the East River, about 11 miles, by water, east of the Battery, New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-Originally the depth at the mouth of the river was 4 feet at mean low water, decreasing to 4 feet at mean high water at the head of navigation, which is marked by a dam at East One hundred and seventy-seventh Street (West Farms), about 21 miles above the mouth. Above the dam the river is very narrow, shallow, and tortuous. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. There was expended under this 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 202 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. project $95,978.80, of which amount $69,057.47 was for new work and $26,921.33 was for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1762. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by the act of March 4, 1913 (IH. Doc. No. 897, 62d Cong., 2d sess.), provides for a channel 10 feet deep at mean low water and bottom width of 100 feet, with widening at the bends, to extend from deep water in the East River to the head of navigation at the dam at East One hun- dred and seventy-seventh Street, involving the first dredging from the East River to Randall Avenue to a width of 200 feet; thence to Spofford Avenue, 150 feet; thence to Watson Avenue, 125 feet; thence to the railroad bridge near Westchester Avenue, 100 feet, ex- cept in the southern approach to the bridge, where it is to be 140 feet; and above the bridge 100 feet, with increase at bends where permissible, including a turning basin at the head of the improve- ment. The project also provides for maintaining the channel ex- cavated under the project adopted June 3, 1896, until the channel provided for under the existing project is open to traffic to the rail- road bridge. Estimated cost, $930,000, and $3,000 to $4,000 annually for maintenance. The section included in the project for improve- ment includes the navigable portion of the river, about 34 miles north from the East River, lying wholly within the city of New York. The distance across the estuary from the East River to the mouth of the Bronx River is about 1 mile. The mean range of tides is about 7 feet in the estuary and about 6 feet at the head of navigation. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work done had resulted in making a channel of the dimensions prescribed by the existing project from Spofford Avenue to Lacombe Avenue, except Sattwo points where uplands project slightly into the channel limits; in excavating a channel 4 feet deep at mean low water and 60 feet wide from Spofford Avenue to Garrison Avenue; and thence to the turn east of the gas works, 4 feet deep and 50 feet wide. Also in removing certain rocks and bowlders which obstructed navigation in the vicinity of the dye works wharf near the head of navigation. The expenditures on existing project to June 30, 1914, amounted to $6,591.62, all of which was for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged to project dimensions from deep water in the East River to Lacombe Avenue, the work being done under contract. The expendi- tures during the fiscal year amounted to $66,844.02, of which amount $62,912.97 was for new work and $3,931.05 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work done had resulted in a channel of project dimensions from deep water in the East River to Spofford Avenue, except at three points where upland projects slightly into the channel limits. About 14 per cent of the project has been completed. On June 30, 1915, the maximum draft that could be carried at mean low water from the East River to Lacombe Avenue was 10 feet, thence to Spofford Avenue about 7i feet; thence to the turn east of the gas works 21 feet, for widths varying from 35 to 50 feet; above this the depth gradually decreases to 1 foot or less for RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 203 a width generally less than 50 feet, and at the head of navigation it is only about 4 feet at mean high water. The expenditures on existing project to June 30, 1915, amounted to $73,435.64, of which amount $69,504.59 was for new work and $3,931.05 was for main- tenance. Local cooperation.--The project was adopted subject to the condi- tion that any right of way that might be necessary for the execu- tion of the project should be furnished free of cost to the United States. The city of New York has under way condemnation proceed- ings, with a view to complying with the conditions imposed by the act adopting the existing project. Effect of the improvement.-A reduction in the cost of transpor- tation and an increase in the amount of water-borne commerce has resulted from the work accomplished under the project adopted June 3, 1896. The work under the existing project has not been advanced sufficiently to benefit navigation or the commerce of the locality to an extent of which an estimate can be made. Proposedoperations.-The funds recommended for continuing this improvement are required for rock excavation between Spofford Avenue and the Westchester Avenue Highway Bridge. In order that bids falling within the limits of the original unit price estimate may result, the amount appropriated should be sufficiently large to permit the work to be done with a thoroughly efficient rock excavating plant. Commercial statistics.-As the result of a careful canvass, it ap- pears that the tonnage and value of the commerce of this river, mainly in building materials, coal, and lumber, are as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912-----------......-----------............................................................----------------------------------------........... 319,083 $1,416,589 1913..................................----- ............--..............................-- 658,473 2,443,407 1914................................................. ...------------------.... 841,586 1,947,786 Passengers carried: None. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- $138, 562. 06 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 30, 852. 38 Total ____ ---- Tt--------------------------------------------- 169, 414. 44 1944.4 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................... ..... .......... ........... $1,620.44 $6,591.62 $62,912.97 Maintenance ........... ............ .... ...................... 10,134.25 12.10 3,931.05 Total......... ........................... ........... 11,754.69 6,603.72 66,844.02 204 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913---------- --------------------------------------- $130, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------- ------------------ 100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________---------------- 123, 964. 28 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915- 100, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-------------------------------------------- 5. 50 223, 969. 78 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_____________________ $62, 912. 97 For maintenance of improvement ---------------- 3, 931. 05 66, 844. 02 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 157, 125. 76 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------- 11, 044. 39 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 12, 727. 35 23, 771. 74 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------_ 133, 354. 02 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------------------------ 703, 931. 05 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement----------------------1250, 000. 00 8. EAST RIVER AND HELL GATE, N. Y. Location.-The East River, of which Hell Gate is a part, is a tidal strait about 16 miles long, extending from the Battery, New York City, to Throgs Neck, at the head of Long Island Sound, and sepa- rating Long Island from the Boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx, New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-A through channel navigable for seagoing vessels has always existed, but it was, in its original condition, ren- dered tortuous and dangerous by rocks and reefs, especially in the part known as Hell Gate. Exclusive of bays and estuaries, the river is from 600 to 4,000 feet wide and about 16 miles long. Previous projects.-Priorto 1852 there was appropriated by other than river and harbor acts $13,861.59, which sum was expended in increasing the depth over various rocks in Hell Gate. On August 20, 1852, Congress appropriated $20,000 for the removal of "rocks at Hell Gate and Diamond Reef." The total expenditures on previous projects were $33,861.59. For scope of previous projects, see Appen- dix, page 1762. Present project.-The present project (Annual Report for 1868, p. 726 et seq.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1868. It was modified in 1874 and at various times thereafter, and was enlarged by river and harbor acts of March 3, 1899, and June 25, 1910. As modified and enlarged, the project provides for the re- moval of obstructions to the depths given in the following table, and also for constructing two dikes-one connecting Great and Little Mill Rocks and the other closing the channel between Bread and Cheese 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 205 Reef and Blackwells Island. Estimated cost, as modified and en- larged, $8,757,183. The construction of the dike at Mill Rock was completed by the United States in 1882 and the dike at Bread and Cheese Reef was built by the city of New York in 1881. Work called for under existing project. Distance Least Least Pro- Locality. by water origi- prest ectd Remarks. from the nal present ected Remarks. Battery. depth. depth. depth. Miles. Feet. Feet. Feet. Battery Reef 1....... ........ ............ 0 12.8 2617.3 26 South Ferry Reef...........------------...-..--.......------------. 0 17 19 26 Diamond Reef-----... -----------------------.. 15.7 25 25 Completed. Reef off Diamond Reef....- ------------------- 19 26 26 Do. Coenties Reef...-------------------------------... 14.3 25.3 26 Third Street Reef....... ... .............. 3 15.9 19 19 Do. Shell Reef.---.---.-------..----- - 21--4 7.5 13 18 Pilgrim Rock---...----------- ...-.------. 3 12 24 26 Twenty-Sixth Street Reef.. .- - - - - --- 4 16. 1 26 26 Do. Charlotte Rock..----------------------------. 4 14.7 26 26 Do. Ferry Reef ...-------------------------------- 4 7 24 26 Man-of-War Rock ........................... 44 + 0.8 26 26 Do. Middle Reef (includes Negro Head, Flood Rock, Hen and Chickens, and Gridiron) - .. 7 + 6 26 26 Do. Heel Tap Rock--..----------................ 7 12.1 20.5 26 Hallets Point Reef....................... 71 + 4 26 26 Do. Frying Pan Reef.... ................... 74 9 23.8 26 Pot Rock... .. ....... .. ........... 8 8 26 26 Do. Shell Drake Rock........................... 8 8 26 26 Do. Ways Reef................... ............... 8 5 26 26 Do. Rock off Negro Point...--------------.... 9 ................ 26 Scaly Rock.. ........................................... 94 .. . .. Reported completed. Middle Ground......... ........... 10 11 15. 6 26 Partly removed. Reef off North Brother Island ................ 10 16 26 26 Completed. Channel between North and South Brother Islands 2.................................. 10-11 19 19 26 Barretto Reef ............................. 114 17 26 26 Do. 1 Under contract for removal. Nearly completed. 2 Under contract for deepening for a width of about 300 feet. About 90 per cent completed. By public resolution No. 67 (63d Cong., 3d sess.), approved March 3, 1915, the removal of Coenties Reef to a depth of 35 feet below mean low water was authorized, subject to the condition that the city of New York or other local interests make provision for its further re- moval to 40 feet. The estimated cost to the United States for this work is $264,000. As this condition has not been met as yet, the re- moval of this reef as proposed has not yet legally become a part of the approved project and is not therefore included in the above table. Reports upon which the present project is based are printed in the following-named documents: Annual reports Congressional documents. of Chief of Engineers. Section covered or subject. House or N Cnr S S Senate. No. Congress. Session. Year. Page. Battery to Hell Gate ......... ....................... ......... . . 1868 726 Shell Reef (Broome St. to 23d St.)............. House.. 169 Fifty-first.- First.... 1890 764 Channel between North and South Brother ...do.... 1084 Sixtieth... Second..... ....... Islands........ Middle Ground off Sunken Meadow............do... 1187 ... do.... ... do.... .. .. 206 REPORT OF -THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The mean range of tides in the East River varies, according to locality, from 4 feet at the Brooklyn Navy Yard to 7.2 feet at the east entrance at Throgs Neck. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work done had resulted in the construction of a dike between Great and Little Mill Rocks; in increasing the area above 11 feet, mean low water reference, of Great Mill Rock, the property of the United States, by about 47,000 square feet; and in removing obstructions as shown in the table of the preceding paragraph, except that on June 30, 1914, work in Middle Reef had not been completed; a channel of 300 feet width between North and South Brother Islands had been but about 55 per cent completed; and the removal of Battery Reef had been about 95 per cent completed. The expenditures on existing project to June 30, 1914, amounted to $5,819,545.19, of which amount $5,819,447.17 was-for new work and $98.02 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work under con- tract in the channel between North and South Brother Islands, in progress on June 30, 1914, was continued throughout the year, at a cost of $125,882.05 for rock removal and $3,583.44 for dredging. A channel 300 feet wide and 26 feet deep has resulted from this work, except for the removal of a considerable number of shoal points of rock scattered over the area included in the contract. Work on Middle Reef in Hell Gate was completed June 1, 1914, except for the removal of a loose rock moved by the contractor's dredge to a point outside of the area included in the contract. The contract was com- pleted August 13, 1914, by the removal of this rock without addi- tional cost to the United States. The work done in Battery Reef during the year consisted in dredging under contract for a period of about 2 months, at a cost of $6,252.53. This work resulted in remov- ing shoals existing on June 30, 1914, in the area included in the con- tract, excepting a very small area of ledge rock containing about 12 cubic yards of material. The following work was in progress on Mill Rock at the close of the fiscal year: A timber wharf was built under informal agreement, at a cost of $6,696.67. Some filling, not included in the contract, remains to be done to complete this structure. This filling will be done by hired labor after the completion of other work now in progress. Contract has been entered into for the construction of a general storehouse, oil and paint storehouse, and boat shed, at a cost of $41,133.50, exclusive of rock excavation, construction of foundations, and filling, which had already been done by the United States by hired labor, at a cost of $10,376.88, which amount included the cost of filling in for wharf connection. The expenditures during the year amounted to $251,- 325.70, all for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 70 per cent of the work contemplated under the existing project has been completed. As a result, rocks and reefs have been removed to the depths shown in the table printed under the statement of the present project above. A through channel of 26 feet depth at mean low water had a least width of 500 feet, except in Hell Gate, where examinations by sweeping, made in 1914, disclosed the existence of a number of shoal points theretofore not known to exist, which greatly reduces this width. A through main channel, having a least depth of 30 feet and a least RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 207 width of 500 feet is available for navigation, except in Hell Gate. The expenditures up to June 30, 1915, amounted to $6,070,870.89, of which amount $6,070,772.87 was for new work and $98.02 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-By public resolution No. 67 (63d Cong., 3d sess.), approved March 3, 1915, the removal of Coenties Reef to a depth of 35 feet at mean low water was authorized on condition that the city of New York or other local interests provide for its further removal to a depth of 40 feet at mean low water. Nothing has been done as yet to meet this condition. Prior to 1913 local interests expended unknown amounts in the partial removal of Coenties Reef and in the construction of a dike connecting Bread and Cheese Reef with Blackwells Island. Effect of the improvement.-While the benefits derived from the improvement can not be shown by its influence on freight rates or directly by the increase in tonnage, the commerce of the river is so enormous, both in tonnage and value, that every improvement which facilitates and lessens the dangers to navigation in this waterway is unquestionably justified. Perhaps the most obvious effect of the im- provement is the increase in the number of vessels of large tonnage using the river. Proposed operations.-Itis believed that the present 26-foot proj- ect has been outgrown by the commercial interests involved and that further work on this project is now economically inadvisable. No estimate is therefore submitted for operations in connection with the said project during the fiscal year 1917. It is proposed to expend the necessary amounts from the funds already appropriated for this improvement in completing the following work now in progress or under contract: Channel 300 feet wide between North and South Brother Islands. Rock excavation in Battery Reef (about 12 cubic yards). Storehouses and boat shed on Mill Rock. Motor launch for use on surveys. Should the city of New York give assurance of the required cooperation, it is proposed -to begin the removal of Coenties Reef. Commercial statistics.-As a result of a careful canvass the com- merce of the East River in the calendar year 1914 appears to have amounted to 46,553,605 short tons, valued at $1,537,239,286, and that the number of passengers carried was 22,436,151. Separate statistics for East River are not available for previous years. Financialsummary. EAST RIVER AND HELL GATE. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---- ------------------------------------$6, 104, 634. 46 Maintenance ----------------- --------------------------- 98. 0 Total ---------------------------------------- 6, 104, 732. 48 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... .. .............. ..................... $173,119.01 $427,176.20 $251,325.70 Maintenance ........................ ........................................... 208 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------ $200, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 . .---------- 100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------------------- 250, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 423, 549. 73 Receipts from sales and collections ---------------------------- 1, 098. 33 424, 648. 06 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement---------------------------------------- 251, 325. 70 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 173, 322. 36 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------$30, 262. 39 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts------------------------------------- 38, 972.31 69, 234. 70 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------. 104, 087. 66 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----------------------------------- 12, 551, 939. 57 9. HARLEM RIVER, N. Y. Location.-The Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, both in- cluded in the improvement, are two waterways of a joint length of about 8 miles which join at Kingsbridge, N. Y., and separate Man- hattan Island from the mainland. The East River entrance is about 82 miles northeast of the Battery, New York City, and the Hudson River entrance about 132 miles north of the Battery. Originalcondition. Before improvement, the Harlem River varied in width from about 300 feet to about 1,500 feet, and had an available depth of 10 feet at mean low water from the East River to Morris Dock, except at Highbridge, where it was only 6 feet deep. From Morris Dock to Fordham Landing there was a crooked channel 7 feet deep, and above the latter place to its junction with Spuyten Duyvil Creek the river could be used only by the smallest class of vessels. The original width of Spuyten Duyvil Creek was about 150 feet at its head and about 1,000 feet near its junction with the Hud- son River. It had a least mean low-water depth of about 4 feet from Kingsbridge to the Hudson River. Above Kingsbridge the depth gradually diminished to less than 1 foot at the head of the creek. The narrow channel at the junction was obstructed by a ledge of rocks awash at low tide. In 1875 (Annual Report for 1875, pt. 2, p. 234), the mean range at the mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek was 3.91 feet, and at Fordham Bridge, a short distance below (south of) Broadway Bridge, it was 6.03 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 23, 1874. There was expended under this project $21,000, all for new work. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1762. Present project.-The existing project (H. Doc. No. 75, pt. 9, 43d Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted June 18, 1878. It was modified in 1879, 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 209 October 7, 1886, and October 2, 1893 (Annual Reports for 1887, p. 671; 1888, p. 598; and 1894, pp. 789 and 790), and was enlarged by act of March 4, 1913 (H. Doec. No. 557, 62d Cong., 2d sess.). As modified and enlarged, it provides for a continuous channel 400 feet wide and 15 feet deep at mean low water from the East River to the Hudson River, except at Washington Bridge, where the adopted width is 354 feet, and at the rock cut through Dyckmans Meadow where the adopted width is 350 feet and the depth 18 feet. It also provides for straightening the channel at Johnson Iron Works by making a cut at this point 400 feet wide and 15 feet deep at mean low water; estimated cost, $3,550,000. The mean tidal range as determined in 1907 is as follows: Mill Rock, 5 feet; Spuyten Duyvil Bridge, 3.7 feet. The total length of the waterway is about 8 miles. Operations and results priorto the fiscal year.-The work done had resulted in making a channel 390 feet wide and 15 feet deep at mean low water below Willis Avenue Bridge, except between One hundred and twenty-second Street and One hundred and twenty-sixth Street, where a few rocks having a minimum clearance over them of about 121 feet restrict the 15-foot channel to a width of 230 feet; between Willis Avenue Bridge and Madison Avenue Bridge about 400 feet wide and 15 feet deep, except immediately north of the easterly pier of the Second Avenue Bridge, where a comparatively small area projects above the improvement plane; thence to the One hundred and forty- fifth Street Bridge the same depth and 400 feet wide, except for a few shoals close to the easterly side of the channel and a few projecting points at sewer outlets in the westerly side of the channel; thence to Macombs Dam Bridge the same depth and 150 to 300 feet wide. The available depth through the westerly draw of Macombs Dam Bridge is about 12 feet; the channel through the easterly draw opening is not navigable, being obstructed by ledge rock that projects above mean low water. At High Bridge the horizontal clearance between pier foundations is but about 44 feet at 5 feet below mean low water. The depth beneath this bridge is limited to 13 feet, except between two piers in the westerly side of the channel, where there is not less than 15 feet. In 1907 a channel 15 feet deep and 150 feet wide was dredged from Macombs Dam Bridge to the Hudson River. The rock cut through Dyckmans Meadow was completed in 1895, but this channel and the channel dredged in 1907 have been markedly reduced in depth by shoaling. The expenditures on existing project to June 30, 1914, amounted to $1,712,813.11, of which amount $1,699,890.84 was for new work and $12,922.27 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging prose- cuted under a contract completed October 3, 1914, resulted in deep- ening the channel to 15 feet at mean low water in the westerly side between the One hundred and forty-fifth Street Highway and the Putnam Railroad Bridges; in the easterly half of the channel from the rock in the easterly draw of Macombs Dam Bridge to about 1,700 feet north of the Putnam Railroad Bridge; in the westerly side of the channel from about 1,600 feet below Shermans Creek to the Two hundred and seventh Street Bridge; and in the westerly side near Two hundred and eleventh Street. The cost of this work, exclusive of superintendence, engineering, and contingencies, was $163,638.39. 8373 0 -ENG 1915 14 210 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Work under another contract for dredging was commenced June 20, 1915, and was in progress at the close of the fiscal year. There was expended under this contract $947.32. The material dredged was removed from the west side of the channel off the foot of East Two hundred and eleventh Street. By the use of Government plant and hired labor a number of rock points lying in the easterly half of the channel between One hundred and twenty-second Street and One hundred and twenty-sixth Street, off Randalls Island, and a part of a point of ledge rock lying in the easterly side of the channel be- tween Macombs Dam and Putnam Railroad Bridges were drilled, blasted, and removed; and a considerable area of the ledge rock lying in the easterly draw opening of the Macombs Dam Bridge was drilled and blasted, and part of the blasted rock was removed by dredging. Also four areas of ledge rock, uncovered by dredging done under contract in 1914, in the westerly side of the river, south of Shermans Creek, were drilled, blasted, and removed by dredging. The cost of this work, including the cost of superintendence, engineering, and con- tingencies, was $24,289.44. The total expenditures during the fiscal year amounted to $209,814.70, of which amount $205,080.54 was for new work and $4,734.16 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 59 per cent of the exist- ing project has been completed. The work done has resulted in mak- ing a channel 15 feet deep at mean low water and 400 feet wide below the Willis Avenue Bridge, except between East One hundred and twenty-fourth and East One hundred and twenty-fifth Streets, where the width is but 390 feet; from Willis Avenue Bridge to Macombs Dam Bridge the same depth and 400 feet wide, except for a few un- important shoals in the sides of the channel at several points between these bridges. At Macombs Dam Bridge the available depth is 12 feet in the westerly draw opening; the easterly one is not navigable, being obstructed by ledge rock, a considerable area of which projects above low water. From the rock at Macombs Dam Bridge to Put- nam Railroad Bridge the channel is 15 feet deep and 400 feet wide, except at a rock in the easterly side of the channel, where the width is 350 feet. From the Putnam Railroad Bridge to the Hudson River the channel is 15 feet deep and varies in width from about 150 feet to about 300 feet. On June 30, 1915, the maximum available depth for navigation through the Harlem River is estimated at 15 feet at mean low water, except in the navigable (westerly) draw channel at Macombs Dam Bridge, where it is not more than 12 feet. The widths of channels through bridge draws are 98 to 100 feet, except at High Bridge, where the bridge piers obstruct navigation and cause eddies and high current velocities which render navigation through the bridge channels hazardous. The horizontal clearance between piers at elevation -5, mean low-water reference, is but about 44 feet. The expenditures under this project to June 30, 1915, amounted to $1,922,627.81, of which amount $1,904,971.38 was for new work and $17,656.43 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of June 18, 1878, adopting the existing project for this improvement and the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879, provided that the necessary right of way should be provided free of cost to the United States before work was begun. This provision was complied with by the State of New York, which procured the necessary lands and completed their trans- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 211 fer to the United States in May, 1887. A similar provision is con- tained in the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, authorizing the straightening of the channel at Johnson Iron Works. At the re- quest of the State of New York, a provision was inserted in the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, providing for the cession to the State of the land occupied by the present channel at that point, after the right of way for the cut-off had been provided and the new channel completed. It is not known that the State of New York has taken any further action in the matter. Effect of improvement.-The opening of the Harlem River to navigation has resulted in greatly increasing the areas of Manhattan and Bronx Boroughs to which heavy freight can be brought by water with a marked saving in cost. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to complete the work of rock removal at Macomb Dam Bridge; to widen the channel by dredging between the Putnam Bridge and the Hudson River at such points as will be most beneficial to this rapidly growing section; and to com- mence the removal of rock ledges projecting into the channel between the Putnam Bridge and Sherman Creek. It is accordingly recom- mended that there be appropriated for the purpose stated $250,000. Funds now on hand will be expended or under contract by June 30, 1916. Commercial statistics.-As the result of a careful canvass made in 1915, the commerce of the Harlem River, mainly in general mer- chandise, coal, building materials, grain, etc., and ice, appears to be as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. mount in Value. Clenr year. short tons. 1912---------.......--------...---...............----------------....-..-........-------------------- 15,376,742 $742,503,048 1913--....----.... 18,313,336 .............................................................. 704,984,490 1914------....----.........----........................................................... 11,577,922 582,383,737 The reduction in the amount of commerce carried on the Harlem River in 1914 below that of previous years is due mainly to removal of a large lumber yard to the East River and an unexplained reduc- tion in the coal tonnage. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $1, 925, 971.38 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 17, 656.43 Total ------------------------------------------- 1, 943, 627. 81 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................---------------------------------------------. $33,175. 74 $16,212. 93 $205, 080. 54 Maintenance ...................... .. .. ................................ 12922.27 4, 734. 16 Total..--....... . ..--------------------------------------.......---....-- 33,175.74 29,135.20 209,814. 70 212 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ----- $75, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------ 105, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------- 50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------- 75, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________________________ 1214, 621.05 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 50, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 75, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-------------------------------------------___ 8. 62 339, 629. 67 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------$205, 080. 54 For maintenance of improvement------------- 4, 734. 16 209, 814. 70 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________________________ 129, 814. 97 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ---- 5, 456. 15 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts --------------------------------------- 37, 392. 44 42, 848. 59 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------- 86, 966. 38 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project________________ 21, 520, 656. 43 2______________ Amount that can be profitably expended in year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement_____________________________ 2 250, 000. 00 10. ST. ALBANS HARBOR, VT. Location.-The harbor at St. Albans, Vt., is the name applied to the upper end of St. Albans Bay, situated between St. Albans and Lime Rock Point, on the northeastern shore of Lake Champlain. It is the port for the town of St. Albans, which is situated about 11 miles inland. It is 15 miles by water from the northern end or foot of Lake Champlain and 105 miles from the southern end, or head, of the lake. Burlington Harbor is 35 miles south and Plattsburg Har- bor is 20 miles southwest. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 553.) Original condition.-Navigation to and from this harbor was limited both by the minimum depth in St. Albans Bay and by the bridge clearances and channel depths in "The Gut," or channel, be- tween North and South Hero Islands. The general natural depth in the bay was from 6.5 to 21 feet, but near the wharves there were several rock or bowlder obstructions, over which the depth was as little as 4.5 feet. The bay is about 2 miles long and 1 mile wide. The head of navigation is at the wharves. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project was adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 1109, 60th Cong., 2d sess.). It provides for the removal to the general level of the adjacent lake 1This amount increased by 10 cents from amount shown in report for fiscal year 1914 account of refundment of overpayment. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 213 bottom of about 34 bowlders or other obstructions in the vicinity of the wharves at the head of St. Albans Bay, which had a depth over them of less than 6.5 feet at low lake level, as determined by the zero of the gauge at Fort Montgomery, N. Y. The estimated cost was $5,000. The level of the lake has varied from 0.6 foot below to 8.8 feet above the adopted zero plane, but the usual annual variation is 4 to 5 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work con- templated in the project was completed in 1913 by dredging. The total amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $3,125.45, all for im- provement. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-No field operations were conducted during the year. Expenditures during the year, amounting to $65.98, were in payment of inspection and office ex- penses, and are chargeable to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work contemplated by the project is completed. The maximum draft that can be carried at low lake level over the shoalest part of the area covered by the project is 62 feet. Several small shoals in or near the usual course of steam- ers, but outside of the area covered by the project, have, however, been discovered. These shoals have less depth over them than the project requires, but there are at present no available funds, nor adequate reasons for their removal. The project was reported com- pleted on June 30, 1914, at a cost of $3,125.45, or $1,874.55 less than the estimate. The total expenditure for improvement under the ex- isting project was $3,125.45, and for maintenance $65.98, a total of $3,191.43. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has resulted in in- creased ease of access to the wharves and safer navigation for steam- ers. The improvement has not affected freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The tonnage and value of the commerce of this harbor, mainly merchandise, as obtained from the best informa- tion available, are as follows: Comparative statement. The nature and volume of commerce carried has not changed ap- preciably as a result of the improvement. There was no change in transportation lines. f14 REPORT OF 'THE HIEF OF ENGINEER, t. .. AR~IT. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------------------------- $3, 125.45 Maintenance -- ---------------------------------------- 65. 98 Total ---------------------------------------------- 3, 191.43 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 ................................................$1,051.46 ............$1,568.15 ....... New work ....------------------------------------------- Maintenance.......... $65.98 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_----------------------------_ $1, 874. 55 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement 5.98 6----------------------- July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------1, 808. 57 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------------------------25. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------- 1, 783. 57 11. PLATTSBURG HARBOR, N. Y. Location.-The harbor of Plattsburg, N. Y., is located on the westerly shore of Cumberland Bay, 30 miles southerly from the northern or lower end of Lake Champlain at the international boundary line, 90 miles north of the south end of the lake and 20 miles northwest of the harbor at Burlington, Vt. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 554.) Original condition.--In the original condition there was a mini- mum navigable depth to the wharves of 6 feet at low lake level, but the water front was unprotected and subject to the action of south- easterly storms. Lake navigation ends at the wharves. Previous projects.--None. Present project.-The original, which in its general features is also the existing project, was adopted July 4, 1836. The estimated cost is not known. It was modified in 1870 and 1890. By the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, $25,500, the full amount of the esti- mate for completing the work (in accordance with H. Doc. No. 759, 61st Cong., 2d sess.), was appropriated. The estimate of annual cost of maintenance was $2,000. As modified, it provides for a breakwater of timber cribs filled with rubble stone and capped with large stone, replacing former timber superstructure, extending from a point about 750 feet southward from the outer face of the South Dock in a general northeasterly direction for a distance of 1,565 feet, nearly parallel to the shore and distant therefrom 700 to 1,400 feet, and for dredging between this breakwater and the wharves to a depth of 9 feet, low lake level, as determined by the zero of the gauge at Fort Montgomery, N. Y. The level of the lake has varied from 0.6 feet below to 8.8 feet above the adopted zero plane, but the usual annual variation is 4 to 5 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-These consisted in the construction and maintenance of a breakwater 1,565 feet long, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 215 and the dredging of certain shoals between the breakwater and the wharves to a minimum depth of 9 feet at low lake level, and re- sulted in a protected anchorage of about 25 acres with a safe depth for navigation purposes. To June 30, 1914, $211,969.81 had been expended. The respective amounts expended for improvement and maintenance prior to 1910 can not be ascertained. From 1910 to June 30, 1914, expenditures for maintenance totaled $13,554.68, leaving an amount of $198,415.13 expended for new work and maintenance prior to 1910. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-These consisted in the construction, under contract, of a protecting rubble mound along the lake face of the breakwater for a distance of 700 feet from the north end southward, at a cost of $8,759.97; the repair of the stone superstructure at a cost of $1,427.45 and the removal of a large bowlder in the harbor at a cost of $240.50; the operation resulted m maintaining the structure as a protection to navigation and of making navigation in the harbor safe. There was expended during the year $4,780.91, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project has been completed. The breakwater as now constructed, with its lake face partially protected by a rubble mound, is in a generally good con- dition, and the project depth of 9 feet at low lake level has main- tained itself over the areas where dredging was done. The maxi- mum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the im- proved area is 8J feet. The distinction between improvement and maintenance was not made in the early reports, hence it is impos- sible to determine whether the project has been completed at the estimated cost, or to state the amounts expended for improvement and maintenance prior to 1910. To June 30, 1915, expenditures under the project amounted to $216,750.72. Since 1910 the expendi- ture for maintenance totaled $18,335.59, leaving $198,415.13 ex- pended on new work and maintenance prior to 1910. Local cooperatio.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has resulted in the establishment and maintenance of competition with" the railroads paralleling the lake, both by providing safe access to and from the wharves, and protection while lying there, and also by providing a much needed harbor of refuge for through lake traffic against the frequent violence of the lake. Proposed operations.-Inspections have shown that the timbers of the lake face of the cribs forming the substructure of the break- water have deteriorated by reason of the erosive action of ice, waves, and sand on the joints and timbers. The result is that many of the upper timbers have been wholly removed from the lake face, and the present upper timbers are below the general level of the lake from 2 to 6 feet. The missing timbers can be replaced only at prohibitive expense. It is necessary to reinforce this lake face of the break- water, in order to prevent its destruction, and past experience has shown that the most efficient, economical, and permanent method of preventing further deterioration in such cases is by the construction of a protecting rubble mound along the lake face. It is proposed to do this along the southern section of the Plattsburg Breakwater by constructing a mound extending from the toe of the present superstructure lakeward. The following estimate is submitted. 216 REPORT OF THE CHTIEF OF ENGINEE S, . S. ARMY. 8,000 tons of rubble stone at $1.25 per ton___________________________ $10, 000 Engineering and contingencies __________________--------- _____1, 000 Total .-------------------------------- 11, 000 Commercial statistics.-The freight carried within the limits of the improvement, as reported by transportation companies, con- sists of general merchandise and lumber. The passenger traffic is the principle item of commerce for this harbor and is conducted mainly during the summer season. Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. Passengers carried. 1912..---------....--......----------------.............................--.---....--...------.----------....... 26,481 $829,272 118,204 193...--..------------------- -------------------------------- 6,016 549,600 125,972 1914 ..--........--............ .... ..........................----- ...... 7,733 350,140 117, 766 The method of collection of commercial statistics at this port was changed about 1912. Statistics previously issued for Plattsburg in- cludes the entire United States customs district. The figure given for 1912 was estimated from customhouse clearances and believed excessive. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (and maintenance prior to 1910, not separable)____ $198, 415.13 Maintenance (since 1910) __------------------------------- 18, 335. 59 Total__----------------------------------- 216, 750. 72 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ..-..... . . ...... ......-. . . ............................ $5,266.06 $2,124.82 . Maintenance ...................-...................... ......... 6,867.98 6,599.98 $4,780.91 Total.. .... ..-.......... .. .. .. ................. 12,134.04 8,724.80 4,780.91 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913----- -------------------------------------- $4, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915__---_______--- _ -------------------- 2,000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______- ______---___-_ 7, 820. 08 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 2, 000. 00 Receipts from collections____--___---------_--_ 359. 60 10, 179. 68 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement _ ----------------------------------- 4, 780. 91 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__ ------------------------------ 5, 398. 77 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_________________--$898. 48 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 1, 213. 43 2, 111.91 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------ - ------- _ 3, 286. 86 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__ __------------- 11, 000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 217 12. BURLINGTON HARBOR, VT. Location.-The harbor at Burlington, Vt., is a half-moon shaped bay on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, about 40 miles from the northern end or foot of the lake at the international boundary line, which is 80 miles north of the southern end or head of the lake and 20 miles southeast of the harbor at Plattsburg, N. Y. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 554.) Original condition.-In the original condition there was ample depth of water in the harbor, which was an open roadstead, and along the wharves, but vessels at the wharves were without protection against the seas rolling in from Lake Champlain during storms. Winds from the northwest to southwest create seas having a fetch at Burlington of over 10 miles. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted in 1836 and modified in 1867 and in 1874. There was expended under this project prior to 1886 $501,811.07. The respective amounts expended for improvement and maintenance are not known. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1763. Present project.-The timber crib breakwater, 3,551 feet in length, built prior to 1886 under the previous project, did not provide ade- quate protection to the increase of harbor area needed by an ex- panding commerce. Therefore, in 1886, the present project was adopted for the extension of the breakwater 1,000 feet southerly and 500 feet northerly, with a gap 200 feet wide between the southerly extension and the main breakwater, to be built according to a modi- fied plan described in Annual Report of Chief of Engineers for 1886, pages 2107 to 2409, at an estimated cost of $150,000. In 1894 (river and harbor act, Aug. 18, 1894) and in 1902 (river and harbor act, June 13, 1902), the restoration of 3,833 linear feet of the super- structure of the breakwater built under the previous project by one of stone or concrete was approved. Estimated cost was $173,750, thus increasing the estimate for all the work under the project to $323,750. In 1910 (Annual Report for 1910, p. 85) the plan was again modified to provide for" the protection of a part of the deteriorated substructure built under previous project by construction of a pro- tecting rubble mound along 1,165 linear feet of the breakwater, and the estimated cost of work under the project was accordingly in- creased to $385,355. The plane of reference for operations at this locality is low lake .The level as determined by the zero at the gauge at Fort Montgomery. level of the lake has varied from 0.6 feet below to 8.8 feet above the adopted plane, but the usual annual variation is 4 to 5 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--A timber crib breakwater with stone or concrete superstructure has been built parallel to the wharves, extending in a general north and south direction, and in two sections 364 feet and 3,793 feet in length, respectively, separated by a gap of 200 feet in the direction of the longitudinal axis. The timber cribs built in the earlier times extend from the elevation of low lake level to the lake bottom and have vertical sides. The cribs later constructed under the present project rest on a regular mound of rubble stone deposited on the lake bottom and carried up to an elevation of about -14 feet. The superstructure 218 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. is composed in some sections of stone and in others of concrete blocks. In each case the stone or blocks are arched over a core filling of smaller stones and extend to an elevation of about 8 feet. The ends of the two sections of breakwater are terminated by piers about 20 by 24 feet, which protect the ends from ice action and also serve as foundations for the lighthouses and lights which mark the location of the breakwater and the entrance to the port of Burlington. To June 30, 1914, $204,750.49 were expended under present project for improvement and $88,182.03 for maintenance, a total of $292,932.52. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Under the informal contract these operations resulted in the reconstruction of the light- house pier at the north end of the breakwater. The superstructure of the pier was capped with concrete at a cost of $1,027.85, and the sub- structure was reinforced by a rubble mound at a cost of $3.807.92. Expenditures during the year amounted to $5,870.04, all for main- tenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The present project is about 75 per cent completed, and further extensions of the breakwater are being held in abeyance pending the adoption and completion of plans for a public terminal for the city of Burlington. Of the projected extensions, 606 feet (364 feet northerly and 242 feet southerly) have been completed, giving a total length of 4,157 feet. Of the super- structure 3,567 linear feet have been rebuilt. Extensive repairs have been made to the substructure. Inspections during the year dis- closed that the stone superstructure of the north extension was settling, due either to spreading of the substructure cribs, or settling of the rubble foundation and filling. No shoaling has taken place in the vicinity of the wharves, excepting that resulting from deteri- oration of bulkheads; and a draft of 8 feet at low lake level can be carried to their immediate vicinity with a large increase of depth as the breakwater is approached. The head of navigation is at the wharves. The total expenditures for improvements were $204,750.49 and $94,052.07 for maintenance, a total of $298,802.56. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The waterborne'commerce of this port during gales from the west is practically dependent for its existence upon the protection afforded by the breakwater, which also affords to through lake traffic a harbor of refuge during storms. The im- provement maintains competition between rail and water traffic. Proposed operations.-Inspectionshaving shown that the stone superstructure of the northern section of the breakwater has settled, due either to spreading of the cribs or settling of the rubble mound on which the cribs rest, it is proposed to construct a protecting rubble mound along the lake face of the substructure of this section in order to prevent its further deterioration. The estimated cost of this work is as follows: 16,000 tons of rubble stone in place at $1.25 per ton _ _--------------_ $20, 000 ------------------------------ Engineering and contingencies___ 2, 000 Total ---------------------------------- 22, 000 Commercial statistics.-The tonnage of this harbor, mainly in general merchandise, lumber, and coal, as obtained from transpor- tation companies, is as follows: RIVER AND HAIc OR IMPROVEMENTS. 219 Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. Passengers carried. 1912 ......... ...................................................... 65,381 $1,246,000 125,000 1913................................................................ 44,510 940,000 126,000 1914................................................................ 20,279 579,530 117,766 The decrease in commerce handled during the past several years is believed to be due to railroad competition as well as temporary business conditions. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including maintenance of previous project)-..... $706, 561. 56 Maintenance (present project only) ------------------------- 94, 052. 07 Total -------------------------------------------------- 800, 613. 63 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Maintenance............... .. ..... .. .. $18,839. 13 .----------- $33,519.53 $5,870.04 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ---------------------------------------- 2, 500. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------- 2, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------_ 2, 00(. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------------- 9, 069. 93 June 30, 1915, amount experided during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-_--_ --------- --------------------------- 5, 870. 04 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 3, 199. 89 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 22. 48 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------_ 3, 177. 41 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-------------------------------------------- 178, 800. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---- -__ -________ '22, 000. 00 13. NARROWS OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN, N. Y. AND VT. Location.-The Narrows of Lake Champlain is that portion of the lake at its southern end, 37 miles long, located between Whitehall and Crown Point. The portion under improvement is that extend- ing from Whitehall, at the southern extremity of the lake, northerly to Benson Landing, Vt., a distance of 15 miles. Burlington Harbor, Vt., is 71 miles by water north of Whitehall and New York City is 214 miles south via the Champlain Canal and the Hudson River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 556.) 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 220 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-In its original condition the channel through the reach now under improvement was narrow and tortuous, with a ruling depth of from 9z to 10 feet at low lake level and a width prob- ably between 75 and 200 feet. This reach is a connecting link in the international waterway between New York City and Montreal, a distance of 400 miles, via the Hudson River, Champlain Canal, Lake Champlain, Richelieu River, Chambly Canal, and St. Lawrence River. The depths limiting through traffic are those of the Chambly and Champlain Canals, 7 and 4.5 feet, respectively, though the Cham- plain Canal is now being reconstructed with least depth of prism and depth on sills of 12 feet. The head of navigation for lake traffic is at Whitehall. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted in 1886 and modified in 1890. Expenditures under this project amounted to $63,500, of which, it is estimated, $58,000 was expended for improve- ment and $5,500 for maintenance. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1763. Present project.-The existing project (Annual Report for 1897, p. 3302), adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. is to give the channel widths of 100 to 200 feet at Whitehall Harbor, Beacon No. 9, South Bay Bend, Chubbs Dock, and Dresden " Nar- rows," and restore it to a depth of 12 feet at low lake level, as de- termined by the zero of the gauge at Fort Montgomery, N. Y.; also to provide floating fender booms for protecting vessels against col- lision with the rocky banks at Puts Rock, Dresden Narrows, and Pulpit Point. The estimated cost of this work was $22,500. No estimate was made for maintenance. The project was completed in December, 1906; the expenditures since that date have been for main- tenance. The level of the lake in the Narrows has a usual annual variation of 4 to 5 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal.year.-These comprised dredging and a small amount of rock excavation, and resulted in creating and maintaining a channel 12 feet deep at low lake level, from 100 to 200 feet wide through the reach under improvement, and in fender-boom protection along three rocky points. To June 30, 1914, $34,534.17 had been expended under the existing project. The portions of this amount expended on improvement and mainte- nance are not definitely known, but they are estimated at $22,500 for improvement and $12,034.17 for maintenance. Operations during the fiscal year.-These were confined to the repair and maintenance of the fender booms, at a cost of $50. Other expenditures were in payment of inspection charges and office ex- penses. Expenditures during the year totaled $436.40, all for mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The present project was com- pleted in 1905. On June 30, 1915, the maximum available draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the section under improvement was about 9 feet, low lake level. The total expenditure for improvement under the project was $22,500, and for maintenance $12,470.57, a total of $34,970.57. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-This waterway is a link in the great in- ternational waterway between Montreal and New York, which was formerly the controlling factor in fixing freight rates in this locality. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 221 Its influence is still strong, though it has declined recently owing to the deterioration of the Champlain Canal, but is expected to be re- vived at the approaching completion of the New York State Barge Canal system. Proposed operations.-It is intended to apply the funds now on hand to the maintenance of the dredged channel and the fender booms. No additional funds are required for this purpose. Commercial statistics.-The commerce within the limits of the improvement, mainly in general merchandise, coal, wood pulp, pulp wood, and building material, as obtained from transportation com- panies and reports of clearances on the Champlain Canal, is as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912.--------------....---..----.........--.........................................-------------------------------------- 548,700 $5,487,000 ------------------------------------------------------------- 1913............................................................................. 424,933 4,675,311 1914.............................................................................------------------------------------------------------------- 466,700 4,448,438 There are no lines engaged in the regular transportation of passen- gers, but occasional excursions on large steamers are carried to other lake ports, and there is a considerable motor-boat traffic. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------- ---- $80, 500. 00 Maintenance- --------------------------- 17, 970. 57 Total 98, 470. 57 _----------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... ............................................... ... .... .... Maintenance. ............................................ $8,383.59 $646.62 $436.40 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- $6, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913------ ------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___------------------------------ _ 6, 467. 33 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 3, 000. 00 9, 467. 33 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---------------------------- --- 436. 40 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_________---____________-_ 9, 030. 93 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__________-_____________ 38. 48 July 1, 1915, balance available----.-----------------. 8, 992. 45 222 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 14. HUDSON RIVER, N. Y. Location.-The Hudson River has its source in the Adirondack Mountains, about 250 miles in a direct line from the Battery, New York City, and flows in a generally southerly direction into New York Bay. The section under improvement extends from Water- ford to Hudson, a distance of about 38 miles. Hudson is about 117 miles north of the Battery, New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 284.) Original condition.-Before improvement by the General Govern- ment, and after partial improvement by the State of New York, there was a narrow and crooked channel between banks 650 to 3,000 feet apart, with a navigable depth at mean low water varying from 32 to 11 feet between Waterford and Coxsackie, and of 12 feet and more between Coxsackie and Hudson. From Hudson to New York a natural depth of 25 feet, barring a few shoals, existed. The river above Hudson was obstructed by sand bars, making the channel tor- tuous and unstable and navigable by small shallow-draft vessels only. The head of boat navigation was originally at Waterford, and of logging navigation near the headwaters. The navigable length was about 155 miles. Later the river became the southern and eastern outlet for the Champlain and Erie Canals, connecting with the Champlain Canal at Waterford in the pool formed by the dam built by the State ,of New York about 1823 at Troy, and with the Erie Canal opposite Troy and at Albany. In 1831, the mean range of tide was reported as follows: Troy, 1.09 feet; Albany, 2.09 feet; Castleton, 1.7 feet; and New Baltimore, 2.83 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement by the United States was adopted in 1834, and modified in 1852 and 1866. A second project was adopted in 1892, and modified in 1899. The expenditures for improvement and maintenance by the United States before adopting the existing project totaled $5,466,752.32. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1764. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by river and har- bor act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 719, 61st Cong., 1st sess.), contemplates a channel 12 feet deep at all stages, from Waterford to Hudson, a distance of 38 miles; the removal of the existing State dam at Troy, and the construction of a lock and dam about 2 miles below Waterford and about 1,400 feet north of the existing State Lock and Dam at Troy, the lock to have a width of 45 feet, with minimum depths of 16.3 feet on the upper miter sill and 14 feet at lowest low water on the lower miter sill, and a length between hol- low quoins (subdivided by intermediate gates) of 520.5 feet (maxi- mum available length for model-bowed boats, 492.5 feet). The channel is to be 200 feet wide from Waterford to the dam at Troy, and below the dam of a general width of 400 feet, increased at bends. In front of the cities of Troy and Albany the channel is to be widened to form harbors. The channel is to be formed by dredg- ing and rock excavation, and is to be maintained by constructing new and raising and repairing old longitudinal dikes. It was in- tended to complete the improvement within four years, subject to certain provisions stated in the document referred to (see also Local cooperation). The original estimate of cost, exclusive of maintenance, for which no estimate was made, was $5,186,064. A delay in the beginning of RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 223 work was caused by conflicting action of successive New York State canal boards in the matter of abandoning the State dam at Troy, on which certain parts of the project were contingent. Due to this delay, the cost of the work was increased, owing to the natural advance in the cost of material and labor. Further study of the physical features developed the necessity for increased length of crest and change of trace of new dam, and increased excavation disclosed by detailed development of rock reefs. Therefore, in 1914, the estimate of cost was increased to $7,530,000. No estimate was made for maintenance. The range of mean tides at the State dam in seasons of moderate rains is about 2.55 feet, as determined in 1903. At Broadway, Troy, the range is about 3 feet, and at Albany about 2.9 feet as determined in 1910. At New Baltimore it is about 3.21 feet, at Coxsackie about 3.7 feet, and at Hudson about 4.1 feet. The assumed lowest low-water plane varies from 2 feet at Troy to 3.7 feet at Hudson below mean sea level, Sandy Hook, N. J. In measure as the channels above Hudson are improved, the range of tide increases and the low-water plane falls. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-These resulted in the construction of longitudinal dikes on both sides of the river between Troy and Stuyvesant, a distance of about 24 miles, nearly continuous, except where the shore line made them unnecessary. Between Stuyvesant and Hudson (the southern limit of the present project) longitudinal dikes have been constructed near Coxsackie and Fordham Point. The lock and dam and appurtenant works to replace the existing State Lo6k and Dam at Troy have been partially completed, and the channel has been excavated at various points between Troy and Hudson to varying dimensions. The maximum depth available at lowest low water is 9 feet, with a least width of about 250 feet below Albany, and about 60 feet between Albany and Troy. To June 30, 1914, there was expended $2,075,376.25, of which $1,886,396.55 was for improvement and $188,979.70 for mainte- nance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-By the use of Gov- ernment plant and hired labor the following work was accomplished: New work: In the lock at Troy about 90 per cent of the concrete has been placed; the three sets of miter gates have been erected and the upper and intermediate sets hung in place; in the dam and power bulkhead about 56 per cent of the concrete has been placed. Be- tween the new and old dams 114,100 cubic yards of sand and gravel were removed from the channel. The total cost of all work at this locality during the year was $588,746.56. Dredging and rock re- moval resulted in the breaking up by blasting of 3,100 square yards of the rock area between the new dam and Waterford at a cost of $4,846.22; dredging a channel of project depth and varying widths through shoals at Van Wies Point and Winnies, about 5 miles below Albany. where 269,620 cubic yards of material were removed at a total cost of $26,641.63; and the removal of isolated reefs at Mat- thews Point, about 16 miles below Albany, at a cost of $5,100.87. Raising of dikes comprised 7,400 linear feet of concrete paving on a rubble core at Van Wies and Campbell Island Dikes, the reconstruc- tion of the timber substructure along 521 linear feet of Cedar Hill Dike at a cost of $1,739.07, and the placing of a rubble mound on a portion of Cedar Hill Dike at a cost of $4,991.77. 224 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Maintenance: The river face of several of the old dikes was pro- tected from scour by riprapping and two gaps in the old dikes were closed, all at a cost of $5,555.16. At Round Shoal 141,190 cubic yards of material were removed at a total cost of $14,620.86. Contracts: Operations under continuing-contract authorization of March 4, 1913, all of which has since been appropriated, resulted in the excavation of about 3,300 linear feet of channel, 12 feet deep and 200 feet wide, at Troy and about 7,700 linear feet of channel 12 feet deep and 400 feet wide below Albany, at a cost of $339,306.66. Expenditures during the fiscal year were $925,875.37 for improve- ment and $45,083.62 for maintenance, a total of $970,958.99. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 41 per cent of the work contemplated under the present project has been completed to June 30, 1915, the percentage of completion of the various items of work being about as follows: Troy Lock, 93 per cent; dam, 60 per cent; channel excavation, 21 per cent; removal of old dam at Troy, none; construction of new and reconstruction of old dikes, 65 per cent; 15,545 linear feet of new diking have been constructed and 25,200 linear feet of old dikes have been raised to the adopted crest height. The ruling depths at lowest low water and widths of the existing channels from Waterford to Hudson are as follows: Depth. Width. Hudson to Coxsackie................................................ ......... ......... ..... 10.0 250 Coxsackie to New Baltimore ........................................................... 10.0 200 New Baltimore to Albany.......... .. .. ................... ................. 9.0 250 Albany to Troy.............. ................... ..... ............................... 9.0 60 Troy to W aterford..................................................................... 10.0 250 Draws in bridges spanning the river reduce the navigable widths through the draw spans as follows: Feet. Greenbush Bridge, Albany _-_________ _____________________ 160 New York Central Passenger Bridge, Albany_____________________________ 90 New York Central Freight Bridge, Albany______________________________ 90 Congress Street Bridge, Troy_____________________---_--__--S_ 80 Delaware & Hudson Bridge; Troy_________________------------------- 45 The bridge at Congress Street, Troy, is now being reconstructed to provide a clearance of about 180 feet through the draw spans. The dimensions of the old State lock at Troy and the maximum draft that can be carried through at lowest low water are as fol- lows: Chamber 28 feet wide and 97 feet long between miter sills. Depth of water on lower miter sill is 7.78, and in the approved chan- nel is about 7 feet at lowest low water, and on the upper miter sill 9 feet below crest of dam. The latter depth is increased 20 inches by flashboards. The maximum draft that can be carried to Troy at lowest low-water stage is 9 feet. The total expenditure for new work under the existing project was $2,812,271.92 and the total chargeable to maintenance was $234,063.32, a total of $3,046,335.24. Local cooperation.-The extent of the local cooperation required in the approved plan (H. Doc. No. 719, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) was: (a) That the existing water-power rights and privileges granted to certain manufacturing interests by the State of New York in con- nection with the State dam at Troy be extinguished; (b) that the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 225 city of Troy aid in the harbor improvement at that point by secur- ing the expenditure of approximately $420,559 in constructing and maintaining public docks and warehouses, and by preventing refuse from passing into the channel from its sewer system or from creeks, and removing any such deposits if made within its corporate limits; (c) that the city of Albany aid in harbor improvements at its water front, expending approximately $105,000 for improving its terminal structures and facilitaties along its harbor front. The New York State Canal Board complied with the first condition by its resolution, dated November 22, 1910, extinguishing existing water-power rights and privileges. The abandonment of the State dam at Troy by the State automatically extinguished the leases for water power devel- oped at this dam. (See Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.) Methods of affording the cooperation required of the city of Troy are now under discussion by the citizens, and municipal ordinances have been adopted as a preliminary step toward request- ing State authority for the issue of bonds to cover the cost of reconstructing part of the wharf frontage. No construction work has as yet been inaugurated, pending legislative action. The State authorities have built at Troy a canal terminal, and have purchased a site for another terminal. The cooperation required from the city of Albany has been amply complied with by a comprehensive scheme of water-front improvement now practically completed, which includes a canal terminal built by the State of New York. The canal terminals constructed at Troy and Albany have cost to date about $400,000. The river has been under improvement since 1789. The State of New York carried on this work exclusively until 1831, and in con- junction with the United States until 1892, when its cooperation ceased. From 1789 to 1831 the State expended in building dikes and dredging $1,279,749, and $263,462.63 in connection with the State lock and dam at Troy and the canal basin at Albany. There was also considerable work done by local interests and navigation companies, but its cost is not known. Effect of improvement.-The through waterway formed by the Hudson River and the New York State canals determines through freight rates from the Middle West to the Atlantic Ocean. The im- provement thus far has resulted in considerable increased naviga- tion facilities for existing traffic by the removal of many objectionable reefs and bars. The total effect of the present improvement is to a large extent a function of the usefulness of the new canals, and it can not be determined until the canal is completed and commerce on it develops. Proposed operations.-It is expected that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted or contracted for by June 30, 1916. It is estimated that $1,970,000 will be required to carry on the oper- ations during the fiscal year 1917, of which $1,850,000 will be re- quired for improvement and $120,000 for maintenance. It is pro- posed to apply the funds for which estimates are submitted to the work as follows: 8373°-ENG 1915-15 226 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. FOR IMPROVEMENT. (1) Construction and reconstruction of dikes (by administration or contract or both)-------------- __----------------------__ $181, 000 (2) Channel excavation south of new dam at Troy-------------1, 629,000 (3) General engineering, supervision, and contingencies----------- 40, 000 Total for improvement________________________------------------------------- 1, 850,000 For maintenance_------------._ 1-------------120,000 Total for improvement and maintenance_-----------------_ _ 1, 970, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce within the limits of the im- provement, mainly in general merchandise, manufactures, farm prod- ucts, building material, fuel, and ice, as obtained from navigation and towing companies and State reports of canal clearance, is as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. Passengers carried. 1912 ......... ........ ............................. 3,045,136 $172,107,996 1,471,678 1913. --. ............................................ .. ............... 3,300,000 172,525,000 1,760,000 1914......... ............. ........ ..... ...... , ........ 2,979,062 170,000,000 1,291,694 The value of the 1914 commerce is estimated. Fire destroyed the records of one of the largest steamship companies carrying the most valuable freight, and prevented them from reporting any figures other than the total tonnage carried by their boats. Canal traffic is in a transition stage. The present boats are antiquated and are gradually being abandoned. Repairs to the old canals are kept at a minimum and. as a result, traffic is hindered by frequent failures of banks, etc. The construction of boats adapted to the new canals has not yet been commenced, as there could be no employment for them until these canals are completed. During the season of navigation a large volume of traffic which might follow the canals is transported by rail because of insufficient water transportation and terminal facilities and heavy transfer charges at terminals. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including maintenance of previous projects) ... $8, 279, 024. 24 Maintenance (under present project only) ----------------- 234, 063. 32 Total ------------------------------------------- 8, 513, 087. 56 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work- -..... ......... . .---..-. ..-.-- ..... ... $692,408.74 $1,068,033.64 $925,875.37 Maintenance... ....................................... 58,641.29 109,100.40 45,083.62 Total ................. .......................... 751,050.03 1,177,134.04 970,958.99 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 227 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------- $750, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------ 1, 000, 000. 00 Aug. 1, 1914 -------------------------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914----------------------------------- _ --- 1, 372, 220. 00 Mar. 1, 1915----- -------------- 1 1__410, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915__ -------------------------- 1877, 780. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- - -- ___- ------- 1, 025, 121. 53 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914__ 150, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914- 1, 372, 220. 00 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Mar. 1, 1915 410, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 877, 780. 00 Receipts from sales ________ -___________________-- - 336. 12 3, 835, 457. 65 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-------------------$925, 875.37 For maintenance of improvement -------------- 45, 083. 62 970, 958. 99 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------- 2, 864, 498. 66 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities __ $86, 512.27 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts---- -------------------------- 929, 168. 50 1, 015, 680. 77 July 1, 1915, balance available 848, 817. 89 1-------------------------------, Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 4, 1913_ 560, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization----------------- 560, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------------------------------------- 1, 900, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_ 11, 970, 000. 00 15. SAUGERTIES HARBOR, N. Y. Location.-Saugerties Harbor is the name applied to the mouth of Esopus Creek, which discharges into the Hudson River on the west bank, about 100 miles north of the Battery, New York City, and 44 miles south of Albany. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 283.) Original condition.-The original depth at mean low water over the alluvial bar at the mouth of the creek was 3 feet. Prior to im- provement by the United States dredging by the State of New York had provided a channel across the bar 7.5 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide. The head of navigation is about 6,000 feet from deep water in the Hudson River. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted in 1884, modified in 1887, and completed in 1892 at an expenditure of $42,000. From 1892 to June 30, 1902, $15,000 was expended for maintenance, making the total expenditures for both purposes on previous projects $57,000. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1765. Present project.-The existing project (H. Doc. No. 107, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) was adopted June 13, 1902, and completed in 1913. It provides for a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water and 200 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, 228 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. feet wide from deep water in the Hudson River to the steamboat landing at Saugerties, N. Y., to be secured by dredging and rock removal and the construction of a dike at Barclay Point, at an esti- mated cost of $44,685 and $2,500 annually for maintenance. The ele- vation of the water surface in the creek, except during freshets, is the same as that of the Hudson River at this point, as is also the range of tides, 4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Two parallel dikes about 2,500 feet long and about 260 feet apart had been built across the bar at the mouth of the creek, and a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water and 200 feet wide had been excavated from deep water in the Hudson River to Saugerties village. On the present project there had been expended to June 30, 1914, $61,399.16, of which $39,910.56 was for improvement and $21,488.60 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-None. Expendi- tures which amounted to $174.93 were in connection with field sur- veys and office expenses, and are chargeable to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted, and with the exception of several minor shoals a channel of project dimensions now exists, allowing a draft of about 11 feet to be carried through the improved channel at mean low water. The length of the improved section is about 0.82 mile. To June 30, 1915, there has been expended under the approved project $39,910.56 for improvements and $21,663.53 for maintenance, a total of $61,574.09. The existing project has been completed for $4,774.44 less than the estimate; the additional diking proposed thereunder was not con- structed, but the amount of the dredging was largely increased, due to the failure of the dam near the head of navigation in 1902. Local cooperation.-No conditions as to local cooperation were imposed by Congress. Previous to the undertaking of the improve- ment of this harbor by the United States, local interests and the State of New York had expended about $14,250 in the construction of dikes and dredging. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been to reduce freight and passenger rates during the season of navigation. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to apply funds requested for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, to the maintenance of existing work. The following estimate is submitted: Repairing 5,000 linear feet of diking, at $1.75 per linear foot_---------_ $8, 750 Dredging 10,000 cubic yards of sand, at $0.25 per cubic yard----------2. 500 Total _____------------------------------ 11,250 Commercial statistics.-The tonnage and value of the commerce of this harbor, consisting principally of coal, manufactures, and build- ing material, as obtained from manufacturers and navigation com- panies, are as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. Passengers carried. 1912.................... ............... .... .......... ... .......... . .. 81,624 $2,029,274 15, 000 1913.......... 87, 521 2, 340, 025 15, 000 1914 ..... ...................................... ......... 149,440 2,317,490 21,585 RIVER AND HARBIOR IMPROVEMENTS. 229 The tonnage increase is due principally to an increased demand for bluestone products in the building trade. The relative decrease in reported value is due to the decrease in reported value of manu- factured products. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $81, 910. 56 Maintenance __-- __ __________________ 36, 663. 53 Total_ ------------ _-- __-- __ 118, 574.09 7.0 Tota--------------------------------------------18 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work------..........---.--------------------------.........-----------....................---------....... .......... $2,792.48 ........... Maintenance..----------...---.......-..----------------------------.............................. $156.15 ----------------- $174.93 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] _____ July 25, 1912------------------------------------- _ 2, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------- 2, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_---------- --------------- 4, 106. 19 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---------------------------------------------- 174. 93 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------- 3, 931. 26 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------- 5. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available _____________________ _ 3, 926. 26 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ __-_ __ ___ -- _-__ 11, 250. 00 16. HARBORS AT RONDOUT AND PEEKSKILL, N. Y. (A) RONDOUT HARBOR. Location.-Rondout Harbor is the name applied to the mouth of Rondout Creek, which discharges into the Hudson River on the west bank about 90 miles north of the Battery, New York City, and 55 miles south of Albany. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 283.) Original condition.--With the exception of the bar at the mouth, the creek was navigable for deep-draft vessels to the village of Rondout, and for vessels drawing less than 8 feet it was navigable from Rondout to the head of navigation at Eddyville, about 4 miles from the mouth. Prior to the inauguration of work at this locality by the United States dredging by local interests and the State of New York had resulted in the formation of a channel across the bar 7 feet deep at mean low water and about 400 feet wide, connecting deep water in the Hudson River with that in the creek. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project (S. Doc. No. 35, 42d Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted June 10, 1872, and completed in 1880. It pro- vides for a channel across the mud flats at the mouth of the creek 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 230 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. about 3,000 feet long, 14 feet deep at mean low water, and 100 feet wide, to be secured by dredging, and the construction of two parallel dikes, 350 feet apart, to maintain the channel, and a branch dike to extend upstream from the outer end of the north dike to protect that dike from running ice in the Hudson River. The estimated cost was $172,500; no estimate of cost of maintenance was made. The elevation of the water surface is the same as that of the Hudson River at this locality, as is also the range of tides, 3.7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. Two parallel dikes of an aggregate length of about 5,000 feet, generally 350 feet apart, with a now obsolete spur from the old lighthouse south of the south dike, have been constructed across the bar at the mouth of the creek; also a branch dike about 1,000 feet long, extending northerly from the outer end of the north dike. (Annual Report for 1885, p. 698.) The dikes consist of two parallel rows of timber piles, tied together and filled between with stone. Between the parallel dikes a channel has been excavated, 14 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide, extending from deep water in the Hudson River to deep water in the creek, a distance of about 3,000 feet. To June 30, 1914, $159,250.98 had been expended on the project-$90,000 for improvement and $69,250.98 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-None. Expendi- tures during the fiscal year amounted to $213.07, and were in pay- ment of inspection costs and office expenses, chargeable to mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is regarded as completed, though part of the dike work originally outlined has not been constructed because deemed of doubtful necessity in view of past existing conditions. The dikes as constructed are generally in good condition and the channel has been maintained to project dimen- sions. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement at mean low water is about 13 feet. Total expenditures to June 30, 1915, amounted to $90,000 for improvement, and $69,464.05 for maintenance, a total of $159,464.05. The project was reported as completed for $82,500 less than the estimate, due to the omission of a portion of the dike work originally contemplated. Local cooperation.-No conditions as to local cooperation were imposed by Congress. Previous to the undertaking of this improve- ment by the United States, local interests and the State of New York had spent an amount not now known in dredging at the mouth of the creek. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been to reduce freight rates during the season of navigation. It affords access for the main towing fleet of the Hudson River to its home port and affords access to the only floating dry dock in the upper Hudson. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to apply funds requested for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, to maintenance. The following estimate is submitted: 1,000 cubic yards of rubble stone in dikes, at $1.75 per cubic yard------- $1, 750 10,000 cubic yards of sand dredging, at $0.25 per cubic yard____________ 2, 500 Total _ ------------------------- _4, 250 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 231 It is expected that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. Commercial statistics.-The tonnage and value of the commerce of this harbor consisting chiefly of coal, building materials, and general merchandise, as obtained from transportation and towing companies are as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. Passengers carried. 1912--........-------...-............--...---------------------------------------.. 518,146 $3,026,000 19,925 1913----------------- ----------------------------------- 499,586 4,204,000 17,524 1914---" .......................................................... 381,594 2,376,209 15,267 The decrease in traffic during the past several years is believed to be temporary and merely a reflection of business conditions. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------------$90, 000. 00 Maintenance------------------------------------------ 69, 464. 05 Total ----------------------------------------- 159, 464. 05 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....................................................... Maintenance................................................. $9,711.41 $5,563.25 $213.07 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 11, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_ --------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 5, 550. 02 Amount allotted from river and harbor act aproved Mar. 4, 1915__ 3, 000. 00 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------- 4. 25 8, 554. 27 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement--------- 213. 07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended________________-____________ 8, 341. 20 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 5. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 8, 336. 20 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__________________ 4, 250. 00 (B) PEEKSKILL HARBOR, N. Y. Location.-This harbor is an indentation on the eastern shore of the Hudson River, about 42 miles above the Battery, New York City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 282.) 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 232 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. -S. ARMY. Originalcondition.-In its original condition the controlling depth in the harbor was about 5 feet at mean low water except near the wharves at Peekskill, where the depth was about 6 feet. The length of navigable channel in the harbor, following the general contour of the shore, was about 1.8 miles. The mean range of tides is about 3 feet. Previous project.-None. Present project.-The existing project (H. Doc. No. 37, 53d Cong., 3d sess., without map, and Annual Report for 1895, p. 999, without map) was adopted June 3, 1896, and was modified in 1896. As modified it provides for a channel 10 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide from deep water in the Hudson River north of the village to deep water south of it, following generally the contour of the shore, and two turning basins 200 by 150 feet, of the same depth, in front of the lower and center wharves. Estimated cost, $50,000. The length of. the section included in the project for improvement is about 1.8 miles. The mean range of tides is about 3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The expenditures resulted in the completion of the project in 1899, and in its mainte- nance since them. To June 30, 1914, there had been expended under the existing project $30,329.97, of which amount $19,400 was for new work and $10,929.97 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-An examination of the dredged channel showed that some shoaling had occurred, but not to such extent as to make it advisable to undertake its removal. The expenditures during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, amount- ing to $78.80, were in payment of the cost of this examination and in part payment of office expenses and contingencies. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1899 at a cost of $19,400, which is $30,600 less than the estimated cost. The improved channel has a length of about 4,300 feet in the northern arm, 1,700 feet along the water front, and about 3,500 feet in the southern arm. The maximum mean low-water depth available for navigation was about 9 feet. To June 30, 1915, the expenditures amounted to $30,408.77, of which amount $19,400 was for new work and $11,008.77 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Therehave been no conditions imposed by law requiring local cooperation. Prior to 1913, the local authorities ex- pended $909 in removing shoals formed by the deposit of sewage, and private interests expended $150,000 in the construction of a public wharf and $10,000 in dredging in front of it. Effect of improvement.--The improvement has resulted in competi- tion which holds freight rates at a reasonable figure. Proposed operations.-Examinationof the dredged channel indi- cates that dredging for maintenance probably will be necessary in the fiscal year 1917, to a greater extent than is possible with the available funds. It is recommended therefore that an appropriation of $1,000 be made for this work. Commercial statistics.-As the result of a careful canvass in 1915, it appears that the commerce of this harbor, mainly in building materials, coal, iron and steel, and manufactures, is as follows: iIVER AND HARIBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 233 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. Passengers 19111......... ....... ........---............ .....--------.......................... 290,540 $9,331,375 (2) 1913.. ...........--................... ..........---............--- . 308,173 9, 880,198 (2) 1914 .. ...-..-..-...----------------. . ........--------- .......... 1 127,752 2,402,275 8,020 1No reply received to request for commercial statistics for 1912. It would seem from investigation made during the canvass of 1915 that the statistics for 1911 and 1913 are unreliable. 2None reported. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_. ___---------- ------------------- $19, 400.00 Maintenance ___---- ______---------__--__-_-_--------- 11, 008. 77 Total-----------------__ ---------------------------------- 30, 408. 77 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ..................................................................... Maintenance................................................. $75.89 $141.31 $78.80 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911_---------- ----------------------------- _ 2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ___ _______________ 1, 672.63 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------------- 78. 80 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_--------------------------------- 1, 593. 83 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ ----------- 3. 54 July 1, 1915, balance available-----------------------------------1, 590. 29 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- 11, 000. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------------- 109, 400. 00 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 80, 472. 82 Total--_ 872. 82 1-------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................................... Maintenance-.......... ............................... $9,787.30 $5,704.56 $291.87 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- 6, 000.00 July 25, 1912 _____________ __ 11,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913_ ___________ 5,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915_-------------------_----------- 3,000.00 1Elxclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 234 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGTINEERS, t. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- - - __-__ __ $7, 222. 65 -_________-__ Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_- 3, 000. 00 Receipts from sales -------------------------------------------- 4. 25 10, 226. 90 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_.__.---------------------------------------- 291. 87 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __-------------------------- 9, 935. 03 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities - -- -- _ ________ __ 8. 54 July 1, 1915, balance available _____- _____ __________--- 9, 926. 49 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__ ___ ___ __-------- 1 5, 250. 00 17. WAPPINGER CREEK, N. Y. Location.-Wappinger Creek is a small stream which empties into the Hudson River from the east, about 64 miles by water north of the Battery, New York City, and about one-half mile below the village of New Hamburgh, N. Y. Its source is situated about 30 miles slightly eEst of north of its junction with the Hudson River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 283.) Original condition.-The natural width of the creek below the falls varies from 90 to 900 feet. Before improvement the channel used by navigators was narrow and winding and not exceeding 6 feet in depth at mean low water for from 25 to 75 feet in width. The head of navigation is at the falls in the village of Wappinger Falls, about 2 miles from the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Presentproject.-The existing project (H. Doc. No. 25, 51st Cong., 1st sess., without map, and Annual Report for 1890, p. 758, without map) was adopted September 19, 1890. It provides for a channel 8 feet deep at mean low water and 80 feet wide extending from the mouth to about 200 feet below the lower falls. Estimated cost, $13,000. The length of the section included in the project is about 2 miles. Mean range of tides is about 3.3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was reported completed April 30, 1892, at a cost of $13,000. Up to June 30, 1914, the expenditures amounted to $25,787.15, of which amount $13,000 was for new work and $12,787.15 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract resulted in restoring the channel to its projected width and depth below the railroad bridge, at the bend about 2,000 feet above the highway bridge, and at and below the bend about one-half a mile below the falls. The expenditures during the year were for maintenance and amounted to $2,963.40. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1892. On June 30, 1915, the maximum mean low water depth available for navigation was about 8 feet for the full projected width of 80 feet, except at a number of points in the upper 6,000 feet of channel, where this width is reduced to 40 feet and less by shoaling on side slopes and by a ledge of rock which projects into channel limits in the vicinity of the Brick Yard Wharf. Up to June 30, 1915, 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 235 the expenditures amounted to $28,750.55, of which amount $13,000 was for new work and $15,750.55 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-There are no conditions imposed by law re- quiring local cooperation in making the improvement. About the year 1890 local interests expended $34,000 in dredging a channel for boats carrying freight from the head of navigation to the railroad bridge at the mouth of the creek. Also about $500 has been expended by these interests on a public wharf. Effect of improvement.-The improvement tends to keep railroad freight rates down. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to remove by dredging the shoaling that has occurred in the upper reaches of the channel. It is recommended, therefore, that $3,500 be appropriated for main- tenance. Commercial statistics.-As the result of a careful canvass it appears that the commerce of this creek, mainly in general merchandise, building materials, coal, and manufactured goods, is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. Passengers carried. 1912.------. -------------------------------------------- 46,235 $6,521,788 (1) 1913-----------------------------------------------------49,854 10,228,820 21,787 1914..--.-------- ------------------------------------------- 52,350 11,406,277 23,284 1 None reported. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------- $13, 000. 00 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 15, 750. 55 Total __--------------- --------- 28, 750. 55 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-............------------------------------------------- ....... -------... Maintenance................................................. $46.47 $348.76 $2,963.40 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------ 3, 500.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------------- 3, 214. 35 Receipts from sales------- -- 1. 18 3, 215. 53 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-----------------------------2, 963. 40 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 252. 13 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------- 8. 88 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------- 243. 25 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------___ 13, 500. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 236 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 18. TARRYTOWN HARBOR, N. Y. Location.-This harbor is located on the east bank of the Hudson River about 29 miles by water north of the Battery, New York City. It extends along the shore of the river for a distance of about 1 mile below Kingsland Point. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 281.) Original condition.-Before improvement the maximum avail- able depth at mean low water over flats extending out from the shore 900 to 2,500 feet, and which obstructed the approach to the water- front of the harbor, was about 6 feet, and the general depth over a considerable area of the flats was about 42 feet. The mean range of tides is about 3 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project (H. Doc. No. 283, 56th Cong., 1st sess., with map, and Annual Report for 1900, p. 1520, without map) was adopted March 3, 1905. It provides for a chan- nel along the wharf front of the harbor and connecting it north and south with deep water in the Hudson River, to be 12 feet deep at mean low water and 150 feet wide along the wharf front and 100 feet wide in the northerly and southerly connections with the Hud- son River. Estimated cost, $26,000, increased in 1907 to $36,000, and $1,000 or $2,000 biannually for maintenance. The total length of the projected channel is about 1~ miles. The mean range of tides is about 3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work done had resulted in a channel 100 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water in the southern arm; 12 feet deep for a width of 90 feet and 10 to 12 feet deep for an additional width of 60 feet along the wharf front; 60 feet wide and 12 feet deep for 350 feet in length of the eastern end of the northern arm; and 60 feet wide, but of less than 12 feet depth, for a further distance of 100 feet in the northern arm. The expenditures up to June 30, 1914, amounted to $35,851.15, of which amount $29,307.41 was for new work and $6,543.74 was for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-There were no oper- ations during the fiscal year. A rough examination of the dredged channel shows that considerable shoaling has occurred since the last dredging in 1911. The expenditures, amounting to $74.68, were in payment of the cost of this examination, in part payment of office ex- penses, and in payment for contingencies, and are applied to mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work done has resulted in channels of the widths and depths given above under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The project is about 88 per cent completed. An examination of the dredged channels made during the fiscal year shows that these channels have been markedly reduced in depth and also in width by the falling in of material from side slopes, and that dredging for maintenance should be undertaken; the maximum mean low-water depth available for navigation through the narrowed channels is about 11 feet in the southern arm and about 10 feet along the water front. The work of dredging the channel in the northern arm has not been completed; the available depth here is but 5 feet at mean low water. The expenditures up to June 30, 1915, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 237 amounted to $35,925.83, of which amount $29,307.41 was for new work and $6,618.42 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Therehave been no conditions imposed by law requiring local cooperation in making this improvement. Effect of improvement.-As the result of the improvement there has been an appreciable increase in the water-borne commerce of the harbor; vessels of increased draft can now reach the wharves, and a slight reduction in freight rates has been reported. Proposedoperations.-Itis proposed to redredge the dredged chan- nels to restore them to the projected widths and depth and to com- plete the improvement by dredging in the northern arm and along the water front. It is recommended, therefore, that appropriation be made for this proposed work as follows: For improvement ------------------------ ------------------------- $3, 500 For maintenance-------------------------------------------------- 6, 500 Total ---------------------------------------------------- 0,000 10, The funds now available will be expended by May 1, 1916. Commercial statistics.-Special effort was made in 1915 to secure reliable statistics for the calendar year 1914. As given below they represent the results of a careful canvass, but are based upon figures provided by local interests, which, in several instances, show evi- dence of unreliability. Comparative statement: Calendar year. Short tons. Value. Passengers 1912....--.......--- ................ ...... ... ... ..... ........... 176,243 $4,556,891 3,500 1913..--- ...- ..... .... ................................. 188,163 2,328,623 105,000 1914............................................................ 79,821 1,725,177 131,586 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------- $29, 307. 41 Maintenance _________--___--- 6, 618. 42 Total_ _------------------ 35, 925. 83 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... ..... ...................................................... Maintenance............................................. $106.78 $174.18 $74.68 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------- ------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 153. 40 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 3, 000. 00 Receipts from sales ----------------------------------- 2. 80 3, 156. 20 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------- --------------- -------- 74. 68 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----- --------------------------- 3, 081. 52 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -------------------------------- 5. 28 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------- -------------- 3, 076. 24 238 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------ ---------------------------------------- $3, 518.42 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------- 110, 000.00 19. HUDSON RIVER CHANNEL, NEW YORK HARBOR. Location.-The Hudson River empties into the Upper Bay of New York Harbor at the Battery, Manhattan Island, New York City. The section of the river included in the project for improve- ment under this title extends from a line joining the Battery and Ellis Island at its mouth to the northern limits of New York City about 2z miles north of the mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek, a total distance of about 16 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-The original width of the Hudson River in this reach was greater than at present, wide stretches of shallows along both banks having been long since reclaimed and devoted to urban purposes. Few changes in depth are noted excepting in the narrow reach between Hoboken and the Chelsea district of New York (in the vicinity of West Nineteenth Street) where the contrac- tion has been so great as to cause scour on the bottom. These con- tractions were made mainly before 1890, when the United States protected the stream from further undue encroachments by the establishment of harbor lines. The general conditions at the time of the adoption of this project were as follows: Widths between pierhead lines at the Battery 3,900 feet; thence gradually decreasing to 2,750 feet opposite West Fourteenth Street, Manhattan, and 2,725 feet opposite West Fifty-ninth Street; then widening to 5,400 feet at Spuyten Duyvil Creek, whence is maintained a uniform width to the northern boundary of the city. A channel having depth of 40 feet and over and a minimum width of 1,000 feet extends through- out and some distance above the section included in the project. This channel borders on the eastern (Manhattan) pierhead line from the mouth to the northern limit of New York, excepting in the reach from West Nineteenth Street to West Seventy-second Street, where shoaler water ranging from 26 to 40 feet is found. Along the west (New Jersey) shore from the pierhead line out for a width of from one-half to two-thirds of the waterway were shoals having over them from 20 feet to 30 feet of water between the mouth and Castle Point (opposite West Nineteenth Street, Manhattan) and depths of from 7 to 22 feet from a point opposite West Fifty-fifth Street, Manhattan, north to the city limits. At and immediately below Castle Point the shoals were quite narrow. The mean range of tide was at the Bat- tery 4.4 feet, at Spuyten Duyvil Creek 3.7 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1875. The amount expended under this project was $25,000. Joint resolution of July 1, 1902, and river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, authorized the diversion of not exceeding $45,000 from appropriations already made or authorized for the improvement of Ambrose Channel, New York Harbor, for the removal of a rock or obstruction in the North River, New York Harbor, near Pier No. 1 (known as Pier A), 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 239 to a depth of 40 feet at mean low water. There was expended $41,479.12 in removing this rock to a depth of 38 feet at mean low water. Provision for its removal to 40 feet at mean low water is made in the existing project adopted March 4, 1913, in which it is referred to as "ledge rock lying about 1,000 feet off Pier A at the Battery." For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1765. Present project.-This project (H. Doc. No. 719, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) adopted by act of March 4, 1913, provides for a channel 800 feet wide and 30 feet deep at mean low water from deep water off Ellis Island to Newark Street, Hoboken; the removal of a shoal in the water front of Hoboken, from the foot of Newark Street to Castle Point, to a depth of 40 feet; a channel 550 feet wide and 26 feet deep along the Weehawken-Edgewater water front; the removal to a depth of 40 feet ledge rock lying about 1,000 feet southwest of Pier A at the Battery; the removal of a shoal on the New York side, from West Nineteenth Street to West Thirty-second Street, to a depth of 40 feet; and the removal of an obstruction north of the mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek to the depth of the surrounding river bottom. Estimated cost, $1,570,000. No estimate for mainte- nance is given, as the amount required can be determined only from experience. The river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, authorized the Secretary of War to expend a balance of $32,000 from earlier appropriations remaining on hand in widening to the south of Newark Street the area of 40 feet depth in the Hoboken water front. The length of the projected channel of 800 feet width and 30 feet depth in the Jersey City-Hoboken water front is about 3 miles, and of the channel in the Weehawken-Edgewater water front it is about 5 miles. The total length of river included in the improvement is about 16 miles. The mean range of tides at the Battery is 4.4 feet and at the mouth of Spuyten Duyvil Creek 3.7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work done had resulted in removing 163,639 cubic yards of material in forming a channel in the Jersey City water front; in removing rock off Pier A to a depth of 38 feet at mean low water; in removing the shoal along the water front of Hoboken, N. J., to a depth of 40 feet; in dredging the approach channel in the northerly end of the proposed improvement along the Weehawken-Edgewater water front to a depth of 26 feet, width of from 42 to 84 feet, and length of 1,000 feet; and in dredging the channel along the water front adjacent to the pierhead line approved January 15, 1914, to a depth of 26 feet and width of from 50 to 150 feet for a length of about 2,000 feet southward from its junction with the approach channel. The expenditures on existing project to June 30, 1914, amounted to $32,404.28, all for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work had resulted in extending the work accomplished up to June 30, 1914, in the Weehawken-Edgewater water front by completing the ap- proach channel in the northerly end for a width of 200 feet; in dredging the channel along the water front to the projected depth, and width of 200 feet adjacent to the pierhead line for a length of 1,000 feet southward from its junction with the approach channel; in dredging all but about 700 feet of the remaining length of this projected channel to a depth of 26 feet and width of 150 feet; and in 240 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. dredging part of this 700 feet in length to widths of 50 and 100 feet. This work was done under continuing contract. All of the funds required for this contract have been appropriated. There was also dredged under contract during the year a channel adjacent to the pierhead line in the Jersey City-Hoboken water front, 30 feet deep at mean low water, 150 feet wide, and 11,900 feet long extending southward from Newark Street in Hoboken, and a length of 2,200 feet in the southern approach channel to the same depth and 50 to 100 feet in width. This latter dredging extended southward from the angle at Communipaw. An examination by soundings shows that while some shoaling has occurred, as was to be expected, the indi- cations are that the dredged channels will maintain their depths and widths to a satisfactory degree of permanence. The expenditures during the fiscal year amounted to $244,021.59, all for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work done had resulted in the removal of rock off Pier A to a depth of 38 feet at mean low water under prior projects, and of dredging channels under existing project to the dimensions given above under Operations and results during the fiscal year. The present project is about 27 per cent completed. The expenditures under existing project up to June 30, 1915, amounted to $276,425.87, all for new work. Local cooperation.-Thereare no conditions imposed by law requir- ing local cooperation. Effect of improvement.-As the result of the improvement the largest trans-Atlantic steamers can now reach their piers at Hobo- ken, N. J., if skillfully maneuvered, and unusual activity is shown in making improvements in the Weehawken-Edgewater water front, in the way of pier construction, pier extension, and in dredging in their vicinity. So far as can be ascertained, freight rates have not been affected. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to continue the work of im- provement by dredging in both the Weehawken-Edgewater and Jersey City-Hoboken water fronts. It is recommended, therefore, that $450,000 be appropriated for this purpose. Funds now available will be expended by May 1, 1916. Comnnercial statistics.-As the result of a careful canvass, the corm- merce of the section of the Hudson River included for improvement under this title consists of all classes of commercial products and manufactures, and is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. Passengers 1913 1914. ......................................................... ............................................... 64,517, 302 58,644,614 $2,958,075,917 4,559, 185,809 109,459,665 106,253,639 Statistics for calendar years prior .to 1913 were not collected, nor are there any avail- able from reliable sources for this waterway in particular, as distinguished from New York Harbor. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------------$342, 904. 99 Maintenance ------------------------ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 I- __ _ _ _ _ New work .................................................... $2,826.69 $29,577.59 $244,021.59 Maintenance......................................................... RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 241 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------- $200, 000. 00 ------ Aug. 1, 1914_------------------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------------------------ 125, 000. 00 Mar. 1, 1915---- ---------------------- ------ -------- 100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- --------------- _--_____ 167, 626. 16 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914___ 150, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 125, 000. 00 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Mar. 1, 1915__ 100, 000. 00 Receipts from sales__-----------------------------____ 16.92 542, 643. 08 June 30, 1915, amount erpended during fiscal year for works of improvement--- -------------------------- 244, 021. 59 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________________________ 298, 621. 49 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__________________ $24, 894. 91 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 258, 610. 12 283, 505. 03 July 1, 1915, balance available______________-___________--_ 15, 116. 46 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 4, 1913__ 250, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization ---------------- 250, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project____------ ----------------- ------_ 995, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement ____------------------- 450, 000. 00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF JUNE 25, 1910, JULY 25, 1912, MARCH 4, 1913, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts approved June 25, 1910, July 25, 1912, March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Harborat Port Henry, N. Y. 9. Westchester Creek, N. Y. 3. PlattsburgHarborand vicinity, on Lake Champlain, for a deep- water connection with suitable terminals that are to be established at Plattsburg, N. Y., in connection with the New York State Barge Canal. 4. Rondout Harbor, N. Y., from the Hudson River to the head of navigation. 5. Westchester Creek, N. Y., with a view to providing a channel width of 150 feet up to the point where it is crossed by the Fort Schuyler Road. 6. Mamaroneck Harbor, N. Y. 7. Hudson River, N. Y., from its mouth to Hudson, with a view to securing a depth of 30 feet, and a harbor at Hudson of the same depth. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373--ENG 1915-----16 242 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 8. Hudson River, N. Y., from Hudson to the dam at Troy, with a view to securing a depth of 27 feet with suitable width. 9. Hudson River at Troy, N. Y., with a view to the'removal of Adams Island. 10. Pugsley Creek, N. Y. 11. Rouse Point Harbor, Lake Champlain, N. Y. 1i. Harborof New Rochelle and Echo Bay, N. Y. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE SECOND NEW YORK, N. Y., DISTRICT. This district includes the greater part of the Lower and Upper Bays, New York Harbor, and the rivers and harbors of Long Island, N. Y. It embraces all of the principal channels and anchor- ages of New York Harbor from the Battery, New York City, to the Atlantic Ocean. District officer: Col. S. W. Roessler, Corps of Engineers, to April 30, 1915; and Col. Frederic V. Abbot, Corps of Engineers, since that time. Division engineer: Col. Wm. M. Black, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. New York Harbor; Ambrose 6. Newtown Creek, N. Y........ 253 Main Ship, Bayside, and 7. Jamaica Bay, N. Y ........... 256 Gedney Channels .......... 242 8. Sheepshead Bay, N. Y ....... 258 2. New York Harbor; Coney 9. Harbors at Port Jefferson, Mat- Island Channel........... 246 tituck, Huntington, a n d 3. New York Harbor;*Bay Ridge Flushing Bay, N. Y-- ........ 261 and Red Hook Channels. -. 248 10. Hempstead Harbor, N. Y..... 270 4. New York Harbor; Collection 11. Great South Bay, N. Y....... 272 of drift.............. ... 250 12. Browns Creek, N. Y. ....... 275 5. Wallabout Channel, N. Y .... 252 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2147 TO 2164. 1. NEW YORK HARBOR: AMBROSE, MAIN SHIP, BAYSIDE, AND GEDNEY CHANNELS. Location.-The works included under the above title are in the Lower Bay, New York Harbor. The distance of the Lower Bay from Boston Harbor, Mass., by water is 330 miles; the distance by water from the entrance to Delaware Bay, N. J. and Del., is 165 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1000.) Original condition.-In the Main Ship-Bayside-Gedney Channel the natural depth across the bar was 23.7 feet, with a width of about 500 feet. Inside the bar the depths were greater, and a total length of 9 miles required dredging to make 30 feet depth. Ambrose Chan- nel had a natural available depth of about 16 feet for a width of 2,000 feet. These channels form separate routes across the shoals in lower New York Harbor. Previous projects.-None. * Present project.-The present project provides for deepening by dredging two entrance channels to New York Harbor, as follows; (a) An entrance via Main Ship-Bayside-Gedney Channel, to be 1,000 feet wide and 30 feet deep at mean low water; mean rise of RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 243 tide, 44 feet; length, about 101 miles. The estimated cost of original work was $1,490,000 (Annual Report for 1887, Pt. 1, p. 621) and of maintenance $100,000 a year. The first appropriation was made by act of Congress dated July 5, 1884. The dimensions were fixed Eby the Secretary of War, December 27, 1886, under authority of act of Congress of August 5, 1886 (Annual Reports for 1887, Pt. 1, p. 62, and 1888, Pt. 1, p. 63) ; date of adoption, July 5, 1884. (b) An entrance via Ambrose (formerly East) Channel, to be 2,000 feet wide and 40 feet deep at mean low water; mean rise of tide, 44 feet; length, about 7 miles. The estimated cost of original work was $6,688,000 (see H. Doc. No. 159, 55th Cong., 3d sess., p. 2); the expenditure originally authorized was $4,000,000, increased to $5,148,510 by act of Congress of March 2, 1907. This part of the project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. (c) The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, appropriated $200,- 000 for " Improving New York Harbor, N. Y., for maintenance, in- cluding Ambrose Channel." Similar provisions in the successive river and harbor acts of 1911, 1912, and 1913 have combined the maintenance of the entrance channels under one head. As nearly as can now be estimated, the annual cost of this maintenance will not exceed $200,000. (Annual Report for 1914, p. 241.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Both parts of the project had been completed to full dimensions-the 30-foot channel in 1891 and the 40-foot channel in 1914. They have since been main- tained, the 30-foot channel to only partial width. The work done consisted entirely in dredging and incidentals to dredging. A total of 8,496,520 cubic yards had been removed from the 30-foot channel and a total of 66,375,361 cubic yards from the 40-foot channel. The respective amounts expended on original work and on maintenance were : Original Maintenance. Total. work. 30-foot channel .......... ......... ......................... $1, 518, 024.52 $596, 810.98 $2, 114, 835.50 40-foot channel ....... .................................. 15, 210, 358.30 522,112.67 5, 732, 470.97 Sum...... ............ ................... 6,728,382.82 1, 118,923.65 7,847, 306.47 1Exclusive of $41,479.12 applied to rock off Pier A, North River. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work during the year consisted wholly of maintenance dredging in the 40-foot channel. Work was done along both edges of the channel within 3 miles of its outer end. The object was to reduce the side slopes where they were steepest and where the acdretions appeared to be greatest. The work was done by day labor and Government-owned seagoing dredges, 1,746,276 cubic yards having been removed. The work was suspended on December 5, 1914, Surveys of the channel and of the outer bar in general have been made with a view to recording the movements of the various banks. The total expended during the year was $148,147.39, of which $147,625.79 was charged to mainte- nance by dredging, surveys, etc., and $521.60 to maintenance by col- lection and removal of drift. 244 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project is en- tirely completed. The depth in the Main Ship-Bayside-Gedney- Channel has been increased from 23.7 feet to 30 feet. The width, dredged to 1,000 feet, has since decreased to 500 feet in the narrowest part of Main Ship Channel. The depth in Ambrose Channel has been increased from 16 feet to 40 feet over a width of 2,000 feet and has been fully maintained. The maximum draft which can now be car- ried through these channels at mean low tide is: Main Ship- Bayside-Gedney-Channel, 302 feet; Ambrose Channel, 42 feet; but ships under steam are liable to draw from 1 to 4 feet or more in excess of their recorded drafts at their piers. The 30-foot channel was constructed at 2 per cent above the estimated cost, due to shoaling during progress. The 40-foot channel, estimated to cost $6,688,000, was constructed at a saving of about $1,500,000. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, have been as follows: For new For mainte- Total. work. nance. 30-foot entrance ............................................... 1, 518, 024.52 $596, 810.98 $2,114, 835.50 40-foot entrance .............................................. 15, 210, 358.30 670, 260.04 5, 880, 618.34 Sum...... .................. ................... 6, 728, 382. 82 1,267,071.02 7,995,453.84 1Exclusive of $41,479.12, applied to rock off Pier A, North River. Local cooperation.-None has been required in connection with the adopted project. The city of New York has built and owns many piers along the water front, and it is constantly increasing its investment in these structures. Some of these piers are built for special lessees; many of them are leased under competitive offers; a few are open to transient vessels at stated rates. The cost or value of these piers is difficult to estimate; it amounts to many mil- lions of dollars. Municipalities in the State of New Jersey, and the State itself, are preparing for similar works. Effect of improveent.-The effect upon freight rates is not trace- able, being obscured by various other causes. The improvement has made it possible for the largest ships to enter and leave at all normal stages of tide; without it none of them would have been able to enter or leave the harbor when loaded. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to apply the funds estimated as a profitable expenditure during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, to maintenance. Commercial statistics.-No complete records of domestic or coast- wise commerce are available. The following table contains a record of foreign commerce only: Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................... ................................. 14,186,489 $1,915,644,233 1913............. 15,552,676 2,140,243,057 1914................. ......................................... 15,238,057 2,056,847,222 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 245 In 1899 a careful estimate of the entire commerce of the port placed its amount at 79,544,000 -tons. At the general rate of increase, it would amount in 1914 to over 90,000,000 tons, with aprobable value of $6,000,000,000; the character of this commerce includes nearly everything carried by ships anywhere. Three large transportation lines have suspended service since July 1, 1914, as a result of the European war and service on other lines has been more or less variable. Financial summary. MAINTENANCE, INCLUDING AMBROSE CHANNEL AND GEDNEY AND MAIN SHIP CHANNELS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $1, 518, 024. 52 Maintenance ___________---___________- _____ 1, 128, 940. 28 Total ------------------------------------------- 2, 646, 964. 80 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................. Maintenance................................................ $154,234.75 $134,571.96 $10,016.65 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------- --------------------------- $100, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------------ 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------200, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 383, 460. 83 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------3. 60 Receipts from rental of dredges---------------- 4, 825. 81 388, 290. 24 Deduction on account of amount transferred under river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------- 300, 000. 00 88, 290. 24 June 30, 1915, amount expended duing fiscal year for mainte- nance of improvement-------------------------------------- 10, 016. 65 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 78, 273. 59 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 2, 226. 92 July 1, 1915, balance available_______------- _____ -____ 76, 046. 67 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__ --------- 40, 000. 00 AMBROSE CHANNEL--IMPROVEMENT. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- 5, 210, 358. 30 Maintenance_--- -- ___---- ----------------- 138, 130. 74 Total ------------------------------------------------ 5, 348, 489. 04 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ........................................ $.82,350.50 $38,770.12 ...... Maintenance... 138,130.74 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 246 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------$294, 005. 85 Receipts from sales 51. 92 1------------------------- Receipts from rental of dredges -------------------------- 23, 972. 97 318, 130. 74 Deduction on account of amounts transferred under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------- 180, 000. 00 138, 130. 74 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------ 138, 130. 74 2. NEW YORK HARBOR--CONEY ISLAND CHANNEL. Location.--This channel lies at the entrance to New York Harbor and is the northerly one of five channels crossing the bar. It is from 1,500 to 6,000 feet from the Coney Island shore. (The channel is shown on U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 369, but it is not named.) Originalcondition.-Coney Island Channel had a natural depth of about 10 feet at mean low water in a channel from 500 to 2,000 feet in width. It is a connecting channel from New York Harbor to the sea and to Jamaica Bay and is about 3 miles in length. Previous project.-There have been no previous projects. On two occasions allotments were made for removing shoals in this channel. For scope of work done see Appendix, page 1768. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, provides for dredging to make and maintain a channel 600 feet wide and 20 feet deep and 7,000 feet in length between 20-foot contours. Mean tidal variation, 42 feet. The approved estimate of cost of original work was $168,300 and of main- tenance $20,000 annually. (See H. Doc. No. 442, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The west half of the channel was dredged to a depth of 20 feet, with widths from 300 to 600 feet; the east half with a natural depth of 18 feet has not yet been dredged. The total amount excavated was 802,572 cubic yards, of which 148,211 cubic yards were dredged under contract and 654,361 cubic yards by United States dredges. The total expendi- tures prior to July 1, 1914, were $111,371.21, of which it is estimated that about $101,371.21 were for original work and $10,000 were for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No excavation was done. The existing channel meets the present needs and no dredge has been available with which the channel could be economically deepened. Occasional examinations of the channel have been made, and the filling has been found to be but little. The total amount expended during the year was $957.22 for examinations, all of which is chargeable to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is regarded as one- half completed. The depth has been increased from about 10 feet at mean low water to about 20 feet for a distance of about 4,000 feet RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 247 and for widths varying from 300 to 600 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried through the shoalest part of the channel at mean low water is 18 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, have been $112,328.43, of which it is esti- mated that $101,371.21 were for new work and $10,957.22 were for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had no effect upon freight rates. It has facilitated the trips of scows carrying dredg- ings to the public dumping ground, of barges carying refuse to Barren Island, and of commerce with Jamaica Bay in general. Proposed operations.-No work is contemplated beyond what may be done with funds already appropriated and no estimate for addi- tional funds has been submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce through Coney Island Channel consists mainly of ashes and garbage to the Barren Island disposal works, of fuel and building materials, and general mer- chandise. There is a large excursion traffic to and from Coney Island and Rockaway Beach during the summer months. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Freight Estimated Passengers (short tons). value, carried. 1912 ............................................................. 425,551 $5,150,212 1,034,222 1913.....---.. .......... .....................................--........ 816,132 5,345,878 1,243,398 1914.............................................................. 768,550 5,256,680 1,178,868 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $101, 371. 21 Maintenance ___ ------ 1------------------------____ 10, 957. 22 Total ----------- 112, 328. 43 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...-. New worl .. ...... ... ..... . ............................ $2,449.22 $2,449.22 $2,410.68 ... ... 2, 410.68 ... $957.2 Maintenance ............. . .. . . ... - . 10, 000. 00 ............ $957. 22 Total................................... ..................... 12,449.22 2,410.68 957.22 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------- ___ $76, 965. 79 Deduction on account of amount transferred under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------- 74,000. 00 2, 965. 79 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------- 957. 22 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------2, 008.57 248 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 3. NEW YORK HARBOR; BAY RIDGE AND RED HOOK CHANNELS. Location.-These channels lie along the east shore of the Upper Bay, New York Harbor, and with Buttermilk Channel form an easterly channel along the Brooklyn water front from the Narrows to the East River. The combined length of Bay Ridge and Red Hook Channels is 42 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 369.) Original condition.--Bay Ridge and Red Hook Channels in their natural condition were navigable by lighters, barges, and similar small harbor craft. The minimum low-water depth was 7 feet in a channel about 100 feet wide and hardly distinguishable from the adjacent flats. Previous projects.--The first project was adopted by act of Con- gress March 3, 1881. It was modified by acts of August 11, 1888, September 19, 1890, and August 18, 1894. A second project was adopted by act of Congress June 3, 1896, and completed in 1899. The amount expended on these projects and their modifications was $1,346,100, of which $1,090,000 was applied to Bay Ridge and Red Hook Channels (as nearly as can be estimated), and $256,100 to other channels combined with them in these projects. For scope of pre- vious projects see Appendix, page 1768. Present project.--The present project provides for dredging Bay Ridge and Red Hook Channels 1,200 feet wide and 40 feet deep at mean low water; length of section included in the project, 4-z miles; mean rise of tide, 42 feet. This project was adopted in specific terms by act of Congress of March 3, 1899, no prior surveys or estimates for channels of these dimensions having been published. A report upon a survey of these channels showing the depths as existing in 1897 was published as House Document No. 337, Fifty-fourth Con- gress, second session (reprinted in Annual Report for 1897, p. 1177). The amount of authorized expenditure carried by the act of March 3, 1899, was $2,500,000. This amount proved insufficient and a revised estimate for completion was submitted in 1910, placing the total cost of this project at $3,459,000. (Annual Report for 1910, p. 186.) The river and harbor act of 1899 specified a depth of 40 feet for these channels. The river and harbor act of 1907 authorized the prosecu- tion of the work so as to obtain, first, a depth of 35 feet, subsequently increasing the depth to 40 feet for their full width in accordance with the project of 1899. The effect of this was to permit a change in the order of the work without a change in the project. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Bay Ridge Chan- nel has been dredged 40 feet deep for its full width from its upper end at Twenty-eighth Street to Forty-fourth Street, and from Forty-fourth Street to its lower end, for widths ranging from 600 to 900 feet on the east side of the channel. The west side had been dredged to 35 feet depth. Red Hook Channel has been dredged 35 feet deep, with widths from 1,000 to 1,200 feet, and the lower end, extending 800 feet from Bay Ridge Channel, had been further deep- ened to 40 feet depth. The amount expended on this work has been: For original work $2,591,231.21, and for maintenance $94,555.81, a total of $2,685,787.02. Operations and results during the fscal year.-Under a contract in force at the beginning of the year, dredging was continued until RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 249 January 28, 1915, when the contract was completed. During the year 361,870 cubic yards of sand and mud were removed, with the result that a strip 300 feet wide and 4,160 feet in length, from Forty- fourth Street to Sixtieth Street, was dredged to 40 feet depth. This completed the section of channel in question. The work done was new work. The cost was $117,426.22 during the fiscal year. There was no expenditure for maintenance. The seagoing dredges Raritan and Atlantic were leased from the Ambrose Channel improvement and worked at intervals during the year. These dredges removed from Bay Ridge Channel 1,103,041 cubic yards of mud and sand and from Red Hook Channel 191,564 cubic yards; total, 1,294,605 cubic yards. Bay Ridge Channel was completed to 40 feet depth, except a few small shoals found by survey. The deepening of the Red Hook Channel to 40 feet was begun. The expenditures during the year for work by United States plant amounted to $78,342.92, all for new work. The total expenditures during the year were $195,769.14 for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is regarded as about 90 per cent completed. Bay Ridge Channel has been dredged to 40 feet deep and 1,200 feet wide; Red Hook Channel has been dredged to 35 feet deep and from 1,000 to 1,200 feet wide, and for 800 feet length at its south end it has been dredged to 40 feet. There has been some shoaling, and the present depths are in places less than the above. The maximum draft which could be carried over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement at mean low water is 40 feet in Bay Ridge Channel and 33 feet in Red Hook Channel. Total expenditures under existing project are as follows: For new work, $2,669,574.13; for maintenance, $94,555.81; total of $2,764,129.94. Local cooperation.-No local cooperation has been required by law. The city of New York has built five municipal piers along Bay Ridge Channel, three of which are open to transient arrivals at stated rates. The other two are leased to trans-Atlantic steamship lines. Effect of improvement.-The effect upon freight rates is obscured by other causes. The improvement has opened up to use 4 miles of water front, most of which is already occupied by large piers. Ships which prior to the improvement could not have approached this part of the water front now visit it in large numbers. Proposed operations.--It is estimated that the funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about January 1, 1916. The funds esti- mated as required for the following year, $150,000, are for the new work. Although the sections of the channel previously dredged have shoaled considerably in places, no work of maintenance is immediately urgent and no estimate for such is submitted. The above sum, if appropriated, will provide for the operation of the seagoing dredges Atlantic and Raritan for about 6 months or one dredge for about 12 months and will provide for the excavation of about 1,300,000 cubic yards. Commercial statistics.-The amount of commerce reported for the last three years is: Calendar year. Short tons. 1912------ __---------------------------------- 5, 384,285 1913-___ ________ ____ --- 6, 651, 469 1914__ ------------------------------ 8, 169, 186 250 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The value of this commerce can not be ascertained; it is estimated to average $50 a ton. About 80 per cent of the commerce reported for 1914 is foreign and is unclassified. The domestic freights are chiefly building materials and Southern produce, cotton, naval stores, etc. Commerce of the character now carried on would have been impossible in this portion of the harbor if the project had not been carried out. No new transportation lines were established in 1914. Two such lines temporarily suspended sailings on account of the European war. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------ $4, 015, 674. 13 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 94, 555. 81 Total --------- --------------------------------- 4, 110, 229. 94 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ..... ...................... ..... $268,264.92 $225, 599.68 $195,769.14 Maintenance... ........................ ............................... APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4 1911--------------------------------------------------241, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------ 300, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------------- 125, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_- -- -_____ -____ -______120, 411.09 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 150, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 125, 000. 00 Receipts from sales_--------------- - -------- .80 395, 411. 89 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement _._-_________________ _______------___ _ 195, 769. 14 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__-- ---------------- ____ 199, 642. 75 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ -_______-___ $49, 799. 86 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts- .....---------------------------------------- 24, 995. 29 74, 795.15 ......... July 1, 1915, balance available_-- --......- ,-._____ 124, 847. 60 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----------------------------------------- 384, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement----- 1 150, 000. 00 4. NEW YORK HARBOR: COLLECTION AND REMOVAL OF DRIFT. Location.-This project applies to the lower and upper bays, the Hudson, East, and Harlem Rivers, Newtown Creek, Staten Island Sound, and Newark Bay. Original condition.-Priorto adoption of the project, the waters referred to were obstructed by drift of various kinds, allowed to escape from pier construction and demolition, from scows carrying 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 251 refuse, from abandoned and broken craft, floats, etc., and from vari- ous other sources. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This is defined by the terms of the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, which reads as follows: "So much as may be necessary of any appropriation or apportionment made for specific portions of New York Harbor and its immediate tributaries may be allotted by the Secretary of War for the maintenance of these water~ays by the collection and removal of drift." This work is dis- tinctively one of maintenance. No estimate has been submitted as to the average annual cost, and the nature of the work being wholly new, there are no data upon which such an estimate might be based. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-None. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There is no existing plant specially adapted to collecting and removing drift. In order to begin promptly and to ascertain from actual trial what sort of plant is fitted for this work, the U. S. S. Manisees and launch Ingalls were assigned to this work whenever they could be spared from other duties. They began work on May 21, and on June 20 a gasolene lighter was hired to supplement that work and to determine the most suitable equipment. These boats have removed, up to June 30, 32,411 cubic feet of driftwood. The pieces ranged in size from small blocks up to 12 by 12 timbers 30 feet in length, pieces of wreckage, piles, float stages, etc. The expenditures during the year amounted to $2,888.17, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work has not sufficiently progressed to show any change in amounts of drift. Efforts have been made to determine the origin of the drift and if possible to prevent it by attention to the origin. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, have been $2,888.17. This is paid for at first from an allot- ment made from the appropriations for New York Harbor mainte- nance, that appropriation to be reimbursed for the cost of work done in different channels. All of this expenditure is chargeable to main- tenance. Local cooperation.-None has been required. Voluntary coopera- tion of several of the New York city departments has been asked for and promised in so far as they are able to assist, particularly in the line of prevention. Effect of improvement.-This new work has not yet progressed so as to show any notable reduction of the quantity of drift afloat. Every high tide appears to bring out into the channel large quantities of drift, which had been either grounded or locked in slips. It is not infrequent that a channel quite free from drift at one time will within a few hours be found full of it. It appears that at about the turn of the tide there is a tendency for the drift to gather toward the middle of the channels. Proposed operations.-It is intended to continue collection and re- noval of drift under existing authority, which proposes no special appropriation. Commercial statistics.-None are pertinent to work of this char- acter. 252 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 5. WALLABOUT CHANNEL, N. Y. Location.-This channel is a branch of the East River, N. Y., about 2.5 miles by water northeast of the Battery. The channel is divided by a stone causeway, property of the United States, into a north and a south section. The north section is the one under im- provement by the United States. It is about 2,000 feet in length. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 3694.) Original condition.--Prior to its improvement by the 4 nited States, there existed a channel about 15 feet deep and with widths varying from 40 to 160 feet. The length from East River to the stone causeway was about 2,000 feet, and thence Wallabout Basin extended southwardly a distance of about 1,300 feet to the head of navigation. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project -provides for dredging a channel 20 feet deep at mean low water with widths varying from 230 to 350 feet. The total length of channel under improvement is about 2,000 feet; mean range of tide about 4 feet. The estimate of cost was $40,000 for original work, no estimate for maintenance. (H. R. Doc. No. 50, 55th Cong., 3d sess.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged from the northerly entrance to the stone causeway. A total of 154,117 cubic yards was removed. The amount expended prior to July 1, 1914, was $36,025.50, of which $18,173.69 was for original work and $17,851.81 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year a survey was made to determine the existing condition of the channel, and a total of $75 was expended on surveys, office expenses, etc., charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The channel has been increased from a depth of 15 feet with widths of 40 to 160 feet to a depth of 20 feet with widths of 230 to 350 feet. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest portion of the channel at mean low water was about 12 feet, but the present width between 20-foot contours is at no place less than 150 feet. The total expenditure under the existing project has been $36,100.50, of which $18,173.69 was for new work and $17,926.81 was for main- tenance. The saving in first cost, as compared to the estimated cost, was $21,826.31. Local cooperation.--The city of New York expended $393,465 in the construction of five piers and various bulkheads and retaining walls along this channel, and each year the borough of Brooklyn dredges at various points to offset the effect of deposits from storm sewers. The funds were derived from municipal taxation. Local interests from time to time have done minor dredging in front of their own wharves. Effect of improvement.-The effect on freight rates can not be determined. This channel has opened up a considerable water front which is utilized to its full capacity. Proposed operations.-No additional funds are requested, as the project has been completed and maintenance work is considered un- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 253 necessary at this time. Nearly all traffic in this channel is carried on by means of barges and lighters, for which the present depths are adequate. Commercial statistics.-The principal commodities are coal, sugar, and general merchandise, and the.by-products of a large gas plant. The improvement has greatly facilitated the large traffic of this locality. No changes in transportation lines have been noted. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........ ........ ............ ............. ......... ....... 1,024,821 $10,240,289 1913 ...................................... .................................... 1,048,339 9,209,538 1914 ............................................................................ 990,618 13,021,165 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------ ---------------------- $18, 173. 69 Maintenance ---- ---- ------------------------- 17, 926. 81 Total ----------------------------------- ---- 36, 100. 50 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ................................................................ Maintenance............................................................... $25.00 $75.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __________-- -- ---- ______- $3, 975. 00 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915 ___------------------------------------------------ 3, 000. 00 975. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement -------------------------------------------- 75. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _______ 900. 00 6. NEWTOWN CREEK, N. Y. Location.-Newtown Creek is a tidal arm of East River, N. Y., extending inland for a distance of about 4 miles and forming the boundary between the Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, New York City. The mouth of the creek is located about opposite Twenty- sixth Street in the Borough of Manhattan and about 4.2 miles by water northeast of the Battery. The length of the section included in the project is about 3.8 miles, which includes both the east branch or Newtown Creek proper and the west branch or the English Kills. Original condition.--In 1857 the creek varied in depth from 0 to about 17 feet at mean low water and in width from about 140 feet to 1,200 feet. In 1879 the mouth of the creek had shoaled to a depth of about 12.5 feet at mean low water. The head of navigation on both the east branch (now called Newtown Creek) and the west 254 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. branch (now called English Kills) was at Metropolitan Avenue, where the depths varied from 4 to 6 feet at mean low water. The distance from the East River to the junction of English Kills with the creek proper is about 15,200 feet; thence to Metropolitan Avenue Bridge, on Newtown Creek proper, the distance is about 2,000 feet. The length of English Kills from its junction with Newtown Creek proper to the Metropolitan Avenue Bridge is about 2,900 feet. The length of Maspeth Creek (formerly called English Kills), a third branch, from its junction with Newtown Creek to the Long Island Railroad bridge is about 3,550 feet. The length of Dutch Kills, a fourth branch, from its junction with Newtown Creek to the Thomp- son Avenue Bridge was about.4,450 feet. The length of Whale Creek, a fifth branch, is about 2,000 feet. The length of the navigable por- tion of Newtown Creek, including its five branches, is estimated to have been about 30,100 feet. Range of tides about 4.5 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, and modified by the river and har- bor act of July 5, 1884. (Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 80, 48th Cong., 1st sess.) A total of $197,500 had been expended on the project up to July 1, 1895. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1769. Present project.-The present project provides for dredging a channel 18 feet deep at mean low water and 125 feet wide from the mouth to the head of navigation. In the report upon which the project was based, Metropolitan Avenue is assumed to be the head of navigation for both main branches of the creek. (H. Doc. No. 323, 54th Cong., 3d sess.) The length of the section included in the project is about 20,100 feet. The mean range of tides is about 4.5 feet. The estimated cost was $450,000 for original work; no estimate for maintenance. This estimate was reduced in 1897 to $213,000, and in 1904 an estimate of $5,000 for annual maintenance was submitted. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel was dredged 18 feet deep at mean low water and 125 feet wide from the mouth of the creek to the Metropolitan Avenue bridges on both the east and the west branches and a spur channel 10 feet deep at mean low water, 100 feet wide, and 700 feet long was dredged in front of the Nichols Copper Co. wharves. A total of about 2,137,000 cubic yards of material had been removed. This amount includes both original and maintenance work, it being impracticable, from the old reports, to differentiate. The amount expended under the present project prior to July 1, 1914, was $288,645.50, of which amount it is estimated $203,763.81 was for original work and $84,881.69 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-An automatic tide gauge was installed at two points on the creek and observations re- corded for a period covering at least two full lunations at each locality. A total of $10,517.05 was expended, all charged to mainte- nance. Of this amount $8,517.10 was a delayed payment for dredg- ing work done under contract dated August 30, 1913, and $1,999.95 was for tidal observations, office expenses, etc. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed. The increase in available depth at mean low water varied from 5.5 to 18 feet. There has been no increase in width. The maximum draft RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 255 that could be carried over the shoalest part of the section under im- provement on June 30, 1915, was about 7.5 feet. The total expendi- ture under the present project has been $299,162.55, of which amount it is estimated $203,763.81 was for original work and $95,398.74 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Local interests, at various times, provided for maintenance dredging in front of their wharves. Such interests have also expended large sums in extending the channel in the west branch from the Metropolitan Avenue Bridge southward a distance of about .2,500 feet to the present head of navigation at Johnson Avenue. This extension is about 160 feet wide and about 6 to 12 feet deep at mean low water. Extensive bulkheading, dredging, and filling has been done in the Dutch Kills branch. The Borough of Brooklyn, each year dredges in Newtown Creek to offset the effect of deposits from storm sewers. The funds are derived from local taxation. Effect of improvement.-The increased depth has greatly reduced freight rates by not only making it possible for larger cargoes to be delivered but by making the wharves accessible to boats of deeper draft and thereby eliminating charges for rehandling and lightering. Proposed operations.-Since 1905 a total of $115,000 has been ap- propriated for this creek, an average of about $10,000 per year, and the full projected depths have not been maintained. A portion of the creek was redredged during the fiscal year 1914, and most of the remainder will be redredged during the fiscal year 1916, thus ex- hausting funds now on hand. Funds should be provided for re- dredging, during the fiscal year 1917, such sections of the channel as may be most in need of such redredging. For this purpose an estimate of $10,000 is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The principal items so far as weight is concerned are: Coal and other fuel; petroleum and its products; crushed stone, gravel, sand, cement, etc.; copper ore and copper; brick; lumber, etc. No change in the nature of commerce or in trans- portation lines have been noted. The decrease in tonnage may be due to the European conflict. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912................. ............ .............................. 4,921,843 $225,416,029 .................................................... 1913..................... 5,141,516 226,962,025 1914.......... ............................................. 4,445,556 147,739,825 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------------$401, 263.81 Maintenance __----------------------------------------------- 95, 398. 74 Total ------------------------------------- ------------- 496, 662. 55 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................................... ....... -- --- Maintenance ................................................ $25,779.73 $19,834.44 $10,517.05 256 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------ ------------------- $20, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ----------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------- 30, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________ ______________ 25, 088. 43 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 15, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-------------------------------------------- 4. 63 40, 093. 06 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement _--------------- ---- ------- 10, 517. 05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ____________________________- 29, 576. 01 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement______________________ 10, 000.00 7. JAMAICA BAY, N. Y. Location.--Jamaica Bay is an indentation in the south shore of Long Island, the entrance being about 8 miles east of the Narrows, New York Harbor. The bay includes a total area of about 18 square miles, and is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by Rockaway Beach. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 120.) Original condition.-The dimensions of the channels in use were: Two entrance channels, one from the sea about 8,000 feet long, 800 feet wide, and 10 to 14 feet minimum depth, subject to frequent changes, and a second entrance channel from New York Harbor about 12,000 feet long, 200 feet wide, and 10 feet deep; interior chan- nels of ample width and depth near the entrance decreasing to less than 3 feet depth and 200 feet width at the heads of navigation, dis- tant, respectively, 6 and 10 miles from the entrance. There are several minor channels in the bay used by small fishing boats at high tide. Previous project.-There was no previous project for improving Jamaica Bay as a whole. For scope of previous project see Ap- pendix, page 1770. Present project.-This is a cooperative project for making a gen- eral harbor in Jamaica Bay by dredging an entrance channel and protecting it by one or two jetties as may prove necessary, and by dredging a main interior channel along the west and north side of the bay, at the expense of the United States, the City of New York to make these channels of service by dredging basins, bulkheading the water front, and making suitable highway and rail connections with the upland. It provides for making and maintaining a channel with width of 500 feet and depth of 18 feet to be increased as the needs of commerce require, and as may be further authorized by Congress, to a width of 1,500 feet for the entrance channel and 1,000 feet for the interior channel, and to a maximum depth throughout of 30 feet. The length of channel included in the project is 12 miles; tidal variations, 41 feet. Approved estimate of cost to the United States, for original work not to exceed $7,430,000 in any event; to the city of New York from $13,565,360 to $70,000,000, according to the extent of works under- taken. Approved estimate of cost of maintaining the 30-foot en- 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 257 trance channel, $55,600 annually. The project is described in House Document No. 1488, Sixtieth Congress, second session, and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. Operations and results prior to the, fiscal year.-The work done was dredging to make the entrance channel 144 feet deep and dredg- ing to make 8,800 feet of the interior channel 500 feet wide and 18 feet deep. ,All of this was original work and the amount expended upon it was $156,887.46. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work of im- provement has been carried on. The city of New York was not pre- pared to continue its part of the cooperative project. Examinations have been made from time to time of the entrance channel and of the changes at Rockaway Point. Expenditures for this purpose and for general supervision amounted to $8,123.70 and were charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The proportion of project completed is estimated, work to be done by the United States, about 3 per cent; work to be done by the city, practically zero per cent. The entrance channel has been increased in depth from 13 to 144 feet, and the main interior channel for a section 8,800 feet north from deep water at Barren Island has been deepened from 3 feet to 18 feet, with width of 500 feet. The only benefit to navigation has resulted from the increased depth at the entrance; the interior channel is not yet connected with any landing. The maximum draft which can be carried through the section under improvement is 144 feet at mean low water. Total expenditures under the existing project have been $165,011.16, of which $156,887.46 was for new work and $8,123.70 for maintenance. Local cooperation.--In adopting this project the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, prescribed that no part of the amount appro- priated ($250,500) should be expended until the Secretary of War was satisfied that the city of New York was prepared to undertake its part of the general plan for the improvement of Jamaica Bay as outlined in the report cited above; and the appropriations in the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1913, were made sub- ject to the condition that from these amounts the Secretary of War .might reimburse the city of New York each month for the dredging and the disposition of dredged material of the preceding month at the actual unit price per cubic yard, place measurement, provided such cost does not exceed 8 cents per cubic yard. To meet these con- ditions the city of New York appropriated $1,000,000 toward its part of the proposed work, to be applied by the department of docks and ferries as follows: For construction of a bulkhead or wall, $50,000; for dredging in the main channel of Jamaica Bay, contingent upon provision for reimbursement by the United States for all or part of the cost of said dredging, $150,000; for acquiring lands needed for filling purposes, $750,000, the application of the other $50,000 being otherwise provided for. This action was accepted by the Secretary of War in 1912 as satisfactory. The city of New York, however, has expended but a small part of this sum as yet, and so far as known only surveys, inspection, and similar work have been carried out. Nothing has been done to make the increased depth available for navigation. The deepened channel terminates in a shoal less than 2 8373"--ENG 1915---17 258 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. feet deep. No bulkheads or landings nor any highways or other approaches to the upland have been built. It is understood that the city of New York will expend between $80,000 and $85,000 during the current season for work in Mill Basin. Effect of improvement.-No reduction of freight rates or other benefits result from the improvement in its present stage. Proposed operationr.-No additional funds are required for fur- ther work during the year ending June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....--...--.----.-----..---..-...---.............--.--.....--.........----------------------------------........................ 425,551 $5,150,212 1913...............................-------------------------------------------------------------- 816,132 5,346,878 1914..............-------------------------------------------------------------- 768,550 5,171,668 No new lines of transportation were organized during 1915. It should be noted that practically none of this commerce utilizes the portion of the main interior channel dredged at the expense of the United States. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $156, 887. 46 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 8, 123. 70 Total -------- ------------------------------------- 165, 011. 16 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ..... . $66,371.34 $66,371.34 $...................................... 87,909.31. Maintenance... $8,123.70 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------- $300, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------- --------- 300, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------693, 682.28 Receipts from sales_--------- 8. 09 693, 690. 37 Deduction on account of amount transferred under river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 _......____ _.... -___ --- 150, 000. 00 543, 690. 37 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for mainte- nance of improvement ------------------------------------ 8, 123. 70 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ - -____________-- ___- - 535, 566. 67 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project --------------------------------- 6, 730, 000. 00 8. SHEEPSHEAD BAY, N. Y. Location.-Sheepshead Bay is an indentation on the south shore of Long Island, about 14 miles, by water, southeast of the Battery, New York City, and 8.5 miles northwest of Sandy Hook, N. J. The 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 259 bay separates the eastern end of Coney Island from the mainland of Long Island, and is about 6,000 feet long and varies in width from 250 to 1,000 feet. The section under improvement is the entrance channel, which extends from deep water in the Atlantic Ocean to deep water in Sheepshead Bay, a distance of about 1,500 feet. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1215.) Original condition.-The entrance to Sheepshead Bay has been subject to many changes during the last 80 years. In 1881 the inlet was about a mile to the eastward of its present location. The pro- tection works of the Manhattan Beach estates may prevent a further westwardly movement. In its original condition there were numer- ous shoals in the bay, but the depths in the channel varied from 1 to 13 feet. There was a tidal flow through Coney Island Creek, a nar- row and tortuous stream, about 5 miles in length, connecting Sheeps- head and Gravesend Bays, but for all practical purposes the head of navigation in Sheepshead Bay was about 0.8 mile west of the present entrance. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880. At the close of the fiscal year 1895 a total of $26,000 had been expended on the work. For scope of pre- vious projects see Appendix, page 1778. Present project.-The present project provides for dredging a channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep, at mean low water, from the 6-foot contour in the ocean to the corresponding contour in Sheeps- head Bay. The length of the section included in the project at the time of its adoption was about 2,200 feet, but has since been reduced to about 1,500 feet by the dredging operations of private interests. The estimated cost was $13,600; no estimate for maintenance (see H. Doc. No. 959, 61st Cong., 2d sess.). The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel 1,600 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 4 feet deep at mean low water, connecting the eastern end of Sheepshead Bay and Dead Horse Inlet, was dredged in 1883, 1885, and 1886, a total of 41,256 cubic yards being removed. A channel 3,400 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 5.5 feet deep, extending from the village of Sheepshead Bay toward Dead Horse Inlet was dredged in 1889, a total of 27,025 cubic yards being re- moved. In 1913 under the existing project, a channel 110 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low water was dredged from the 6-foot contour in the Atlantic Ocean to the 6-foot contour in Sheepshead Bay, a distance of about 2,200 feet, a total of 8,408 cubic yards being removed. The amount expended under the existing project to July 1, 1914, was $7,827.59, all charged to new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Surveys were made to determine the present condition of the channel and to establish ranges for dredging by private interests to whom a permit had been issued to dredge within the limits of the channel under improvement by the United States. A total of $816.59 was expended on surveys, office expenses, etc., charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. An examination of the channel made during March and April, 1915, showed that shoals have encroached slightly upon the dredged channel from the west, but that an irregular channel has been maintained with a depth of 6 feet at mean low water throughout and 260 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. with widths varying from about 100 to 180 feet. As compared with conditions at the time the project was adopted, the increase in width varies from 0 to 100 feet and the increase in depth varies from 0 to 6 feet. A draft of 6 feet can be carried through the channel at mean low water, but the encroachment of shoals from the west has made the course somewhat crooked. "The total expenditure under the existing project has been $8,644.18, of which $7,827.59 was for new work and $816.59 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-In 1884 and in 1913 local property owners furnished disposal areas and retaining bulkheads for excavated materials. The city of New York owns a wooden retaining bulk- head along the entire lengths of the south and west sides of the bay, and this bulkhead is open to the public for pleasure but not for com- mercial purposes. Effect of improvement.-Sheepshead Bay is used but slightly for commercial purposes, and on this account freight rates have not been noticeably affected, but large numbers of pleasure and fishing boats and the ferryboats to Rockaway Point have been benefited by the improvement. Proposed operations.--The funds already available are considered adequate for maintenance of the project to the end of the fiscal year 1917. Commercial statistics.-The principal commodities are coal and fuel, lumber and gasoline. The nature of the commerce has not been affected by the improvement, but the number of fishing-party boats, ferryboats, and motor and sail boats increases each year. Three ferry lines maintain regular schedules during the summer season, carrying large numbers of passengers to near-by beaches and resorts, and the fishing-party boats operate practically all year. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................"....... ................................ 1,800 $36,000 1913........................................................................................ 2,000 40,000 1914...................................................................................... 3,593 144,777 Passengers, 500,000. An idea of the extent to which this bay is used by small pleasure craft may be obtained from a count "ofboats in the bay. The count was made on June 23, 1915, and at that time there were in the bay 2 barges, 6 fishing steamers, 7 ferryboats, 3 schooners, 22 houseboats, 391 motor boats, and 331 rowboats, canoes, etc. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--- --------------------------------------------- $33, 827. 59 Maintenance__-- -- __ ------ ------ 816. 59 Total----------------------------------------------------- 34, 644. 18 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New woik........................... ............. $1,442.56 $6,385.03 ..... Maintenance. ... $5816. 59 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 261 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------$13, 600.00 Mar. 4, 1915--__-------------------------------------------- 5, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__---------------------------- 5, 773. 96 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------- .50 10, 774. 46 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- ______816. nance of improvement__________________------------------- 59 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___-_________________---- - - - 9, 957.87 9. HARBORS AT PORT JEFFERSON, MATTITUCK, HUNTINGTON, AND FLUSHING BAY, N. Y. (A) PORT JEFFERSON HARBOR. Location.-This harbor is an indentation of the north shore of Long Island, about 56 miles by water northeast of the Battery, New York City, and about 13.5 miles southeast of Bridgeport Harbor, Conn. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-In its original condition the depth at mean low water over the outer bar was 4 to 5 feet. Mean range of tide about 7 feet. From the outer bar to the harbor proper depths of 6 feet or more for widths of 125 to 300 feet existed. In the harbor proper depths of 12 feet or more were found as far south as the village of Port Jefferson, about 2 miles from the entrance and the head of navigation. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871. The amount expended on this project was $79,000. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1771. Present project.-The present project provides for dredging a channel through the entrance 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water, for repairing and enlarging the jetties built under the previous project, and for extending the east jetty to the 21-foot curve. The total length of channel under improvement is about 2,600 feet, the length of the west jetty is 940 feet, and the total pro- jected length of the east jetty about 1,900 feet. The range of tide at the entrance is about 7 feet and at the head of navigation 6.2 feet. The estimate of cost was $145,000 for original work; no estimate for maintenance. (Annual Report for 1889, p. 751.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and modified by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel 12 feet deep at mean low water and 200 feet wide was dredged through the entrance to the harbor. A total of 159,862 cubic yards was removed. The east jetty was built to a length of 1,550 feet and the west jetty to 940 feet, a total of 61,805 tons of stone being placed in the two structures. It is estimated that about 41,805 tons have been placed in the east jetty and about 20,000 tons in the west jetty. The amount expended on the present project prior to July 1, 1914, was 262 n REPOR- OiF T CHIEF OF EGIf~, U. a. ARMY. $97,506.62. Old reports did not differentiate between new work and maintenance, but it is estimated that of the above total expenditure $6,279.91 may properly be charged to maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--During the fiscal year a survey was made to determine the existing condition of the channel, and a total of $317.27 was expended on surveys, office ex- penses, etc, charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 67 per cent of all work authorized has been completed. The channel has been increased from about 4 feet in depth for varying widths to 12 feet in depth for a minimum width of about 100 feet and 10 feet in depth for a mini- mum width of over 200 feet. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest portion of the channel at mean low water on June 30, 1915, was about 11 feet. The total expenditure under the existing project has been $97,823.89, of which it is estimated that $91,226.71 was for new work and $6,597.18 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The effect on freight rates is not known. Boats make regular trips to and from the harbor at all stages of the tide that would, under natural conditions, have been forced to wait for good weather and high tides before entering or leaving. Port Jefferson is the only harbor on the north shore of Long Island be- tween Huntington Harbor and Plum Gut having a depth of more than 7 feet at mean low water, and it is used to a slight extent as a harbor of refuge. Proposed operations.-The extension of the east jetty to the 21- foot curve, as called for by the existing project, is not considered necessary at this time. Soundings made during December, 1914, showed two slight shoals encroaching on the channel from the west and one from the east. Conditions at that time were not serious, but redredging may be necessary in the near future if unobstructed navigation is to be maintained. The jetties, particularly the west one, have been damaged to a considerable extent by the waves, and the west jetty has been partially undermined. With funds already on hand it is proposed to repair the jetties during the present fiscal year. It is estimated that an additional appropriation will be needed for the maintenance of the channel to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The principal commodities are gasoline, oysters, and automobiles, transported on the ferry service to the Connecticut shore. There have been no changes in the nature of the commerce nor have any changes in transportation lines been noted. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912......................... .... ........... ....................................... 21,591 $842,541 1913..-......-- . .......... .. ....................................... 21,793 999 562 1914................................................................ 22, 281 572, 791 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 263 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ________-__- $170, 226. 71 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 6, 597. 18 Total -- -------------------------------------------- 176, 823. 89 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......... .. ---.......... - ........ --...--.... - -........... . ... .......... Maintenance .-------------------------------..------------ $89.68 $143.84 $317.27 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ______________________--__ 8, 649. 73 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915_-------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 6, 649. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_ _ ------------------------------------ __ 317.27 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______________________-______ 6, 332. 46 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ______________________ -147, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__------ --- __ 15, 000. 00 (B) MATTITUCK HARBOR. Location.-This harbor is a tidal inlet on the north shore of Long Island about 85 miles east of New York City and about 24 miles southeast of New Haven Harbor, Conn. The length of channel under improvement is about 2.25 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 115.) Original condition.--In its natural condition a channel varying in width from about 80 to about 240 feet, and in depth from 0 to 12 feet at mean low water existed from Long Island Sound to the milldam, a distance of about 4,900 feet. The head of navigation was at the milldam. South of this milldam Mattituck Bay, varying in width from 500 to 1,000 feet, with depths of from 2 to 8 feet at high water, extended a distance of about 6,300 feet to the village of Mattituck. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for dredging a channel 7 feet deep at mean low water from Long Island Sound to the milldam and 7 feet deep at mean high water from the milldam to the village, the channel at the entrance to be protected by two jetties. The widths provided are 100 feet through the entrance and 80 feet from the entrance to the village. The total length of channel under improvement is about 11,500 feet, mean range of tide about 4.8 feet at the entrance and about 3.5 feet at the village. The estimate of cost in 1891 was $83,000 for original work; no estimate for main- tenance. The project, as recommended in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1891 page 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 264 r REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, . S. ARMY. 843, was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. In 1909 (Annual Report for 1909, pp. 133-134) it was stated that to complete the project to the milldam would require additional funds to the amount of $53,200. This with previous appropriations made the total estimated cost of the project, including maintenance to June 30, 1909, $134,200 plus the cost of work above the milldam. The cost of the channel above the milldam was in 1911 (Annual Report for 1911, p. 195) estimated at $42,500. The estimate for work in connection with the project as thus revised was $176,700, which estimate included maintenance to June 30, 1909. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--The channel was dredged from Long Island Sound to the village of Mattituck and two stone jetties were built to protect the entrance. A total of 186,533 cubic yards was removed, 147,539 cubic yards north of the milldam, part chargeable to maintenance, and 38,994 cubic yards south of the milldam. The jetties were built with top widths of 5 feet, side slopes of 1 to 1 and top elevations of 7 to 9 feet above mean low water; the east jetty is 775 feet and the west jetty 1,130 feet in length. A total of 22,652 tons of stone was placed in both jetties. The amount expended prior to July 1, 1914, was $119,696.22, of which $94,956.40 was for new work and $24,739.82 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year a survey was made to determine the existing condition of the channel and a total of $878.60 was expended on surveys, office ex- penses, etc., charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 83 per cent completed but the completion of the project by extending the jetties to the 9-foot curve is not considered necessary at this time. The depth has been increased from 0 to 7 feet at mean low water for widths of 80 and 100 feet north of the milldam. South of the mill- dam a tortuous channel of various widths and depths has been re- placed by a well-defined channel 80 feet in width and 3.5 feet in depth at mean low water. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest portion of the channel south of the milldam at mean low water is about 3 feet. North of the milldam a draft of 7 feet can be carried but the width of channel has in one place been materi- ally reduced by a bar that has formed on the east side of the channel near the shore end of the east jetty. The total expenditure under the existing project has been $120,574.82, of which $94,956.40 was for original work, and $25,618.42 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provided: That no part of this appropriation shall be expended for the improvement of the harbor at Mattituck above the milldam until the local authorities shall have replaced the existing dam and bridge by a bridge with suitable draw spans. The draw span was installed and approved April 21, 1913. Effect of improvement.-The project south of the milldam is not of sufficient depth to permit the carrying of freight in quantities to the village and freight rates have not been affected to any material extent. Oyster dredges and other small craft use the harbor north of the milldam, and it is also used as a harbor of refuge. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand are considered sufficient for such maintenance as may be necessary. ROIVER ANT 1AIBOt IMPRkOVEMENTS. 265 Commercial statistics.-The principal commodities are oysters and shells. The improvement has afforded a harbor of refuge for oyster dredges and numerous pleasure craft. A transsound freight line was started between Mattituck, Long Island, and New Haven, Conn., but was compelled to abandon operations on account of the shallow depth of channel south of the milldam. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Value. ------------------------- 1912.-..............--....-------------...----.--......---.............---------------..................................... 3,900 $75,150 1913..----..----..--------------------------------------------------------- 726 5,620 1914................................................................................ 2,413 15,000 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $94, 956.40 Maintenance --------------------------------------------- 25, 618. 42 Total------------------------------- 120, 574. 82 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work---------..-------...-....---------.........--...........----------.....------..--..-............--............ 19,169.94.......... Maintenance ........... ....................................... 1,484.03 16,139.00 $878.60 Total...---.-------...-...---.-------..--------....---.---------..-.....-... --- 1,484.03 35,308.94 878.60 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- $10, 600. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------- ---------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------- ----------------- 5, 066. 99 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement---------------------------------- 878. 60 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 4, 188. 39 (C) HUNTINGTON HARBOR. Location.-Huntington Bay is an indentation of the north shore of Long Island about 40 miles east of the Battery, New York City, and about 8 miles southeast of Stamford Harbor, Conn., Huntington Harbor is a land-locked arm of Huntington Bay about 2 miles long with widths varying from 300 to 2,000 feet. The section under im- provement extends from a point near Ketcham's Dock in Hunting- ton Harbor to the Old Town Dock at the village of Halesite, N. Y., a distance of about 2,400 feet. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 116.) Original condition.-In its natural condition, the harbor varied in width from 300 to 1,500 feet and in depth from 0 to 19 feet at mean SThis amount was erroneously reported as $5,066.90 in 1914. 266 REPORT OF TI1E CHIEF OF ENGINEER9S, S. . ARMY. low water. A channel 8 feet deep with widths varying from 150 to about 1,300 feet, existed from Huntington Bay southward for a distance of about 8,000 feet. South of this point no channel existed and the depths decreased rapidly to the village of Halesite, a distance of about 2,200 feet, where a large area of the bottom was exposed at low water, navigation being limited to high-water periods. A bar with a depth of 3 feet at mean low water over it obstructed the entrance. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 10, 1872. At the close of the fiscal year 1873 the project was completed and $22,500 had been expended. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1772. Presentproject.-The present project provides for dredging a chan- nel 100 feet wide, with a turning basin 200 feet wide at the Old Town Dock, and 8 feet deep at mean low water from Ketcham's Dock south- wardly to the Old Town Dock, with a protecting dike on the west side, if necessary. The length of the section included in the project is about 2,400 feet; the range of tide is about 7.0 feet. The esti- mated cost was $32,000; no estimate for maintenance. (H. Ex. Doc. No. 200, 48th Cong., 2d sess.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel 8 feet deep at mean low water and 140 feet wide was dredged through the entrance and a channel 8 feet deep and 200 feet wide was dredged from Ketcham's Dock (now the Huntington Yacht Club Dock) to the dock of the Huntington Lumber & Coal Co., a distance of about 3,000 feet. Under the original project 91,786 cubic yards of material were removed and under the existing project 231,955 cubic yards, of which about 20 per cent was for maintenance. A channel 8 feet deep at mean low water with widths varying from 140 to 230 feet was ob- tained from the 8-foot contour in Huntington Bay to the dock of the Huntington Lumber & Coal Co. in the village of Halesite, a distance of about 2 miles. The amount expended prior to July 1, 1914, was $46,415.60, of which $29,489.06 was for original work and $16,926.54 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-A survey was made to determine the existing condition of the channel and a total of $583.74 was expended on surveys, office expenses, etc., charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, but maintenance dredging is necessary. A channel 200 feet wide was dredged in lieu of the projected channel 100 feet wide, protected by a pile dike. The entrance channel was increased from 3 feet in depth at mean low water, with varying widths to a depth of 8 feet, with a uniform width of 140 feet. Near the head of the harbor a channel 200 feet wide, increased to 230 feet at the bend near the Town Dock, and 8 feet deep was obtained through the mud flats, which were origi- nally exposed at low water. The maximum draft that could be car- ried over the shoalest part of the project on June 30, 1915, was about 5.5 feet near the head of the harbor. The total expenditure under the existing project has been $46,999.34, of which $29,489.06 was for original work and $17,510.28 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-There are three public wharves in the harbor which are leased by the town of Huntington to private interests for RfIVER ATb AP;OAl ItPrt V.MENfT . 87 a nominal rental. One wharf is open to the public upon the pay- ment of wharfage, but the rates are arbitrary and not fixed. The wharves were built originally by the town of Huntington with funds derived from local taxation; cost of construction not known. Effect of improvement.--The improvement of this harbor has opened possibilities for commerce that could not have existed pre- viously, and freight rates have been reduced materially. It has been re- ported that the difference on lumber alone amounts to $3 per 1,000 feet. Proposed operations.-The channel will be redredged during the summer of 1915 with funds already on hand. No work will be re- quired during the fiscal year 1917 and no additional appropriations have been requested. Commercial statistics.-The principal commodities are coal, lum- ber, cement, and lime. A transportation line plying between this harbor and Connecticut ports suspended operations during 1914, but it is reported that it will be revived during the current season. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Value. 1912..---- -------- -------------------------------------------------- 36,716 $674,367 1913................................................................................-------------------------------------------------------------- 68,504 535,637 1914................................................................................. 30,975 147,491 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------- $51, 989. 06 Maintenance ----------------------- ----------- 17, 510. 28 Total------------------ -------------------------- 69, 499. 34 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................................... ............. Maintenance ---------------------------....-----..-.... $662.20 $5,479.16 $583.74 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------- ---------- $5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 5, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 2,002. 89 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 5, 000. 00 7, 002. 89 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------------------------------------- 583. 74 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------- --------- 6, 419. 15 (D) FLUSHING BAY. Location.-Flushing Bay is an indentation of the north shore of Long Island, about 12 miles, by water, northeast of the Battery, New York City, and within the city limits. The bay is about 2 miles in length, with widths varying from about 300 feet to 1.4 miles. Flush- ing Creek is a tidal stream, which flows in a northerly direction 268 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF MGtINRS,- . . ARMY. and empties into the head of Flushing Bay. The total distance from East River to the head of navigation in Flushing Creek is about 8 miles. The length of the section included in the project is about 3 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-In its natural condition, a channel 9 feet deep at mean low water with widths varying from 100 to 600 feet extended for a distance of about 2,000 feet from deep water in East River. From the head of this channel, southward to within about 750 feet of the mouth of Flushing Creek, a distance of about 7,000 feet, a more or less uniform depth of about 4.5 feet at mean low water existed throughout the bay. The depths at mean low water in Flushing Creek varied from 0 to 21 feet and the widths varied from 40 to 300 feet. The head of navigation for barges is about 1 mile above Strongs Causeway, and about 5.5 miles from East River. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879, and was modified September 19, 1888, June 9, 1891, and again March 2, 1907. By June 30, 1908, the project had been practically completed and $159,190.32 had been expended on new work or maintenance. Prior to July 1, 1915, a total of $178,914.20 had been expended under the previous project. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1772. Present project.-The present project provides for dredging a channel 10 feet deep at mean low water and 200 feet wide from the 10-foot contour in the bay to the Broadway Bridge; thence 7 feet deep to the Main Street Bridge, narrowing in width uniformly from 200 feet at the Broadway Bridge to 100 feet 1 mile south of Strongs Causeway. The project provides also for the construction of about 1,300 linear feet of new dike, the reconstruction of 1,600 linear feet of old dike, the repair of 2,765 linear feet of old dike, and the removal of 375 linear feet of old dike. The length of the section included in the present project is about 15,200 feet. The mean range of tide is about 7.1 feet. The estimated cost was $235,700 for con- struction and $5,500 annually for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 1333, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the former projects the channel was dredged to a depth of 6 feet at mean low water and a width of 200 feet, with the exception of a small shoal just north of the Broadway Bridge, from the 6-foot contour in the bay to the Broadway Bridge; thence 6 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide to the Main Street Bridge. A total of approxi- mately 531,000 cubic yards of material was removed, which amount includes both new work and maintenance, the old reports not speci- fying the amounts chargeable to each. The dike was constructed for a length of 4,663 feet and 4,515 cubic yards of riprap stone were placed in the structure. Under the present project 10,286 feet of the channel was dredged to a depth of 10 feet at mean low water for a width of 200 feet, 310,996 cubic yards of material being re- moved. The amount expended under the present project prior to July 1, 1914, was $8,444.36, all for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-At the beginning of the fiscal year dredging operations were in progress under contract RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 269 dated March 4, 1914. During the fiscal year 69,151 cubic yards of material were removed, making a total of 380,147 cubic yards re- moved under the contract. A total of $50,610.28 was expended, of which $45,348.36 was for new work under present project and $5,261.92 for maintenance under previous project. During the fiscal year the length of channel dredged was about 1,320 feet, which com- pleted the channel to project dimensions to the Broadway Bridge, except that the width was decreased to 180 feet for a distance of 800 feet north of that bridge. The total length of channel dredged was about 11,606 feet. No dike work was undertaken. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was about 35 per cent completed. The increase in available depth has been about 5 feet; there has been no increase in width. A total of 4,663 linear feet of dike was constructed, but a large portion of it has been carried away entirely and the remaining sections have greatly deteriorated. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the project on June 30, 1915, was about 10 feet for the 10-foot part of the project and 7 feet for the 7-foot part of the project. The total expenditures under the existing project have been $59,054.64, all for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-No reduction in freight rates has been noted. As a result of the improvement a large portion of the traffic which was formerly limited to navigation at high-water periods has been enabled to make use of the channel at any stage of tide and vessels of deeper draft are now able to utilize the channels. Proposed operations.-Work on the project has been suspended pending the granting to the United States of a right of way in cer- tain sections of the creek. No estimate for additional funds is sub- mitted. Commercial statistics.-The principal commodities are coal and other fuel, cement, lime, etc., lumber and ashes and cinders. No changes in transportation lines have been noted. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. ..--------------. 1912..----------------------------- ..... --.... ---- 942,614 $2,102,261 1913 ...... .. .... ... ..-------------------------------------------------------------- 917,561 969,011 1914... -------------------------------------------------------------- . ... .. .... 853,714 968,461 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $207, 721.38 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 30, 247. 46 Total --------------------------------------------- 237, 968. 84 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............................................ $. $1,037.79 $13,706.28 $45,348. 36 Maintenance... ..... ................................ ... 26.75-..,,,. .- 5,261.92 Total......................................... .1,064.54 13,706.28 50,610.28 270 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912_ -------------------------------------------------- $4, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------ 255, 700. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---- ------------------------ 247, 255. 24 Receipts from sales----------------------.----------------------. 40 247, 255. 64 Deduction on account of amount transferred under river and har- bor act approved Mar. 4, 1915-----------------------------110, 000. 00 137, 255. 64 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ------------------- $45, 348. 36 For maintenance of improvement------------ 5, 261. 92 50, 610. 28 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------86, 645. 36 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ------------------------------------- 110, 000. 00 10. HEMPSTEAD HARBOR, N. Y. Location.-This harbor is an indentation of the north shore of Long Island, located about 25 miles by water northeast of the Bat- tery, New York City, and about 13 miles southwest of Stamford Harbor, Conn. The harbor is divided by a narrow neck of sand, Bar Beach, into an outer and an inner harbor, the latter being about 1.85 miles in length. The section under improvement by the United States lies entirely within the inner harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 52.) Original condition.-In its natural condition a channel varying in width from 90 to 350 feet, with a minimum depth of 6 feet at mean low water, existed from the outer harbor to a point about opposite Ward's wharf. Thence the depth gradually diminished to zero at the Roslyn Town Wharf; thence to the head of navigation at the dam at Hicks's mill, in the village of Roslyn, the bottom was exposed at low water. At high water boats of shallow draft carried lumber and coal to within a short distance of the Hicks milldam. Range of tides, about 7.2 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present projects.-The present project provides for a dredged channel 6 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide from the entrance to a point about opposite Ward's wharf, a distance of about 5,600 feet; thence 80 feet wide to the Roslyn Town Wharf, a distance of about 3,200 feet; and thence 50 to 70 feet wide to the head of navi- gation, a distance of about 1,700 feet. The total length of channel under improvement is 1.85 miles. The mean range of tides is about 7.2 feet. The estimated cost was $47,000 for original work and $3,000 annually for maintenance. (R. and H. Com. Doc. No. 1, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged from a point about opposite Ward's wharf to the head of navigation. A total of 165,085 cubic yards was removed. The 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 271 amount expended prior to the fiscal year 1915 was $39,629.40, of which $39,468.11 was for original work and $161.29 was for main- tenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--A survey was made to determine the existing condition of the channel and to aid in pre- paring specifications for maintenance work during the season 1915. During the fiscal year a total of $1,178.61 was expended on surveys, office expenses, etc., all charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The increase in width varies from 0 to 100 feet, and the increase in depth varies from 0 to 8 feet. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest portion of the channel at mean low water on June 30, 1915, was estimated to be 4 to 4.5 feet. The expenditures under the existing project have been, for new work, $39,468.11; for main- tenance, $1,339.90, a total of $40,808.01. The project was completed for $39,468.11. The saving, as compared to the estimated cost, was $7,531.89. Local cooperation.--The river and harbor acts of June 25, 1910, and February 27, 1911, making appropriations for this project re- quired a suitable dumping ground for the material dredged to be furnished by the local interests free of cost. The required disposal areas were furnished. The town of North Hempstead reconstructed the Roslyn Town Wharf and erected an additional public dock at the head of navigation at a cost of $2,970.48 and expended $9,100 in the construction of sod-retaining bulkheads for the excavated mate- rials, making a total of $12,070.48. The funds were derived from local taxation. The village of Roslyn converted a part of the disposal area into a public park. Effect of improvement.-No reduction in freight rates as a result of the improvement has been reported, but local interests state that facilities for receiving coal, building and road materials, etc., have been greatly improved. Proposed operations.-The project being completed and funds now available being sufficient to provide for redredging during the current season, no additional funds will be required for the fiscal year 1917. Commercial statistics.--The principal commodities are sand and gravel shipped to New York City from the screening and washing plants on the west side of the harbor. About 28,000 tons of coal, lumber, road materials, etc., were delivered to docks near the head of navigation. No changes in the nature of the commerce have resulted from the improvement. No new transportation lines have been established, nor have any old ones been abandoned. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912......------------------------------------------------........ ------------. 2,701,295 $731,462 1913......... ............................................... .. 2,602,668 995,464 1914......------------------------------------------------------------ . 3,707,195 1,575,392 272 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $39, 468. 11 Maintenance ----------------------------------------------- 1, 339. 90 Total-------------- --------------------------------- 40, 808. 01 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ... ....................................... $17,599.17.. Maintenance ................................................. $161.29 $1, 178.61 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------------------------------------------- $23, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 12, 376. 62 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement-----------------------------------------------1, 178.61 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------------11, 198. 01 11. GREAT SOUTH BAY, N. Y. Location.-Great South Bay lies along the south shore of Long Island, N. Y., and is about 26 miles in length with widths varying from 2 to 6 miles. It is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a nar- row sand beach. The section under improvement lies between Fire Island Inlet, about 38 miles east of the entrance to New York Harbor, and the head of navigation in Patchogue River, at Patchogue, N. Y., about 60 miles east of New York City. Patchogue River has its source in a small lake about 2 miles north of Patchogue and flows south into Great South Bay. The distance from Fire Island Inlet to the head of navigation in Patchogue River is about 17 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1214.) Original condition.-In its natural condition the section of Great South Bay covered by the project was a series of natural channels with depths varying from 10 to 20 feet at mean low water and shoals or bars with depths varying from 7.5 to 10 feet at mean low water, the distance from Fire Island Inlet to the mouth of Patchogue River being 16 miles. Patchogue River varied in width from 160 to 500 feet, with depths at mean low water varying from 0 to 8 feet. The distance from the shore of Great South Bay to the head of navigation at the Division Street bridge in the village of Patchogue is about 3,950 feet, the west jetty is 1,700 feet in length, and a channel has been dredged through the bay for a distance of about 3,300 feet beyond the end of the jetty. Previous projects.--The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890. At the close of the fiscal year 1902 the project had been completed and $40,000 had been expended on the work. (For scope of previous projects see Appen- dix, page 1773.) SErroneously reported in annual report for 1914 as expended for improvement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 273 Present project.-The present project provides for dredging a channel 200 feet wide and 10 feet deep at mean low water from Fire Island Inlet to the central basin in Great South Bay and a channel 8 feet deep and 100 feet wide from the central basin in the-bay to the head of navigation in Patchogue River. The length of section included in the project is about 17 miles, the range of tide is about 1 foot. The estimated cost was $66,000 and $2,000 annually for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 103, 56th Cong., 2d sess.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel was dredged 13 feet deep and 200 feet wide in Great South Bay, through the section known as "bar C," for a length of 1,435 feet, a total of 54,875 cubic yards being removed. A channel 8 feet deep and 100 feet wide was dredged from the 8-foot contour in the bay to the head of navigation in Patchogue River, a distance of 9,000 feet. At the head of navigation a turning basin with widths varying from 125 to 200 feet was dredged for a length of 450 feet, a total of 164,369 cubic yards being removed. A jetty 1,700 feet long was built on the west side at the mouth of Patchogue River, about 6,400 tons of stone and 611 cubic yards of concrete being placed in the structure. The amount expended under the present project prior to July 1, 1914, was $106,785.70, of which $59,820.82 has been charged to improvement and $46,964.88 to maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-A survey was made to determine the existing condition of the channel and a total of $542.61 was expended on surveys, office expenses, etc., charged to- maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was about 60 per cent completed. An examination of the channel dredged through bar C has not been made for several years, but it has been reported that the channel has been practically obliterated. Due to changes in Fire Island Inlet, the channels through the bay are not now required. Such channels constituted about 57 per cent of the entire project. In the Patchogue River and through the shoal water at its mouth a channel has been dredged for a distance of 9,000 feet. In its _natural condition this part of the channel varied in width from 160 to 500 feet and from 0.5 of a foot to 8 feet in depth at mean low water. The dredged channel was made a uniform width of 100 feet, with a turning basin at the head of navigation 450 feet in length and 125 to 200 feet in width. A uniform depth of 8 feet at mean low water was obtained. The mouth of Patchogue River is protected by a stone jetty on the west side 1,700 feet long, upon which has been placed a concrete cap with a top elevation of 4 feet above mean low water. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the project on June 30, 1915, was about 5 feet. The total expenditure under the existing project has been $107,328.31, of which $59,820.82 was for original work and $47,507.49 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-In 1893 local parties had a small channel dredged near the mouth of the river to the east of the one dredged by the United States, and when the middle ground between the two was removed the channel width was increased to about 150 feet and a small area was made available for anchorage purposes. 8373 0-- ENG 1915- 18 274 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. During the fiscal year 1913 local residents furnished, free of cost to the United States, areas suitable for the disposal of mate- rials dredged by the hydraulic process. Two public docks-one at the foot of Laurel Street and one at the foot of Mulford Street- were constructed and are maintained by the town of Brookhaven with funds obtained by local taxation. Effect of improvement.-So far as can be ascertained, freight rates have not been materially affected, but shipyards and the other local industries have been made accessible to vessels and lighters of shallow draft, and Patchogue River is used to a considerable extent for winter storage of various craft. Proposed operations.-The channel in Patchogue River will be redredged during the present season and will be further protected. No estimate for additional funds is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The principal commodities are fish, shell fish, coal and other fuel, and lumber. No changes in transportation lines have been noted. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ......... ... ............. ..................... .................. 185,860 $3,189,000 1913 ............................................................................ 67,000 1,015,000 1914 ........................................................................... 9,966 103,892 1Patchogue River only. The decrease in tonnage reported is due principally to the fact that prior to the calendar year 1914 the tonnage to many small settle- ments along the south shore of Great South Bay was included. As the improvement is now practically limited to Patchogue River, this tonnage to other points on Great South Bay has been omitted. In addition to the freight handled in Patchogue River about 300 boats of 5 to 125 tons were overhauled during the year in the various ship- yards at Patchogue. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $99, 820. 82 Maintenance_____________------------_____ 47, 507. 49 Total--------------------------------------------------147, 328. 31 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. Maintenance. ... .. .. .... .......................... ........... ..... ......... ...... ........ .............. $673.05 $8,282.78 $542.61 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------- ------------------ 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------------- 5, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- ______-_ 21, 396. 67 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 5, 000. 00 26, 396. 67 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement- ------------------------ 542. 61 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--_--- -------------- - 25, 854. 06 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 275 12. BROWNS CREEK, N. Y. Location.-This is a narrow stream emptying into Great South Bay, Long Island, at a point just east of Sayville, N. Y., and about 12.5 miles northeast of Fire Island Inlet. It is about 55 miles east of New York City. It has its, source in two small lakes about 1.5 miles north of the north shore of Great South Bay and flows south into that bay. Due to the sinuosities, the length of the creek is about 1.8 miles. The section under improvement by the United States ex- tends from the 6-foot contour in. Great South Bay a distance of about 6,500 feet to the Sayville highway bridge, which is at the head of navigation. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1214.) Original condition.-In its natural condition a channel varying in width from 20 to 200 feet and in depth from 0.4 of a foot to 4 feet existed from the Great South Bay to the Sayville highway bridge at the head of navigation, a distance of about 1 mile. Previous projects.-None. Present projects.-The present project provides for dredging a channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low water from the 6-foot curve in Great South Bay for a distance of 1,850 feet and thence 4 feet deep to the head of navigation at the Sayville highway bridge; also for the construction of two jetties to protect the en- trance, the east jetty to be 1,400 feet long and the west jetty 1,600 feet long. The total length of channel under improvement is about 6,500 feet; mean range of tide, about 1.1 feet. The estimated cost for original work was $46,000; no estimate for maintenance. (H. Ex. Doc. No. 22, 51st Cong., 1st sess.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-For a distance of 1,850 feet north of the outer end of the east jetty the channel was dredged to a depth of 6 feet at mean low water, 100 feet wide and to a depth of 4 feet at mean low water, 100 feet wide for an addi- tional 1,143 feet. The east jetty was built to a length of 438 feet; the west jetty to a length of 492 feet. A total of 1,793 tons of stone was placed in the two structures. During the dredging operations a total of 104,675 cubic yards was removed. The amount expended prior to July 1, 1914, was $39,272.72, of which $25,000 was for new work and $14,272.72 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year a survey was made to determine the existing condition of the channel and a total of $669.75 was expended on surveys, office expenses, etc., charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Of the total amount of work projected the jetties have been about 33 per cent completed, and the dredging about 70 per cent completed. The channel has been in- creased for a distance of 2,993 feet from widths varying from 20 to 200 feet to a uniform width of 100 feet and from depths varying from four-tenths of a foot to 4 feet to a depth of 6 feet at mean low water for a distance of 1,850 feet near the jetties and to a uniform depth of 4 feet at mean low water for 1,143 feet farther north. The total expenditure under the existing project has been $39,942.47, of which $25,000 was for original work and $14,942.47 was for main- tenance. Local cooperation.-No local cooperation has been required by law. At the expiration of the dredging contract in the fiscal year 276 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1912 a local commercial organization of Sayville, N. Y., had the dredging operations continued northward- a distance of about 1,800 feet to a depth of 4 feet at mean low water for a width of 100 feet. The cost of this work was $2,000, and the amount was raised by popu- lar subscription. The town of Islip has erected and maintains four public docks on the creek, two on the West side in the village of Say- ville and two on the east side in the village of Bayport, N. Y. A statement of the cost of construction of these docks is not available. The funds were derived from local taxation. Effect of improvement.-There has been no appreciable effect on freight rates. The creek now serves as an excellent harbor of refuge and as winter quarters for the numerous oyster and fishing boats which work in that vicinity. Proposed operations.-It is believed that funds now available will be sufficient to meet the needs of the locality until the end of the fiscal year 1917. Commercial statistics.-The principal commodities are shell fish, oyster shells, fish, and gasoline. No changes in transportation lines have been noted. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Vala- tons. tion. 1912................................................................................. 10,734 $276,350 1913 --......... .............. ........ .......-................................... 12,135 260,380 1914........ -- ---.... ..... .......... .... .........-...- - ........................ 24,116 1536,300 1 This statement is believed to include the bay products, landed at wharves on the shore of Great South Bay, east and west of Browns Creek. A small percentage only of these bay products are handled via Browns Creek. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------------ $25, 000. 00 Maintenance ----------------------------------------------- 14, 942. 47 Total---------------------- ----------------------------- 39, 942.47 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... ..... ..... Maintenance............................................. .... $442.05 96.65 669.75 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913---------------- ----------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915_---------------------------------------------------- 2. 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_----- ------------------_-_ 9. 728. 66 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 2, 000. 00 11, 728. 66 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------------ 669. 75 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------------- _ 11, 058. 91 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ___---___------_-_ ___ 110, 0 000 SIfaclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 277 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF JULY 25, 1912, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts approved July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1915, as' follows, and reports thereon will be submitted when received: 1. Gravesend Bay, N. Y., with a view to the construction of a breakwater. 2. Newtown Creek, N. Y. 3. North shore of Long Island,.N. Y., between Huntington Harbor and Plum Gut, with a view to the construction of a harbor of refuge. 4. New York Harbor,N. Y., between Staten Island and Hoffmans Island. 5. New York Harbor, N. Y., with a view to the removal of Craven Shoal. 6. New York Harbor, N. Y., with a view to removing the shoal in Gowanus Bay to a depth uniform with Bayridge Channel. 7. Hempstead Harbor, N. Y. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE THIRD NEW YORK, N. Y., DISTRICT. This district includes Staten Island, N. Y., and the northeastern part of New Jersey, from Newark Bay and its tributaries on the north to Toms River on the south. District officer: Col. Frederic V. Abbot, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. Frederic V. Abbot, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Newark Bay and Passaic River, 4. Woodbridge Creek, N. J........ 292 N. J--........................ 277 5. Raritan Bay, N. J............ . 294 2. Hackensack River, N. J ....... 284 6. Keyport Harbor, M a t a w a n 3. Arthur Kill, or Staten Island Creek, Raritan, South and Sound, N. Y. and N. J., and Elizabeth Rivers, Shoal Har- Channel north of Shooters bor and Compton Creek, and Island, between New York Cheesequake Creek, N. J.... 296 and New Jersey.............. 286 7. Shrewsbury River, N. J. ....... 308 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2165 TO 2193. 1. NEWARK BAY AND PASSAIC RIVER, N. J. Location.-Passaic River rises in the highlands of northeastern New Jersey and flows in an easterly and southerly direction into Newark Bay, a distance of about 80 miles. It is tidal and navigable up to the Dundee Dam above Passaic, a distance of about 16 miles. Newark Bay is an estuary about 1 miles wide and 6 miles long, extending southerly from the confluence of the Passaic and Hacken- sack Rivers to Staten Island Sound, thus connecting with the waters of Upper New York Bay. The section covered by the projects for improvement extends from deep water in Newark Bay to Gregory Avenue, Passaic, a distance of about 17 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 369.) 278 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-Before improvement there was an available depth of about 7 feet at mean low water to Center Street, Newark, 4.2 miles above the mouth of the river. Mud and sand flats at its mouth limited navigation to this depth. At the narrowest points the width of the 7-foot channel was not over 100 feet at mean low water. Above this point to Passaic, a distance of 8 miles, where through navigation was cut off by the dam of the Dundee Water Co., the channel was obstructed by several rocky and gravel bars, which limited the original navigable depths to 21 to 3 feet and the width to about 200 feet. The following table shows distances by course of river from the mouth to certain points on the river: Miles. Length of bay----------------------------------- 6 Mouth of river to Center Street, Newark __ ._____________________ 4. 2 Center Street to Nairn Linoleum Works_--- ........ --------- ___-_ 1.6 Nairn Linoleum Works to Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad bridge_ 1. 1 Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad bridge to Gregory Avenue, Passaic_ 6 Gregory Avenue to Dundee Dam---------------------------------- 3. 4 Total -------------------------------------------------- 22. 3 Previous projects.-An appropriation was made by Congress Au- gust 30, 1852, of $10,000 for improvement of Newark Bay, also $2000 for survey of the same. A report of the survey was made under date of January 27, 1853. The original and present project was adopted June 10, 1872, and still applies to the part of the river from the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad bridge to the city of Passaic. The first project is now in force and reported under head of Present project. The second or previous project was adopted June 14, 1880, and the amount expended to June 30, 1915, was, for improvement $238,876; for maintenance, $50,950.54; total, $289,826.54. For scope of previous projects and their modifications see Appendix, page 1774. Present project.-The locality at present under improvement con- sists of the entire stretch of about 17 miles from the mouth of Newark Bay to the highway bridge at Passaic, except the lower 2 miles of the bay. The work proposed is to secure a channel 20 feet deep and 300 feet wide (increased at the bends) up to the Nairn Linoleum Works; thence 16 feet deep and 200 feet wide to the Mont- clair & Greenwood Lake Railroad bridge; thence 6 to 7.5 feet deep and 50 to 200 feet wide to the highway bridge at Passaic. The depths refer to mean low water. The tidal range in the bay and river up to the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad bridge is 5 feet; at the highway bridge in Passaic it is 4.6 feet. The project stated above was adopted by parts as follows: The 20-foot channel was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, at an estimated cost of $1,064,800, with $20,000 annually for maintenance (see H. Doc. No. 707, 62d Cong., 2d sess.); the 16-foot channel was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, as a part of the project for securing 16 feet in depth in the bay and river, 300 feet wide to the Nairn linoleum works, and thence 200 feet wide to the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad bridge, at a total estimated cost of $1,216,775, and $10,000 annually for mainte- nance (see H. Doc. No. 441, 59th Cong., 2d sess.); the 6-foot channel was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 10, 1872, at an esti- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 279 mated cost of $123,924 (see Annual Report for 1872, p. 808). Fur- ther details as to the 6-foot and 16-foot channel projects are given in Appendix, page 1774. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-On June 30, 1914, a channel 20 feet deep and 300 feet wide had been about 80 per cent completed from deep water in Newark Bay to the Pennsylvania Railroad freight bridge, extending through about 4 miles of the bay and 2 miles of the river. The 16-foot channel previously completed to this point had been carried as far as Bridge Street, 3.02 miles farther, the width made over this section varying from 150 to 300 feet. The 12-foot project, 200 feet wide, had been completed, pro- viding a channel of these dimensions beyond Bridge Street to the Montclair and Greenwood Lake Railroad bridge, about 2.35 miles. The completion of the 6-foot project, 100 feet wide, provided a chan- nel of these dimensions beyond this point to Gregory Avenue, Passaic, a distance of 5.6 miles. The amounts expended on these works, which comprise the existing projects, to July 30, 1914, are, for improvement $1,205,561.30; for maintenance, $76,179.19; total, $1,281,740.49. There was also spent $700 for harbor line surveys. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations for the fiscal year consisted in dredging by contract. Maintenance work was done on the 6-foot channel above the Montclair and Greenwood Lake Railroad bridge, also on the 12-foot project in connection with extending the 16-foot channel. Progress was made on the 20-foot project. In the 6-foot channel 14,299 cubic yards of material were removed from Belleville bar, Third River bar, Rutherford Park bar, Holsmans bar, and bars in the vicinity of the Union Avenue and Erie Railroad bridges. The improved width of 100 feet in these localities was practically restored. Depths made were 6 to 7 feet. The amount expended during the year on maintenance was $12,528.52. Work under the 12-foot and 16-foot projects was combined under one con- tinuing contract, and consisted in maintaining the 12-foot channel and in completing the 16-foot channel, all material removed down to the 14-foot plane being charged to the 12-foot project and below that plane to the 16-foot project. This work lay in the section between the Pennsylvania Railroad freight bridge and Jackson Street, and between the Center Street Bridge and the Nairn lino- leum works. The depth made was 16 to 17 feet. The widths made varied from 50 to 300 feet as was necessary to complete the project width of 300 feet. The total amount of material removed was 542,338 cubic yards; of this amount 161,202 cubic yards were esti- mated as maintenance of project of 1902, and 381,136 cubic yards toward completing the 16-foot project of 1907. The amounts ex- pended during the year were: For maintenance of the 12-foot project, $26,454.74; improvement of the 16-foot project, $108,239.90; -total, $134,694.64. The work in progress and partly completed under the 20-foot project extends through a length of about 4 miles of the bay, and about 3 miles of the river to a point about 1 mile above the Pennsylvania Railroad freight bridge at Point-no-Point. The depth made was 20 and 21 feet, and the width 300 feet. Amount of material excavated on this project during the fiscal year on the two contracts in force was 638,982 cubic yards. The amount expended during the year under this project for improvement was $99,28.7.10. The total amount expended on all projects during the year was: For 280 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. 8. ARMY. improvement, $207,527; for maintenance, $38,983.26; total, $246,- 510.26. All depths refer to the plane of mean low water. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-A channel 20 feet deep and 300 feet wide has been practically completed up to the Pennsylvania Railroad freight bridge at Point-no-Point; thence 16 feet deep, 300 feet wide, to the vicinity of the Nairn linoleum works; thence 200 feet wide to the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad bridge, hav- ing depths of 12 feet below and 10 feet above the Nairn linoleum works. From the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad bridge to the city of Passaic the channel has a limiting depth of 6 feet, with a width of about 100 feet. All depths refer to the plane of mean low water. The maximum drafts that can be carried up the river are governed by these depths. The first three projects adopted have been practically completed. The 16-foot project is about 90 to 95 per cent completed. The 20-foot project is about 60 per cent com- pleted. The amounts expended on the existing projects to July 1, 1915, are: For improvement, $1,413,788.30; for maintenance, $115,- 162.45; total, $1,528.950.75. Local cooperation.-There were no special conditions imposed by law relative to the carrying out of any of the projects for the Passaic River or Newark Bay. The improvements have been made by the United States without local cooperation. The city of Newark has cooperated in maintenance to the extent of removing sewer deposits in the river at a cost to the city of $66,745.46. Effect of improvement.-This improvement is necessary to great industrial interests, and has reduced freight rates $1 a ton on coal and building materials, and its continuance is necessary to the suc- cessful operation of the business in this locality. Proposed operations.-It is expected that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted or under contract by July 1, 1916. The funds for which estimate is submitted will be expended in maintaining the channel in the localities at Belleville bar, Ruther- ford Park bar, Holsmans bar, and at the bars in the vicinity of Union Avenue Bridge and between the Erie Railroad bridge and Gregory Avenue, Passaic, these being the localities where annual maintenance is usually required; for maintaining the 16-foot and 12-foot channels until they are reached or covered by the 20-foot channel now in progress; and in continuing work under the 20-foot part of the project. The present contract when completed will carry the project to a point approximately 2,500 feet below the Jackson Street Bridge. It is calculated that the balance of the funds avail- able and the amount asked for will carry this work to a point in the vicinity of the Erie Railroad bridge at Newark. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this river is mainly in building materials, iron ore, fertilizer, coal, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Year. Amount in Valuation. short tons. 1912 (not collected) ......... .. 2..-....0.......................... 1913 2. ................. .. ........... ...... ... . .. .. ............ 2, 807,307 $64 439,074 1914.. ............ ................ ........ .... .............................. 4,260,541 81, 489,426 I Includes thecommerce of B ackensack River which passes over Newark Ray. 2 Compiled from statistics partly collected for calendar year of 1910 and partly for calendar year of 1913. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 281 Financialsum ry. PROJECT OF 1872. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $150, 734. 00 Maintenance ---------------------- 85, 103. 36 Total--------------------------------- 235, 837. 36 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................................................... .......... ............................ Maintenance.... .................................. $42.00 $800.19 $12,528.52 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912----------------- --------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- ---------------- 14, 966. 31 Receipts from sales_____ _----. 40 14, 966. 71 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_ _-__ -_________-- 12, 528. 52 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___,-- ------- __ _____- 2, 438. 19 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement --------------------- 5, 000. 00 PROJECTS OF 1880 AND 1902. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- 540, 343. 75 Maintenance------------------------------------------ ---- 81, 009. 63 Total-------------------------------------------------621, 353. 38 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................... . .. .......................... . .... Maintenance............................................................. 83,604.35 $26,454.74 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----__ ------ __---_______-___ - 54, 355. 26 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement---------------- ---- 26, 454. 74 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ___ __--------------- 27, 900. 52 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------- --- 20, 207. 37 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------------- - 7, 693. 15 PROJECT OF 1907. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $300 for harbor-line survey ------------ 680, 563. 11 Maintenance __ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............................................. $8, 062.50 $51, 252.22 $108, 239.90 Maintenance...................................................... ...... 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 282 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $60, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912----- --------------------------------------- 33, 000. 00 June 23, 1913-------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Aug. 1, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 92, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 185, 735. 60 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914___ 92, 000. 00 Receipts from sales --__-__-----------------------_ 1. 65 277, 737. 25 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------------------------------------ 108, 239. 90 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_-------------------_ 169, 497.35 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__________________ $40, 501. 16 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts - 72, 592. 73 113, 093. 89 July 1, 1915, balance available.--------------.--.-------- __- 56, 403.46 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------------------------------------1366, 775. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__--------------- 20, 000. 00 PROJECT OF 1912. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $400 for harbor-line survey)------------ 281, 023. 44 M aintenance-................... Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .... .................................... ................ Maintenance......................................... $1,614.16 $180,122.18 $99,287.10 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-- -- ---------------------------------------- 300, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ______________-- - - - - - ___-_ 150, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-- _________________-_____ 123, 282. 58 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 150, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 100, 000. 00 Receipts from sales----------------------------------- 25. 12 373, 307. 70 Deduction on account of violations of 8-hour law of 1912 by con- tractors -- ------------------------------------------------ 480. 00 372, 827. 70 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement --------------------------------------------- 99, 287. 10 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------- ----------------- 273, 540. 60 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _______________ $12, 859. 78 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 99, 106. 90 111, 966. 68 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 161, 573. 92 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HIARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 283 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------------------------------------1 $509, 800. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement __.---------.---- 150, 000. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $700 for harbor line survey) -------- 1, 652, 664. 30 Maintenance---------------------- 166,112. 99 Total ------------------------------ 1,818, 777. 29 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. ..... . ............-..... ...... ...-............. ....... .. $9,676.66 $231,374.40 $207,527.00 Maintenance ..................... ......... ......... ... ............... 42.00 4,404.54 38,983.26 Total;.................... ................... .............. 9,718.66 235,778.94 246, 510.26 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1911--------------------------------------------0, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 33, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 300, 000. 00 June 23, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Aug. 1, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 92, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----------______ 378, 339. 75 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914___ 92, 000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 150, 000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 100, 000. 00 Receipts from sales________------ ------- 27.17 720, 366. 92 Deduction on account of violations of 8-hour law of 1912 by con- tractors ------------------------------------------------- 480.00 719, 886. 92 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement____________________ $207, 527.00 For maintenance of improvement ----------- 38, 983. 26 246, 510. 26 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__------- __----------___ ___ 473, 376. 66 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities________- ______ $73, 568. 31 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts --- ----------------------------------- 171, 699. 63 245, 267. 94 July 1, 1915, balance available _-------------------------- 228, 108. 72 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----------------- --------------------- 876, 575. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance- 175, 000.00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 284 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 2. HACKENSACK RIVER, N. J. Location.-The Hackensack River rises near Haverstraw, Rock- land County, N. Y., and flows south emptying into the head of Newark Bay, about 39 miles in a direct line from the source. The river is tidal and navigable to New Milford, about 20* miles from the mouth. The part included under the project for improvement extends from the mouth to Hackensack, a distance of 151 miles. (See U. S. Geodetic Survey chart of New York City and vicinity.) Original condition.-In its original condition bars at the mouth of the river limited practical navigation to a depth of about 8 feet at mean low water up to the Newark & New York Railroad bridge, a distance of 1 mile. The widths for this depth extended over several hundred feet. From the Newark & New York Railroad bridge to Little Ferry, a distance of 11 miles, there was ample width and depths of 12 feet or more. From Little Ferry to Court Street, Hack- ensack, 24 miles, the limiting width and depth were about 100 feet and 5 to 6 feet, respectively. Thence to New Milford, the head of navigation, a distance of 55 miles, there was little depth and width and practically no commerce. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The original and existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912. It provides for making and maintaining a channel by dredging 12 feet deep at mean low water and 200 feet wide to Little Ferry, 124 miles, thence 150 feet wide to the New York, Susquehanna & Western Railroad bridge, 24 miles. The mean range of tides is about 5 feet. The approved estimate of the cost was $171,018.10, and $6,000 per annum for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 643, 61st Cong., 2d sess., and An- nual Report for 1912, p. 212.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed as far up as Little Ferry; in the section from Little Ferry to below the dock of the Standard Oil Co., above Ridgefield Park the project was about three-fourths completed; thence to the limit of the project, the New York, Susquehanna & Western Railroad bridge, the project was completed. Amount spent to June 30, 1914, for the improvement was $57,463.94, for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract in force at the beginning of the year under an appropriation of $50,000, act of July 25, 1912, was completed on November 14, 1914. This work lay between Little Ferry and Ridgefield Park and com- pleted the project. There were removed under this contract during the fiscal year 84,432 cubic yards. The depth made was 12 to 13 feet at mean low water, the width made was 150 feet. The amount spent during the fiscal year was, for improvement, $23,602.74; for main- tenance, $15.68; total, $23,618.42. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed on November 14, 1914. The maximum draft that could be carried up to the New York, Susquehanna & Western Railroad bridge, Hack- ensack, was 12 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under this project to June 30, 1915, was, for carrying out the project, $81,066.68; for maintenance, $15.68; total, $81,082.36. The cost of RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 285 the project was $89,951.42 under the estimate for the cost. Recent improvements made in hydraulic dredges and their entry into the competitive bidding for this work was responsible for the decrease in cost under the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It appears from statements collected from business men along this river that there are no marked effects result- ing from the improvement as yet. Freight rates have been lowered 50 cents per ton in some localities, and a large increase in commerce is anticipated. Proposed operations.-It is expected that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by July 1, 1916. The funds to be furnished under the estimate submitted will be expended in the main- tenance of that section of the channel lying below the Newark & New York Railroad bridge and in the channel above Little Ferry. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this river is mainly in coal, building materials, and clay products. Comparative stateizent. Year. Amount short inaluation. tons. Vauation. 1912.......... .. ...... ......................................... 924,323 $2,270,989 1913.................... .. ............................................. 813,972 3,080,406 1914 .................................. -460,303.............................. ........-- 2,443, 263 Financialsuimmary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------------- $81, 066. 68 Maintenance ---- __--_.---------------_--_ 15. 68 Total ------ ------------------------------------ 81, 082. 36 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................ ........................... 5,875.39 $51,588.55 $23, 602.74 Maintenance ...... ............................. .......... ............. . . 15.68 Total.................................. ....................... 5,875.39 51,588.55 23,618.42 286 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------- ------------- ----------- $50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 _ July 1, 1914, balance unexpended________________--------------- 42, 558. 82 Receipts from sales__--__----------------------------- 4. 40 42, 563. 22 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ----------------------- $23, 602. 74 For maintenance of improvement__.------------- 15. 68 23, 618. 42 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-________________ ______ 18, 944. 80 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities________-----_________________ 589. 93 July 1, 1915, balance available__-- _________________- -_____18, 354. 87 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- 16, 000. 00 3. ARTHUR KILL, OR STATEN ISLAND SOUND, AND CHANNEL NORTH OF SHOOTERS ISLAND, BETWEEN NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. (A) ARTHUR KILL OR STATEN ISLAND SOUND. Location.-The Staten Island Sound is an inland strait about 17 miles long lying between New Jersey and Staten Island. It connects Raritan Bay with the waters of Upper New York Bay, and consists of the Arthur Kill, about 12 miles long, extending from Rasritan Bay to Newark Bay; thence about 2 miles across the lower end of Newark Bay; thence through the Kill Van Kull, 3 miles, to Upper New York Bay. The general direction is north and south. The sec- tion contemplated under improvement extends from Raritan Bay to Kill Van Kull, about 14 miles of channel. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 369.) Original condition.-In its original condition the maximum depth that could be carried through this waterway was about 14 to 15 feet at mean low water in a channel, with widths varying from 100 feet to 1,000 feet. Previous projects.-Original project.was adopted by the act of June 23, 1874, under title of " Improvement of channel between New York and New Jersey." Amount expended on this project to June 30, 1915, for improvement was $50,000. This project was modified according to act of March 3, 1875. The second project, under title of "Channel between New York and New Jersey," was adopted by the act of June 14, 1880. This project was modified in 1883 on recommendation of the Chief of En- gineers. The project was further modified by the acts of May 15, 1889, and October 20, 1890. By the river and harbor acts of June 3, 1896, and June 13, 1902, the project was further extended to include the dredging of a channel in Lemon Creek, Staten Island. There was expended on the project for this improvement $8,242.13. There 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 287 was expended under the project to June 30, 1915, for improvement, $122,991.65; for maintenance, $112,427.56; total, $235,419.21. The third project, under title of "Improving Arthur Kill, New York and New Jersey," was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. The project was completed in 1895 at a cost of $25,401.30. The fourth project, under title of "Improving Arthur Kill, New York and New Jersey," was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. The project has been completed at a cost of $640,- 115.01. There has also been expended to June 30, 1915, for main- tenance $12,548.21, and $3,061.83 for harbor line surveys, making a total expenditure under the project of $655,725.05. For scope of previous projects and their modifications see Appen- dix, page 1775. Present project.-The locality under improvement under the pres- ent project comprises the section lying between Perth Amboy and deep water in Kill Van Kull near the east end of Shooters Island, a distance of about 14 miles. The work proposes to secure by dredging and rock removal a channel 25 feet deep and 400 feet wide, with a suitable turning basin of the same depth near the mouth of Fresh Kills. The depth refers to mean low water. The mean range of tides is about 5 feet. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act Qf March 4, 1913, at an estimated cost of $2,130,000, and $50,000 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 337, 59th Cong.,2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the project of 1874 there was built 2,237 linear feet of dikes. The channel di- mensions as contemplated by the projects of 1880 (subsequent modi- fications), 1888, and 1902 had been completed. Under modified proj- ect of 1880 a channel was dredged in Lemon Creek. The 25-foot channel under the existing project of 1913 had been carried from deep water east of Shooters Island to Elizabethport, a distance of about 11,000 feet. Maintenance work had been done under the projects of 1880 and 1902. There was expended on all projects, including Lemon Creek, up to June 30, 1914, $1,170,225.32, of which $1,045,769.55 was spent on improvement and $124,455.77 for maintenance. This amount includes $3,061.83 used for harbor line surveys. There was spent under the existing project of 1913 up to June 30, 1914, for carrying out the improvement $195,957.63, of which $200 was for a harbor line survey. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under two contracts, and rock removal by contract were done under the 25- foot project of 1913. The area of the dredging lay between the vicin- ity of Shooters Island and the vicinity of Chelsea Island, over a dis- tance of about 4 miles. The depth made was 25 feet, mean low water. The number of cubic yards removed by dredging during the year was 646,810. The amount spent was $114,729.89. Rock was re- moved in the vicinity of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad bridge to the extent of 139,838 cubic yards. The amount expended during the year for rock removal was $249,847.08. The total amount expended during the fiscal year on new work on this project was $364,576.97. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the end of the fiscal year the 25-foot project was about 33 per cent completed and had been 288 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. carried from deep water at the east end of Shooters Island to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad bridge at Elizabethport. This section was practically completed and contained project width and depth. Thence to the vicinity of Chelsea Island the 25-foot project was par- tially completed. Beyond this point to Sewaren navigation is limited to about 20 to 21 feet and width of 300 feet. There is ample width and depth between Sewaren and Perth Amboy. The total amount expended on the existing project of 1913 to June 30, 1915, for the improvement of this waterway was $560,534.60 for new work, including $200 for a harbor-line survey. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It appears from inquiry that no estimate can be made of the exact effect of the improvement on freight rates, except as to the local commerce upon which the rates have been re- duced by this improvement. Proposed operations.--It is-expected that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted or under contract by July 1, 1916. Work on the 25-foot channel will be continued with the funds to be furnished under the estimate submitted. Commercial statistics.-The freight carried through this waterway consisted of oil, coal, clay products, ores, chemicals, fertilizer, grain, machinery, manufactures, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Amount Year. in short Valuation. tons. 1912 .............. ..................... ................. 30,525,094 $515,437,656 1913 (no statistics received). 1914.... ..... .....--.......... ... ................... .... ................ 32,40,264 477,993,429 Financial summary. PROJECTS OF 1880 AND 1902. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $3,061.83 for harbor-line surveys and $8,242.13 for Lemon Creek, N. Y.) -------------------- $849, 811.92 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 124, 975. 77 Total --------------------------------------------- 974, 787. 69 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................. $13,801.16 $260.93 ........ Maintenance............................................. ......... 11,917.10 15.00 $520.00 Total.................................. .. .................. 25,718.26 275.93 520.00 1 xProjects of 1896 and 1902. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 289 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1911 --------------------------------------------------- 61, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------___ 30, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____________------103, 441.22 Deduction of amount transferred under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 ---- ------- _____-___-25,000.00 78, 441.22 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------- 520.00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-__-------________________ 77, 921. 22 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities______----____________________ 3, 693. 21 July 1, 1915, balance available__------ ----------- __74, 228.01 PROJECT OF 1913. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $200 for harbor-line survey) ___-____ 560, 534. 60 Maintenance__----__----------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ......................................... $306.35 $195, 651.28 $364,576.97 Maintenance... ...................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------- ------------------------------------ $500,000.00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 400, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------- 400, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------- ------------------- 304, 098. 77 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2. 1914__ 400, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 400, 000. 00 Receipts from sales- - ---- ___------------__ 39. 95 1, 104, 138. 72 Deduction on account of violations of 8-hour law of 1912 by con- tractor-----------------7------------ 00 7-----------------------0. 1, 104, 068. 72 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of 364, 576. 97 improvement __ improvement----------------------------------------364, 576.97 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_---------------------------- 739, 491. 75 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _______-_----- $71,401.44 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts__-------- ---------------------------- 202, 335. 76 273, 737.20 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 465, 754. 55 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project --------------------------------------- 1855, 000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement____________________ 500, 000.00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 0 8373 -ENG 1915-- 19 290 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. (B) CHANNEL NORTH OF SHOOTERS ISLAND BETWEEN NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. Location.-This channel was an extension of the project of 1902 for the improvement of Arthur Kill or Staten Island Sound, N. Y. and N. J. It is a channel about 1 mile long crossing the flats north of Shooters Island and connecting the main channel of the Arthur Kill above Elizabethport with Newark Bay. The object of this chan- nel is to relieve the congestion in navigation of the main channel between Staten Island and Shooters Island and to provide a more direct route from the Arthur Kill to Newark Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 369.) Original condition.-In its natural condition the central and east- ern part of this new waterway was a part of the flats above referred to on which the depth was from 2 to 5 feet at mean low water. Small boats drawing up to about 5 feet of water could cross the flats at high water. The route was practically unused at low water. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for dredging a chan- nel 1 mile in length, 300 feet wide and 16 feet deep at mean low water, lying north of Shooters Island and connecting the main channel of the Arthur Kill with that of Newark Bay. It further provided for the removal of two middle grounds, one at the site of former Corner Stake Light, the other in the main channel of Newark Bay, north- east of Shooters Island; and for the removal of a portion of the Bergen Point Light reef. The mean range of tides is about 5 feet. The approved estimate of the cost was $280,115 and $5,000 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 337, 59th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1907, p. 175.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work on the connecting channel north of Shooters Island and the removal of two middle grounds had been completed. A small section of outcropping rock remained to be removed from the reef near Bergen Point. There was expended to June 30, 1914, on new work for carrying out the project $202,471.13. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Specifications for maintenance dredging were prepared and advertised under date of June 15, 1915. Proposals will be received and opened July 15. Examination of channel was made. There was expended during the year for new work $965.38. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was about 90 to 95 per cent completed. A small amount of material remains to be removed from Bergen Point Reef. Maintenance work is necessary. The maximum draft that could be carried over the channel on June 30, 1915, was about 10 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the project to June 30, 1915, was $203,436.51 for improvement. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The channel has not yet been used suffi- ciently to ascertain its actual effect on the commerce in the locality. Proposed operations.-The funds available are sufficient to main- tain this improvement to June 30, 1917; therefore no funds are asked for that period. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 291 Commercial statistics.-Thisis a connecting channel, and the com- merce to be benefited will be a part of the Arthur Kill, which in 1914 amounted to 32,140,2641 short tons, with an estimated value of $477,993,429, and of a part of commerce of Newark Bay and Passaic River, which in 1914 amounted to 4,260,541 short tons, valued at $81,489,426. (See commercial statistics for Arthur Kill and Newark Bay and Passaic River.) Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------- -------------- $203, 436. 51 Maintenance_--------------------------------------------------- Maintenance ................. ................................................................ 28 35815............ APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911_------------------------------- $90, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912_ ------------------------------------------------- 30, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------- 17, 528. 87 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement--------------------------- 965.38 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___________________--__________ 16, 563. 49 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ___________________________ 74. 50 July 1, 1915, balance available - ______________-________ 16, 488. 99 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------------------ -- 60, 115. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $3,261.83 for harbor lines and $8,242.13 for Lemon Creek) ------------------------------------- 1, 613, 783. 03 Maintenance --------------- _ 124, 975. 77 Total ------------------------------------------------ 1, 738, 758. 80 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.--- --------------------- -.- -..--..--.- $. 924. 79 $231, 727. 23 $365,542.35 $57, Maintenance.... M aintenance ................ ....... .. .................... .- 11,917. 10 231 15.0023 69,841.89 15.00 520.00 520.00 Total ---------------------------------------------------.-----. 69,841.89 231,742.23 366,062.35 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911- ------------- __ --- $10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1911------------------------------------------------- 151, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ 20, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912------------------------------------------ 30, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------- -------------------------- 530, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ------------------------------------------------- 400,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------- - - - - - ___-_ 375, 000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 292 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------- -------------------- 425, 068. 86 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 400, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 375, 000. 00 Receipts from sales- --------------------------- --- -- 39. 95 1, 200, 108. 81 Deductions on account of violations 8-hour law of 1912 by con- tractor -------------------------------------- ------------- 70. 00 1, 200, 038. 81 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-----------------__ $365, 542. 35 For maintenance of improvement------------- 520. 00 366, 062. 35 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__----------------------------833, 976. 46 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------75, 169. 15 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts------ ------------------------------ 202, 335. 76 277, 504. 91 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------- 556, 471. 55 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------ ------------ 1915, 115. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement-------------------- 500, 000. 00 4. WOODBRIDGE CREEK, N. J. Location.-This creek is a small crooked tidal stream, about 5 miles long, rising near Rahway and flowing southwardly and eastwardly through flat marshes into the west side of Arthur Kill, or Staten Island Sound, 2 miles north of Perth Amboy, N. J. It is navigable to the second highway bridge, 21 miles above the mouth. The project extends from the mouth to Salamander's dock, 1J miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 369.) Original condition.-In its original condition practical navigation on the creek was limited to the following mean low-water depths: Over bars at the mouth, 41 feet; thence to Addrich's dock, about 1 mile, 7 to 8 feet; thence one-half mile to vicinity of Valentine's dock, about 5 feet; and thence to the highway bridge, the head of naviga- tion, from 2 to 3 feet. The limiting width for practical navigation was about 50 feet. Previous project.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879. Amount expended for improve- ment under this project was $19,000. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1777. Present project.-The second and existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. It provides for dredging a channel from the Arthur Kill to the Salamander Dock, a dis- tance of about 9,600 feet, 8 feet in depth mean low water, and 50 feet wide on the bottom and 75 feet on top. The tidal variation is about 5 feet. The estimated cost of the improvement was $35,000, and $3,000 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 282, 56th Cong., 1st sess., and Annual Report for 1900, p. 1552.) Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the project of 1879 there was built 516 feet of timber dike and a channel 12 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 293 feet deep at mean high water, 50 feet wide to Cutter's dock, 2,800 feet; thence 25 feet wide to Valentine's dock, 800 feet. The project of 1902 has been completed as projected. Work for maintenance has been done. The amounts expended on this project to June 30, 1914, are for improvement. $30,822.70; for maintenance, $32,380.54; total, $63,203.24. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations during. the fiscal year consisted in dredging for maintenance. Dredging by contract was begun on March 17, 1915, and completed on April 6, 1915. The amount of material removed and accepted under the con- tract was 14,276 cubic yards, place measurement. The project depths were restored between the vicinity of Vulcan's dock and Valentine's dock, a distance of about 1,700 feet. The amount expended for maintenance during the year was $5,715.05. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted, but the funds appropriated for maintenance have been insuf- ficient to maintain the projected dimensions. The maximum low- water draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, was 8 feet to Valen- tine's dock and 2 to 3 feet for the balance of projected distance. The widths were 50 feet and less. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were, for carrying out the improve- ment, $30,822.70; for maintenance, $38,095.59; total, $68,918.29. Local cooperation.-No special conditions were imposed by law or otherwise relative to the carrying out of the project. No funds were provided other than those provided by Congress for carrying on the work. Effect of imnprovement.-It appears from inquiry that freight rates have been reduced as a result of this improvement. Proposed operations.-It is expected that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by July 1, 1916. The funds to be furnished under the estimate submitted will be applied to dredging for the restoration of the channel dimensions in that section of the creek from its junction with the Arthur Kill to Valentine's dock, a distance of about 8,000 feet. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this creek is mainly in clay, brick, tile, coal, tin scrap, steel scrap, and building materials. Comparative statement. Amount Year. in short Valuation. tons. 1912...................... ..................................................... 203,330 $977,618 1913 ...................... .... ...... ...................... 187,051 747,829 1914............................................................................ 59,029 583,374 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------------ $49, 822. 70 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 38, 095. 59 Total 8------------------------ 87, 918.29 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... Maintenace . .................. ::.............. $153. 09 $8,567.72 $5,715. 05 294 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------- $3, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------------------------3, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------ ------ -------- 548. 71 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 6, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 6, 000. 00 Receipts from sales ----------------------------------------- 1. 08 12, 549. 79 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_ ......... __...-__ -__ __ _____ 5, 715. 05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_________-__ -G 6, 834. 74 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-_______________ __-___ 1. 08 July 1, 1915, balance available__--_____---_______- ____ 6, 833. 66 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement- .. _____----------13, 000. 00 5. RARITAN BAY, N. J. Location.-Raritan Bay lies between the southern end of Staten Island and the New Jersey shore, with lower New York Bay on the east. Its greatest width, north and south, is about 5 miles, and its greatest length, east and west, is about 7 miles. The Raritan River flows into its west end between Perth Amboy and South Amboy, and the Arthur Kill or Staten Island Sound extends northward from this point to Newark Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 369.) Original condition.-Before improvement this bay had naturally a fairly straight channel several hundred feet wide, with a minimum depth of 11 feet to South Amboy. The line of deepest water, how- ever, followed the Staten Island shore from Perth Amboy to Seguine Point, where it was separated from deep water in the east part of the bay by a shoal 1.5 miles broad, with a minimum depth of 14.5 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The original and existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881 (see H. Doc. No. 45, 46th Cong., 3d sess.). It was subsequently modified and extended September 19, 1890 (see Annual Report for 1891, p. 1003), and again on June 3, 1896 (H. Doc. No. 298, 53d Cong., 3d sess.). The original estimate of the cost was $126,500. This was subsequently increased to $507,875 for the improvement, with $20,000 annually for maintenance. The project, as modified, provides for dredging channels 300 feet wide and 21 feet deep, mean low water, from Seguine Point to deep water in the bay, a distance of about 1.5 miles; through two shoals opposite Wards Point, originally aggregating 1 mile in length, and subsequently extended toward Seguine Point to a length of 21 miles; from South Amboy to deep water near Great Beds Light, a distance of 1.5 miles. The mean range of tides is 5 feet. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 295 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel dimen- sions as contemplated by the improvement had been completed. Dredging for maintenance had been done several times. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was: For carrying out the improvement, $387,726.40; for maintenance, $231,554.41; for harbor-line survey, $607.50; total, $619,888.31. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations during the fiscal year consisted in dredging under two contracts for main- tenance in the Wards Point and South Amboy Channels, where the project widths and depths were being restored. The contract on the Wards Point Channel was in progress at the beginning of the year and completed on September 25, 1914. The amount of material re- moved under this contract during the year was 132,400 cubic yards. Work on the South Amboy Channel and Wards Point Channel near the junction with the South Amboy Channel was begun on April 5, 1915, and continued in progress until May 5, when the contract was completed. Amount of material removed under the contract was 152,221 cubic yards. The total amount of material removed during the year was 284,621 cubic yards. There was expended for mainte- nance work during the fiscal year $47,438.03, including $342.50 for a harbor-line survey. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The channel dimensions as projected have been made, but shoaling has narrowed the available widths of the same. The maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, through the improved channels was 19 to 21 feet at mean low water. The total amounts expended up to June 30, 1915, were: For the improvement of the project, $387,726.40; for maintenance, $278,649.94; for harbor-line survey, $950; total, $667,326.34. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-It appears from statements of the ship- ping interests of the great railroad terminals that the improvements have resulted in a reduction of towing rates and a proportionate reduction of freight rates, owing to the greater quantity of freight that can be carried and towed through these channels over that which was carried before the improvement was made. Proposed operations.-It is expected that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by July 1, 1916. The funds to be furnished under the estimate submitted will be expended in mainte- nance of dredging of the Seguine Point and Wards Point Channels throughout their entire lengths. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this bay is mainly coal, brick, refined lead and copper, bullion, clay products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Amount Year. in short Valuation. tons. 1912- .................. ................... ................................ 10,418,105 $150,100,526 1913 .... ............................... 10,500,337 152,691 821 1914... - - - - - - - - - .....-- -..-- - - 9,751, 484 137, 264,383 9............................ 296 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $950 for harbor-line surveys)---------$388, 676. 40 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 278,649.94 Total ----------------------------- ---------------- 667, 326. 34 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................... ... ........................ ...................... Maintenance................................................ $1,654.89 $217.70 $47,438.03 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------- ------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 32, 625. 14 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 20, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-------------------------------------------- .46 72, 625. 60 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------- 47, 438.03 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------_ 25, 187. 57 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 338. 89 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 24, 848. 68 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement -------------------- 120, 000.00 6. KEYPORT HARBOR, MATAWAN CREEK, RARITAN, SOUTH, AND ELIZABETH RIVERS, SHOAL HARBOR AND COMPTON CREEK, AND CHEESEQUAKE CREEK, N. J. (A) KEYPORT HARBOR, N. J. Location.-Keyport Harbor is situated at the mouth of Matawan Creek, on the south side of Raritan Bay, 5 miles east of the mouth of Raritan River, and about 9 miles west of Sandy Hook, and con- sists of a bay 1 mile broad. It is sheltered on the east by Conashonk Point, and on the west by Matawan Point. The distance by water to New York City is about 25 miles; to Perth Amboy 5 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 369.) Original condition.-In its original condition there was no distinct natural channel in the harbor, the available depth over the flats to the wharves being less than 4 feet at mean low water. A 6-foot channel had been dredged at private expense before the United States assumed charge of the improvement, but it had shoaled again to about 5 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The original and existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. It provides for dredg- 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 297 ing a channel about 1 mile long from Raritan Bay to the steamboat dock at Keyport, the width to be 200 feet and the depth to be 8 feet at mean low water. The mean range of tides is 4.9 feet. The original estimate of the cost made in 1872 was $30,475. This estimate was increased in 1883 to $40,475, in order to provide for additional shoal- ing. (See H. Doc. No. 1532, 42d Cong., 3d sess., and Annual Report for 1873, p. 941.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work as pro- posed under the project had been completed and dredging for main- tenance of the work had been done several times. The amount ex- pended to June 30, 1914, for carrying out the improvement was $40,475; for maintenance, $50,111.74; total, $90,586.74. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations during the fiscal year consisted in dredging by contract for maintenance. Dredging under a contract in progress at the beginning of the year was continued until completed on August 15, 1914. The amount of material removed during the year was 45,915 cubic yards, restoring project dimensions in the section of the channel extending about 3,200 feet below the steamboat dock. There was expended during the year for maintenance $12,707.07. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, to the Keyport wharves was about 8 feet at mean low water in a channel of about half the projected width. There has been expended to June 30, 1915, for carrying out the project, $40,475; for maintenance, $62,818.81; total, $103,293.81. Local cooperation.-There were no special conditions imposed by law relative to the carrying out of the project as adopted by the United States. The improvement was made without local coopera- tion. A channel 6 feet deep and 100 feet wide had been dredged at private expense in 1867, but this channel had shoaled to its original condition at the time of the adoption of the project. Effect of improvement.-The effect of this improvement has been to greatly reduce freight rates, especially in the marketing of farm products. Proposed operations.--It is expected that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by July 1, 1916. The funds to be furnished under the estimate submitted will be expended in restoring channel depth and width throughout the length covered by the project. The amount of material to be removed in order to accom- plish this work is dependent upon the amount of shoaling that takes place. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this harbor is mainly in farm products, fertilizer, coal, lumber, fish, shellfish, and miscella- neous freight, including the tonnage of Matawan Creek. Comparative statement. Amount in iValuation. Year. smoun t 1912.......... ........ ..................... ................... 221,559 $1,434,433.00 1913 .. .................................................... 130,921 2,057,245.20 1914........... ......... ............................. .....................----- 116,628 3, 262,358.00 298 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------- $40, 475. 00 Maintenance --------------------------------------- 62, 818. 81 Total ---------------------------------- 103, 293. 81 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................................... .............. .. Maintenance...................................... $3.30 $156.64 12,707.07 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911_---- -____- - -- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 5,000.00 Mar. 4, 191.3--------- ------------------------------------ 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 17, 468. 22 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 Receipts from sales----------------- ------------------------- . 42 22, 468. 64 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement --------------------------- 12, 707.07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--- --------------------------- 9, 761. 57 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement -- _____(1) (B) MATAWAN CREEK, N. J. Location.-This creek is a small tidal stream about 5 to 6 miles long, rising in the eastern part of New Jersey near Matawan and flowing northeastwardly through salt marshes and emptying into Raritan Bay through Keyport Harbor. The section included under the project for improvement extends from the mouth to the bridge of the New York & Long Branch Railroad, a distance of 2 miles, where navigation is cut off for vessels with masts. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 369.) Original condition.--In its original condition the mouth was ob- structed by a mud flat, through which a narrow and crooked 3-foot channel existed. Above this flat there was a 4-foot channel for a mile, and beyond a narrow 3-foot channel extending nearly up to the head of navigation at Matawan. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881. It provides for dredging a channel 4 feet deep at mean low water, and 100 feet wide to Winkson Creek, a distance of 1 mile, thence for about 1 mile 75 feet wide to the New York & Long Branch Railroad bridge at Matawan. The mean range of tides is 4.9 feet. The estimated cost of the improvement was $33,120. (See Annual Report for 1881, p. 720, and H. Doc. No. 45, 46th Cong., 3d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-About two-thirds of the work proposed under the project has been completed. A 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 311. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 299 channel has been dredged the required distance with widths varying from 50 to 100 feet. Work for maintenance has been done. There has been expended to June 30, 1914, for carrying out the improve- ment, $21,000; for maintenance, $52,888.65; total, $73,888.65. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations dur- ing the fiscal year consisted in dredging under a contract for mainte- nance. This contract was in progress at the beginning of the year and was completed on July 16, 1914. There was removed during the year under this contract 7,182 cubic yards of material from section about 1,800 feet long lying in the vicinity of the dock of the New Jersey company. The depth made was 4 feet at mean low water, and the width 50 to 75 feet. There was expended during the year for maintenance work, $3,324.25. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About two-thirds of the work proposed under the project has been completed. The maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, to the head of navigation was about 4 feet for about nine-tenths of the distance under improvement, and about 1 to 2 feet for the remainder of the distance. There has been expended on this project up to June 30, 1915, $77,212.90, of which $21,000 was spent in carrying out the improvement and $56,212.90 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of this improvement has been to greatly reduce freight rates, especially in the marketing season. Recent appropriations have been insufficient to maintain the channel in the upper part of the creek, where the market boats load, conse- quently that branch of the commerce has been abandoned. Proposedoperations.-No funds are asked for, because the balance on hand is sufficient to maintain this improvement to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this creek is in brick and fire-proofing, fertilizer, shell fish, top soil, coal, and general mer- chandise. Comparative statement. Year. Amount in Valuation. short tons. 1912........... ........... ............... ........................ 196,406 $448,623.00 1913............................... . .................................... 79,085 146,890.20 1914......................................... ................... ................ 70,553 194,358.00 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------$21, 000. 00 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 56, 212. 90 Total-------------------- ----- -------- ----- 77, 212. 90 800 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911_---------------------- ---------------------- $3, 000.00 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---- ---------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ------------ --------------------- 9, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__ ----------------------------- 3, 917.24 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 3, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 9, 000.00 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------- 1.49 15, 918. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------ 3, 324. 25 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 12, 594. 48 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------------------------------- 112,120. 00 (c) RARITAN RIVER, N. J. Location.-This river is a moderate-sized stream, about 70 miles long, rising in the north central part of New Jersey and flowing in a general southeasterly direction into Raritan Bay between the cities of Perth Amboy and South Amboy. The section included in the project for improvement extends from the mouth to the eastern ter- minus of the Delaware & Raritan Canal at New Brunswick, a dis- tance of 12 miles. This is the head of practical navigation. (See New Jersey State geological map No. 6.) Original condition.-In its natural state there were depths of 20 feet at mean low water with widths of 400 feet and more to the " Stakes," about 3.3 miles above the mouth. Above this point to New Brunswick the depths were limited by many shoals where the depths varied from 6.5 to 8.5 feet, and where widths varied from 100 to 400 feet. Previous projects.--A survey of Raritan River for the improve- ment of New Brunswick Harbor was made in 1836, and in the fol- lowing year $13,963 was appropriated for work, but the records of this office do not show what work was done. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1777. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 18, 1878, provides for a channel by diking and dredging and rock removal, 200 feet wide and 10 feet deep at mean low water from the mouth to the canal entrance at New Brunswick, a distance of 12 miles. The original estimate of cost was $2,093,662.05. This was reduced in 1900 to $1,035,000. The project was extended by an act of Congress adopted March 3, 1881, to pro- vide for a south channel between Crab Island and Kearney's Dock, 2J miles long, 100 feet wide and 51 feet deep. (See Annual Report for 1881, p. 657.) The mean range of tides is about 5 feet at the mouth of the river and 5 feet at New Brunswick. (See H. Doc. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 301 No. 306, 22d Cong.,- 1st sess., and No. 174, 43d Cong., 1st sess., and Annual Report for 1874, p. 173.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel of project depth 200 feet wide has been completed 8 miles above the mouth to Whitehead's dock, thence 4 miles 100 feet wide to New Brunswick. The South Channel has been dredged for a length of about 400 feet. Five dikes have been built. Dredging for mainte- nance has been done several times. There was expended to June 30, 1914, for carrying out the improvement, $659,192.32* for maintenance, $99 916.31; for harbor line survey, $685.25; total, $759,793.88. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations for the year consisted in dredging under contract for maintenance. This work was begun on August 20, 1914, and completed on November 20. The locality of the work was through the shoals at the " Stakes " and the " Middle Grounds," where project dimensions were restored. There was removed during the fiscal year 20,430 cubic yards. The amount expended during the year for maintenance was $10,147.34, and for harbor-line survey $564.75, a total of $10,712.09. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About two-thirds of the work contemplated under the project has been completed. The minimum draft that could be carried at mean low water in the river on June 30, 1915, was 10 feet to within 1 mile of the head of navigation, and 9 feet for the remainder of the distance. The channel widths have slightly narrowed. There has been expended to June 30, 1915, under the project, $770,505.97, of which $659,192.32 was for carrying out the improvement, $110,063.65 for maintenance, and $1,250 for harbor- line survey. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.--It appears from information obtained that this improvement has resulted in a very material reduction of freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds is submitted for the fiscal year 1917, because the available funds are sufficient to do the maintenance dredging which is required at the following locali- ties: The Stakes, the Middle Grounds, and over that section extend- ing from Whitehead's reef to the canal locks at New Brunswick. The amount of dredging to be done at each locality will be dependent upon the amount of shoaling that takes place. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this river is principally in coal, ores, refined copper, brick and terra cotta, lumber, building materials, and general merchandise. It includes all the commerce passing over South River. Comparative statement. 302 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial sum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $1,250 for harbor-line surveys) Maintenance---------------------------------------- -------- $674, 405. 32 110, 063. 65 Total _--------------------------- ------------------ 784, 468.97 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........................................................... .... - Maintenance.................................................. $5,616.75 $13,265.09 $10,712.09 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 --------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------- ___10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--___------------------- ------------------------ 10, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_-- ------- __________-____ 27, 430. 52 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 10, 000. 00 Receipts from sales____________---- __-- __ -____ -_____ .22 Amount recovered from surety on contract-- -- __- ____---__ 7, 907. 00 45, 337. 74 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement--------------------------------------- 10, 712. 09 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___ ---- ________-----34, 625. 65 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ____________________________ 97. 78 July 1, 1915, balance available-________________----------34, 527. 87 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------------------- 373, 392. 68 (D) SOUTH RIVER, N. J. Location.-This river rises in central New Jersey about 7 miles southwest of Freehold. It flows in a southerly direction, about 20 miles, to 1 mile above Sayreville, where it empties into the Raritan River about 8 miles above its mouth. The project provides for the improvement of the river up to Old Bridge 9 miles above the mouth. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 375.) Original condition.-Before improvement by the United States a private canal about three-fourths of a mile long had been dredged from near Washington on the South River to Sayreville on the Raritan River, which shortened the sailing course about 2 miles. The original low water depth in the canal was about 3.5 feet, and in the river about 2.5 feet as far as Old Bridge, the head of navigation. The limiting widths in the canal were 80 feet, thence about 100 feet to Bissetts, 3.7 miles above the mouth of canal, and then about 50 feet or less to Old Bridge about 6.3 miles above the mouth of canal. Previous projects.-The first project adopted by the Government for this improvement was by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871. The amount expended to June 30, 1915, and prior to the com- mencement of the second project, for carrying out this project was $20,000. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1778. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 303 Present project.-The second and existing project for the improve- ment of South River was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880 (see S. Doc. No. 69, 46th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1880, p. 519). It was extended by act of July 25, 1912 (see H. Doec. No. 520, 62d Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1912, p. 279). The project contemplates providing a channel by dredging and diking from the mouth of the canal to Old Bridge, a distance of 6.3 miles. The channel is to be 100 feet wide, and 8 feet deep at mean low water to Washington, 1.5 miles; thence 6 feet deep for the re- mainder of the distance. The tidal variation at the canal is 5.34 feet, and at Old Bridge 4.57 feet. The original estimate of the cost of this improvement was $194,695. This was reduced in 1892 to $176,975. The cost of annual maintenance adopted by act of July 25, 1912, is $8,000. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The project of 1871 was completed in 1874. The improvement as contemplated under the project of 1880, with subsequent modification, has been com- pleted. Project channel dimensions have been obtained and about 5,788 linear feet of dikes have been built. Dredging for mainte- nance has been done in the river below Bissetts. There has been ex- pended to June 30, 1914, $204,184.99, of which $20,000 was spent in carrying out project of 1871, the balance being expended on project of 1880, i. e., $137,224.41 for carrying out the improvement and $46,960.58 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Inquiry was made during the early part of the fiscal year with a view of securing a satisfactory offer in open market to do dredging for maintenance. No satisfactory offer was received. The dredged channel has been in good condition, and the required work will be advertised later when shoaling is reported. The sum of $2.26 was expended and charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The existing project is com- pleted. The maximum draft that could be carried to South River or Washington on June 30, 1915, was about 8 feet; thence to Bissetts, 5 to 6 feet, thence to the highway bridge at Old Bridge, 6 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the existing project up to June 30, 1915, was $184,187.25, of which $137,224.41 was for carrying out the project and $46,962.84 for maintenance. Only about 70 per cent of the original estimate was expended to complete the project. This was made possible because of recent improvements .Local made in the methods of hydraulic dredging. cooperation.-None. The Washington Canal was dredged about 1830, prior to any improvement by the Government, by the New Jersey Transportation Co. Effect of improvement.--It appears from reliable information that the improvement has caused a great reduction in freight rates, and that it is probable that the rates will now be further reduced on the upper stretch of the river. Proposed operations.-No funds are asked for this improvement, as the balance on hand is sufficient to maintain the channel between Raritan River and the town dock at South River and between South River and Old Bridge. 304 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.--Large brickyards established along the banks of the river give it a commercial importance out of proportion to its size. The commerce is principally in brick, sand, clay, coal, fertilizer, farm products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Year. Amount short in Valuation. tons. --------------------------------------------- 203,330 $977,618 1912..------...............----------...................................................... 1913.... ... .. .. .......--------------------------------------------------------------.... 187,051 747,829 1914------....---------.............----------------------------------------------...................................................... 137,459 575,774 Financialsumm a ry. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-- ----- --------------------------------- $157, 224. 41 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 46, 962. 84 Total -------------------------------------------- 204, 187. 25 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................. ........... - .. $5,864.25 $39,283.13 ............ Maintenance............................................. 6, 591.82 70. 69 $2. 26 Total....... ...................................... 12,456.07 39,353.82 2.26 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------------------------------------$5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-- -------------------- 000. 00 87,--------------------- Mar. 4, 1913------ ---------------------------- 8, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____________-_____-----_ 56, 384. 93 Receipts from sales _-- ___.-------------. 55 Amount recovered from surety on contract_______-__________-__ 593. 00 56, 978. 48 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915---- ---------------------------------- 38, 000. 00 18, 978. 48 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement --------------------------------- 2. 26 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------- ------------ 18, 976. 22 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities __. _____-------__ - 1, 540. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------17, 436.22 (E) ELIZABETH RIVER, N. J. Location.-The Elizabeth River rises in the city of East Orange, N. J., and flows in a general southeastwardly direction, a distance of about 9 miles, into the Arthur Kill at Elizabethport, about 1 mile below its junction with Newark Bay. The section of the river affected RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 305 by the present project extends from the mouth to the New York & Long Branch Railroad bridge, a distance of about 1 mile. (For location see U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart, " New York City and Vicinity.") Original condition.-Before improvement by the United States its width in the tidal part varied from 50 to 90 feet, with a natural depth ranging from 5 to 6 feet at mean low water at the mouth, which decreased to a high-water depth of about 4 feet at Broad Street. Navigation is cut off at Broad Street, about 2.7 miles above the mouth, by a bridge without a draw. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879. There was expended on this project up to June 30, 1915, before work was done on second project, $59,- 944.45; of this amount $27,000 was spent in carrying out the improve- ment, and $32,944.45 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1778. Present project.--The present projedt was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913 (see H. Doc. No. 750, 62d Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1912, p. 297). It provides for dredging a channel from the mouth to the New York & Long Branch Railroad bridge, a distance of 1 mile, the bottom width to be 60 feet, and the depth 6 feet at mean low water. The mean range of tides at the mouth is 4.7 feet, and at Bridge Street, Elizabeth, 3.4 feet. The ap- proved estimate of the cost was $15,443.50. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-These operations have consisted entirely of work on the project of 1879. The project was completed in 1897, and subsequently maintained until 1909, when it was abandoned. There was expended to June 30, 1914, for im- provement $27,000; for maintenance, $32,944.45; total, $59,944.45. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Inquiries have been made of the city of Elizabeth as to what action they had taken in regard to meeting the conditions imposed upon this project. No satisfactory progress in this matter has been made. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-No work has been done to carry out the project of 1913. The river has been greatly shoaled and damaged during recent years. It has been used as a sewer out- let by the city of Elizabeth and factories along its bank, the upper part of the river having fallen into disuse as a navigable stream. The maximum draft that could be carried to Summer Street June 30, 1915, was about 7 feet at mean high water. Above this point the river is nearly bare at mean low water. There were no expendi- tures under the project of 1913 up to June 30, 1915. Local cooperation.-The present project was adopted subject to the condition and provision that no work shall be done by the United States until local interests furnish free of cost suitable places for deposit of dredged materials, and also release the United States from all claims for damages due to possible sloughing of the banks incident to the contemplated dredging. These conditions have not been met as yet and no work has been done on the project. Inquiries have been made of the city of Elizabeth regarding their cooperation in the matter, but no action has been taken by them. Effect of improvement.-It appears from statements received from shippers that there has been a reduction in freight rates. This 83 73--ENG 1915--20 306 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. was probably due to the work done on the previous project. There has been but little demand for the proposed work. Proposed operations.-The operations for the year will be depend- ent upon the action taken by the city of Elizabeth toward meeting the conditions imposed by the provisions of act governing the project. If proper action is taken to meet these conditions, the money for the work of improvement, which is available, having been appropriated in. accordance with the figures submitted in the original estimate, will be expended in carrying out the project. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this river consisted mainly in brick, lumber, rosin, oils, and rags. Comparative statement. Year. Amounttn Valuation. 1912 (not collected) .................................................................. 1913----..---.--.....---...----..--.--.....-----.........------------------------------------........................................... 38,716 $859,814 1914----...----..--.....-------....................-------------------........---...------------------------............................... 29,103.5 530,724 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------$27, 000. 00 Maintenance -------------------------------------------- 32, 944. 45 Total ---- ---------------------------------------- 59, 944. 45 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913________-------------------------- - 15, 443.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___-------------------------------- 15, 443. 80 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------------- 15, 443, 80 (F) SHOAL HARBOR AND COMPTON CREEK, N. J. Location.-Shoal Harbor is an indentation on the south shore of Raritan and Sandy Hook Bays at their junction, about 5 miles south- west from Sandy Hook. It is about 19 miles distant from New York City. The harbor is not landlocked. Compton Creek is a small crooked stream rising on the west side of the Navesink highlands and flowing for 5 to 6 miles in a general northerly direction through the meadows into Shoal Harbor. The project includes that section which connects Compton Creek with the 4-foot curve in Raritan Bay, a distance of about two-thirds of a mile. (For location, see U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 369.) Original condition.-In its original condition the entrance to this harbor was obstructed by a broad flat shoal extending generally along the south shore of Sandy Hook Bay and the distance between deep water in the creek and the 4-foot depth in the bay was about one-half mile. The available depth across this shoal was less than 1 foot at mean low water. The creek was navigable for 1 mile above its mouth, where it is crossed by a railroad bridge, and about one-half mile above its mouth it is crossed by a highway bridge with a draw RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 307 opening 29 feet wide; the width below this point varies from 80 to 100 feet. The available low-water depths vary from 3 to 6 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The original and existing project adopted Sep- tember 19, 1890, proposes a channel, to be obtained by diking and dredging, connecting Compton Creek with Raritan Bay. The length of the channel is to be about two-thirds of a mile, the width to be 150 feet in the bay and 75 feet in and near the mouth of the creek, the depth to be 4 feet at mean low water. The mean range of tides is 4.5 feet. The estimated cost of the improvement was $64,130. (See S. Doc. No. 80, 48th Cong., 1st sess., and Annual Report for 1884, p. 770.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-About three-fifths of the area of the work proposed under the project had been com- pleted. A 4-foot channel, 100 feet wide through Shoal Harbor and 75 feet wide in Compton Creek to deep water, had been dredged. Dredging for maintenance had been done. There had been expended to June 30, 1914, for carrying out the project, $17,000; for mainte- nance, $48,058.41; total, $65,058.41. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging by con- tract for maintenance was commenced on June 12 and continued in progress at the close of the fiscal year. The locality of the work was at the bend of the channel entering Compton Creek. There were removed under the contract 3,125 cubic yards of sand. There was expended for maintenance during the year $114.17. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-About three-fifths of the area of dredging proposed under the project has been completed. No dikes have been built. The maximum draft that could be brought into the creek on June 30, 1915, through the improved channel was about 3 feet at mean low water. The channel had narrowed consider- ably. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, were for new work, $17,000; for maintenance, $48,172.58; total $65,172.58. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It appears from statements received from shippers that there has been a reduction on freight rates from 20 to 50 per cent. The creek is used extensively as a harbor of refuge by small fishing craft. Proposed operations.-It is expected that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by July 1, 1916. It is proposed to apply the funds asked for in maintaining the channel between the 4-foot contours in Raritan Bay and Shoal Harbor and Compton Creek. The location of this work is variable and depends upon the amount of shoaling that takes place during the year. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this locality is mainly in fish and farm products, fertilizer, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. 308 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------------- ---------- $17, 000. 00 Maintenance------------------------------------------ 48, 172. 58 Total ---------------------------------------------- 65, 172. 58 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New w New ork .................................................... work...- . ... . . ..... .. . ... i-- ..........- . -" .".. Maintenance................................................. $12,453.23 4,113.91 $114.17 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------ ---------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------- ------------ 5, 447. 30 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 ... 5, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-------------------------------------------- .15 10, 447. 45 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------- 114. 17 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________________________ 10, 333. 28 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities .----------------- $1, 680. 90 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 2, 471. 40 4, 152. 30 July 1, 1915, balance available ___ ___________________________ 6, 180. 98 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ______________________ __147,__ 130.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_______________________ (2) (G) CHEESEQTTAKE, CREEK, N. J. Location.-Cheesequake Creek is a small stream 6 to 7 miles long, rising in the eastern part of New Jersey near Old Bridge and flow- ing in a northeasterly direction and emptying into the south shore of Raritan Bay, about 2 miles southeast of South Amboy. The project extends from the mouth to the head of navigation, White- head's Dock, a distance of 3 miles. (For location see U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 369.) Original condition.-Before improvement by the United States there were extensive shoals and bars at the mouth, over which the mean low-water depth was about 1l feet. The old outlet was about one-half mile to the westward of the present outlet. The creek was crooked; it had a depth of 4 feet for about three-fourths of the dis- tance to the head of navigation and 4 to 11 feet for the remainder of the distance. The width of the channel varied from 25 to 100 feet. 12Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. See consolidated FinncrOia summary on p. 311. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 309 Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by act of June 14, 1880, provided for a new outlet, 5 feet deep, from the creek into Raritan Bay, at right angles to the shore line, through a beach which ran across the mouth of the creek from the right bank and which had forced the outlet nearly one-half a mile to the westward. This was to be obtained by dredging and constructing parallel jetties of stone 200 feet apart on each side of the dredged channel; the old outlet was to be closed by a pile dike, and a channel 4 feet deep at mean low water and from 50 to 100 feet wide was to be dredged from the mouth to the head of navigation, 31 miles up the creek. In this dis- tance two dikes were to be built and a new channel to be made through the marsh was to cut off a bend in the creek. Stump Creek, a tributary stream emptying into the creek near its mouth, was to be improved by dredging a channel 50 feet wide and 3 feet deep. The mean range of tides is 5 feet. The cost was estimated at $75,279, which was revised in 1884 to $90,000. (See S. Doc. No. 69, 46th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1880, p. 525.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work accom- plished prior to the fiscal year consisted in the construction of two parallel stone jetties at the mouth, the dredging of a 5-foot channel between them, about one-third of a mile in length connecting the creek with the 5-foot curve in Raritan Bay, and the construction of a pile dike closing the old outlet. Dredging for maintenance has been done on the section improved. No work of improvement has been done in Stump Creek. There is no commerce on the creek at the present time. There is from 1 to 2 feet depth at mean low water in a channel having limiting width of 50 feet up as far as the New York & Long Branch Railroad, about 3,000 feet above the mouth. The creek is navigated by rowboats and small launches. The amount spent under the project up to June 30, 1914, was, for improvement, $40,000; for maintenance, $13,878.87; total, $53,878.87. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations during the fiscal year consisted in dredging under contract for maintenance. Dredging was begun on July 27, 1914, and completed on September 5, 1914. There were 11,045 cubic yards of sand removed and accepted under the contract, restoring project depth with widths of 125 to 150 feet from the highway bridge outward, about 2,200 feet, to the 5-foot curve in Raritan Bay. There was expended for maintenance work during the year $5,481.02. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About four-ninths of the work contemplated under this project has been completed. The maximum draft that could be carried into the creek on July 1, 1915, was about 5 feet at mean low water. In the creek this depth was from 4 to 5 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures under this project to June 30, 1915, were $59,359.89, of which $40,000 was expended for new work and $19,359.89 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law relative to the carrying out of the project. As dredging the way for the new outlet involved encroachment upon private property, the owner, Mr. David Noble Rowan, voluntarily offered and gave the land to the Government for this purpose. Funds were derived from no sources other than Congress with which to carry out the improvement. 310 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Effect of improvement.-It appears that the improvement has not advanced sufficiently to affect freight rates. Proposed operations.-No funds are required for this improve- ment, as the balance on hand is sufficient to maintain the channel between the 5-foot contour in Raritan Bay and the highway bridge. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this creek is principally in fertilizer, sand, brick, clay, and farm products. Comparative statement. Year. Amount i Valuation. short tons. 1912............... ........................................................... 44,130 $292,500 1913................................................................... 23,679 45,043 1914.................... ............. ...... .... 29,213 190,428 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $40, 000. 00 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 19, 359. 89 Total- _-- - - -59, 359. 89 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................... ........ ...... ............... Maintenance ............... ............................. $2.20 $66.42 $5,481.02 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 --------------------------------------------- $2, 500. 00 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------- 2, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ----------------------------------- 2, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 7, 974. 66 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement________ ____---_____ 5, 481. 02 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ______-------__--------- 2, 493. 64 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $1,250 for harbor-line surveys) --- _ 977, 104. 73 Maintenance-- - - - - ......-- - 376, 535. 12 Total----------------- ------------------ 1, 353, 639. 85 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 Maintenance..................................... .............. 28,206.22 22,374.52 32,340.86 Total................................................ 34,070,47 61,657.65 32,340.86 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 311 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------- $30, 500.00 __ July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------------- 110, 500.00 Mar. 4, 1913-----------___ ------------------------ __ 48, 943.00 Oct. 2, 1914__-------------------------- ------------------------- 8, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 134, 066. 67 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 8, 000. 00 Receipts from sales -------------------------------------------- 2.83 Amount recovered from surety on contract-------__-------__----- 8, 500. 00 150, 569. 50 Deduction on account of amount transferred under river and har- bor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 14, 000. 00 136, 569. 50 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_________------- -------------------------------------- 32, 340. 86 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 104, 228. 64 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___________________ $3, 318. 68 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 2, 471. 40 5, 790. 08 ------------------- July 1, 1915, balance available___________ 98, 438. 56 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------------------------------------- _ 1482, 642. 68 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___ ______________ lo 000. 00 110, 7. SHREWSBURY RIVER. N. J. Location.-This river is a large tidal basin in the eastern part of New Jersey, and consists of two bays, each having an area of about 3 square miles, and known, respectively, as the North Branch (or Navesink River), which rises near Freehold, flows easterly, and is about 15 miles long; the South Branch, about 7 to 8 miles long, which flows in a northerly direction; and a channel called the Main Stem, which unites the two branches near Normandie, and extends northerly 2- miles to the outlet at the southeast end of Sandy Hook Bay, which is about 4 miles south from the point of Sandy Hook. The part of the river which has been under improvement by the United States consists of the Main Stem, 24 miles; the North Branch to Oceanic, 5 miles from the mouth; and the South Branch to the vicinity of Sea Bright, about 5J miles from the mouth. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 543.) Original condition.-Before any improvement was begun by the United States the available mean low-water depth to Oceanic on the North Branch was 3 feet, and to Sea Bright on the South Branch 2- feet; in the Main Stem, 4 feet. The minimum widths were vari- able, owing to the shifting nature of the sand which forms the bottom of the river and which changed position after every big storm. The bays above these points had sufficient depths and widths to accommodate navigation. The river is navigable on the North Branch to Red Bank, 8 miles from the mouth, where it is crossed by 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 312 REPORT OF THE CHIE OF ENGINEERS, t. S. AIRMYI. three bridges without draws, and on the South Branch to Branch- port, 9 miles from the mouth; also to Little Silver, Oceanport, Parkers Creek, North Long Branch, and Monmouth Beach on the several arms of the South Branch. Previous proects.-By act of Congress August 30, 1852, $1,500 was appropriated for and expended upon a survey to ascertain the extent of a break through the beach between Shrewsbury River and the ocean, but no work of improvement was done. The first project for the improvement of the Shrewsbury River was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871. The estimated cost of this improvement was $14,000. There was expended for the completion of the improvement under this project $19,000. For scope of pre- vious projects, see Appendix, page 1778. Presentproject.-The second and existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879, with subsequent modifi- cations made in 1883 and 1887. The project provides for the follow- ing channels to be obtained by diking and dredging 6 feet deep at mean low water, 300 feet wide in the Main Stem, 2* miles long; 150 feet wide in the North Branch to Oceanic, 2 miles; 150 feet wide in the South Branch, 23- miles, to the vicinity of Sea Bright. The mean range of tides on the outer bar is 5 feet; at Highlands Bridge, 3 feet; at Sea Bright, 1.3 feet; and at Oceanic, 2.5 feet. The original approved estimate of the cost was $142,086. This estimate was in- creased in 1883 and later in 1887 to $234,062. The approved esti- mate for annual maintenance is $10,000. References: House Document No. 38, Forty-fifth Congress, third session, and Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1879, part 1, page 409. A detailed description of the project is found in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1910, part 1, page 209. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel dimensions as contemplated under the existing project have been completed. Nine dikes, aggregating a total length of 13,667 linear feet, have been built. Dredging for maintenance has been done. There has been spent under the project to June 30, 1914, for carry- ing out the improvement, $195,393.95; for maintenance, $207,814.89; and for a survey made in 1903, $5,000, making a total of $408,208.84. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-These consisted in dredging for maintenance under two contracts. Dredging under contract in progress at the beginning of the year was continued until completed on July 21, 1914. During this period there was removed under that contract 8,824 cubic yards from the following localities: Main stem, 2,706 cubic yards; south of Highlands Bridge near steamboat dock, 1,704 cubic yards; Reeves Channel, 1,978 cubic yards; and Upper crossover, 2,436 cubic yards. Dredging for main- tenance under a second contract was commenced on April 9 and com- pleted on June 10. There was removed under this contract 21,331 cubic yards of mud and sand from the following localities: Main stem, 7,977 cubic yards; near steamboat dock below Highlands Bridge, 5,034 cubic yards; vicinity of Sea Bright, 4,414 cubic yards; Upper crossover, 2,038 cubic yards; Lower crossover, 1,868 cubic yards. There was expended for maintenance work during the year $17,513.08. I1VER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENT. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The maximum draft that could be carried July 1, 1915, throughout the limits of the improvement was 6 feet at mean low water. The channels had projected depth, but were narrow in many places. The amount expended under the existing project up to June 30, 1915, for carrying out the project was $195,393.95, for maintenance $225,327.97, and for survey $5,000, making a total of $425,721.92. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It appears from reports received from the Merchants' Steamboat Co. and the New York & Long Branch Steam- boat Co. (Patten Line) that freight rates have been lowered and maintained as results of the improvement by the United States; also that the commerce has increased and that the improvement tends to keep the freight rates down. Proposed operations.-It is expected that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by July 1, 1916. The funds to be furnished under the estimate will be expended to maintain the channel by contract dredging. Shoals which form annually, ac- cording to the nature of the winter storms, in the main stem at the mouth and at the Highlands Bridge, in Reeves Channel near the junction of the two branches, and the vicinity of Sea Bright in the South Branch, and the Upper and Lower crossovers, and pos- sibility of a shoal near the Oceanic Bridge in the North Branch will be removed. The amount of work and the precise location of the same will be governed by the amount of shoaling that takes place. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the river is mainly in coal, farm products, building materials, and general merchandise. The passenger traffic is important, the number of people carried by the Patten Line, in South Branch, and the Merchants Line, in the North Branch, for the calendar year of 1914 being approximately 339,547. Comparative statement. Amount Year. in short Valuation. tons. 1912............................................................................. 1,306,188 $6,820,750 1913(1) (1) 1914... -------------------------------------------------------------- 411,635 8,684,723 1 Not reported. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $6,500 for surveys)--------------- $220, 893. 95 Maintenance-------- --------------------------- 225, 327. 97 Total ------------------------------------------------- 446, 221. J)2 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................................. Maintenance ................................................ 810,371.40 $10,173.50 817,513.08 314 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 __------------------------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar.4,1913 --------------------- - ------ ------ 10, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------10, 000. 00 Mar. 4,1915---------------------------------------------- 18, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------- 10, 818. 93 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 18, 000. 00 Receipts from sale-------------------------------------------- 1. 46 38, 820. 39 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement---------------------------------------- 17,513. 08 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------21, 307. 31 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 2, 543.48 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------------------18, 763. 83 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-------------------- 110,000. 00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF JULY 25, 1912, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts approved July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Rahway River, N. J., including the construction of the necessary cut-offs, and with a view to the consideration of any proposition for cooperation on the part of local interests. 2. New York and New Jersey Channels, with a view to securing a ship channel of increased width and depth necessary for the pur- poses of commerce from Lower New York Bay, through Raritan Bay, Arthur Kill, Staten Island Sound, channel north of Shooters Island, and Kill Van Kull, to Upper New York Bay. 3. Newark Bay, N. J. 4. Shrewsbury River, N. J., with a view to constructing works to prevent the sea from breaking through and destroying the navigable channel, including consideration of any proposition for cooperation on the part of local or State interests. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE PHILADELPHIA, PA. DISTRICT. This district includes the watersheds drained by the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, embracing a small area in southeastern New York, the eastern part of Pennsylvania, and the shore lines only of New Jersey and Delaware bordering on the Delaware River and Bay. The tributaries of the Delaware River, except the Schuylkill and those in Pennsylvania north of Philadelphia, are not included in the district. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 315 District officer: Col. George A. Zinn, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. W. M. Black, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Delaware River, N. Y., N. J., 4. Delaware River, Pa., N. J., and and Pa., at or near mouth of Del., Philadelphia, Pa., to Neversink River ........-. 315 the sea ..... .......... ..... 321 2. Delaware River, N. J., Lalor 5. Ice harbor at Marcus Hook, Pa. 327 Street, Trenton, to upper 6. Constructing pier in Delaware railroad bridge ............ 316 Bay, near Lewes, Del........ 328 3. Delaware River, Pa., and N. J., 7. Harbor of refuge, Delaware Bay, Philadelphia, Pa., to Trenton, Del ....................... 329 N. J........................ 318 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2195 TO 2211. 1. DELAWARE RIVER, N. Y., N. J., AND PA., AT OR NEAR MOUTH OF NEVERSINK RIVER. Location.-See page 321. Originalcondition.-In its original and present condition the river near Port Jervis is obstructed by shoals and rocks, and has an aver- age depth in midstream of from 5 to 6 feet at mean summer stage, and the width varies from 500 to 800 feet. The river at this point and for the entire distance to Trenton is navigable only for rafting, logging, and small boats of shallow draft. The river above Port Jervis is in the same condition. At Trenton the Delaware River be- comes a tidal stream and is navigable from that point to the sea by steamboats. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for the improvement of a section of the Delaware River about 1.2 miles in length at or near the mouth of the Neversink River by the removal of a ledge of rock known as Sims Clip, on the Pennsylvania side of the river, opposite Port Jervis, N. Y., at an estimated cost of $6,612.50, to be borne by the General Government, and by the removal of a portion of Storms Island and inclosing, by means of dikes, the head of the Bendkill behind and the subsidiary channel between the two islands that form Storms Island, at an estimated cost of $54,780, to be borne by State or .other local interests, in accordance with the report printed, with map, in House Document No. 1164, Sixtieth Congress, second session. The section of river included in the project is about 1.2 miles in length. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-No work has been done and no money has been expended at this locality. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-None. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Unchanged. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides that the States of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsyl- vania, or other local interests, shall contribute the sum of $54,780 before the work shall be undertaken by the General Government. In a letter addressed to the district officer at Philadelphia under date of June 23, 1915, the secretary of the Port Jervis Board of Trade 316 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. states that no action has been taken by the States or other local in- terests toward making available the $54,780 to be contributed for the proposed improvement. Proposed operations.-It is not expected that the conditions prece- dent to the commencement of work will be met. Commercial statistics.-None available. Financialsummary. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __-______--,------------- $6, 612. 50 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915_---- ------------ __-__-_ 6, 612. 50 2. DELAWARE RIVER, N. J., LALOR STREET, TRENTON, TO UPPER RAILROAD BRIDGE. Location.-(See p. 321 of this report; also U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 296.) Original condition.-In its original condition this section of the river varied in width from 1,000 to 1,500 feet, and was so obstructed by rocks and shoals as to be unfit for commercial navigation. The actual and natural head of navigation is at Trenton, but the river is navigable for rafting and logging for a distance of about 214 miles above Trenton. Tidewater extends to Trenton, and the mean tidal range at this point is about 4.2 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for the construction by dredging of a channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water, with a turning basin of the same depth at its upper end, 300 feet wide and 400 feet long, near the New Jersey side of the river from Lalor Street to the upper railroad bridge at Trenton, a distance of about 1 mile, in accordance with the report published, with map, in House Document No. 839, Sixty-first Congress, second session, and subject to the conditions recommended by the Chief of Engineers on page 2 of said document. It was originally estimated that the proposed improvement would require the removal of about 426,000 cubic yards of material, at a cost of $164,000, and that it would require $5,000 per annum to maintain the improvement. Subsequent examination of the locality, however, indicates that it Wvill be necessary to remove about 517,500 cubic yards of dredged material and about 500 cubic yards of rock and that the work will cost about $211,500. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work carried on prior to the present fiscal year was of a preliminary nature, in- cluding borings to determine the character of the material to be removed, printing, advertising, traveling expenses, and incidentals. The total amount expended for original work under the existing project at the beginning of the fiscal year was $597.09. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Channel excava- tion, under contract, continued practically throughout the working RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 317 season, but slow progress was made owing to the refractory nature of the material encountered. About 84,000 cubic yards of sand and gravel and 31 cubic yards of bowlders were removed, resulting in the completion of a channel 100 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water for a length of about 1,000 feet upstream from a point opposite the foot of Lalor Street. The amount expended during the fiscal year was as follows, all being new work: Channel excavation under contract------------------------------- $6,065.02 Removal of bowlders under contract----------------------------- 10. 30 Superintendence and inspection, office expenses, and incidentals __-- 3, 731. 93 Total-------------------------------------------- -- 9, 807. 25 The apparent high cost of superintendence and inspection is accounted for by the fact that contract work was in progress throughout the working season, but the work completed was small. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-It is estimated that the chan- nel was 16 per cent completed at the end of the fiscal year, but the work was not advanced sufficiently to afford any material benefit to navigation. The total expenditures under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year amounted to $10,404.34, all of which was for new work. On April 9, 1914, the Secretary of War approved the recommendation of the Chief of Engineers, made under the pro- visions of section 8 of the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, that available funds be applied to the completion of so much of the work as may be possible, and it is estimated that the funds in hand will be sufficient to complete about 70 per cent of the work covered by the project. Local cooperation.-The adopted project imposes the condition that the city of Trenton shall provide substantial terminal facilities commensurate with the probable needs of present and prospective commerce. To meet this condition the city of Trenton has taken steps looking to the acquisition of all water-front property abutting on the proposed channel, and has prepared plans for a comprehensive scheme of municipal terminals. The conditions imposed by the adopted project have been met, and the Secretary of War gave his approval thereto on March 19, 1913. On May 6, 1915, the city of Trenton commenced the construction of a dock 205 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water, and ex- tending inshore 438 feet from the existing pierhead line, at a point about 400 feet below the upper limits of the improvement. This dock will be entirely surrounded by a timber and concrete bulkhead. A double-decked wharf, 70 feet wide, and covered with a shed, will be constructed on the upper side of the dock. Passengers will be landed on the upper deck and freight on the lower deck. A part of the upper deck will be entirely inclosed and used for recreation purposes. It is estimated that the dock and wharf, complete, will cost between $90,000 and $100,000. The city of Trenton has also constructed an open pile and timber wharf 100 feet long at the lower end of the water front. This wharf will be used ultimately for handling low- grade freight. The water front within the city limits of Trenton is 6,735 feet in length, of which the city owns 3,040 feet and has entered condemnation proceedings for the acquisition of an additional 400 feet. With the completion of the channel now under construction, it is expected that a new and modern line of fast steamers will be placed 318 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. in operation. There are now two regular lines of steamers plying between Philadelphia and Trenton. Effect of improvement.-Work under the project has not advanced sufficiently to benefit navigation. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to carry to completion the work of original dredging and removal of bowlders now in progress under contract, and it is estimated that it will require an additional appropriation of $40,000. No maintenance work is contemplated during the fiscal year 1917. Commercial statistics.-There is no commerce in this section of the river. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------$10, 404. 34 Maintenance________________________ ___ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....................... ............................ $86.40 $510.69 $9,807.25 Maintenance.... ............................... .............................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- 114, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915_______________ -_--- 6, 612. 50 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______------- ______- 163, 402. 91 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 6, 612. 50 170, 015. 41 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement-------------------------------------------------9, 807. 25 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __________-________------___ 160, 208. 16 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_________________- $343. 10 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 150, 537. 18 150, 880. 28 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------- -__----------__ -_ 9, 327. 88 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project___----__-------- __--------- 140, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement____----------------_____ _ 40, 000. 00 3. DELAWARE RIVER, PA. AND N. J., PHILADELPHIA, PA., TO TRENTON, N. J. Location.-(See p. 321 of this report; also U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 296.) Original condition.-In its original condition the channel between Bordentown and Trenton was narrow and circuitous, and was ob- structed by shoals carrying a depth of from 3 to 6 feet at mean low water. At Kinkora Bar, about 9 miles below Trenton, there existed a shoal carrying from 7 to 8 feet at mean low water, and at Five Mile Bar, at the upper part of Philadelphia, there was a shoal across the Pennsylvania side of the channel carrying from 3 to 4 feet at mean low water. There was a depth of 13 feet, however, across Five 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 319 Mile Bar on the New Jersey side of the channel south of Pettys Island. This channel has since been cut off by the dike at Fishers Point,-N. J. The tidal range in this section of the river varies from about 5.3 feet at Philadelphia to 4.2 feet at Trenton, N. J. Previows projects.-Priorto 1910 no complete project for the im- provement of this section of the river had been adopted. Beginning in 1872, improvement work was done at various times in different localities, with a view to securing a channel about 200 feet wide and 7 feet deep at mean low water, the total expenditures amounting to $197,623.25. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1778. Present project.--The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for the construction of a channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water from Allegheny Avenue, Philadelphia, to Lalor Street, Trenton, in ac- cordance with the report printed (without map) in House Document No. 702, Sixty-first Congress, second session. It was estimated that the original work on this project would involve an expenditure of $360,000, and that $20,000 per annum would be required to maintain the channel. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Active work under the present project was commenced in the spring of 1911, and a chan- nel of the project dimensions was completed on May 9, 1913, which carried to completion all work contemplated under the project, ex- cept the dike at the upper end of Mud Island (about 9.5 miles above Allegheny Avenue). The construction of this dike has been de- ferred until the necessity for it can be more fully determined by observations covering a series of years. At the beginning of the fiscal year expenditures for original work amounted to $310,979.21, and expenditures on account of maintenance amounted to $4,997.89, making a total of $315,977.10. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Maintenance work of dredging was carried on with Government plant from the begin- ning of the fiscal year to August 12, 1914, 5,583 cubic yards of ma- terial being removed from the channel in front of Bordentown, N. J., and 637 cubic yards from the shoal opposite the foot of Lalor Street, Trenton. In addition to the cost of maintenance work, expenditures during the year covered the cost of ordinary repairs made during the fiscal year 1914 to several items of floating plant that had been em- ployed in connection with the maintenance of the improvement. Expenditures during the year amounted to $20,505.35, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-An examination of the chan- nel, made during the latter part of June, 1915, shows that shoaling has occurred at a number of places in the channel, to the extent of about 83,000 cubic yards. The maximum draft that could be carried over the improvement at the end of the fiscal year was about 10 feet at mean low water. A map of this improvement is published in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1914, page 1804. Total expenditures on existing project have been $336,482.45, of which $310,979.21 was for new work and $25,503.24 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions requiring local or State cooper- ation were imposed by the adopted project and no improvements of 320 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. any consequence have been made in water terminal facilities on this section of the river, except at Trenton, N. J., details of which are contained in the report of the improvement of the river from Lalor Street, Trenton, to the upper railroad bridge. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has enabled medium draft seagoing vessels to receive and discharge cargoes at several large industrial plants located on this section of the river, and per- mits the regular lines of packet boats to run on schedule time between Philadelphia and Trenton. There has been no appreciable effect on freight rates on commerce confined to this section of the river. Proposed operations.-Very little maintenance work has been nec- essary heretofore, but the removal of shoals that have formed lately and shoaling that may be expected to occur will be necessary to re- store the channel to the project dimensions. The most economical method of doing the work will be by the use of a shallow draft self- propelled suction dredge, if it is possible to obtain the same from another district. Otherwise it will be necessary to do the work by contract, and its cost will be considerably greater than if it is done by the use of a Government-owned plant. It is proposed to expend the balance of funds on hand for maintenance dredging. It is esti- mated that maintenance of the river during the fiscal year 1917 will require the removal of from 85,000 to 100,000 cubic yards of dredged material, and it is expected that the work will cost about $25,000. There is no Government plant regularly or continuously employed on this section of the river. Commercial statistics.-The commerce on this section of the river consists principally of bricks, coal, dairy, and farm products, general merchandise, clay and iron pipe, pig iron, sand, gravel, and stone. The improvement has not affected freight rates to any extent, nor the nature of the commerce carried, nor has it affected to any marked degree the amount and value of commercial movements. The amount and value of the commerce carried during the past three calendar years are as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912........-....................... ... ........... .......... .................... 1,547,787 $7,676,323 1913.......... .......... ...... ...................... ..... ............................ 1,869,521 8,914,441 1914................... --..................................................-- .. . 1,712,271 11,254,950 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_----------------------------------------- $508, 602. 46 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 25, 503. 24 Total ------------ ------ 534, 105. 70 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. --...--.---.-.-. --......-.--....----- ----.. $151,585.90.... .. Maintenance ............................................................. $4,997.89 $20,505.35 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 321 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911----------------------------- 000. 00 $------------160, Aug. 24, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 70, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------ -------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 34, 038. 94 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement-------------------------------------- 20, 505.35 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------- ------ 13, 533. 59 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ _ ____- 25, 000. 00 "1____ 4. DELAWARE RIVER, PA., N. J., AND DEL., PHILADELPHIA, PA., TO THE SEA. Location.-The Delaware River has its sources in Green, Schoharie, and Delaware Counties, in southeastern New York. It flows in a general southerly direction, forms the boundary line between the States of New York and New Jersey on the east, and Pennsylvania and Delaware on the west, and empties into Delaware Bay. The total length of the river is about 315 miles. The distance by the river from Philadelphia Harbor to the harbor of refuge at the mouth of Delaware Bay is about 101 miles. The section included in this project is about 63 miles in length, and extends into Delaware Bay for a distance of about 8 miles below the mouth of the river at Liston Point, the accepted point of division between Delaware River and Bay. The distance from the mouth of the river at Liston Point to the Atlantic Ocean is about 50 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey charts Nos. 294 and 295.) The distance from Allegheny Avenue, Philadelphia, to Lalor Street, Trenton, is about 30 miles. Neversink River empties into the Delaware at Port Jervis, N. Y., about 170 miles by river above Trenton. Original condition.--In its original condition the river was ob- structed by shoals and bars carrying a minimum usable depth at mean low water of 17 feet in the upper part of Philadelphia Harbor, 17 feet over Mifflin bar, 18 feet over Schooner ledge, 18 feet over Cherry Island Flats, 24 feet over Pennsville Shoals, 20 feet at Bulk- head bar, and 21 feet at Dan Baker Shoal, with a width varying from about 175 to 600 feet, which made the channel available for ocean-going vessels of medium draft. The actual and natural head of navigation for steamers and other craft is at Trenton, N. J., about 30 miles above Philadelphia, and about 85 miles above the mouth of the river. The river is navigable, however, for rafting and logging for a distance of about 214 miles above Trenton, or to a point within about 16 miles of the source of its most important fork. Previous projects.-Priorto 1885 the work of improvement was confined to dredging through the bars and shoals mentioned in the preceding paragraph, except at Schooner ledge, where ledge rock was removed. The work was carried on under appropriations for 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 83730 -- ENG 1915- -21 322 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. special localities, and under general appropriations for improving the Delaware River below Bridesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. The amount expended on the various projects prior to 1885 was $1,498,963.26. The first permanent and systematic improvement was begun under a project submitted by a board of engineers on January 23, 1885, providing for a channel 26 feet deep at mean low water and 600 feet wide, from a point about one-fourth mile above Allegheny Avenue, in the upper part of Philadelphia Harbor, to the sea. The amount expended on this project was $1,532,688.81, of which about $200,000 was applied to maintenance. A second project, providing for a channel 30 feet deep at mean low water and 600 feet wide, from a point near Christian Street, in the lower part of Philadelphia Harbor, to the sea, was adopted March 3, 1899. The amount ex- pended on this project was $7,144,350.01, of which $825,409.02 was for maintenance. A project for the improvement of Philadelphia Harbor was adopted August 11, 1888, and completed July 10, 1898. This project provided for a channel 26 feet deep, with a width of from 1,000 to 1,800 feet, over a length of about 6.2 miles. The amount expended under this project was $3,945,424.75. The total amount expended under all previous projects, from 1836 to the time of adoption of the present project, was $14,121,426.83. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1779. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for a channel from Allegheny Avenue, Philadelphia, to deep water in Delaware Bay, with a depth of 35 feet at mean low water, and a width of 1,000 feet in Philadel- phia Harbor, 1,200 feet at Bulkhead Bar Shoals, 1,000 feet at the other bends, and 800 feet in the straight parts, and for the construc- tion of five dikes and the topping off of three existing dikes, for the better regulation and control of the tidal flow, at an estimated cost of $10,920,000 for original work and $300,000 annually for mainte- nance, in accordance with the report published (with maps) in House Document No. 733, Sixty-first Congress, second session. It is estimated that to complete the projected channel will require the removal, by dredging, of about 73,208,000 cubic yards of soft material, and the removal of about 53,260 cubic yards of ledge rock from Philadelphia Harbor. No modification has been made in the existing project since its adoption. The mean range of tide is about 5.9 feet at the mouth of the river, and about 5.3 feet at Philadelphia. Operations and results prior to the fisoal year.-At the beginning of the present fiscal year the 35-foot channel project was about 26 per cent completed. Approximately 15,325,000 cubic yards of ma- terial had been removed by dredging, and 470,350 tons of stone had been placed in the dikes under construction. The depth and width of the channel at the worst bends had been increased to the project dimensions, and approximately 14.9 miles of the channel had been completed in accordance with the project. The amount expended for original work under the project to the beginning of the fiscal year was $2,553,307.98, and the amount expended for maintenance was $1,232,721.92, a total of $3,786,029.90. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work carried on during the year consisted of original dredging and dike construc- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 828 tion under contract, and maintenance of the existing channel with Government plant and hired labor. Original dredging was carried on under seven contracts, six of which were continued from the previous year, and was in progress in the lower part of Philadelphia Harbor and in that section of the river extending downstream for a distance of about 16 miles from a point about 10 miles below Phila- delphia. The quantity of material removed was approximately 6,980,000 cubic yards. The work of constructing stone dikes and shore revetment under contract was continued from the previous year. Five dikes having an aggregate length of about 23,300 feet and shore revetment aggre- gating about 4,300 feet in length were under construction. The quantity of stone placed in the dikes and revetment during the year was 84,785 tons. The work performed during the year resulted in the completion of the 1,800-foot dike across the back channel at the upper end of Chester Island, the completion of the 800-foot dike across the gap in Reedy Island, and the completion of 4,300 feet of revetment along the westerly shore line of Reedy Island. Work on the other dikes was carried to various stages of completion. The U. S. derrick boat Rattler was engaged at various times during the year in making test borings over the Mameluke Rock area in the upper part of Philadelphia Harbor, in order to ascertain the quantity of rock that it will be necessary to remove at this point to secure a mean low-water depth of 35 feet. This machine was also employed in making borings over a small area of ledge rock lying within the limits of the 35-foot channel opposite the city of Chester, Pa., which was encountered during dredging under contract, but which was not required to be removed by the contractor. Maintenance dredging with the U. S. dredges Delaware and Man- hattan was carried on throughout the year, except during the period from August 22 to October 7, 1914, when it was necessary to suspend operations on account of lack of funds, and during the period from December 27, 1914, to February 11, 1915, when adverse weather con- ditions prevailed. During the latter period of suspension the dredg- ing plant was overhauled and placed in proper working condition for the season of 1915. The quantity of material removed was 7,506,172 cubic yards. The work resulted in maintaining a depth of 30 feet at mean low water over the entire length of the channel for the greater part of the year. The construction at Fort Mifflin, Pa., of a bulkhead and two piers of timber and concrete, to provide berthing facilities for the main- tenance plant employed in this district, was commenced on December 14, 1914, and continued to the end of the year, when the work was about 22 per cent completed. The cost of this work when completed will be about $175,000. The construction of an 80-foot gasoline survey boat, to cost ap- proximately $20,000, was commenced on April 5, 1915, and at the end of the year the work was about 30 per cent completed. 324 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Expenditures during the year were as follows: Items. New work. Maintenance. Total. Original dredging, under contract.......... . ..... ... ... $786, 074. 88 .............. 786, 074.88 Dike construction under contract........... ............. 120, 958. 29 ............. 120,958. 29 Pier and bulkhead construction, under contract .................... . 18 603.51 18, 603.51 Construction or purchase of minor floating plant........ ........... ... ...... 9, 244.98 9, 244.98 Operation and repair of floating plant used in connection with new work............ . ....... .................. .. 14,542.27 .............. 14,542. 27 Test boring in river at and below Philadelphia .... 6,548.96 .............. 96 6,548. Maintenance dredging with Government plant, including repair of plant....... . . ...... ........... , .. ... 240,927. 43 240, 927.43 Surveys and incidentals.. .... ....... .. ............ ....... . 11,755.98 10,849.80 22,605.78 Care of property .................. ......... ..... . ............. 2, 484. 17 2, 484.17 Engineering and contingencies superintendence and inspec- tion, office expenses and incidentals..................... 35, 977. 52 20, 072.10 56, 049. 62 Total....................................... ........... 975,857.90 302,181.99 1,278,039.89 Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the end of the fiscal year the project was about 33 per cent completed. The total quantity of material removed at the end of the fiscal year was approximately 22,305,000 cubic yards, or about 30 per cent of the total quantity to be removed to complete the project. The total quantity of stone placed in the dikes under construction at the end of the year was approximately 555,000 tons, which is 45 per cent of the dike work covered by the project. The total length of channel completed to the project dimensions was 20.2 miles, continuous from Greenwich Point, at the lower end of Philadelphia Harbor, to a point about opposite Edgemoor, Del., except for two small rock areas and four short gaps, where contract dredging is nearing completion. A length of about 1.1 miles in Philadelphia Harbor was completed to the project depth for a width of 500 feet, or one-half the project width at this locality. One of the dikes included in the project, that at Chester Island, was completed, and work on the others under con- tract was in progress. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel, over the shoalest part of the improvement, was 30 feet at mean low water. Mean range of tide, 5.3 feet up to Phila- delphia. The total amount expended in connection with the existing project to the end of the fiscal year was $5,064,069.79, of which $3,529,165.88 was for new work and $1,534,903.91 was for mainte- nance. Local cooperation.-The project was adopted without special con- ditions being imposed. A comprehensive plan for enlarging and improving the terminal facilities of the city of Philadelphia has been inaugurated by that municipality, and a number of modern, up-to- date wharves and bulkheads have been built, and others are under construction. A detailed report of the improvements made by the city of Philadelphia and other local interests is contained in the report of the district officer. A municipal pier has also been built by the city of Camden, N. J. Effect of improvement.-Work on the improvement is not suffi- ciently advanced to affect foreign and coastwise freight rates to any appreciable extent as yet. The work so far completed in the upper part of the channel has greatly facilitated the movements of the larger and deeper draft vessels. Freight rates by regular steam- ship lines plying betwen points located on the section of the river under improvement average about 23 per cent less than railroad RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 325 rates between like points. Rates on freight carried by small craft through the improved section of the river average about 50 per cent of railroad rates. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to maintain the existing 30- foot channel by dredging with Government plant, to continue the construction of the 35-foot channel by dredging, dike construction, and the removal of ledge rock from Philadelphia Harbor and from other isolated areas in the channel below Philadelphia, and to con- tinue and complete the wharves and bulkhead at Fort Mifflin, Pa. The channel is subject to rapid shoaling, especially in its lower reaches, and to maintain a depth of 30 feet at mean low water will require the removal of approximately 9,000,000 cubic yards of mate- rial annually. The removal of about 80 per cent of the material ex- cavated in maintenance is accomplished by the " agitation" method, and about 20 per cent is deposited in dumping basins and pumped ashore above high water by the hydraulic method. The funds in hand, amounting to $2,031,191.56, are sufficient to complete existing and proposed contracts and to carry on the mainte- nance work to June 30, 1916. In the interests of economy and in order that the work may be completed in the shortest possible time, large appropriations are both necessary and desirable. The work of removing Mameluke Rock will require about three years to complete, and it will be more ad- vantageous to the Government to have the work performed under one contract. It is therefore recommended that the work on Mame- luke Rock be carried on under a continuing-contract authorization of not less than $600,000. The following estimate for carrying the work forward until June 30, 1917, is submitted: Operation and repair of maintenance plant, consisting of two sea- going suction dredges, one hydraulic dredge, and attendant plant for one year from July 1, 1916, at $25,000 per month_------------ $300, 000 Removal of approximately 10,000,000 cubic yards of material by con- tracts, at an estimated cost of 121 cents per cubic yard 250, 000 1-------1, Removal of approximately 60,000 cubic yards of ledge rock at the Mameluke Rock area, opposite the upper part of Philadelphia, at an estimated cost of $15 per cubic yard ------------------------- 900, 000 Removal of approximately 5,000 cubic yards of ledge rock located in small isolated areas of the river channel below Philadelphia, at an estimated cost of $20 per cubic yard------------------------- 100, 000 Extending the Edgemoor bulkhead to the mouth of the Christiana River in accordance with the adopted project-------------------223, 000 Engineering and contingencies-------- ------------------------ 227, 000 Total ------------ --------------------------------- 3, 000, 000 Commercial statistics.-Foreigncommerce at this port was mate- rially reduced during the calendar year 1914, but trade has improved greatly since January 1, 1915, and exports during the present year are expected to break all previous records. The principal commodi- ties carried consisted of coal, lumber, ores, iron and steel products, petroleum and its by-products, sugar, grain, foodstuffs, and general merchandise. No general change in the nature of the commerce has resulted from the existing improvement. The tabular statement fol- lowing shows the amount and value of the commerce carried during the past three calendar years. 1 Of this amount, $600,000 should be a contract authorization. 326 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 26,267,335 $1,235,106,621 1912........................................................................... 1913.................. .... .......... ........... ......................... 26,569,352 1,229,454,962 1914..................... ........................ ........... 24,817,952 1,033,229,869 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------- $16, 625,183.69 Maintenance --------------------------------------- __ 2, 560, 312.93 Total ------------------------------------------ 19, 185, 496. 62 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........... ........................................ $700, 216.36 $1, 152,790.37 $975,857.90 Maintenance ....... .................................... 319, 674. 78 1 531, 496. 49 302,181.99 Total .................. ......... ............ 1,019, 891.14 ....... 1, 684, 286.86 1,278,039.89 1 Includes $240,000 paid for dredge Manhattan. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ----------------------------------------------- $800, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------ --- 1, 300, 000.00 Aug. 24, 1912----------------------------------------------- 450,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------1, 750,000. 00 June 23, 1913__ ____________ - -- ------- 250,000.00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------------------------------ 1, 000, 000.00 Mar. 4,1915------------------------------------------------ 1, 000, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----------------------------1,308, 434. 77 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 __----------------------------------------------- 1, 000, 000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 - ----------------------------------------- 1, 000,000.00 Receipts from sales--7--------------------------------------- 96. 68 3, 309, 231.45 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_________ __ $975, 857.90 For maintenance of improvement--- ---- _ 302, 181.99 1, 278, 039.89 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----- ___________-_- 2,031,191. 56 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities______________ $28, 882. 98 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ---------------------------------------- 754, 451. 88 783, 334.86 July 1, 1915, balance available_------- ----- ________ 1,247, 856. 70 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-----------------------------------15, 388, 525. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917,for works of improvement and for maintenance_ 2, 400, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 327 5. ICE HARBOR AT MARCUS HOOK, PA. Location.-This harbor is located in the Delaware River, at the town of Marcus Hook, Pa. It is about 20 miles downstream from Philadelphia, Pa., about 35 miles from the head of Delaware Bay, into which the Delaware River empties, and about 81 miles from the Atlantic Ocean at Cape Henlopen, Del. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 295.) Original condition.-In its original condition the Delaware River at this locality afforded no shelter whatever to vessels from the dangers occasioned by floating ice. Previous projects.-In 1785 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania built two wharves upon crib piers, extending from the shore line into the river. In 1829 an appropriation was made by Congress for repairing these piers, improving the harbor, and removing obstruc- tions. In 1866 a project was approved for repairing the wharves, dredging in the harbor, and constructing four detached ice piers. In 1880 the project was enlarged to include the construction.of two additional ice piers, and again modified in 1881 to include another ice pier. The total amount expended from 1866 to June 30, 1888, was $193,919.29. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1781. Present project.-The existing project was adopted in 1888 and consisted in dredging the river bed in the vicinity of the piers to 24, 18, and 12 feet in certain restricted areas, and repairing the wharves and piers, at an estimated cost of $20,000. The acts of Congress appropriating funds for the Marcus Hook ice harbor do not clearly indicate the approval of any of the above-named projects. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The present project was completed in 1889, at a cost of $15,044.35. Since 1889 the piers and wharves have been repaired at various periods, at a cost of $10,636.36, making the total expenditures on all projects $219,600. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-None. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The detached ice piers are in need of repairs to masonry, mooring posts, and ladders. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement provides an ice harbor of about 10 acres, and provides a satisfactory shelter for all classes of vessels whose draft is not too great to enter it. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to reset stones and mooring posts, and to replace the broken iron ladders. Commercial statistics.-There is no exchange of commerce in the harbor. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------__ ------------------ $208, 963. 64 Maintenance --------------------------------- 10, 636.36 Total_ _________ ____ ____------------__ 219, 600. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................... .. . ...... . .... ..... ................ .............. Maintenance ..... .. ........ --- , ---- .. --.-...---- -...I-----------.-... ..... 328 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ___________________ $1, 000. 00 6. CONSTRUCTING PIER IN DELAWARE BAY, NEAR LEWES, DEL. Location.-The pier is located on the Delaware shore, above Cape Henlopen, in the town of Lewes, Del., about 101 miles by water below Philadelphia. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Originalcondition.-Originallythere were no facilities available at the mouth of Delaware Bay for the interchange of rail and water- borne commerce, nor means of communication with the shore by ves- sels seeking shelter or harbor in that locality. Previous projects.-A wooden-pile landing pier, about 1,200 feet long and 20 feet wide, terminating in 8 feet of water at the pier- head, was constructed in 1837 (act of Mar. 3, 1837), for use of vessels in communicating with the shore, so that provisions and supplies could be obtained, and also to give access to lines of travel and afford mail accommodations. This structure was guarded by a series of six ice-breaker piers on the seaward side and a like series on the inner side, placed 100 to 150 feet apart at distances of 75 feet from the landing pier. This structure cost about $60,000, and endured about 12 years. Its failure was caused by a vessel which broke through it after the piles had been honeycombed by boring worms. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1783. Present project.-The river and harbor act of July 15, 1870, adopted a project and appropriated $225,000 for the construction of " a good and substantial pier of stone or iron in the Delaware Bay, at or near Lewes, in Sussex County, in the State of Delaware," for the benefit of commerce that was expected to develop at this locality, but which has failed to materialize. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work was com- menced April 15, 1871, and completed in 1882, except as to super- structure, at a cost of $353,546.41, and resulted in the construction of 1,155 linear feet of pier having a width of 21 feet, and 546 linear feet having a width of 42 feet, or a total length of 1,701 feet, with a depth of water at the pierhead of about 21 feet at mean low water. At the date of completion of the substructure, the superstructure of the inner section, which had been completed in acordance with the original plan, required complete rebuilding on account of decay. Between 1882 and June 30, 1890, the work was directed toward maintenance and practically carried to completion the superstructure of the pier. The amount expended for maintenance of the pier since completion is $34,292.99, making a total of $387,839.40 expended on the work up to the close of the previous fiscal year. The Junction & Breakwater Railroad, since absorbed by the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., was authorized by the act of July 15, 1870, to extend their rail- way upon and over the said pier, but this right has never been, and doubtless never will be, exercised, as the pier is not sufficiently strong to support the weight of a modern locomotive. The sundry civil act of March 3, 1891, authorized the Marine Hospital Service to occupy a portion of the pier. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-None. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 329 Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The flooring of the pier is in need of extensive repairs and a number of fender piles, fender logs, chocks, and cap logs are decayed, broken, or displaced. The total expenditures on existing project have been $387,839.40, of which $353,546.41 was for new work and $34,292.99 for main- tenance. Local cooperation.-In January, 1871, the State of Delaware ceded title to the United States to a tract of land having a front of 500 feet and a depth of 1,000 feet (about 11.5 acres) for the erection thereon of the shore end of the pier. Effect of improvement.-The pier has never been used to any ex- tent for the interchange of commerce. It has been used occasionally as a landing place for vessels reporting at Lewes. The United States Lighthouse Establishment uses the pier as a place for the storage of buoys, the United States Life Saving Service has a boat- house at a point about midway of the pier, and the United States Quarantine Service uses it occasionally for landing passengers. The pier was also used to some extent by the Engineer Department during the construction of the harbor of refuge in Delaware Bay from 1897 to 1901, but has not been used by this department to any extent since that time. Proposed operations.--It will require the expenditure of about $10,000 to place the pier in a reasonable state of repair, but for the reason that the pier is used so little, no work of maintenance is pro- posed at this time. Commercial statistics.-None. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------- ----- $353, 546. 41 Maintenance------------------------------------ 34.292. 99 Total -------------------------------------- 387, 839. 40 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ............................. .................................... Maintenance................................................................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------- $1, 000.00 7. HARBOR OF REFUGE, DELAWARE BAY, DEL. Location.-This harbor is located at the lower end of Delaware Bay, a few miles from the Atlantic Ocean, on the Delaware side of the bay. It is about 120 miles from New York Harbor, about 114 miles from the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, and about 101 miles from Philadelphia, Pa. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-Before improvement the locality was of little service as a harbor of refuge, because the only shelter to vessels anchoring there was given by the mainland of Cape Henlopen, Delaware. The holding ground was good and the depth was suitable for anchorage of all classes of vessels, but it was exposed to easterly and northwesterly storms. Its value to cdmmerce is due to its loca- tion near the coast line and its practical equidistance from New York, 330 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Philadelphia, and Chesapeake Bay, thereby affording a haven of refuge or a port of call for practically the entire North Atlantic coast shipping. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by act of Con- gress approved June 3, 1896, in accordance with plans submitted by the Chief of Engineers January 29, 1892 (H. Doc. 112, 52d Cong., 1st sess.). The work to be done consisted in the construction of a breakwater about 8,000 feet long, beginning at a point about 6,000 feet from Cape Henlopen, extending in a northerly direction for a distance of 2,695 feet, thence in a northwesterly direction for 5,330 feet, and the construction of 10 ice piers, located in a line per- pendicular to the line of the breakwater. A subproject for the con- struction of the 10 ice piers was approved by the Secretary of War April 23, 1900, and a subproject for 5 additional ice piers was ap- proved June 30, 1902. The approved estimate of the cost of the original project was $4,665,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the breakwater was begun in May, 1897, and completed in December, 1901. Work on the 10 ice piers was begun in 1901 and completed in 1902, and on the 5 additional ice piers the corresponding dates are August, 1902, and June, 1903. The total expenditures under the project amounted to $2,254,205.04, of which $16,000 was for mainte- nance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-None. Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-Some shoaling has taken place in the area sheltered by the breakwater. The breakwater and ice piers are in good condition. Total expenditures have been $2,254,- 205.04, of which $2,238,205.34 was for new work and $16,000 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the construction of the breakwater and ice piers has been to provide a safe anchorage ground for a large number of vessels annually, both as a port of call and a refuge from easterly storms. The anchorage ground is exposed to northwesterly storms and drifting ice. The harbor is not used for the exchange of commerce. Proposed operations.-None. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $2, 238, 205. 34 Maintenance------------------------------------------ 16, 000. 00 Total---- _ ------------------------------------- 2, 254, 205. 34 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work c............................................. ... 8 .......... .89............. Maintenance ----------------------------------------- $8,380.89 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--___------------------------------ $8,000.00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 331 EXAMINATION AND SURVEY MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH RIVER AND HAR- BOR ACT APPROVED MARCH 4, 1913. Reports dated June 5, 1913, and May 12, 1914, with map, on pre- liminary examination and survey respectively of Delaware River at Camden, N. J., from Cooper River to Newton Creek, required by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were transmitted to Con- gress and printed in House Document No. 1120, Sixty-third Con- gress, second session. A plan of improvement is presented, at an estimated cost, to be borne by the United States, of $71,080. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Delaware Breakwater and Harbor of Refuge, Delaware Bay, Del. 2. Delaware River from the mouth of Cooper River to Fishers Point Dike, on the New Jersey shore, including consideration of any proposition for cooperation on the part of local interests. 3. Delaware River from Trenton, N. J., to Easton, Pa. 4. Schuylkill River from the Delaware River to South Street Bridge, with a view to dredging to a depth of 35 feet, including con- sideration of any proposition for cooperation on the part of local or State interests. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE WILMINGTON, DEL., DISTRICT. This district includes the tributaries of Delaware River and Bay and the streams, bays, and inlets along the Atlantic coast from Toms River, N. J., to Metompkin Inlet, Va. For supervision of fish pounds, its southern limit is Cape Charles, Va. District officer: Maj. E. N. Johnston, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. William M. Black, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Cooper River, N. J........... 331 16. Appoquinimink, Murderkill, 2. Woodbury Creek, N. J........ 333 and Mispillion Rivers, Del.. 363 3. Mantua Creek, N. J --- --.... 335 17. Smyrna River, Del............ 369 4. Raccoon Creek, N. J---.....---....--- 337 18. Leipsic River, Del.......... 371 5. Oldmans Creek, N. J --..- --- 339 19. Little River, Del............. 373 6. ------ Salem River, N. J-----............ 341 20. St. Jones River, Del.......... 375 7. Alloway Creek, N. J.......... 343 21. Broadkill River, Del.......... 377 8. Cohansey River, N. J ........ 345 22. Inland waterway between Re- 9. Maurice River, N. J--..--....... 347 hoboth Bay and Delaware 10. Cold Spring Inlet, N. J.----....... 349 Bay, Del ................... 379 11. Absecon Inlet, N. J--........... 353 23. Inland waterway from Chinco- 12. Absecon Creek, N. J . ........ 355 teague Bay, Va., to Delaware 13. Tuckerton Creek, N. J-- ........ 356 Bay, Del ................... 381 14. Toms River, N. J. --.......... -- 358 24. Improving waterway on the 15. Wilmington Harbor, Del ..... 360 coast of Virginia............ 383 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2213 TO 2247. 332 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1. COOPER RIVER, N. J. Location.-This river rises in Camden County, N. J., flows north- westerly through the northern part of the city of Camden, and empties into the Delaware River. A length of 9,000 feet from the Delaware River is included in the project. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-Before improvement the river had an aver- age depth of 6 to 9 feet, except near the upper limit, where the depth was about 32 feet. The river has an available low-water depth of 2 feet to Stoys Landing, the head of navigation, 81 miles from the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project (adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896) is for a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water and 70 feet wide through the bar outside the mouth and upstream to what was formerly Browning's Chemical Works, 1 miles above the mouth, at an estimated cost of $35,000. (H. Doc. No. 176, 53d Cong., 3d sess.) The range of tide at the mouth is 6 feet and at Stoys Landing 2 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging was begun in 1897, and the channel was dredged and maintained from the Delaware River to within 400 feet of the upper limit of the project. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, for original work was $28,101.64, and for maintenance $34,327.94, a total of $62,429.58. Dredging operations resulted in a channel of project dimensions, except at the bridges, where it conformed to the draw openings. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations were in progress; the expeditures were for office expenses and inspections, amounting to $48.81, for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 90 per cent of the project has been completed. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, from the Delaware River to the Camden Iron Works was 10 feet; thence to the upper end of the section covered by the project 61 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $28,101.64 for original work and $34,376.75 for main- tenance, a total of $62,478.39. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Freight rates have been reduced be- cause the enlargement of the channel has resulted in a reduction of lighterage. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand are not sufficient for any dredging work. Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year was coal, ores, pipe, hay, manure, oil, chemicals, skins, building materials, and miscellaneous merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912....-- ....-----..... .. .... ..--.... .. . ... 359,449 $4,224,893.23 1913.. . . . . .. 289,061 3,699,277.26 1914.. . . . . .. 291,305 3,386,414.51 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 333 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work _ _-----------------------------------__ $28, 101. 64 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 34, 376. 75 Total _--__------------------------------ ------------- 62,478.39 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..........................-----------------------------... . . -------..-.. ................--------1,425.54 ..... 1,000.00 $8,375.30 $48.81 Maintenance........................................ Total.---..---. ---------------- -------- .-----------. 2,425.54 8,375.30 48.81 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911_ -------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ------------------------------------------ 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- 70. 42 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement-------------------------------------------- 48. 81 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------_ 21.61 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ___--------------------------------------- 16, 827.94 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June ------------------- 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___ 5, 000. 00 2. WOODBURY CREEK, N. J. Location.-This stream rises in and flows through Gloucester County northwesterly, emptying into the Delaware River about 9 milds below Philadelphia, Pa. The section included in the project extends from the Delaware River to Woodbury, 4 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-There was a general channel depth of about 4 feet, except across the bar outside the mouth, where the minimum usable depth was about 3 feet, and at Woodbury, the head of navi- gation, about 1 foot. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project (adopted by the river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1913) provides for a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water from the Delaware River to Woodbury, 60 feet wide across the bar outside the mouth, and up the river to the White Bridge, 1 miles, thence 40 feet wide to Woodbury, 4 miles from the entrance, including three cut-offs, subject to the condition that no work shall be done until parties interested furnish free of cost to the United States the land necessary for the cut-offs and for deposit of dredged material, at an estimated cost of $38,000. (H. Doc. No. 635, 62d Cong., 2d sess., with map.) The mean range of tide at the mouth is 6 feet and at Woodbury, 4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Title for land required for cut-offs was secured; proposals for dredging were 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 334 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. opened June 1, 1914, and contract dated June 17, 1914, was entered into. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, for original work was $85.02. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging was be- gun August 5, 1914. To the close of the fiscal year the channel had been dredged to project dimensions, including the three cut-offs from the Delaware River to a point 400 feet below the fixed bridge at Woodbury, the head of navigation. The work was done by contract. The amount expended on this improvement for dredging during the fiscal year 1915 was $20,687.05, none of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 95 per cent of the project has been completed. The channel has been given a uniform depth of not less than 6 feet from the Delaware River to 400 feet from the upper limit of the project at Woodbury, and the three cut- offs made shortened the distance 3,340 feet.' The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, from the Delaware River to within 400 feet of the fixed highway bridge at Woodbury was 6 feet; thence to the bridge, 1 foot. The amount expended on this improvement to June 30, 1915, was $20,772.07, none of which was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The land for the three cut-offs and for the deposit of the dredged material required by law to be furnished by local interests free of cost to the United States was donated by local interests, and title to the land was approved by the Department of Justice January 8, 1914. Effect of improvement.-The improvement, although not com- pleted, has already facilitated the movement of vessels. It is re- ported that upon the completion of the work a steamboat line for both passengers and freight will be established between Woodbury and Philadelphia. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to apply the balance available to completing the improvement, and the additional appropriation recommended to maintenance by dredging. Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year was coal, manure, agricultural products, building materials, and miscellaneous merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 19121 ................ ..----........................ 19132--------------- ------------------------------------------- 1914............................................................................ 11,279 $38,390 1 No adopted project. 2 No statistics obtainable. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------ ------------------- $20, 772. 07 Maintenance ---- ------------ - ----- ---------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................................................................. $85.02 $20,687.05 Maintenance... ......................... ........ ............................. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 335 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--------------------- ---------------------- $38, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------- ---- 37, 914. 98 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------------------ 6, 000. 00 31, 914. 98 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement ---------------------------------------- 20, 687.05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---___ -- ___________________ 11, 227. 93 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----______________________ $1, 490. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 2, 100. 00 3, 590. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available----------- _________-______ 7, 637. 93 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement -- _ _______ ___ 16, 000. 00 3. MANTUA CREEK, N. J. Location.-This creek rises in Gloucester County, N. J., flows northwesterly, and empties into the Delaware River about 10 miles below Philadelphia, Pa. The section of creek included in the project extends from the Delaware River to 1 mile below the town of Man- tua, 74 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-Before improvement this creek was very crooked, obstructed by bars and sharp bends, and in the upper por- tions by stumps and overhanging trees. It had an average depth at the mouth of 8 feet; at Paulsboro, 4 miles above the mouth, of 5 feet; at Mount Royal, 7 miles above the mouth, of 2 feet; and at Mantua, the head of navigation, of 1 foot. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882, and was modified in 1889. The amount expended upon previous projects was $3,000. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1784. Present project.-This project (adopted by the river and harbor act of Mar. 3, 1899) provides for a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide from the Delaware River, through the marsh to the phosphate works; thence 8 feet deep and 80 feet wide, via cut-offs, to Paulsboro; thence 7 feet deep and 60 feet wide, via cut-off, to Parkers Landing, near Mount Royal; and the dredging of a cut-off 3 feet deep and 50 feet wide, 9,000 feet above Berkley (Mount Royal); the removal of overhanging trees above Mount Royal, and the construction of jetties on both sides of the mouth; estimated cost, $145,030 (see H. Doc. No. 123, 55th Cong., 2d sess., Annual Report for 1898, p. 1122). The mean range of tide at the mouth is 6 feet; at Paulsboro, 41 feet; at Mount Royal, 4 feet; and at Mantua, 21 feet. The project was modified by the river and har- bor act of March 2, 1907, so as to include the construction of a dike across the old mouth without increase of estimated cost. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, 336 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging opera- tions were begun in 1889, and the channel was dredged and main- tained from the mouth to Parkers Landing. The cut-off at the mouth, three cut-offs between the phosphate works and Paulsboro, and a cut-off above Paulsboro were completed. In 1907 a jetty on each side of the mouth and a dike to close the old mouth were con- structed. Subsequently the jetties were extended shoreward, and the dike at the old mouth was sheathed. The result was a channel 12 feet deep and 100 feet wide from the Delaware River to the phosphate works, thence 8 feet deep and 80 feet wide to Paulsboro, thence 7 feet deep and 60 feet wide to Parkers Landing. The cut- offs shortened the channel about 2 miles. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, for original work was $104,535.04 and for mainte- nance $29,961.23, a total of $134,496.27, all under the present project. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. The expenditures were for office expenses and for inspections, amounting to $80.75 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 85 per cent of the project has been completed. The remaining portion is regarded as unimportant. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the channel was 12 feet from the Delaware River to the phosphate works, thence 8 feet to Paulsboro, thence 7 feet to Mount Royal, and thence 1 foot to Mantua. The total expendi- tures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $104,535.04 for original work and $30,041.98 for maintenance, a total of $134,- 577.02. Local cooperation.-The one cut-off above Paulsboro was made by the enlargement of a ditch which formed a natural connection, the work being done with the consent of the owner of abutting property. Effect of improvement.-Effect on freight rates not reported. Shipments of fruit and other perishable merchandise have been facilitated. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to apply the balance avail- able in continuing the improvement and for maintenance and the additional appropriation recommended for maintenance. Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year was fertilizers, farm produce, fruits, coal, chemi- cals, building materials, and miscellaneous merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912... ........................................................... 202,559 $2,246,327 1913.......................................................................... 187,780 2,912,930 1914........................................................................... 1914.. 113,518 113, 518 1,541,970 1,541,970 The foregoing statistics were obtained by reports from vessel .wners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress ap- proved February 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures furnished by I. P. Thomas & Sons Co., Philadelphia, Pa., and others interested in the commerce of Mantua Creek, N. J. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914 because RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS 337 this is the first attempt to secure the statement from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financialsumm ary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------- ------------------- ----------- $107, 535. 04 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 30, 041. 98 Total---------------------------------------------- 137, 577. 02 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.....................----------------------------........---............-------...-------.... $20,000.00 ............. Maintenance.............. ..................................--...- 18,257.63 240.07 $8075 Total.-------. --....- -- ----.. ------ ... .----...--------..-------- 38,257.63 240.07 80.75 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------- $6, 000. 00 July 25, 1912---------- ----------------------------------- 3,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913---------- ----- -------- ------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------- 19, 053. 73 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915------------------- ---------------------- 15, 000. 00 4, 053. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------------------------- 80. 75 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------3, 972. 98 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 28. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------- --------------- 3, 944. 98 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-------------------------------- ------------ 25, 783. 18 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------------110, 000.00 4. RACCOON CREEK, N. J. Location.-This creek rises in Gloucester County, N. J., flows in a northwesterly direction, and empties into the Delaware River about 20 miles below Philadelphia, Pa. The section included in the project extends from the Delaware River to Swedesboro, 9 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.--The creek was crooked and obstructed by numerous shoals. It had an available depth of 4 feet between the mouth and Bridgeport, 1} miles; thence a depth of 3 feet to Swedes- boro, the head of navigation, 9.75 miles from the entrance. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. The amount expended upon pre- vious projects was $757.23. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1784. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373 0 ---ENG 1915---22 338 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Present project.-This project (adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902) provides for a channel 7 feet deep, 75 feet wide, from the Delaware River to Bridgeport, thence 60 feet wide to Springers Wharf, and thence 5 feet deep and 40 feet wide to Swedes- boro; estimated cost, $102,135. (H. Doec. No. 231, 56th Cong., 1st sess., Annual Report for 1900, p. 1590.) The mean range of tide is 6 feet at the mouth and 5 feet at Swedesboro. The project was modi- fied by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, so as to include the construction of a cut-off at Molonox Shoal without increase of estimated cost. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging was begun in 1903, and the channel was dredged to project dimensions and maintained from the mouth of the river to the fixed highway bridge at Swedesboro, including the cut-off at Molonox Shoal. The cut-off shortened the river three-fourths of a mile. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, under the present project for original work was $47,906.87 and for maintenance $21,705.67, a total of $69,612.54. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging which was in progress at the close of the previous fiscal year was con- tinued and shoals were removed from the channel to project dimen- sions between the mouth and Bridgeport, aggregating 6,550 feet in length, and between Springers Wharf and Molonox cut-off, aggregat- ing 7,292 feet in length. The work was done by contract. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $11,543.67, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 95 per cent of the project has been completed. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, from the Delaware River to Bridgeport was 4 feet; thence to Springers Wharf, 7 feet; and thence to Swedesboro, 4 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $47,906.87 for original work and $33,249.34 for maintenance, a total of $81,156.21. Local cooperation.-The lands necessary for the cut-off at Molonox Shoal were required by law to be deeded to the United States free of cost. This was accomplished March 19, 1908. Effect of improvement.-The carrying of perishable freight has been facilitated. Bulky freight can now be carried by water for about half of the cost of carriage by rail. Proposed operations.--The available balance will be expended in the spring of 1916 for maintenance dredging, and it is proposed to apply the funds estimated for 1917 in continuation of this work. Comn-mercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year was coal, building materials, crude oil, fertilizers, ma- nure, salt hay, fruit, agricultural products, and miscellaneous merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912................. ....................... ........ ......... .. 92,688 $1,163, 700 1913........................................................................... 89,075 1,158,170 1914............................................................................. 23, 543 350, 907 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 339 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, mas- ters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress, approved February 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures fur- nished by those interested in the commerce on Raccoon Creek, N. J. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully repre- sent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, because this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financialszmmary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------- ---- $48, 664. 10 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 33, 249. 34 Total----------------- -------------------------- 81,913. 44 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ... . ... ... ......... .. .. ... . $2,300. 00 ............ Maintenance. ...... ...................................... 3,041.26 $745.02 $11,543.67 Total................... ........................... 5,341.26 745.02 11,543.67 APPROPRIATIONS. [or last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912---------------- - ____ 4,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------- 13, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------12, 230. 23 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 17, 230. 23 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement __________ -_____- ______-______--- 11, 543. 67 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------5, 686. 56 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ------------------------------------- 122, 635.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_________-__ - ___- 1 5, 000. 00 5. OLDMANS CREEK, N. J. Location.-This creek, which forms a part of the boundary line between Gloucester and Salem Counties, flows northwesterly and empties into the Delaware River about 24 miles below Philadelphia, Pa. The section of creek included in the project extends from the Delaware River to Auburn, 101 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The creek was crooked and obstructed by sharp bends and numerous shoals. There was an available depth of 3 feet across the bar outside of the mouth, of 51 feet between the mouth and Pedricktown, and of 3 feet between Pedricktown and Auburn, the head of navigation, 15 miles from the mouth. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 340 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water from the Delaware River to Pedricktown and 5 feet deep at mean low water from Pedricktown to Auburn, 100 feet wide across the bar outside of the mouth, 75 feet wide thence to Pedrick- town, and 40 feet wide to Auburn, including 9 cutoffs and a jetty at the mouth. Estimated cost, $89,500. (H. Doc. No. 1083, 60th Cong., 2d sess., with map.) The mean range of tide is 6 feet at mouth, 21 feet at Pedricktown, and 1 foot at Auburn. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging by con- tract was begun November 26, 1913, and the channel had been dredged to project dimensions at the bar outside of the mouth; through cut-off No. 8; from Wright's wharf at Pedricktown, up- stream through cut-offs 5, 6, and 7, a distance of 6,100 feet; from Auburn downstream, a distance of 19,040 feet, through cut-offs 1, 2, and 3; and partial excavation had been made through cut-offs 4 and 9. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $21,364.41, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging which was in progress at the close of the previous fiscal year was continued. Cut-offs Nos. 4 and 9 were completed; shoals in the channel between Pedricktown and the mouth aggregating 5,850 feet in length were dredged to project dimensions and 13 sharp bends between Auburn and the mouth were eased by widening. The work was done by con- tract. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $9,824.02, all of which was for original work. The dredging portion of the project is completed. Condition at end of fiscal year.-About 50 per cent of the project has been completed. The minimum usable depth, June 30, 1915, from the Delaware River to Pedricktown, was 6 feet and thence to Auburn 5 feet. The cut-offs shortened the distance between the Delaware River and Auburn 4j miles. The total expenditure under the exist- ing project to June 30, 1915, was $31,188.43, all of which was for original work. Local cooperation.-As required by law the necessary land required for the nine cut-offs was furnished by local interests free of cost to the United States and the United States was released from all claims for damages arising from the diversion of the stream, title to the land and the releases being approved by the Department of Justice April 17, 1913. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has been of great bene- fit to navigation and has facilitated and expedited the carrying of perishable freight. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to apply the balance avail- able in maintenance by dredging under contract. Since the adoption of the present project a stone dike forming part of the improvement of the Delaware River has been begun. This dike will extend from just below the mouth of the creek to the head of Cherry Island Flats, im the Delaware River. Pending the effect of this dike upon the channel across the bar outside the mouth of the creek, no additional funds are asked for to continue the improvement. Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year was manure, fruit, agricultural products, fertilizers, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 341 flour, shingles, coal, cordwood, stone, lumber, baskets, phosphate rock, etc. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912 (improvement not begun). 1913 ... . .................-....... ... ... 88, 412 $812,900. 00 1914.......... ................................... 25,659 250, 166.91 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, mas- ters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress approved Feb- ruary 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures furnished by those interested in the commerce on Raccoon Creek, N. J. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fu4lly represent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, because this is the first attempt to secure the statement of com- merce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $31,188. 43 Maintenance------------------- ------------------------------ Amiount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 .........................$30.00 New work.......... Maintenance............ ............... ................... $21,334.41 . $9,824.02 ....- APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----- --------------------- $23, 635. 59 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------- 7, 000. 00 16, 635. 59 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of1 improvement -------------------------------------------- 9, 824. 02 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 6, 811. 57 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project --------------------------------------- 44, 500.00 6. SALEM RIVER, N. J. Location.-This river lies wholly in Salem County. It formerly flowed westward 10 miles, thence southward 13 miles to the city of Salem, and thence westward 3 miles, emptying into the Delaware River about 45 miles below Philadelphia. In 1872 it was divided into two distinct streams by a dam, and the upper section was con- neeted with the Delaware River by a canal. The section included in the project extends from the Delaware River to the fixed highway bridge at Salem, 4 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 342 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-Before improvement the river was obstructed by stony and gravel bars and had a minimum available depth at the entrance through Salem Cove of 51 feet and of 44 feet in Little Salem River. Salem is the head of navigation. Previous projects.-The original project, adopted in 1870 and modified in 1878, was for improvement at the mouth and in the upper (now cut off) river. The amount expended on the previous project was $17,209.34. (For scope of previous project, see Appen- dix, p. 1784.) Present project.--This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of March 2, 1907, and provides for a channel 9 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide from the Delaware River to the highway bridge over Little Salem River, the head of navigation, and the removal of stony bars in front of the city wharves and at the bend above the brick yard. Estimated cost at time of adoption of project, $29,000, but later increased to $38,600. (H. Doc. No. 78, 55th Cong., 1st sess.; River and Harbor Com. Doc. No. 12, 59th Cong., 2d sess.; and Annual Report for 1897, p. 1245.) The mean range of tide is 6 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-Prior to the present project, a channel 6 feet deep and 50 feet wide was dredged in the portion of the river since cut off, and a channel 8 feet deep and 100 feet wide was dredged from the Delaware River to the mouth of the river across Salem Cove. Under the present project the channel has been dredged 9 feet deep and 75 to 100 feet wide from the Dela- ware River to the highway bridge over Little Salem River, and the stony bar in front of the city wharves has been removed to a depth of 9 feet. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, under the present project was $38,600 for original work and $23,170.84 for mainte- nance, a total of $61,770.84. Operations and results during the fiscal year.---No operations have been in progress. The expenditures, for office expenses and inspec- tion, amounted to $933.14, all of which was for maintenance. A con- tract approved September 21, 1914, was entered into for dredging Salem River for maintenance in combination with the dredging of Maurice River, N. J., and Little River, Del., and work will be started as soon as the dredging at Maurice River is completed. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 95 per cent of the proj- ect has been completed. The minimum usable depth, June 30, 1915, was 7 feet across Salem Cove and 7 feet in the river. The total ex- penditure under the present project to the close of the fiscal year 1915, for improvement, was $38,600, and for maintenance $24,103.98, a total of $62,703.98. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The effect on freight rates has not been reported, but shipments of fruits and other perishable freights have been facilitated and expedited. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to combine the balance avail- able with the funds estimated for to be used in maintenance of the improved channel by dredging. The small portion of the project remaining uncompleted is the widening of the channel from 75 and 80 feet to 100 feet at the upper end of Little Salem River. No funds are asked for this work because it is unimportant. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 343 Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year was coal, building materials, fertilizers, flour, agri- cultural products, canned goods, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912....... ........ ............ ................................ 391,346 $2,235,344 1913........... ................................................... 163,522 4,834,290 1914.............. ......... ....... . .................. ........... 25,537 728,102 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress approved February 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures furnished by those interested in the commerce on Salem River, N. J. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual com- merce transported on this stream during the year 1914, because this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $55, 809. 34 Maintenance__--------------------___ 24, 103. 98 Total- --------------- 79,913. 32 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work1....... .. .. . .. .. ........ . .. Maintenance........ ........................................ $1,072.48 $4,909.26 $933.14 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $10, 600. 00 July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------- 15, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------- 14, 929. 16 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------- 933. 14 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ _-- -_-.--------- _ --- 13, 996. 02 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts-----------10, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available----------- 3, 496. 02 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_____--___----- 110, 000.00 7. ALLOWAY CREEK, N. J. Location.-This creek rises in Salem County and flows southwest- erly, emptying into the Delaware River about 47 miles below Phila- delphia, Pa. The section included in the project extends from 1 mile 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 344 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. above the Delaware River to Quinton, 81 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The creek had numerous shoals, over which the depth was 4 to 5 feet. Quinton, the upper limit of the project, was then 10 miles from the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Presentproject.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and provides for a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water from a locality known as The Square upstream to Quinton, 75 feet wide to a point 1,000 feet above Upper Hancock Bridge and thence 60 feet wide to Quinton, supplemented by a dike at The Square and by an increase of width at the canal to 150 feet between low-water lines. Estimated cost, $25,000. (H. Doc. No. 60, 51st Cong., 1st sess.; Annual Report for 1890, p. 960.) The mean range. of tide is 6 feet; at Hancock Bridge 5 feet, and at Quinton 4 feet. The project was modified in 1896 to include a dike above Upper Hancock Bridge and by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, to include the construction of a cut-off at Fosters Bottle. These modifications did not increase the originally estimated cost of the work. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-Dredging was begun in 1891. The channel was dredged and maintained to project dimen- sions from Fosters Bottle to Quinton and the dikes at the Square and at Upper Hancock Bridge were constructed. The cut-off at Fosters Bottle shortened the channel 1 mile. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, for original work was $21,397.73 and for mainte- nance $24,191.82, a total of $45,589.55. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations have been in progress during the fiscal year. The expenditure, which was for maintenance, amounted to $73.18, for office expenses and examina- tions. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted at a saving of $3,602.27. The minimum usable depth, June 30, 1915, was about 4 feet. The total expenditure to the close of the fiscal year 1915 was $21,397.73 for improvement and $24,265 for main- tenance, a total of $45,662.73. Local cooperation.-As required by law all land required for the cut-off at Fosters Bottle was furnished by local interests free of cost to the United States, title to the land being approved by the Depart- ment of Justice July 30, 1908. Effect of improvement.-The carrying of perishable freight has been facilitated and vessels are now able to get to Quinton at low tide. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to apply the balance available to maintenance by dredging as the need arises. No estimate is sub- mitted for fiscal year 1917. Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year was coal, cordwood, brick, canned goods, fertilizers, sand, lumber, agricultural products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. .Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912....... ....... . .................. ......... .......... 17, 062 64, 100i.00 1913................ ............ 34,342 1,105,483.00 1914...................... . ........ .................................... 8,314 140,181.31 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 345 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress, approved February 21, 1891, and checked, as far as possible, by figures furnished by those interested in the commerce on Alloway Creek, N. J. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, because this is the first attempt to secure the statement of com- merce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------------------- $21, 397. 73 Maintenance --------------------- ---------------- 24, 265. 00 Total ------------------------------------ 45, 662. 73 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................. ............. . ...... Maintenance..................................-.. X3,333.55 $238.70 X73.18 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------ 3, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------- 5, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended________________ ---------- ___-_5, 010. 45 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement -------------------------------------------- 3.18 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 4, 937.27 8. COHANSEY RIVER, N. J. Location.-This river rises in Salem County, flows southerly and southwesterly through Cumberland County and empties into the Delaware Bay about 62 miles below Philadelphia, Pa. The sec- tions of river included in the project are from the head of naviga- tion at Bridgeton to Stony Point, 1 miles, which is 181 miles from the mouth, and the cut-off at the mouth whose length is one-half mile. Original condition.--The river was obstructed by a broad bar at the mouth, over which there was a depth of about 5 feet. Through and below the city of Bridgeton the bottom was nearly bare at low water in numerous places. Bridgeton, the head of navigation, was 20 miles from the mouth. Previous project.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1873, and was modified in 1879. The amount expended on previous projects was $36,000. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1785. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of March 2, 1907, and provides for a cut-off 7 feet deep and 100 feet wide, and for a channel 7 feet deep at mean low water 100 feet wide from Stony Point to Broad Street Bridge, Bridgeton, a distance of 6,000 feet; thence 75 feet wide to Commerce Street Bridge, 346 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. a farther distance of 740 feet; and thence 60 feet wide to the nail works bridge, the head of navigation, a farther distance of 900 feet, at an estimated cost of $55,800. (H. Doec. No. 645, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) The mean range of tide is about 51 feet at the mouth and 7 feet at Bridgeton. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The cut-off was made at the mouth and the channel was dredged and maintained from Stony Point to the nail works bridge to project dimensions. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, under the present project for original work was $48,578.89 and for maintenance $9,679.16, a total of $58,258.05. Operationsand results during fiscal year.--No operations have been in progress as the dredged channel has maintained itself very well. Expenditures, for office expenses and inspections, amounted to $153.42, which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted at a saving of $7,221.11. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, between Delaware Bay and Nail Works bridge was the project depth of 7 feet. Total expenditure under the existing project to close of fiscal year 1915 for original work was $48,578.89 and for maintenance was $9,832.58, a total of $58,411.47. Local cooperation.-Theland required for the cut-off at the mouth was voluntarily conveyed to the United States free of cost; title being approved by the Department of Justice September 21, 1910. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement on freight rates has not been reported, but it has facilitated and expedited ship- ments of fruits and other perishable merchandise. The cut-off at the mouth saves 3 miles to and from points up Delaware River and assures a deeper entrance. Proposedoperations.-It is proposed to apply the balance available in maintenance by dredging, when necessary, and no estimate is sub- mitted for the fiscal year 1917. Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year was coal, lumber, oysters, cereals, hay, farm produce, fertilizers, lumber, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912.......................................................................... 186,960 $3,759,924 1913................................................................................................. 50,186 605,190 1914.................. --..- .......................................... 33,426 427,425 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress approved February 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures furnished by those interested in the commerce on Cohansey River, N. J. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, because this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 347 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $84, 578. 89 Maintenance------------------------------------------ 9, 832. 58 Total---------------------------------- ----- 94, 411. 47 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................... .......... .. ....... $7,000.00...... Maintenance .................................................. $1,287.36 4,012.45 153.42 Total,.................... . ........ ......... 1,287.36 11,012.45 153.42 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------- $3, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 7, 141. 95 Deduction on account of transfer under authority of river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 4,141. 95 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement--------------------- ------------------------ 153. 42 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------- 3, 988. 53 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__ ------------------------------ 26. 54 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 3, 961. 99 9. MAURICE RIVER, N. J. Location.-This river rises in Gloucester County, flows southerly and southwesterly through Cumberland County, and empties into Delaware Bay, through Maurice Cove, about 89 miles below Phila- delphia. The section included in the project extends from Delaware Bay to Millville, 24 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-This river has a width of 500 to 1,000 feet in the lower portion and of 200 to 400 feet in the upper portion. Be- fore improvement it was obstructed by numerous sand bars. The depth over the bar at the mouth was 5 feet; at French's bar, 20 miles above the mouth, it was 4 feet; and at Millville, the head of naviga- tion, 24 miles above the entrance, it was 2 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted in the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. It was modified in 1890 to provide for an increased depth, and again in 1892 to provide for an extension of the improvement farther upstream. The amount expended on previous projects was $43,000. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1785. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for a channel 7 feet deep at mean low water across the bar at the mouth in Maurice Cove and up to the 348 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. head of navigation at Millville, including a turning basis at the upper end, the width to Millville Bridge to be 100 feet and thence 60 feet to the mill dam, at an estimated cost of $156,200. (H. Doc. No. 664, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) The mean range of tide is 5 feet at the mouth and 6 feet at Millville. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged to project dimensions and maintained from French's Bar upstream to about 2,900 feet above the Millville bridge, including a turning basin below the bridge. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, under the present project, on original work was $35,538.71 and on maintenance $3,839.35, a total of $39,378.06. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged from the mouth of the river outwaid across Maurice Cove 6 feet deep and 100 feet wide for a distance of 4,400 feet. Amount expended during fiscal year was $13,964.46, all of which was for original work. The work was done by contract. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 40 per cent of the project has been completed. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, across the bar in Maurice Cove was 5 feet and in the river 7 feet. Total expenditures under the existing project to close of the fiscal year for original work, $49,503.17, and for maintenance, $3,889.35, a total of $53,342.52. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-Larger vessels can now- be used, and in consequence there is a larger output from the sand deposits, and vessels can now be operated to Millville at low tide. The full effect and value of the improvement can not be determined until the chan- nel outside the mouth is completed. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to apply the balance avail- able and funds estimated for in continuing work on the channel out- side the mouth until the project dimensions have been made, in ex- tending the channel in the upper river to the head of navigation, and in maintenance by dredging, as needed. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year was coal, fish, oysters, hay, molding sand, bricks, fertilizers, and agricultural products. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. -Short tons. Value. 1912..--------....--.................................................------............. -------.. 391,346 $2,235,440.00 1913 ........ ...... 526,448 2,356,676.00 4........................2................... 1914 .................... ........................................ 193,507 1,921,028.88 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, mas- ters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress, approved February 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures fur- nished by those interested in the commerce on Maurice River, N. J. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully rep- resent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, because this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 349 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------ --- -------------------- $92, 503.17 Maintenance,-------------------------------------- ----- 3, 839. 35 Total --------------------------------------------- 96, 342..52 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......... .............. .. .......... ..... $6,108.21 $6,639.73 $13,964.46 Maintenance............................ ....... ........... ... 3... 3,839.35....... Total.......................................... 8, 108.21 10,479.08 13,964. 4 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------- -__ --------------- $20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ------------------------------ 30, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 35, 621. 94 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915------------------ ------------------- ---- 3, 000. 00 32, 621.94 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement 13, 964. 46 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___----------------------------18, 657. 48 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------- $2,400.00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 16,250.00 18, 650. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ---------------------------------- 7. 48 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------------------------------- 184, 200. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-.--..- 110,000. 00 10. COLD SPRING INLET, N. J. Location.-Cold Spring Inlet is located in Cape May County, southern New Jersey, about 3 miles east of Cape May City and about 16 miles northeast of Delaware Breakwater. The inlet connects Cold Spring Harbor with the Atlantic Ocean, and is about 1 mile in length. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-There was a natural basin inside the inlet about 6 feet deep and 60 acres in area. In the gorge of the inlet there was a depth of 29 feet and on the outside bar a minimum depth of 31 feet. There was no commerce. In 1903 private parties began the enlargement of the basin inside to a depth of from 30 to 40 feet and to about 500 acres in area. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of March 2, 1907, and provides for an entrance channel 25 feet deep at mean low water and 400 feet wide, protected by parallel 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 350 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. stone jetties 700 feet or more apart, at an estimated cost of $1,311,000 and $10,000 annually for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 388, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range of tide is 4J feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The stone jetties were made parallel throughout, and the clear distance apart fixed at 850 feet, with pile, brush, and stone wings at the shore ends. Pile, brush, and stone construction was substituted for stone for a length of 2,000 feet at the inshore end of the west jetty. The jetties were completed in 1911. A channel was dredged 15 feet deep and 400 feet wide from the harbor to the ocean, a distance of 5,200 feet, and this channel was deepened to 25 feet for a distance of 2,862 feet from the harbor outward and partially dredged for an additional distance of 1,300 feet. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, for original work was $905,996.71, of which $97,161.94 was from funds contributed by the Cape May Real Estate Co. Nothing had been spent for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging opera- tions which were in progress at the close of the previous fiscal year were continued to November 20, 1914, when work was stopped on acccount of damage to the plant, and was not resumed during the fiscal year. Arrangements were made for use of the United States dredge Key West in completing the 25-foot channel. Partial dredg- ing was done over a length of 1,500 feet seaward of that completed during the previous fiscal year, but project dimensions were not made. Repairs were made to the jetties by placing additional stone to the amount of 8,496.63 net tons. This work was done by con- tract. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $31,546.85 for original work and $24,810.16 for maintenance, a total of $56,- 357.01. The expenditure for original work was for dredging and that for maintenance for repairs to jetties. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--About 93 per cent of the project is completed. The channel is about 200 feet wide and has a minimum usable depth of 18 feet. The severe storm of December, 1914, so damaged the jetties that about 9,000 short tons of stone will be required to restore them to their original cross section. The total expenditures to the close of the fiscal year 1915 were $937,543.56 for new work (including $97,161.94 contributed funds) and $24,- 810.16 for maintenance, a total of $962,353.72. The funds on hand are sufficient to complete the dredging of the 25-foot channel. This will complete the entire project at a saving of at least $309,800. Local cooperation.-In compliance with law the Cape May Real Estate Co. contributed $100,000 toward the cost of the improvement and has assumed the work of deepening and enlarging the inner harbor. Effect of improvement.-Increased use by commercial and fishing interests and as a harbor of refuge. Proposed operations.-The balance available will be expended by the spring of 1916 in continuing work on the 25-foot channel and in repairs to the jetties. It is proposed to expend the funds estimated for in maintenance of the channel from the harbor to the ocean and in maintenance of the jetties. Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year was fish, oysters, clams, agricultural products, coal, and general merchandise. RIVER AND IHARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 351 Passengers taken to and from the fishing banks in the Atlantic Ocean during 1914-5,483. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short Value. 1912 (no statement obtained). 1913............. ........................................................... 5,516 $82,276 1914. ......................... ................................................... 6,193 103,948 Financialsumemanry. GOVERNMENT FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $840, 381. 62 Maintenance ----------------------------------- 24, 810. 16 Total-------------------------------------------- 865, 191. 78 Amouni expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........................................ ................ $49,363.97 $37,740.24 $31,546.85 Maintenance ................................................................ 24,810.16 Total................ .......................... 49,363.97 37,740.24 56,357.01 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911----------------- -- $130, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___ 152, 365.23 Receipts from refundment on account of damage to typewriting machine .., ........ 7.25 152, 372.48 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------ 60,000.00 92, 372.48 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement______--------------- $31, 546. 85 For maintenance of improvement-------------- 24, 810. 16 56, 357.01 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____ __ 36, 015.47 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_-------------- 85. 58 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts 15, 658. 01 15. 743. 59 July 1, 1915, balance available___________-___ -------------- 20, 271. 88 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 2, 1907__ 900, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization---------------- 650, 200. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated -------------- -------___ __ 249, 800.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement __------------------- 20, 000. 00 1 Funds on hand are sufficient to complete the project, and further appropriation will not be needed. s Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 352 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $97, 161. 94 Maintenance - -- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................. . ...... ..... .... 10,363.55 $9,640.39 .. Maintenance. ........................ ..... ........................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Contributed by Cape May Real Estate Co--------------------- $100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________________________ 2, 838. 06 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __________----__-----__- 2, 838. 06 CONSOLIDATD. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------- 937, 543. 56 Maintenance --------- -------------------------------- 24, 810.16 Total--------------------------------------------- 962, 353. 72 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............ .......... ............................ . .... 59,727.52 $.... $47,380.63 $31,546.85 Maintenance......---........ -----...... ........ ............ ............ . ... ............ 24,810.16 Total........-- ........................ ... ..............-- 59,727.52 47,380.63 56,357.01 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911----------------------------- -------------- $130, 000. 00 Contributed by Cape May Real Estate Co----------------------100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------- -------- 155, 203. 29 Receipts from refundment on account of damage to typewriting machine ----------------------------------------- 7. 25 155, 210. 54 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------- 0, 000. 00 95, 210. 54 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement $31,546. 85 __------------------- For maintenance, of improvement ------ ___ _ 24, 810. 16 56, 357. 01 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------_ 38, 853. 53 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _________---___ - 85. 58 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 15, 658. 01 15, 743. 59 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 23, 109. 94 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 2, 1907___ 900, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization ______ ________ 650, 200. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated _____--_______________ _ '249, 800 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-- - 20, 000. 00 1 Funds on hand are sufficient to complete the project and further appropriation will not be needed. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 358 11. ABSECON INLET, N. J. Location.-This inlet separates Atlantic City from Brigantine Beach, and is about 65 miles north of Delaware Breakwater. The inlet is about 1 mile long. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts 376 and 1108.) Original condition.-The inlet was unsafe on account of the un- stable and shifting condition of the channel across the bar. The channel proper was about 1,200 feet wide with a minimum usable depth varying from 7 to 9 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of July 25, 1912, and is based upon report printed in House Document No. 1395, Sixty-first Congress, third session. It provides for obtaining and maintaining, by dredging, a channel through the inlet 12 feet deep at mean low water and 300 feet wide for a period of five years, the question of continuing the improvement to be then determined in the light of the commerce that may be developed. In adopting the project it was stipulated that the work should be done by contract, if suitable dredges were available; otherwise by Government plant. The estimated cost was $195,000, and $45,000 annually for operating expenses. The mean range of tide at this locality is about 4 feet, and the length of channel included in the project, about 1 mile. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Private-owned dredges not having been found available, the construction of the dredge Absecon by contract was undertaken and was about 56 per cent completed. Abstract of title and maps were prepared for the purchase of site for a dredge depot at Atlantic City. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $59,870.11, all of which was for original work. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The dredgeAbsecon was completed and began dredging March 5, 1915, and to the close of the fiscal year 66,350 cubic yards, bin measure, of sand had been removed and deposited at sea, resulting in a channel 300 feet wide, with a minimum usable depth of 11.6 feet. A site for the dredge depot was purchased, a storehouse, oilhouse, and bulkhead were constructed at the depot and dredging was done to a depth of 11 feet in front of the bulkhead. The expenditures on the improvement during the fiscal year, all of which were for original work, were as follows: Dredge construction--------------------------- - $115, 917. 54 Outfitting dredge -------------------------------------- 4, 811. 45 Operation of dredge---------------------------------------- 8, 520. 41 Purchase of land for depot--- -------------------- ------- 4 629. 40 Construction of oilhouse and storehouse -------------------- 1, 897. 54 Construction of bulkhead and mooring posts-------------------- 3, 352. 25 Dredging in front of bulkhead --------------------------------- 840. 60 Superintendence and inspection------ .....------------------------ 6, 271.61 146, 240. 80 0 8373 -ENG 1915-23 854 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-A 12-foot depth at mean low water 300 feet wide had been practically secured at the close of the fiscal year. The minimum usable depth through the Inlet channel June 30, 1915, was 11.6 feet at mean low water. The total expendi- ture under the existing project to the close of the fiscal year 1915 was $206,110.91, all of which was for new work Local cooperation.-Authorities of Atlantic City voluntarily under- took some experimental work of harrowing the crest of the bar with a view of deepening the channel, but without any definite results. Effect of improvement.-The inlet is now open to navigation by steamships of at least 10-foot draft at all times regardless of tide. The steamship Atlantic City, of that draft, intended for the regular line between Atlantic City and New York, is now making three trips a day regardless of tide, carrying excursionists to and from the fishing grounds. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to apply the balance avail- able and funds estimated for in operating the dredge Absecon on the work of maintaining the 12-foot mean low water channel 300 feet wide. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year was fish, oysters, clams, chemicals, horses, wagons, coal, machinery, farm produce, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short Value. 1912(improvement not begun)......................................................... 1913(improvement not begun)................................... ... 1914................................................ 13, 414 $543,328 Passengers to and from New York City and the fishing banks in the Atlantic Ocean, 1914, 24,084. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------- $206, 110. 91 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......... ......................... 499.54 $59,370.57 $146,240.80 Maintenance........................... ........... ............... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ $190, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------- 145, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------------- 160,000. 00 1The appropriation made by act of Mar. 4, 1913, was conditional and is included in the $175,129.89 reported as unexpended July 1, 1914. The $45,000 was later allotted Unconditionally from the act of Mar. 4, 1915, and is part of the $60,000, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 855 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----------------------------$175, 129. 89 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_- 25, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 60, 000.00 Receipts from sales-------------------------------------------- .30 260, 130.19 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915-------- ------------------ -------------- 45, 000. 00 215, 130.19 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------------------------------------ 146, 240. 80 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _______________-- ______--- 68, 889. 39 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ---- _______-- __-__ 2, 670. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ---- ------------------------- 66, 219. 39 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------_ 45, 000. 00 12. ABSECON CREEK, N. J. Location.-This creek rises in and flows easterly through Atlantic County, emptying into Absecon Bay, about 5 miles northwest of Atlantic City. The section included in the project is from the bridge at Absecon village to the mouth, about 2 miles, and thence across the bay to deep water, about 1 mile, a total of 3 miles in length. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The creek was very crooked, obstructed by numerous shoals, and near its head by the ruins of an old dam. There was an available depth of 31 feet in the creek and about 1 foot across Absecon Bay. The head of navigation is Absecon village, 2 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Presentproject.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for a channel 5 feet deep at mean low water, 80 feet wide from deep water across Absecon Bay to the mouth of the creek, thence 50 feet wide to the highway bridge at Absecon village, including a turning basin at the head of navigation, a distance of about 3 miles, at an estimated cost of $15,000 and $1,600 annually for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 71, 62d Cong., 1st sess.) Mean range of tide is about 4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged from deep water across Absecon Bay and up the creek to the head of navigation, including the removal of the old dam, to provide a turning basin to project depth and widths. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $11,934.96, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations have been in progress. Plans were made and proposals advertised for redredging the channel where it had shoaled with the balance avail- able. The expenditure, for office expenses and inspection amounting to $13, was for maintenance. ' The appropriation made by act of Mar. 4, 1913, was conditional and is included in the $175,129.89 reported as unexpended July 1, 1914. The $45,000 was later allotted unconditionally from the act of Mar. 4, 1915, and is part of the $60,000. s Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 856 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, was 5 feet in the creek and 1 foot across Absecon Bay at the mouth. The amount expended to June 30, 1915, was $11,947.96 for original work and $13 for maintenance, a total of $11,956.96. The project was com- pleted at a saving of $3,056.04. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Before shoaling occurred the channel was navigable at any stage of the tide, whereas formerly vessels could not cross Absecon Bay except at high tide. No effect on freight rates is reported. Proposed operations.-A contract is in force for dredging for maintenance with the available funds, which work will be done dur- ing the winter and spring of 1915 and 1916. It is proposed to expend the funds estimated for in keeping the improved channel clear of shoaling. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year was oysters, clams, lumber, and cordwood. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. tons.hort alue. 1912................................................................................ 26,265 $98,275 1913................................................................................. 29,540 105, 660 1914........--- ----------------------------------------------------------- 5, 500 210,825 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: work_______ New New-work _____$11, ------------------------------------------ $1,3.9934. 96 Maintenance --------------------------------------------- 13. 00 Total --------------------------------------- --- 11, 947. 96 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................................................. $8,684.17 $3,250.79 $13.00 Maintenance............................ .................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912---------------------------------------------- $15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------- 600. 00 1,------------------ July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __---------------------------- 4, 665. 04 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement- --------------------- ------------------- 13. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 4, 652. 04 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement -------------------- 1, 600. 00 13. TUCKERTON CREEK, N. J. Location.-This creek rises in and flows southeasterly through Ocean County into Little Egg Harbor, about 8 miles north of Little 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 357 Egg Inlet. The mouth of the creek is about 11 miles from the head of Marchelder Channel across Little Egg Harbor and the head of navigation is at Tuckerton 2* miles above the mouth. The section included in the project extends from the head of navigation to the head of Marchelder Channel, a distance of 31 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1108.) Original condition.-The creek was obstructed by a broad flat out- side of the mouth over which there was an available depth of about 2 feet, with numerous shoals and sharp bends in the creeklwith an available depth of about 4 feet at the mouth and 1 feet at Tuckerton, the head of navigation. Previous projects.-None. Presentproject.--This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, and provides for a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water, 80 feet wide from Gaunts Point, seven-eighths of a mile to the mouth of the creek; thence up the creek, 75 feet wide, 1 mile to Parkers Landing; thence 60 feet wide five-eighths mile to West Tuckerton Landing; thence 5 feet deep at mean low water and 60 feet wide three-eighths mile to just above Scow Landing; and thence 3 feet deep at mean low water and 40 feet wide one-eighth mile to the milldam at Tuckerton. Estimated cost, $61,380. (H. Doc. No. 274, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) The river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, modified the project, substituting for the channel from the mouth of the creek to Gaunts Point a channel from the mouth of the creek to the head of Marchelder Channel, a distance of about 11 miles, and eliminated the revetment wall with the proviso that the cost of completion shall not exceed the estimate heretofore made for such improvement. The mean range of tide at mouth of the creek is 2 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging was begun in 1903, and the channel was dredged and maintained to proj- ect dimensions, except at mouth of the creek, from the head of Mar- chelder Channel to the milldam at Tuckerton. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, for original work was $59,742.16, and for mainte- nance, $12,526, a total of $72,268.16. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations have been in progress. Preparations have been made for expending the funds available in completing the improvement and maintenance by dredging. Proposals have been advertised for. The amount ex- pended during the fiscal year for office expenses and inspection, amounting to $214.30, was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 97 per cent of the proj- ect has been completed. The minimum usable depth across Little Egg Harbor from the head of Marchelder Channel to the mouth of the creek is 4 feet and in the creek 3 feet. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, were, for original work, $59,742.16, and for mainte- nance, $12,740.30, a total of $72,482.46. Local cooperation.-Consentby the owner of property at the mouth of the stream was given to the cutting off of the point of land. There are three municipal wharves or public landings along the creek, the cost of which is not known. Effect of improvement.-Navigation is now possible at low tide. No effect on freight rates has been reported, and none- is expected, as there is no competition. 858 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.--A contract is in force for the redredging of the creek with the funds available, and it is proposed to expend the amount estimated for in keeping the improved channel free from shoaling. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year was fish, oysters, clams, fertilizer, sand, lum- ber, garden and farm produce, and ice. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Shtons. Value. 1912 (no statemont obtained)......... .......................................... 1913.. 16,755 $472,400 1914................................................................................. 8,818 389,125 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------- $59, 742. 16 Maintenance -___------------------------------------12, 740. 30 Total ---------------------------------------------- 72, 482. 46 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..... .......................................... ........ . 4, 604. 43 4... .'°°°.°°...i.' . ...i.. Maintenance..................... 3,000.00 $15.10 $214.30 Total...................................... .............. 7,604.43 15.10 214.30 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $23, 380. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------- --------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--1111111111111111111111111111111 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ ... ___-_-----_______ __ Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ -6, 111. 84 5, 000. 00 11,111. 84 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement--- ------- ---- 214. 30 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------- -___-- 10, 897. 54 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ ... ___ - __-___ _ 15, 000. 00 14. TOMS RIVER, N. J. Location.-This river rises and flows easterly through Ocean County, emptying into Barnegat Bay 5 miles east of Toms River vil- lage and about 11 miles north of Barnegat Inlet. The section in- cluded in the improvement extends from the fixed highway bridge 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HIARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 359 at Toms River downstream about 1 mile. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1108.) Original conditiQn--The river had a minimum usable depth of 5 feet up to a point about 3,500 feet below the bridges at Toms River and thence 2J feet to the bridges, the head of navigation. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for a channel 5 feet deep at mean low water, 100 feet wide from deep water up to the Forks, and thence the full widths of the Forks to the bridges at Toms River, at an estimated cost of $10,050 and $1,000 annually for maintenance after completion. (H. Doc. No. 346, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) The mean range of tide in Toms River is about 6 inches. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging was begun in 1911, and the channel was dredged 5 feet deep, 100 feet wide up to the Forks, and the full width of the Forks up to the fixed highway bridges at the village of Toms River. The amount ex- pended to June 30, 1914, for original work was $10,050 and for maintenance $56.77, a total of $10,106.77. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations have been in progress. The expenditures for office expenses and inspec- tion, amounting to $64.96, were for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, was 21 feet in the North Fork, 31 feet in the South Fork, and 5 feet from their junction to the mouth. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, were, for original work $10,050 and for maintenance $121.73, a total of $10,171.73. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Increased transportation facilities are afforded, resulting in a large increase of traffic, particularly of pleas- ure craft, and passenger business. No effect on freight rates is shown, as there is no competition. Proposed operations.-The available funds are not sufficient to make any work economically possible. Additional funds are needed in order that the improvement may be maintained. Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce during the current year was passengers and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. tons. Value. 1912 (no statement obtained)---....------------------------------ ------- ------------------ 1913 (no statement obtained)... ................................................ 1914.................................... 92"....9 $2,714 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress approved February 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures furnished by those interested in the commerce on Toms River, N. J. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, because 360 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------- ---------------------------------- $10, 050. 00 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ -- 121. 73 Total ---------------------------------------------- 10, 171. 73 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................................................. - ..... . .......... Maintenance ------------------------------------------------------- 56.77 $64.96 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- $1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 1, 943. 23 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------- ------------------------------- 64. 96 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------ 1, 878. 27 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-- ..------------------ 2, 000. 00 15. WILMINGTON HARBOR, DEL. Location.-The Christiana River rises in and flows northeasterly through New Castle County, Del., and through the city of Wil- mington, emptying into the Delaware River about 29 miles below Philadelphia, Pa. The project for the improvement of Wilmington Harbor includes the lower 9 miles of the Christiana River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-Before improvement the depth at the en- trance of the Christiana River was 8J feet; at the pulp works, about 4 miles above the entrance, 7J feet; at Newport, about 9 miles above the entrance, 51 feet; and at Christiana village, the head of naviga- tion, about 15 miles above the entrance, about 2 feet. Previous projects.-Work was done on the Christiana River from 1836 to 1838. The original project was adopted by act of July 11, 1870, and modified by act of March 3, 1881, and July 5, 1884. The amount expended upon previous projects was $402,121.21. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1785. Present project.-This project is for the formation, by dredging and rock removal, of a channel 21 feet deep at mean low water from the Delaware River to the pulp works, a distance of about 4 miles; thence diminishing to 10 feet at the Philadelphia, Baltimore & Wash- ington Railroad bridge No. 4; and thence 7 feet deep to Newport, a total distance of 8J miles; 250 feet wide from the Delaware River to the mouth of the Brandywine; 200 feet thence to bridge No. 4, and 100 feet thence to Newport; also the construction of a jetty at the mouth of the Brandywine, one on the south side of the mouth of the 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 361 Christiana, and the extension of the north jetty at the mouth of the Christiana. Estimated cost $476,625. The foregoing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, and modified by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. (H. Doc. No. 66, 54th Cong., 1st sess., Annual Report for 1896, p. 973, and for 1897, p. 1250.) The range of tide is 6 feet at the mouth of the Christiana River and about 5.4 feet at Newport. The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, provided for the pur- chase or construction of a Fruhling-type dredge and auxiliaries, in- cluding a wharf and depot, for maintenance of the project. Esti- mated cost, $250,000, with $30,000 annually for operation. (H. Doc. No. 359, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The present adopted project was completed and the dredge and dredge depot pro- vided for maintenance were partially completed. The amount ex- pended upon the improvement and its maintenance to the close of the last fiscal year under the present project was $443,651.63 for im- provement and $489,050.60 for maintenance, including an allotment of $500.69 for the removal of obstructions in the upper Christiana, a total of $932,702.23. The project was completed at a saving, of $32,973.37. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations were limited to the construction of the dredge and dredge depot and preparation of plans for the repairs to the north jetty at the mouth of the Christiana River. Investigation was made of available areas for the disposal of material to be dredged. Amount expended upon construction of the dredge Minquas------ $125, 584. 01 Amount expended upon dredge depot-------------------------14, 849. 17 Office expenses, superintendence, and inspection----------------- 7, 368. 51 Total ----------------------- 147, 801. 69 All expenditures were for maintenance and the work was done by contract. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. About 96 per cent of the dredge and 70 per cent of the depot have been completed. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, from the Delaware River to the pulp works was 15 feet; and thence to Newport, 6 feet. The minimum usable depth from out- side the mouth to the ocean is 30 feet. The mean range of tide at Wilmington is 6 feet; at Newport, 51 feet; and at Christiana Vil- lage, 31 feet. Total expenditure to close of fiscal year for improve- ment $443,651.63 and for maintenance $636,852.29, a total of $1,080,- 503.92, including an allotment of $500.69 for the removal of obstruc- tions in the upper river. Local cooperation.--By an act of the Delaware State Legislature passed March 9, 1901, the city of Wilmington was authorized to contribute toward the improvement of Wilmington Harbor to the amount of 10 per cent of the United States Government appro- priation to an aggregate not exceeding $60,000. To the close of the fiscal year the city has contributed, including interest on the con- tribution, $20,707.22, which is less than 2 per cent of the amount appropriated by the United States since 1901. Effect of improvement.-The transportation of freight of all classes, at rates slightly less than by rail, has been facilitated. 362 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operation.--The available balance will be expended in completing the dredge and depot, and the amount estimated for will be applied to the operation and maintenance of same and for repairs to jetties. It is hoped that after the expenses necessarily incident to commencement of work have been met, the maintenance of the harbor can be effected for a smaller sum annually than that indicated by the amount estimated herein. However, the shoaling in the harbor recently has been such as to indicate that continuous operation of the dredge will probably be required. It is quite pos- sible that this continuous operation may result in a greater annual cost than the $30,000 originally estimated. Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year was hides, sand, ship timber, cordwood, coal, cot- ton, piece goods, nitrate of soda, oil, agricultural products, groceries, chemicals, ores, general merchandise, iron supplies, leather, building materials, machinery, etc. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912.......... ..... ........... . ......... .... ................... 778,605 $69,965,131.00 1913........ ................................................... .... .. 473,382 48,270,363.00 1914.......................... ................................. 363,199 63,396,957.04 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------------- $845, 772. 84 Maintenance-- Dredging ------------------------ ------- $431, 394. 73 Dredge----------------- -- ____ 175, 948. 67 Depot ------------------------------------ 29, 008. 20 1636, 351. 60 Total ------------------------------------------- 1, 482, 124. 44 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................................... .............. ....... ..................... 57,155.18 .......... Maintenance................. .......... ....... .......... 103,366.73 66,316.07 $147, 801.69 Total....................... ................ ................. 103, 366. 73 123, 471.25 147,801. 69 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- $100, 000. 00 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------- ---------- 250, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------- ----------------------------- 30, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914----------------------------------------------------30, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------..-- ----------------------- 45, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of $500.69 for removal of obstructions above Churchmans Bridge. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 363 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------- $189, 572. 32 Amounted allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 30, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 45, 000. 00 Receipts from sales ------------------------------------------ 1. 00 264, 573. 32 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for main- tenance of improvement: Dredge------- -------------------------- $130,584. 01 Depot------------------------------------- 17, 217. 68 147, 801.69 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --------------------------- 116, 771. 63 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------- $6, 978. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 63, 400. 00 70, 378. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ________-____-_____ -______ _ 46, 393. 63 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ ______-______ - 160, 000. 00 16. APPOQUINIMINK, MURDERKILL, AND MISPILLION RIVERS, DEL. (A) APPOQUINIMINK RIVER. Location.--This river rises on the Maryland-Delaware divide, flows in a generally eastern direction, and empties into the Delaware River about 50 miles below Philadelphia, Pa. The section included in the project is 61 miles long and extends from the Delaware River to Odessa. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-There were numerous sharp bends, a broad bar outside the mouth over which there was a depth of 2 feet and in the river there was an available depth of 4 feet. Odessa, the head of steamboat navigation, was 81 miles from the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and provides for a channel 8 feet deep at mean low water, 100 feet wide from the mouth to New (Fenni- more's) Bridge, a distance of 5 miles, and 80 feet wide thence to Odessa, 8 miles from the entrance at an estimated cost of $39,963. (H. Doc. No. 19, 51st Cong. 1st sess., Annual Report for 1890, p. 943.) The mean range of tide at Rock Landing, about 1 mile inside the mouth, is 5.2 feet and at Odessa 3.3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging was be- gun in 1891, and the channel was dredged and maintained between the mouth and Odessa, several cut-offs were made, and sharp bends eased. The dredging resulted in a channel 8 feet deep, 100 feet wide from inside the bar at the mouth to New Bridge; thence 60 to 80 feet wide to Odessa. The cut-offs shortened the channel distance 12 miles. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, for original work was $36,973.35 and for maintenance $30,225.60, a total of $67,198.95. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations have been in progress. The expenditure for office expenses and inspection, amounting to $6.88, was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 90 per cent of the project has been completed. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, was 8 feet within the river and 2 feet across the flats at the 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 364 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. mouth. No work has ever been done on the flats outside of the mouth, as it was considered that the project terminated at the mouth; here vessels have to be governed in their movements by the tide, but within the river they can now move at all stages of the tide. The total expenditure to June 30, 1915, for original work was $36,973.35 "and for maintenance $30,232.48, a total of $67,205.83. Local cooperation.-The land necessary for the five cut-offs made was donated voluntarily by property owners affected. Title to four cut-offs was approved by the Department of Justice under date of August 9, 1898, and the fifth in 1900. Consent of the State of Dela- ware was given to cutting a public road at one of the cut-offs by act of the legislature dated March 7, 1901. The necessary bridge was constructed by the authorities of Kent County. Effect of improvement.-An increase of passenger business and a greater ease of vessel movement at all stages of the tide, except on the bar outside of the mouth, where boats must wait for the tide. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to apply the balance avail- able and funds estimated for in maintenance by dredging. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year was coal, fertilizers, poultry, sheep, horses, and agricultural products. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912. ------------------------------------------------------------ 27,370 $1,712,400 1913. -------------------------------------------------------------- 28, 850 1,853,375 1914.... 29, 775 1,422, 425 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------- $36, 973. 35 Maintenance --------------------------------------------- 30, 232. 48 Total--------------------------- -------------- 67, 205. 83 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .... ................................. ......... .... ... .. .. $1,978. 09 .. Maintenance ........... ......................... .............. 4, 000.00 $7, 311.19 $6.88 Total ................................. .......... ............. 5,978.09 7,311.19 6.88 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911_---------------------------------------------------_ $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_--------------- 3, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------- --------------------- -- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------------- 47. 96 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------------ 6. 88 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------------- 41. 08 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------- _ ---- ----- 12,000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-------------------- () 1 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1,1915. See consolidated Fisnazcial saummar on p. 869. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 365 (B) MtURDERKILL RIVER. Location.-This river rises in Kent County, Del., flows in a general northeasterly direction, and empties into Delaware Bay about 25 miles above Cape Henlopen. The section included in the project is 81 miles long and extends from the Delaware Bay to Frederica, the head of navigation. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The entrance was obstructed by a bar over which was a depth of only 1 foot, while inside there was a depth of 5 feet in the shoalest places. The canals or cut-offs made by private parties were narrow and poorly located, causing excessive shoaling. Frederica, the head of navigation, was 9 miles from the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of July 13, 1892, and provides for a channel 7 feet deep from Delaware Bay to Frederica, 150 feet wide across the flats outside of the mouth, and 80 feet -ide inside the river, at an estimated cost of $47,550. (H. Doc. No. 21, 52d Cong., 1st sess., Annual Report for 1892, p. 981.) The mean range of tide at the mouth is 4.8 feet and at Frederica 1.8 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging was begun in 1892 and the channel was dredged and maintained from Delaware Bay to Frederica, and one cut-off made, resulting in a channel 7 feet deep and 60 feet wide. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, for original work was $37,630.07, and for maintenance $44,381.28, a total of $82,011.35. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging opera- tions which were in progress at the close of the previous fiscal year were continued, and shoals aggregating 4,250 feet in length were removed to a depth of 7 feet at mean low water and 60 feet wide. The work was done by contract. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $3,767.92, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 75 per cent of the proj- ect is completed. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, was 6 feet between Delaware Bay and Frederica. The total expenditure under existing project to June 30, 1915, for original work was $37,- 630.07, and for maintenance $48,149.20, a total of $85,779.27. Local cooperation.-Land required for the one cut-off made under the project was voluntarily given free of cost to the United States in 1895. Effect of improvement.--Freight rates are reported to be 25 to 50 per cent lower by water than by rail, except in wintertime, when the boats can not run. Vessel movements at all stages of the tide have been made possible. Proposed operations.-Contracthas been executed for dredging for maintenance with the balance available, the work to be done shortly. It is proposed to apply the funds estimated for in dredging for main- tenance of the portion of the project heretofore completed. Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year was coal, fish, oysters, fertilizers, lumber, hay, canned goods, agricultural products, and general merchandise. 366 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912....... .................... .................................. 34,895 $1,472,750.00 1913...... ...... ........................................ 35,082 1,431,950.00 1914.............................................................26,269 924,870.20 The foregoing statistics were obtained by the Frederica & Phila- delphia Navigation Co., and other vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress, approved February 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures furnished by those in- terested in the commerce on Murderkill River, Del. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, because this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from ves- sel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_-- _________ $37, 630. 07 Maintnanc ------------------------------------------ 48 4.2 Maintenance_______ __ _____ 48, 149. 20 Total ---------------------------------------------- 85, 779. 27 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................................... Maintenance.......... ......................................... $1,042.77 $4,127.64 $3,767.92 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------ -------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--________-- ___---- -- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________________________ 3,939.64 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 8, 939. 64 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement-______________--__-------- -3, 767. 92 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__--------------- --------- 5, 171. 72 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project_____--_------------_-------- 112, 264. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------__ (2) (C) MISPILLION RIVER, DEL. Location.--This river flows northeasterly between Kent and Sussex Counties and empties into Delaware Bay about 16 miles above Cape Henlopen. The section included in the project extends from Dela- 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. SSee consolidated Financial summary on p. 369. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 367 ware Bay to Milford, the head of navigation, a distance of 14 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The entrance was obstructed by a bar ex- tending about a mile out in the bay over which there was a con- trolling depth of 1 feet, and in the river there were numerous shoals with an available depth of only 4 feet. Milford, the head of naviga- tion, is 14 miles from the mouth. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted in 1879 which was for the improvement of the river from Delaware Bay to Milford. A second project adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, was for the improvement of the mouth by dredging. This project was modified by authority of the Chief of Engineers, July 3, 1893, to provide for a protective jetty at the inner end of the channel across the flats outside of the mouth. The amount ex- pended on previous projects was $78,390.07. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1786. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, and provides for a channel 4 feet deep and 150 feet wide across the bar outside of the mouth, protected by a jetty along the south side, and 6 feet deep at mean low water and 60 feet wide, increasing to 75 feet at sharp turns, from the mouth to Mil- ford, at an estimated cost of $87,065. (H. Doc. No. 102, 56th Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range of tide at the mouth is 41 feet and at Milford 31 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged 4 feet deep at mean low water and 150 feet wide across the.bar outside of the mouth, and 6 feet deep at mean low water and 60 feet wide from the mouth to Milford. This channel has also been main- tained. In order to protect the channel across the bar outside of the mouth and concentrate the flow of the tide 7,796 linear feet of dike and jetty was constructed. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, under the existing project, for original work was $70,408.34, and for maintenance $33,142.30, a total of $103,550.64. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging opera- tions for maintenance which were in progress at the close of the previous fiscal year were continued. The channel, 4 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide, was redredged for an additional distance of 1,960 feet across the flats outside of the mouth, and shoals within the river aggregating 3,136 feet in length were removed to a depth of 6 feet at mean low water and a width of 60 feet. The work was done by contract. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $10,270.30, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 90 per cent of the project has been completed. The minimum usable depth, June 30, 1915, across the bar outside the mouth was 4 feet and in the river 5 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $70,408.34 for original work and $43,412.60 for mainte- nance, a total of $113,820.94. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Freight rates are reported to have been reduced an average of 25 per cent, and the greater depth of water permits the movement of vessels in the river at low water. Proposed operations.-The available balance will be applied to dredgming shoals and for repairs to the piers. It is proposed to apply the funds estimated for in maintenance by dredging and repairing jetties, 368 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.--The general character of commerce for the current year was raw bone, phosphate rock, fertilizers, coal, lumber, canned goods, timber, agricultural products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912............... .. ...........................................--- 140,895 $5,602,400.00 1913............................................................157,150 6,155,600. 00 1914............................................................. 24,492 576,523.40 The foregoing statistics were obtained from Mr. George F. Pierce, of Milford, Del., and other vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress approved February 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures furnished by those interested in the commerce on Mispillion River, Del. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual com- merce transported on this stream during the year 1914, because this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------------- $148, 798. 41 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 43, 412. 60 Total-- 211. 01 1-------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....................... .......... .......................- - -............ $5,000.00 ............ Maintenance......----.......---....................----------------.................--. $2,313.52 5,475.15 $10,270.30 Total......................... ............. ................ 2,313.52 10,475.15 10,270.30 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912---------- ---- 6, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ------------------------------------ 17, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------10, 449. 36 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 10, 000. 00 20, 449. 36 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------- 10, 270. 30 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------10, 179. 06 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----------------------------------------------17, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------- (") CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work.....------------------------------------------------ 223, 401.83 Maintenance ------------------------------ 121, 794. 28 Total _------------------------ 345, 196. 11 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 See consolidated Financial summary on page 369. RIVER AND HIARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 369 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................................... $1,978.09 $5,000.00 ............ Maintenance... ....... ............... 7,356.29 16,913.98 $14,045.10 Total............. ................................. 9,334.38 21,913.98 14,045.10 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------------------- $15, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ----------- ------------------------------ 12, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------- 27, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _______ -- ____-----___- 14, 436. 96 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 15, 000. 00 29, 436. 96 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement --------------------------------------------- 14, 045. 10 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------- 15, 391. 86 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project --------------------------------------- 21, 264. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___--- ... -_.- '120, 000. 00 17. SMYRNA RIVER, DEL. :Location.-This river, formerly Duck Creek, forming a part of the boundary line between New Castle and Kent Counties, flows in a northeasterly direction and empties into the Delaware Bay about 57 miles below Philadelphia, Pa. The section included in the proj- ect is 10 miles long and extends from the Delaware Bay to Smyrna Landing. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The river was very crooked and shoal, nav- igable only to Rothwell's Landing, about 2 miles below Smyrna Landing. It was obstructed by a bar at the mouth, over which there was an available depth of 3 feetr Smyrna Landing, the head of navigation, was 11 miles from the mouth. Previous projects.-The original project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 18, i1878, provided for a channel across the bar and the removal of shoals in the river. A second project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, increasing the dimen- sions of the dredged channel and providing for a stone jetty at the mouth. A third project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, to provide for two cut-offs. This project was modi- fied by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, changing the loca- tion of the cut-offs. The amount expended on previous projects was $55,084.78 for original work and $22,721.87 for maintenance, a total of $77,806.65. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1786. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for dredging the channel from Smyrna Landing to the mouth 7 feet deep at mean low water and 60 feet wide and 100 feet wide across the bar outside of the mouth; 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373 0 -ENG 1915-----24 870 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. also three cut-offs and the permanent protection of the channel across the bar by jetties; estimated cost, $89,000. (H. Doc. No. 815, 60th Cong., 1st ess.) The mean range of tide at the mouth was 6 feet and at Smyrna Landing 3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-No work was begun on the present project, as the condition requiring title to the land necessary for the cut-off to be given to the United States free of cost has not been fulfilled. No expenditures have been made on account of the present project, either for original work or main- tenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. The expenditures for office expenses and inspection, amounting to $2.45, was for maintenance of the previous project. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-No work has yet been done on the new project, as the land needed for the cut-offs has not yet been secured. Interested parties are now at work securing title, as required by law. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, was 4 feet between Delaware Bay and Smyrna Landing. Local cooperation.-Partiesinterested in the improvement are now engaged in securing title to the land necessary for the cut-offs free of cost to the United States as required by law, and it is reported that searches of title have been completed, that deeds have been executed for land necessary for two cut-offs, that condemnation pro- ceedings have been held and payment of award made by the State in matter of the third cut-off, and that all the papers, with the exception of one release, have been recorded. That release is now in the hands of the recorder of deeds for New Castle County. It is expected that all the papers will be ready for forwarding shortly for the action of the Department of Justice. Effect of improvement.-It was reported in relation to the pre- vious project that freight rates were reduced about 25 per cent, except in the wintertime, when the boats could not be operated. The shipment of fruits and other perishable products has been expedited. Proposedoperations.-Itis proposed to apply the balance available and the amount estimated for in prosecuting the improvement by dredging, in accordance with the approved project, as soon as title to the necessary land has been acquired. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year was coal, fertilizer, hay, cattle, canned goods, dairy products, agricultural products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912 (no report obtainable). 1913........... ............................... . ................... .............. 117,786 81,067,750.00 1914.................................. ............. ..... ................ 20,216 299,451.74 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress approved Febru- ary 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures furnished by those interested in the commerce on Smyrna River, Del. It is be- lieved that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 371 because this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------ ----------------------------- $55, 084. 78 Maintenance-------------------------- --------------- 22, 721. 87 Total- ---------------------- 78----6.-- 77, 806. 65 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ....--.--. ..--.--.-----..---. Maintenance .....----......--............-- ........ $19.03 $8.50 $2.45 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------- --------- $15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___ ____-------------------- 40, 003. 43 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1.915--------------------------------------------- 20, 000.00 20, 003. 43 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------------------------------------------- 2. 45 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 20, 000. 98 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------------------------- 69, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement_-------------------- 110, 000.00 18. LEIPSIC RIVER, DEL. Location.-This river rises in and flows in an easterly direction through Kent County emptying into Delaware Bay about 38 miles above Cape Henlopen. The section included in the project extends from Delaware Bay to Garrison's mill, 14 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart, No. 376.) Original condition.-This river was very crooked and obstructed by several shoals and sharp bends between the mouth and the town of Leipsic, a distance of 121 miles with an available depth of 5 feet; and thence to Garrison's mill, the head of navigation, 18 miles from the entrance, it was very shoal having an available depth of but 1 foot. Previous projects. None. Present project.-The present project is in two sections adopted in separate river and harbor acts. The first section is for the excavation 6 feet deep at mean low water and 50 feet wide of cut-offs 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, between the mouth and the town of Leipsic. Estimated cost, $18,500. The foregoing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and modified by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. (H. Doc. No. 574, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The second section of the project is for a channel 5 feet deep at mean low water and 40 feet wide, including one cut-off, No. 6, and a 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 372 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. turning basin from Leipsic to Garrison's mill. Estimated cost, $19,600. The foregoing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. (H. Doc. No. 647, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range of tide at the mouth is 5 feet; at Leipsic, 3. feet, and at Garrison's mill, 21 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging was be- gun in 1911; cut-offs 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 and the channel from Leipsic to Garrison's mill were dredged to project dimensions, including a turning basin 5 feet deep and 150 feet square at the latter locality. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $27,332.72, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging opera- tions which were in progress at the close of the previous fiscal year were continued. Cut-off No. 1 was dredged 6 feet deep and 50 feet wide and shoals aggregating 3,956 feet in length were dredged to project dimensions at the approaches to cut-offs 2, 3, and 4. The work was done by contract. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $9,623.34 for original work and $1,070.10 for maintenance, a total of $10,693.44. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The cut-offs shortened the distance from Delaware Bay to Garrison's mill 31 miles. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, was 6 feet between Delaware Bay and Leipsic and 4 feet betwen Leipsic and Garrison's mill. The amount expended to June 30, 1915, was $36,- 956.06 for original work and $1,070.10 for maintenance, a total of $38,026.16. Local cooperation.-As required by law the land required for the necessary cut-offs was transferred to the United States free of cost, and the United States was released from all claims for damages aris- ing from the proposed diversion of the stream, and the title and releases were approved by the Assistant Secretary of War December 30, 1912, and by the Department of Justice May 21, 1913. Effect of improvement.--It has facilitated vessel movement and has invited additional production and traffic. Proposedoperations.-It is proposed to apply the balance available and the amount estimated to be appropriated in the maintenance of the project by dredging. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year was coal, fertilizers, timber, oyster shells, canned goods, agricultural products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................................................................. 16,057 $324,655.00 1913....... . ...... .......................................................--- 12,581 254,380.00 1914.. ... .. ... ......... ................. . ............................-----....... 10,289 139,656.65 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress approved February 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures furnished by those interested in the commerce on Leipsic River, Del. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 373 as this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------- --------------------------- $36,956.06 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 1, 070. 10 Total------------- -------------------------------- 38, 026. 16 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............................................... $4,437.84 $13,336.89 $10,693.44 Maintenance................................... ..... ........................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912_------------------------------------------ $19, 600. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------- --------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__---------------------------- 15, 767. 28 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement---------------------$9, 623. 34 For maintenance of improvement , 070. 10 1---------------- 10, 693. 44 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 5, 073. 84 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 20. 65 July 1, 1915, balance available_-----------------------------_ 5, 053. 19 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-------------------- 7,500. 00 19. LITTLE RIVER, DEL. Location.--This river rises in and flows easterly through Kent County, emptying into Delaware Bay about 32 miles above Cape Henlopen. The section included in the project extends from Dela- ware Bay to the drawbridge at Little Creek Landing, 2.9 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The river was narrow, obstructed by numer- ous shoals and sharp bends and by a bar outside of the mouth over which there was an available depth of about 3 feet. The controlling depth in the river was 4 feet. Little Creek Landing, the head of navigation, was 3- miles from the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.--This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for securing a channel, by dredging, 5 feet deep at mean low water from Delaware Bay to the bridge at Little Creek Landing, 60 feet wide across the bar outside of the mouth and 40 feet wide in the river, at an estimated cost of $14,000. (H. Doc. No. 626, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range of tide at the mouth is 5 feet and at Little Creek Landing 4- feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel was dredged from Delaware Bay across the bar outside of the mouth and up the river to the drawbridge at Little Creek Landing, a distance of 2.9 miles, to a depth of 5 feet, 60 feet wide across the bar and 40 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 874 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. feet in the river, including three cut-offs which shortened the dis- tance a little over one-half mile. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $12,015.86, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Shoals, varying in width from 5 to 40 feet, were removed from the river by dredging for an aggregate length of 6,900 feet from the drawbridge at Little Creek Landing toward the mouth. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $2,937.17, all of which was for maintenance. The work was done by contract. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed. Cut-offs shortened the distance about half a mile. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, from Little Creek Landing to the mouth was 5 feet and across the bar 4 feet. The amount expended to June 30, 1915, for original work was $12,015.86, and for maintenance $2,937.17, a total of $14,953.03. The project was completed at a saving of $1,984.14. Local cooperation.--As required by law the land required for the three cut-offs and for the deposit of dredged material was furnished free of cost to the United States, the title thereto being approved February 18, 1913. Effect of improvement.-The improvement opened a new lane for commerce and affords opportunity for new industries on the river by furnishing an outlet. The railroad is at Dover, 4 miles distant. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to apply the balance avail- able and funds estimated for in maintenance of the improvement by dredging. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year was coal, ice, oysters, fertilizer, canned goods, cattle, agricultural products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912. .............................................. .......................... 6,075 $160,500.00 1913............. ...... ............................................. ......... 27,061 1,355,150.00 1914........ .... .................................. ........ ......... . 6,636 213,651.98 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress, approved February 21, 1891, and extended by conference with Mr. Howard McGonigal, of Little Creek, Del. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, because this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $12, 015. 86 Maintenance------------------------------------------------ 2, 937. 17 Total------------------------------------------------ 14, 953. 03 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........ ...... ..... .......... .. $812.56 $11,203.30 ........ Maintenance.... ............................................... $2,937.17 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 375 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------- -------------------- --- $14,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----------------------------2, 984. 14 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---.......-------------------------------------- 2, 937.17 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ __.---_..-- ----.------------ 46. 97 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement --------------------- 13, 000. 00 20. ST. JONES RIVER, DEL. Location.-This river rises in the western part of Kent County, flows in a southeasterly direction, and 'empties into Delaware Bay about 26 miles above Cape Henlopen. The section included in the project extends from Delaware Bay to Dover, 17.1 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart, No. 376.) Original condition.-The river was crooked, obstructed by numer- ous shoals and by broad flats outside of the mouth. Controlling depth was 31 feet in the river and 1 foot across the bar outside of the mouth. Dover is the head of navigation 17.1 miles above the entrance. Previous projects.--The original project for improving the river by dredging and a jetty at the mouth was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881, it was modified in 1884 to provide for an increase of depth and again in 1889 to substitute a dredged bank for the jetty at the mouth, and for one cut-off. The amount expended fn previous projects was $54,590.20 for original work, and $28,833.15 for maintenance, a total of $83,423.35. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1787. Presentproject.-This project is for a channel 7 feet deep at mean low water from Delaware Bay to Dover, 100 feet wide outside of the mouth, 50 feet wide from the mouth to Lebanon, 11 miles from the entrance, and 40 feet wide thence to Dover, 17 miles from the entrance; the construction of 5,000 feet of jetty on the north side of the entrance and- the dredging of 16 cut-offs; estimated cost, $181,425. (H. Doc., No. 1116, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) The foregoing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and modified by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, so as to permit work to be undertaken at any cut-off where the necessary land has been furnished free of cost and the United States released from damage claims due to a diversion of the stream. The mean range of tide at the mouth is 41 feet; at Lebanon, 2 feet; and at Dover, 1 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-No work has been done on the present project as the act approving it required that all the land necessary for the cut-offs should be conveyed to the United States free of cost before any work could be done. The original prject was completed in 1890. Subsequent expenditures have been for the maintenance of the improvement under it. The amount ex- pended under the previous project for original work was $54,590.20 and for maintenance $28,833.15, a total of $83,423.35. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There was no work done during the year. The expenditures for office and inspection, amounting to $4.67, were for maintenance of the previous project. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 376 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF EN1GINEES, V. S. ARMY. The river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, modified the project so that work may proceed without the necessity of having first secured all the land necessary for all the cut-offs. Interested parties were engaged in securing as much of the land as is obtainable at present for the cut-offs. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--No work has yet been done on the new project. Minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the improvement between Delaware Bay and Leba- non was 5 feet and 31 feet between Lebanon and Dover. No ex- penditures have been made on account of the new project. The total expenditure to the close of the fiscal year 1915 on account of the previous project was $54,590.20 for original work and $28,837.82 for maintenance, a total of $83,428.02. Local cooperation.--As required by law all land needed for the nec- essary cut-offs is to be transferred to the United States free of cost and the United States released from all claims for damages arising from the proposed diversion of the stream. Interested parties are engaged in obtaining title, but no definite date when the matter will be settled can be given. Effect of improvement.-It is reported that freight rates have been reduced by one-quarter to one-half and the shipment of perishable freight has been expedited. No additional funds are required for the fiscal year 1917. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to apply the balance avail- able in dredging work under the new project as soon as local interests have complied with the legal conditions precedent. Commercial statistics.--The general character of the commerce for the current year was coal, fertilizers, lumber, timber, cattle, agricul- tural products, groceries, canned goods, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912 (no statement obtained) ................... .... ......................... 1913........... --..................................................... ....... 102,291 $5,901,524.00 1914..................... ................................................... 11,825 585,926.25 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, mas- ters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress approved Feb- ruary 21, 1891, and checked by the agent of the Philadelphia & Dover Navigation Co. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, as this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $54, 590. 20 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 28, 837. 82 Total --------------------------------------------- 83, 428. 02 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................ ... ................................- Maintenance......... . ........ .......................... . $7,895.36 $4, 994.62 $4.67 RIVER AND 1UAIBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 377 APPROPRITATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--- ------------------------------------- $11, 700.00 Mar. 4, 1913------- -------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------ 28,833. 15 Taken up-refundment of overpayment-------------------------- 120. 00 28, 853.15 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement--------------------------------------------- 4. 67 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __----------------------------- 28, 848. 48 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project - --------------------------------------- 144, 725.00 21. BROADKILL RIVER, DEL. Location.-This river rises in and flows northeasterly through Sus- sex County and empties into Delaware Bay about 5 miles above Cape Henlopen. The section included in the project is the new entrance cut across Lewes Cape, connecting deep water inside with that out- side, about a half mile in length. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The river was crooked, obstructed by numer- ous shoals and by a bar of shifting sand at the mouth, which is about two miles northward of the present entrance. There was a controlling depth of 3 feet in the river and about 2 feet across the bar. Milton, the head of navigation, was 13 miles above the mouth. Previous project.-The original project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 10, 1872, was for the improvement of the river to Milton; this was modified in 1885 and was completed in 1890. The amount expended on this project was $35,030. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1787. Presentproject.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, and provides for the establishment of a per- manent entrance by dredging a channel through Lewes Cape 6 feet deep and 150 feet wide, from that depth in Delaware Bay to the same depth in Broadkill River and the construction of a jetty on the north side of the entrance; estimated cost, $33,330. (H. Doc. No. 214, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range of tide at the mouth is 4 feet and at Milton 31 feet. As a result of the examination ordered by the river and harbor act of March 4, .1913, the Chief of Engineers recommended a plan for the dredging of the channel 6 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide at the new mouth; an extension to the north jetty of 400 feet; the construction of the south jetty, 1,600 feet; and a sand fence 600 feet long, estimated cost of $60,000. It was suggested that there be constructed at first the extension of the north jetty, 500 feet of the south jetty, and the sand fence and the dredging of the mouth of the river. Estimated cost, $26,840. (H. Doc. No. 1109, 63d Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--A limited amount of dredging was done from time to time to maintain the channel of 1Twenty dollars was refunded during the year as overpayment made in fiscal year 1914. The amount expended during the year was $4.67. The overpayment will be de- ducted from the aggregate expenditures hereafter. s Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 878 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. the earlier project in that part of the river between the mouth and Milton. The new entrance across Lewes Cape was dredged and the jetty on the north side of entrance was constructed and maintained. The amount expended to the close of the fiscal year 1Q14, under the present project, was $33,197.97 for original work, and $30,884.63 for maintenance, a total of $64,082.60. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no operations. The expenditures, for office expenses and inspection, amounting to $24.83, were for maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. Minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, through the new entrance was 21 feet and in the river 6 feet. The amount expended to the close of the fiscal year 1915, under the existing project, was $33,197.97 for original work and $30,909.46 for maintenance, a total of $64,107.43. The project was completed at a saving of $102.03. Local cooperation.-The land required for the new entrance was furnished voluntarily free of cost to the United States by the owner of the tract through which the new entrance was cut. Title to the land was approved by the Department of Justice June 21, 1907. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to apply the balance avail- able and funds estimated for in maintenance by dredging and jetty repairs. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year was coal, fertilizer, piling, lumber, canned goods, agricultural products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912---...---. ....---.----------- - - 1,963 $50,966 1913 (no statement obtained). 1914...................................... .. ..................... .. 172 2,453 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress, approved February 21, 1891, and checked as far as possible by figures furnished by those interested in the commerce on Broadkill River, Del. It is believed that this statement of commerce may not fully represent all the actual commerce transported on this stream during the year 1914, because this is the first attempt to secure the statement of commerce from vessel owners, masters, agents, etc. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------- ----------------------------------- $68, 227. 97 Maintenance----- ----------------------------- -------- 30, 909. 46 Total--...-----------.------ ---- ------- - 99, 137.43 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New worklr......................................... ................................ Maintenance. . ... ............................ ..... .$6,537.88 $5,918.54 $24.83 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 379 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------- $10,000.00 July 25, 1912------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_--------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-_ 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------- 5 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------- 4, 850.07 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved March 4, 1915_ 5, 000. 00 9, 850. 07 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-------------------------------------------- 24. 83 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 9, 825. 24 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------ ------ --- 15, 000. 00 22. INLAND WATERWAY BETWEEN REHOBOTH BAY AND DELAWARE BAY, DEL. Location.-This canal, situated in the southeasterly part of Sussex County, extends from Rehoboth Bay northward through the high land west of the town of Rehoboth Beach to Gordon Lake; thence through the marshes back of Cape Henlopen to Lewes River, it then follows the latter and Broadkill River, emptying into the Delaware Bay about 5 miles above Cape Henlopen. The length included in the project is about 12 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-Rehoboth Bay and Delaware Bay are not connected by any channel. The land through which it was necessary to dredge has a high land elevation and a marsh elevation of about 23 feet and 4 feet, respectively, above mean low water at Delaware Breakwater Harbor. Lewes River had an available depth of about one-half foot at its upper end and about 4 feet at its junction with the Broadkill. Previous projects.-A canal along a slightly different route formed a part of the projected waterway from Chincoteague Bay, Va., to Delaware Bay, begun in 1886 and abandoned in 1905. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for a canal 6 feet deep at mean low water, 50 feet wide through Lewes River and the marshes, and 40 feet wide where it passes through deep cutting, including also the construction of two bridges. Estimated cost $356,000, which in- cludes $14,275 for the purchase of land since obtained free of cost to the United States, making the actual estimated cost to the United States, $341,725. (H. Doc. No. 823, 60th Cong., 1st sess. and Rivers and Harbors Committee Doc. No. 51, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) The mean range of tide at the mouth of Broadkill River is 44 feet and at Lewes 3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged from a point 500 feet below Ocean House Bridge, 3.2 miles from the junction of the Broadkill and Lewes Rivers, upstream a distance of 15,800 feet, except a length of 200 feet at the Maryland, Delaware & Virginia Railway bridge, which was only partially I Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 380 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. dredged, resulting in a channel 5 feet deep, 35 to 50 feet wide. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $16,276.15, all of which was for original work. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The dredging opera- tions which were in progress at the close of the previous fiscal year were continued up Lewes River and across the marshes to the south- ern edge of Gordon Lake, 12,100 feet, and down Lewes River from the starting point, 500 feet below Ocean House Bridge, a distance of 11,300 feet, including cut-offs 1 and 2, all of which was dredged to a depth of 5 feet and a width of not less than 35 feet. The 200 feet at the Maryland, Delaware & Virginia Railway bridge was also dredged to a depth of 5 feet and a least width of 35 feet. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $37,163.24, all of which was for original work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 30 per cent of the proj- ect has been completed. A channel 5 feet deep and from 35 to 50 feet in width extends from a point 11,300 feet below Ocean House Bridge (removed) in the town of Lewes, southward through Lewes River, and across the marshes to the southern limit of Gordon Lake, a distance of 7.4 miles. Between the lower limit of the improve- ment and Delaware Bay at the mouth of Broadkill River there was a minimum usable depth of 21 feet. From the southern limit of Gordon Lake to connection with the waters of Rehoboth Bay there remains a length of about 4,000 feet of highland excavation upon which work has just been started. In accordance with the provi- sions of the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, condemnation proceedings were instituted and have been passed upon by the court relative to the crossing of the Delaware, Maryland & Virginia Rail- road Co. at Rehoboth. The court awarded the railroad company damages in the sum of $69,710.25. The amount expended to the close of the fiscal year 1915 was $53,439.39, all of which was for original work. Local cooperation.-As required by law the land required for cut- offs and for right of way for the canal from Lewes River southward was furnished free of cost to the United States by the State of Dela- ware and interested parties, with the exception of the railroad cross- ing at Rehoboth noted in the previous paragraph. The title was approved by the Department of Justice May 3, 1913. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has not progressed sufficiently to have any appreciable effect on commerce. Proposed operations.-The funds available are being expended in excavating between Gordon Lake and the railroad crossing, the pay- ment of award to the railroad company, and the excavation under the present railroad tracks, in order to connect the work now in progress with the canal excavated several years ago from Rehoboth Bay north- ward about 2 miles. It is proposed to apply the funds estimated for in extending the waterway from its northern terminus in Lewes River to the junction of Lewes River with the Broadkill, a distance of about 1 mile, and in enlarging progressively the cross section of the waterway to project dimensions between the Broadkill River and Rehoboth Bay, as far as the funds will permit. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year was farm produce, coal, lobsters, crabs, fish, and general merchandise. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 381 Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912 (improvement not started). 1913 (no statement obtained). 1914............................................................................ 4,928 $67,122.60 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress approved February 21, 1891. It is believed that this statement does not fully represent all the commerce transported on this waterway during the year 1914, as this is the first attempt with this method of collecting the statistics. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $53, 439. 39 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........... .................. .................. $184.27 $16,091.88 $37,163.24 Maintenance............................................... .. ............. ........ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------- ----------------------------------------- $50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------41, '1725. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------76, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___ 7___________-________ 75, 448. 85 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 76, 000. 00 151, 448. 85 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement---------------- -------------------------------- 37, 163. 24 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- --------------- - _ 114, 285. 61 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___--------------- $1, 200. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 32, 225. 00 33, 425. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available -- ------- -------------------- 80, 860. 61 Amount (estimated) require(l to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------------- -------------- 215, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------- 50,000. 00 23. INLAND WATERWAY FROM CHINCOTEAGUE BAY, VA., TO DELA- WARE BAY, AT OR NEAR LEWES, DEL. Locatior.--This waterway was to extend from Chincoteague Bay, Va., northward, following the waterways parallel with the ocean, through Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, cutting the neck of land at Ocean View, Del., and the land between Rehoboth Bay and the headwaters of Lewes River, entering the Delaware Bay opposite the town of Lewes, a distance of about 70 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The larger portion of the route was in natu- ral waterways of sufficient depth for the proposed canal. Some shoals existed which were to have been dredged out. A neck of land 1~Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 382 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. at Ocean View, Del., separating Assawaman and Indian River Bays, required cutting through, and from Rehoboth Bay to Delaware Bay required largely an artificial waterway. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-It is for a channel and canal 6 feet deep at mean low water and 70 feet wide. Estimated cost $350,000. The fore- going project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886. (Annual Report for 1885, pp. 891-905.) There is no tide in the inland waters involved; at the Delaware Breakwater the mean range is 41 feet. The project was modified in 1892 for a reduction of width in the section between Rehoboth Bay and Delaware Bay. (Senate Ex. Doc. No. 85, 52d Cong., 1st sess., and Annual Report for 1891, pp. 1168-1181, and for 1892, pp. 956-966.) This project was repealed by section 7 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, and the amount remaining unexpended was required to be returned to the Treasury of the United States. Accordingly $7.70 was returned to the Treasury. Section 9 of the same act ordered an examination, with the view to ascertaining whether any bridge or bridges should be constructed over such artificial channels. Report thereon was printed in House Document No. 538, Fifty-ninth Con- gress, first session. The project was revised, in so far as the main- tenance of the Government-built bridges at Ocean View is concerned, by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. A new project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, for the com- pletion of the portion of the waterway between Rehoboth Bay and Delaware Bay. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work was begun in 1889. A cut 4 miles long, 4 feet deep, and 20 feet wide was made connecting Assawaman and Indian River Bays, and three temporary wooden bridges were built across it. A cut was made from Reho- both Bay northward to the Delaware, Maryland & Virginia Railroad crossing, about 2 miles long, 6 feet deep, and 20 feet wide, and two stone jetties were constructed at the Rehoboth Bay end of this cut; some dredging was done at the southern end of Rehoboth Bay and the three bridges at Ocean View have been repaired from time to time. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, for original work was $168,411.88, and for maintenance $26,830.42, a total of $195,242.30. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-General repairs were made to the three bridges at Ocean View, and in addition the lowermost one, known as Jefferson Creek Bridge, was raised so as to be less obstructive to navigation. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $1,112.81, all of which was for maintenance. The repair work was done by purchase of material and by hired labor. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was about one- third completed when repealed. The three Government-built bridges at Ocean View are in a good condition. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, from the railroad crossing southward to Rehoboth Bay was 4 feet, and from Indian River Bay to Assawaman Bay was 2 feet. The amount expended to June 30, 1915, for original work was $168,411.88, and for maintenance $27,943.23, a total of $196,355.11. Local cooperation.-The land necessary for the cuts through high land between Assawaman Bay and Indian River Bay and between Rehoboth Bay and Delaware Bay was furnished free of cost to the United States by the State of Delaware. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS 883 Efect of improvement.-As the project was not finished its effect on commerce is inconsiderable. The canal is used to some extent to convey farm produce, timber, and piling to the railroad at Rehoboth and Millsboro; for passengers between Rehoboth and Bethany Beach, a resort near Ocean View; and there is a growing use of the canal and adjacent waters by pleasure craft. Proposed operations.-No operations are in view at present except the repair and maintenance of the Government-built bridges, as needed, with the funds available and those recommended for the year 1917. Commercial statistics.-No statement obtained. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------- -------------------------- $168, 411. 88 Maintenance ----------------- ------------------------ 27, 943. 23 Total ----------------- --------------------------- 196, 355. 11 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................... ............ -... .............. ....... .................. Maintenance .................................... ........ ......... ............ 1,112.81 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------------- $1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 1, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 1, 000. 00 2, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for main- tenance of improvement-----------------------------------1, 112. 81 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _______-----___-_ 887. 19 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---- _____ ------ 45. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------------------- 842. 19 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------------- 1, 000. 00 24. WATERWAY ON THE COAST OF VIRGINIA. Location.-This waterway, which includes Cat River and Bogues Bay, is in the northeastern part of Accomac County, Va., separating Wallops Island from the mainland. It is 7 miles distant from Chincoteague Inlet by way of Ballast Narrows and Island Hole Nar- rows. The section included in the project is about 21 miles long. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-Cat River was very shoal, having available depth of only 1i feet in many places. In the southern part of Bogues Bay there were shoals bare at low water. Previous projects.-None. Presentproject.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for a channel 4 feet deep at mean 1st sess.) The mean range of tide is about 3 feet. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 884 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. low water 25 feet wide in Cat River and 50 feet wide across Bogues Bay, at an estimated cost of $12,100. (H. Doc. No. 957, 60th Cong., Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging was be- gun in 1911 and the channel was dredged to project dimensions across Bogues Bay and through Cat River to the full limit of the project, a distance of 2.4 miles. Later all shoals which had re-formed within the improved channel were removed. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, for original work was $9,404.45 and for maintenance $1,975.61, a total of $11,380.06. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations were in progress. The amount expended, amounting to $37.39, for office expenses and inspection, was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The minimum usable depth June 30, 1915, was 4 feet. The project was completed at a saving of $2,595.55. The expenditures to the close of the fiscal year 1915 were $9,404.45 for original work and $2,013 for maintenance, a total of $11,417.45. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The transportation of oysters has been facilitated and cheapened by providing a much-used protected inland route, which can be used by small boats without detention on account of the tide. Proposed operations.--Itis proposed to apply the balance available and funds estimated for in removing the shoaling which occurs in the improved channel. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year was oysters, fish, groceries, and general mer- chandise. Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1912 (no statement obtained). 1913 (no statement obtained). 1914 ...................................... .... 1,955 $37,426 The foregoing statistics were obtained from vessel owners, masters, clerks, etc., as prescribed by the act of Congress approved February 21, 1891. It is believed that this statement of commerce does not fully represent all the commerce transported on this waterway dur- ing the year 1914, as this is the first attempt with this method of collecting the statistics. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------- $9, 404. 45 Maintenance------------------------ 2, 013. 00 Total---------------------------------------------------- 11, 417. 45 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ......... ...................... 140.00 ..................... Maintenance.............. ........... ......... ......... 372.19 $1,603.42 $37.39 Total................ ... ............ . 512.19 1,603.42 37.39 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 385 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--_-- ------------------ __ $719. 94 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement _----_--------------------------- ---- 37. 39 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__------------------------------ 682. 55 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------__--- 11, 000. 00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 41 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be submitted when received: 1. West Creek, N. J. 2. Adams Creek, N. J. 3. Forked River, N. J. 4. Dividing Creek, N. J. 5. Pensauken Creek, N. J. 6. Crum River, Pa. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE BALTIMORE, MD., DISTRICT. This district includes Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries north of Patuxent River, Md., on the west side, and of Onancock River, Va., on the eastern shore; also channel at York Spit. District officer: Col. Lansing H. Beach, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. W. M. Black, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Patapsco River and Channel to 7. Corsica River, Md........... . 415 Baltimore, Md............ 386 8. Tuckahoe River, Md.......... 417 2. Channel to Curtis Bay, in Pa- 9. Tilghman Island Harbor, Md.. 418 tapsco River, Baltimore Har- 10. Tred Avon River Md......... 419 bor, Md........ . .....-- 3. Harbor of Southwest Baltimore 388 11. 12. d Slaughter Creek, d.......... Nanticoke River, Del. and Md. 420 422 (Spring Garden), Md........ 390 13. Broad Creek River, Del....... 425 4. Elk and Little Elk Rivers, Md. 391 14. Twitch Cove and Big Thor- 5. Susquehanna River, above and oughfare River, Md........ 427 below Havre de Grace, Md.. 393 15. Crisfield Harbor, Md......... 428 6. Harbors at Rockhall, Queens- 16. Lower Thoroughfare, at or near town, Claiborne, and Cam- Wenona, Deal Island, Md... 430 bridge, and Chester, Chop- 17. Broad Creek, Md............. 431 tank, Warwick, Wicomico, Pocomoke, La Trappe, and Manokin Rivers, and Tyas- kin Creek, Md ............. 395 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2249 TO 2282. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 0 8373 -ENG 1915-25 386 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1. PATAPSCO() RIVER AND CHANNEL TO BALTIMORE, MD. Location.-The Patapsco River rises in Carroll County, Md., and, flowing southeasterly for about 65 miles, empties into Chesapeake Bay 11 miles below the city of Baltimore. The improved portion of the river lies in and below the city of Baltimore. The channel con- sists of that portion in the Patapsco, 11 miles in length and a con- tinuation 9 miles long to the 35-foot contour in Chesapeake Bay, and a detached section 41 miles long in the lower bay opposite the mouth of York River, 158 miles from the Patapsco. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-The character of Patapsco River changes completely at Baltimore. Above it is a flowing stream, seldom more than 200 feet wide, while below it is an arm or inlet of Chesapeake Bay, from 1 to 4 miles broad and without other movement of water than the ebb and flow of the tide. Before operations were begun by the United States a depth of 17 feet was available at low tide and slightly more than 18 feet at high tide. Vessels over that draft were obliged to lighter portions of their cargoes about 14 miles below the city to permit them to reach the wharves. There were pockets where deeper water prevailed, but these were unconnected by any channel, natural or artificial. Vessels of the smaller types formerly ascended the river as far as Elk Ridge Landing, 6 miles above Baltimore, but for years past that city has been the head of navigation. Previous projects.-The original project was dated July 4, 1836. Modifications were made August 30, 1852; June 10, 1872; March 3, 1881; and June 3, 1896. The amount expended on these original and modified projects was $4,776,269.48. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1787. Present project.-The present project is to obtain a channel 35 feet deep and 1,000 feet wide at mean low water between the 35-foot contours in Chesapeake Bay opposite York Spit and a channel 35 feet deep and 600 feet wide from the 35-foot contour in Chesapeake Bay below the mouth of Patapsco River to and in that river as far as Fort McHenry, with an anchorage basin 35 feet deep, 600 feet wide, and 3,500 feet long near the intersection of the Fort McHenry and Curtis Bay Channels. The estimate of cost of the work was $3,770,250. The mean range of tide is a little over 1 foot in the Patapsco and about 21 feet in the York Spit section. The York Spit Channel is 41 miles long, and the upper channel is 9 miles long to the mouth of the Patapsco and 11 miles long in that river. The project stated above was adopted by parts, as follows: A 35- foot channel 600 feet wide throughout, at an estimated cost of $3,465,000, no estimate for maintenance being included (H. Doc. No. 186, 57th Cong., 2d sess.), by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905; an increase in width of the York Spit Channel from 600 feet to 1,000 feet, at an estimated cost of $305,250 and $20,000 annually for maintenance (H. Doc. No. 1190, 62d Cong., 3d sess.), by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913; the anchorage basin near the inter- section of the Fort McHenry and Curtis Bay Channels upon the con- dition that such addition could be made within the original limit of cost (no prior estimate or recommendation was made by the War RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 387 Department for this addition), by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909; an increase of channel width at the entrances and bends, pro- vided such increase could be made within the limit of the original estimate, by the river and harbor act of February 27, 1911. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All work under this project had been accomplished by dredging and resulted in com- pleting the project, excepting about one-third of the widening in the York Spit section, upon which dredges were working at the end of the fiscal year 1914. Amounts spent for original work and for main- tenance prior to the beginning of the fiscal year were $3,211,310.80 and $217,458.05, respectively, a total of $3,428,768.85. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract was in progress until January 16, 1915, when available funds for new work at York Spit were exhausted, and resulted in the prac- tical completion of the 400-foot widening of the York Spit section, making it 1,000 feet wide. Maintenance work was commenced on the original 600-foot width of the York Spit section with the United States seagoing suction dredge Atlantic, rented from the second New York district April 5, and was completed May 22. This resulted in the restoration of this section of the channel to project dimensions. Expenditures, $229,739.76 for new work and $26,985.82 for mainte- nance, a total of $256,725.58. No work was necessary in the upper sections of the channel. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project has been completed. The channel has maintained itself well, and the re- quired depth of 35 feet at mean low water and widths of 600 feet in the upper section and anchorage basin and 1,000 feet in the York Spit section now exist. Total expenditures on existing project were $3,441,050.56 for new work and $244,443.87 for maintenance, making a total of $3,685,494.43. The project has been completed for $329,- 199.44 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-Congresshas never prescribed any conditions as to local cooperation, but the State of Maryland and city of Balti- more, chiefly the latter, have at various times in the past expended about $750,000 on the improvement. In addition the city has ex- pended nearly $12,000,000 in dredging the inner harbor to connect with the upper end of the 35-foot channel made by the United States in the construction of municipal wharves and in other works. Effect of improvement.-The project has not had as great an effect as it should have had, because neither the city nor terminal owners have provided a depth of 35 feet to any of the wharves or docks in the harbor. The city of Baltimore has, however, just made a con- tract to dredge certain portions in the harbor to a depth of 35 feet so as to fully conform to the improvement already made by the Government. Proposed operations.-No estimate for funds for 1917 is sub- mitted, because those on hand are considered sufficient for main- tenance dredging at York Spit and in the upper section near Baltimore. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year consisted of coal, coke, grain, iron, oysters, lumber, etc. 388 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.............................. ......................... 10, 029,875 $202,859,057 1913 ........ .............----............................--- 14,781,548 439,906,468 1914 ..... ... .. .----------.........---- ......................... 13,425,185 383,401,736 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----__---- ---------------------------- $8, 217,320.04 Maintenance--------- --------- __ 244, 443. 87 Total--- --------------------------------------- 8, 461, 763. 91 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ............. ...-- ................... .... $59, 847. 65 $75, 512.74 $229,739.76 Maintenance.............................. Maintenance... .... ....... 5,574.98 .................. 26,985.82 Total-..............--...... ........ ................ 59,847.65 81,087.72 256,725.58 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912__ $50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913111111111111111111111111111111111 305, 250. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ___________________________ 411, 276. 57 Receipts from sales of maps--__ -__-------------------- . 25 6_____-- 411, 282. 82 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915__ ------------------------------------- 68, 600. 00 342, 682. 82 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_____________________ $229, 739. 76 For maintenance of improvement---------------- 26, 985. 82 256, 725. 58 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------- 85, 957. 24 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities____________________________ 3, 271. 85 July 1, 1915, balance available ----------------------------- 82, 685. 39 2. CHANNEL TO CURTIS BAY, IN PATAPSCO RIVER, BALTIMORE HARBOR, MD. Location.-Curtis Bay is a tidal estuary of Patapsco River, about 6 miles southeast of Baltimore Harbor. It is also the mouth of Curtis Creek, the source of which is in Anne Arundel County, Md. The length of the section of channel included in the project is 2' miles. The distance of its lower end from the mouth of the bay is 1 mile. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-There was an available depth of 20 feet at mean low water in 1893, when the first improvement was undertaken by the United States. The head of navigation was in Curtis Creek, for shallow-draft vessels, 5* miles above the upper end of Curtis Bay. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 389 The navigable portions of the bay and creek were about 74 miles long. Previous projects.-The original project was dated July 15, 1892. The amount expended on this project was $40,000. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1788. Presentproject.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, and provides for a channel 30 feet deep and 250 feet wide from the Baltimore Ship Channel to the old sugar refinery wharf in South Baltimore Harbor,. at an estimated cost of $196,000. No estimate for maintenance. (S. Doc. No. 118, 56th Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range of tide is a little over 1 foot. The length of the section included in the project is 21 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All work under this project has been accomplished by dredging, and resulted in com- pleting and maintaining it. Amounts spent for original work and for maintenance prior to the beginning of the fiscal year were $192,- 683.36 and $22,316.64, respectively, a total of $215,000. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the fiscal year or expenditures made. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project has been completed and maintained in a generally good condition. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 30 feet at mean low water. Total expenditures on existing project were $192,683.36 for new work and $22,316.64 for maintenance, making a total of $215,000. The project has been completed for $3,316.64 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-No conditions as to local cooperation were pre- scribed by law, but the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad has constructed an extensive coal pier at Curtis Bay, with a channel leading thereto from the main ship channel. Effect of improvement.-The project has not had as great an effect as it should have had, as the dimensions are not sufficient to accom- modate fully the large ocean-going and naval colliers which would use the port if a greater depth were available. Proposed operations.-No estimate for funds for 1917 is submitted, as the available funds are sufficient for maintenance and are being held until the deterioration of the channel renders it desirable to expend them. Commercial statistics.-This bay is in the collection district of Baltimore and the statistics are included in the report for that harbor. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work__--------------------------------------------- $232, 683. 36 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 22, 316. 64 Total------------------------------------------------ 255, 000.00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 -1914 1915 New work.................................. ............................ ....... Maintenance ... ..................... ..... ...... ... ..... .... ...... ............. 390 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 3. HARBOR OF SOUTHWEST BALTIMORE (SPRING GARDEN), MD. Location.-Southwest Baltimore Harbor, or Spring Garden, is a tidal estuary of Patapsco River on the south side of Baltimore City. The length of the channel included in the project is 4 miles, the lower end forming an approach about 21 miles long. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Before operations by the United States the city of Baltimore had dredged a channel from the main ship channel in Patapsco River to the foot of Eutaw Street to a depth of 15 feet at mean low water. The head of navigation was at the foot of Eutaw Street, in Baltimore City. The navigable portions of the channel were about 4 miles long. Previous projects.--None. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of June 3, 1896, and provides for a channel 27 feet deep and 100 feet wide from the Baltimore ship channel near Fort McHenry through the middle arm of the Patapsco to the foot of Eutaw Street, with a turning basin 400 by 400 feet near the upper end, at an esti- mated cost of $314,000. No estimate for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 304, 54th Cong., 1st sess.) The mean range of tide is about 1 foot. The length of the section included in the project is 4 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on this project consisted entirely of dredging, which resulted in completing and maintaining it. Amounts spent for original work and for main- tenance prior to beginning of the fiscal year were $314,000 and $66,983.14, respectively, a total of $380,983.14. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Examination of channel and field work in connection with establishment of harbor lines. Expenditures, $293.63. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project has been completed and maintained in a generally good condition. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 27 feet at mean low water. Total expenditures on existing project were $314,000 for new work and $67,276.77 for maintenance, making a total of $381,276.77. The project was completed for the estimated amount. Local cooperation.-No conditions as to local cooperation were pre- scribed by law, but the Western Maryland Tidewater Railroad Co. has constructed extensive wharves and coal piers at Port Covington in this harbor, with a deep-water channel leading thereto from the main ship channel. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had the effect of putting this harbor on the same plane as others having the same facilities, and has aided in the development of large business activity in the south and southwest parts of the city where numerous indus- tries are being developed, some of which at least need deep-water RIVER AND HARBOR IMPcOVEMENITS. 391 transportation, notably the Westport Brick Co., which has dug its own channel from the main channel near the new Hanover Street bridge to its wharf, a distance of about four-fifths of a mile, and the Western Maryland Railway which is now enlarging its terminal facilities by the construction of additional large coal piers and a grain elevator, and which has dug its own channel 32 feet deep from the Government channel of 27 feet depth to its piers. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for 1917 is submitted, because the balance available for maintenance is being held until the deterioration of the channel renders it desirable to be expended. Commercial statistics.-This harbor is in the collection district of Baltimore and the statistics are included in the report for that harbor. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- ---------------------------------------- 276. 00 $314, 000. 77 Maintenance --- _--67, Maintenance -------------------------------------- --- -67,276. 77 Total---------------------- ------------- 381, 276. 77 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-... - ................................................ .............. Maintenance........---......................................... $200.00 $6.48 $293.63 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------- -------------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 17, 516. 86 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915_________________------------------- 7,000. 00 10, 516. 86 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_------ ...... 293. 63 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _________________________-----10, 223. 23 4. ELK AND LITTLE ELK RIVERS, MD. Location.--The Elk River rises in Chester County, Pa., and flow- ing in a generally southerly direction for about 35 miles empties into the head of Chesapeake Bay. About 15 miles from its mouth it is joined by the Little Elk, which also rises in Chester County, flowing in a generally southerly direction for a 'length of about 12 miles. The improved portions of these rivers are at and below Elkton, Md. The lengths of the channels included in the project are about 1,200 and 2,000 feet, respectively, in the Elk and Little Elk Rivers. The lower end of the improvement is about 15 miles from the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-The character of these streams changes at Elkton. Above that point they are small, flowing streams, incapable of navigation, while below they are subject to tidal influence. Before improvements were commenced there was no navigation in the Little Elk, and practically none in the Elk above Cedar Point, which is 15 892 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. miles above the mouth of the river. The head of navigation is Elk- ton, and the length of the navigable portion of Elk River is about 16 miles and of Little Elk River 2,000 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was dated June 23, 1874. Modifications were made September 19, 1890; June 13, 1902; and March 2, 1907. The amount expended on the original and modified projects was $103,946.59. For scope of previous projects see Appen- dix, page 1788. Presentproject.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and aims to secure a channel 7 feet deep and 80 feet wide from deep water to a point about 1,200 feet above Cedar Point in the Elk River and 2,000 feet up the Little Elk River, at an estimated cost of $6,060. No estimate for maintenance. H. Doc. No. 770, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range of tide in both streams is 2 feet. The length of the section included in the project is 1,200 feet in the Elk and 2,000 feet in Little Elk. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on this project consisted entirely of dredging, and resulted in completing the project channel, which has since shoaled considerably and will require dredging for maintenance. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $6,057.66; no expenditure for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done during the fiscal year. Expenditures, $23.75, were for pro- portion of office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed; but some shoals have formed which require removal, and for which funds are available. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 5 feet at mean low water. Total expenditures on existing project were $6,060 for new work and $21.41 for maintenance, making a total of $6,081.41. The project was completed for the estimated amount. Local cooperation.-The law required that private interests should contribute one-third ($2,020) of the estimated amount for comple- tion of the project. This condition was complied with. Effect of improvement.-Water rates have not been affected; rail rates have been reduced, and vessels of draft requiring project depth are able to reach Elkton. Proposed operations.--Itis proposed to expend the funds asked for for maintenance in the removal of shoals by dredging, which it is anticipated will be formed during the spring freshets of 1917. The location and volume of these shoals is indeterminate. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of fertilizers, general merchandise, and pulp wood. Comparative statement. RIVER AND- HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 393 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- $85, 685. 65 Maintenance-----------------------------------------------24, 342. 35 Total-------------------------------------------------- 110, 028. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-......................... .... ............................ $1,150.14 $4,907.52 $2.34 Maintenance......................----.........2.........1......4............... 41 Total................. ............................ 1,150.14 4,907.52 23.75 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------------- $6, 060.00 Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________---- ___---___ __ 23. 75 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 5, 000.00 5, 023. 75 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_ -- _______--$2. 34 ________ For maintenance of improvement __ -- ____-------21.41 23. 75 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _____________________----___ 5, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement______________ _______ 1_2, 500. 00 5. SUSQUEHANNA RIVER ABOVE AND BELOW HAVRE DE GRACE, MD. Location.-The river rises in the southern part of New York, and, flowing in a general southerly direction for a distance of about 400 miles, empties into the head of Chesapeake Bay. The improved por- tion of this river extends from its prolongation opposite the head of Spesutie Island up to above Havre de Grace. The length of the channel included in the project is 51 miles. The lower end of the improvement is about 5 miles below the mouth of the river proper. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.--Above Port Deposit the river is nontidal, and contains several disjointed stretches which are navigable for shallow- draft vessels, but it has not been used for regular navigation above the limit of tidal action. It has been used for rafting and logging as far up as Williamsport, Pa. The minimum usable depth between Port Deposit and the mouth was about 5 feet. The head of unin- terrupted navigation is Port Deposit. The length of the navigable portion was 5 miles. Previous project.-The original project was dated August 30, 1852. The amount expended on this project was $97,390. For scope of pre- vious project see Appendix, page 1788. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 394 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Present project.--The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882, and aims to give a channel 200 feet wide and 15 feet deep from Chesapeake Bay to Havre de Grace, and to remove the shoal opposite Watsons Island (which is above Havre de Grace) to a depth of 8 feet at mean low water, at an esti- mated cost of $168,000, which was increased December 2, 1911, to $200,750. No estimate for maintenance. The mean range of tide is 2J feet. The lengths of all improved sections of the river, includ- ing its prolongation downward to Spesutie Island, aggregate about 5 miles. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on this proj- ect consisted entirely of dredging, and resulted in completing about 85 per cent of the entire work. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $157,382.43, and $18,480 for maintenance, a total of $175,862.43. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract was continued until October 24, 1914, when work under the project was completed. About 6,000 feet of the channel was dredged to project width and depth in the lower end. Expenditures, $15,- 891.97 for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project has been completed. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improve- ment was 13.5 feet at mean low water. Total expenditures on existing project were $173,274.40 for new work and $18,480 for maintenance, making a total of $191,754.40. The project has been completed for $27,475.60 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appreci- able difference in freight rates, and up to the present time no ad- vantage has been taken of increased facilities. Proposed operations.-No estimate for funds for 1917 is sub- mitted, because those in hand are considered sufficient for main- tenance dredging. It is proposed to expend the balance in hand for maintenance work. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of canned goods, fertilizers, fish, general merchandise, lumber, stone, etc. Comparative statement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 395 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------- -------- 270, 664. 40 Maintenance------ ----------------------------------------- 18, 480. 00 Total-------------------------------------------------- 289, 144. 40 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................... .. .................... $3.89 $7,890.42 $15,891.97 . Maintenance........................................................ ............ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------- $34, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------- 51, 230. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------- -------------- 43, 367. 57 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement---- ------------------------------------------- 15, 891. 97 July 1, 1915, balance unexended----------------------- ------ 27, 475. 60 6. HARBORS AT ROCKHALL, QUEENSTOWN, CLAIBORNE, AND CAM- BRIDGE, AND CHESTER, CHOPTANK, WARWICK, WICOMICO, POCOMOKE, LA TRAPPE, AND MANOKIN RIVERS, AND TYASKIN CREEK, MD. (A) ROCKHALL HARBOR. Location.-This harbor is located on the eastern shore of Chesa- peake Bay, about 25 miles southeast of Baltimore Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-The general dimensions of the harbor were about one-third mile wide by three-fourths mile long, with a con- trolling depth of 5 feet in the harbor and across the bar off Swan Point. The head of navigation was Sharps Wharf, in the inner harbor, and the length of the navigable portions of the harbor was about three-fourths mile. Previous projects.-The original project was dated June 3, 1896. The amount expended was $16,600. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1789. Present project.-To dredge a channel 10 feet deep and 150 feet wide at mean low water from the 10-foot contour in Chesapeake Bay across Swan Point Bar to the 10-foot contour in Swan Creek Inlet, at an estimated cost of $71,196.81, and about $3,500 per annum for maintenance, river and harbor act March 4, 1913. This is a modi- fication as originally adopted, which was to dredge a channel 12 feet deep and 150 feet wide from Chesapeake Bay to Swan Creek Inlet across Swan Point Bar, and 12 feet deep and 150 feet wide from Swan Creek Inlet to the wharf at Rockhall, at a cost estimated in 1899 to be $43,065, with $9,208 every two years for maintenance (H. Doc. No. 99, 56th Cong., 1st sess.), river and harbor act June 13, 1902. The estimated cost was increased May 13, 1907, to $60,386.81. Lack of wharf facilities and of use of the inner harbor rendered it undesirable for the United States to continue work in that section of the improvement, and it was recommended that it 396 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. be dropped. Recommendation was also made to modify the project for the section embracing the channel through the outer bar by reducing it from 12 feet to 10 feet, the reasons for which were the proximity of a deeper channel to the southward, the large cost of maintenance, and the comparatively small number of vessels which would use it. This change was authorized by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, referred to above. The mean range of tide is about 1 foot. Length of section included in the project is five- eighths mile. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-Work on this project consisted entirely of dredging and resulted in completing about 87 per cent of the entire work. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $60,346.73 and $9,520.32 for mainte- nance, a total of $69,867.05. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract was continued until August 10, 1914, when work under project was completed. About 400 feet of the channel was dredged to project width (150 feet) and 2,300 feet to a width of 75 feet. Expenditures, $10,810 for new work and $4.67 for maintenance, a total of $10,814.67. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project as modified has been completed. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 6.8 feet at mean low water. Total expendi- tures on existing project were $71,156.73 for new work and $9,524.99 for maintenance, making a total of $80,681.72. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It is stated that the improvement has had no effect on freight rates, nor has commerce been materially benefited. Proposed operations.-No estimate for funds for 1917 is submitted. as the project has just been completed and no maintenance is deemed necessary. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of canned goods, coal, lumber, and oysters. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Value. Shorttons. 1912........................... .... ............ ... ............................ 17,550 $151,325 1913........ ....... .. .... . .......................................... 20,716 177,958- 1914..... .......... 4,827 370, 208 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------- ----- ---------------------------- $87, 756. 73 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ _ 9, 524. 99 Total ------------------------------------------- 97, 281. 72 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 Newwork............. ................... ..................................... $10,810.00 Maintenance.... ........... ............... ...... ..... $45.08 $4,990.33 4.67 Total.................................................. 45.08 4,990.33 10,814.67 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 397 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------------------------------- $3, 947. 37 July 25, 1912___------------------------------------------ 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------- ------------------------------ 10, 810. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 10, 814. 67 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_--------------------- $10, 810. 00 For maintenance of improvement----------------- 4. 67 10, 814. 67 (B) QUEENSTOWN HARBOR. Location.-This harbor is located on the eastern shore of Chesa- peake Bay on Chester River, about 35 miles southeast of Baltimore Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-The general dimensions of the harbor were about one-half mile square. Prior to 1871 the controlling depth was 6 feet. Queenstown is the head of navigation and is about one-half mile above the mouth of the harbor. Previous projects.-The original project was dated March 3, 1871. The amount expended was $19,000. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1789. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, and has for its object to dredge a channel 10 feet deep and 200 feet wide from that depth in Chester River to the 10-foot contour in the inner harbor, at an estimated cost of $23,100, subsequently increased to $25,886.35. No estimate for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 92, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) The mean range of tide is about 2 feet. The length of the section included in the project is about 1 mile. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on this project consisted entirely of dredging and resulted in completing the project and maintaining it in fairly good condition. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $25,858.27 and $12,191.14 for maintenance, a total of $38,049.41. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done. The expenditures, $3,108.61, were on account of maintenance dredging work under contract done during the preceding fiscal year and part of office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, but some shoals have formed which require removal and for which funds are available. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 8.5 feet at mean low water. Total expenditures on existing project were $25,858.27 for new work and $15,299.75 for maintenance, making a total of $41,158.02. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.---The improvement has made no appreci- able difference in freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for 1917 is submitted, as the project has been completed, and those available are considered sufficient to cover that period. 398 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, coal, fish and oysters, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short,. Value. 1912.......... ..................................................... 28,891 $1,309,018 1913........... ..................................................... 28,335 1,307,806 1914 .................................................................. ......... 21,737 1,067,935 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 80, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $44, 858. 27 Maintenance ----------------- ------------------------- 15, 299. 75 Total ------------- ------------- ------------ 60, 158. 02 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. ... ............................. ......................... Maintenance ................................................ $151.57 $5,367.39 $3,108.61 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ---------------------------- $2, 368. 42 July 25, 1912___--- ------------------------------------------ 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------ .------------------------- 3, 600. 000. 00 Mar. Mar. 4, 1915 ____3, 4, 195-----------------------------------------------3, 000. 00 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_---------------------------- 3, 108. 61 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 3, 000. 00 6, 108. 61 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement--------------------------------------- 3, 108. 61 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_________---------__ 3, 000. 00 (c) CLAIBORNE HARBOR. Location.-This harbor is located on the eastern side of Eastern Bay, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, about 42 miles southeast of Bal- timore Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-The general dimensions of the harbor were about one-half mile square. Before 1902 the controlling depth was 9 feet at mean low water. Claiborne is the head of navigation, and is about one-half mile above the mouth of the harbor. Previous projects.-None. Presentproject.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, and has for its object to dredge a channel 12 feet deep and 300 feet wide from the 12-foot contour in Eastern Bay to the railroad pier in the harbor, and thence shoreward along the south side of the pier to a width of 195 feet for a length of 500 feet, and an extension of the existing jetty, at an estimated cost of RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 399 $17,490 and $2,500, respectively, a total of $19,990 for the entire project. No estimate for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 81, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) The estimate for dredging was later increased to $27,408.30, making a total for the entire project of $29,908.30. The mean range of tide is about 2 feet. The length of all improved sections is about 2,400 feet and of the jetty 253 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on this project consisted of dredging and jetty construction, and resulted in completing the project and maintaining the channel in fairly good condition. Amount spent for original work (dredging) $27,373.65, (jetty construction) $2,500; and for maintenance (dredging), $21,- 256.12, a total of $51,129.77. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract for maintenance was in progress until July 15, 1914, when available funds were exhausted. kItresulted in removing two shoals near the upper end of the channel, 200 feet long by 50 feet wide, and 500 feet long by widths varying from a few feet to 250 feet. Ex- penditures, 3,616.32, all for maintenance. Conditionat end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, but some shoals have formed which require removal and for which funds are available. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 10 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures on existing proj- ect were: Dredging, $27,373.65; jetty construction, $2,500; total for new work, $29,873.65; for maintenance, $24,872.44; making a total of $54,746.09. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appreci- able difference in freight rates. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to expend the funds asked for in removing shoals which experience has shown will be necessary to maintain the channel to project dimensions. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, coal, general merchandise, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912. ...... ............ ... ........................................ 108,278 $9,057,619 1913.... .........................................-.....--- ....... 107,564 9,075,385 1914. ........................................------------------- ........... 25,726 1,909,839 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work- - - -- ------- -------------- $29, 873. 65 Maintenance------------------ --------------------- 24, 872. 44 Total ----------------- ---- ----------------- 54, 746. 09 year ending June 30. Amount expended during fiscal 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................................................. Maintenance... .........................-. ---.. -..... .. . $35.88 $1,483.68 $3,616.32 400 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $3, 947. 37 July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------- 3, 600. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------------- 2, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__----__-----_---_____ - __ 5, 116. 32 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 2, 000. 00 7, 116. 32 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_ ___.--- -_______- 3, 616. 32 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_----- ---- __ -_________ _ 3, 500. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_--_____------...- (1) (D) CAMBRIDGE HARBOR. Location.-This harbor is located on the eastern side of Choptank River, about 20 miles above its mouth; and is distant, southeast- wardly from Baltimore Harbor, about 65 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-The general dimensions of the harbor are about three-fourth mile long by one-fourth mile wide. In 1870, be- fore operations by the United States commenced, there was a control- ling depth of 4 feet at mean low water. Cambridge is the head of navigation, and is about one-half mile inside the outer end of the project. Previous projects.-The original project was dated March 3, 1871. Modification was made July 13, 1892. The amount expended on the original and modified project was $50,237. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1789. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, and provides for a channel 12 feet deep and 150 feet wide from the 12-foot curve in Choptank River to a point 500 feet outside the Baltimore, Chesapeake & Atlantic Rail- way Co's. steamboat wharf, from this point gradually widening to the harbor line at the wharf, and from the steamboat wharf to Mill Wharf with a width of 200 feet and depth of 8 feet, making an anchorage basin; increasing the width of the lower harbor 40 feet on the north side and widening the upper harbor an average of 360 feet along the channel already dredged to a depth of 8 feet, at an esti- mated cost of $8,120. No estimate for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 119, 54th Cong., 2d sess.) The estimate for completion was later increased to $13,858.25. The mean range of tide is about 1.7 feet. The length of the improved sections is about 1 mile. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on this project consisted entirely of dredging, and resulted in completing the channel and maintaining it in good condition. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $11,084.13 and $5,382.44 for maintenance; a total of $16,466.57. 1 See consolidated 'inacial summary on p. 415. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 401 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done. Expenditures, $4.86, were for proportion of office expenses. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is completed and has been maintained in a generally good condition. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 12 feet at mean low water below the bridge, and 8 feet above. Total expenditures on existing project were $11,084.13 for new work and $5,387.30 for maintenance; making a total of $16,471.43. The project has been completed for $2,774.12 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appreci- able difference in freight rates, but has permitted the use of the har- bor by larger vessels. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for 1917 is submitted, as the project has been completed, and none is considered necessary at this time. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, fish and oysters, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. ..... ........ ........................................... 217,347 $12,543,781 1913.... 237,789 11,927,222 1914 ... .............................................................. 79,211 1,689,552 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $61, 321. 13 Maintenance------------------------------------------------5, 387. 30 Total------------------------------- ------------------- 66, 708. 43 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................. ................ ...... .............. Maintenance ...... ...................................... $12.35 .............. . .$4.86 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- $2, 368. 42 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------- -------------------- ---- 4. 86 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-------- ------------------------------- 4.86 (E) CHESTER RIVER, MD., FROM CRUMPTON TO JONES LANDING. Location.-This stream rises in Kent County, Del., flows in a gen- erally southwesterly direction, and empties into Chesapeake Bay. Its total length is about 50 miles. The improved portion of the river 8373"--xNa 1915----26 402 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. is from Crumpton to Jones Landing; the length of this section is about 64 miles and its lower end is about 33 miles from the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Before operations were undertaken on this part of the river vessels drawing 6 feet of water could reach Crump- ton at low tide, and from that point to Jones Landing, 61 miles, the controlling depth was 3 feet. The head of navigation is Millington, Md., and the length of the navigable portion of the river is about 41 miles. Previous projects.-There has been no project prior to the existing one for this portion of the river, but under projects for other portions of the river $38,041.46 had been expended. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and aims to provide, by dredg- ing, a channel 6 feet deep and 60 feet wide from Crumpton to Jones Landing, at an estimated cost of $12,750, increased in 1896 to $14,250 and later to $19,262.50. No estimate for maintenance. (H. Ex. Doc. No. 65, 51st Cong., 1st sess.) The mean range of tide is 2.4 feet. The length of the section included in the project is 64 miles. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-Work on this project consisted entirely of dredging, and has resulted in completing and partially maintaining the project channel. Amount spent for orig- inal work prior to the beginning of fiscal year was $17,659.48 and $15,962.87 for maintenance, a total of $33,622.35. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done. Expenditures-$10.43-were for proportion of office expenses. Condition at the, end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted, but shoals have formed, which require removal and for which funds are available. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under im- provement was 3 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures on existing project were $17,659.48 for new work and $15,973.30 for maintenance, making a total of $33,632.78. The project was com- pleted for $1,903.02 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appre- ciable difference in water rates, but railroad rates have been reduced. Proposed operations.-No estimate for funds for 1917 is submitted, as the project has been completed and funds available are considered sufficient to cover that period. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, coal, fertilizers, fish and oysters, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.............. ............................................... 68,772 $4, 282, 230 1913 ..... .............................................................. 63,558 4,288,665 1914 .............................................................. 26,107 352,274 . RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 403 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work - ----------------------------------------- $55, 700. 94 Maintenance-- --------------------------------- 15, 973. 30 Total ------------------------- - 71, 674. 24 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...... ... .... .... ..................... .............. ................. Maintenance........--....................................-- $8.44 $7.84 $10.43 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 .------------------------------------------------ $2, 368. 42 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------ 4, 300. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____--------------------------- 10. 43 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 4, 300. 00 4, 310. 43 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------------------------------------------- 10. 43 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________________________ 4, 300. 00 (F) CHOPTANK RIVER, MD. Location.-This stream rises partly in Delaware and partly in Maryland, in the section of country between Dover.and Centerville, flows in a generally southwesterly direction until near Cambridge, where it turns to the northwest and empties into Chesapeake Bay. Its total length is about 70 miles. The improved portion of the river is from Denton to Greensboro; the length of this section is about 8 miles, and its lower end is about 38 miles above the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Before improvements were begun inm 1879 the depth of water in the channel between Denton and Greensboro varied from 2 to 8 feet. Navigation carried on by small sailing vessels extended to only 3 miles above Denton. Upon the remain- ing 5 miles to Greensboro the freight had to be transported in scows. The head of navigation is Greensboro, and the length of navigable portions of the river is about 46 miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, and aims to secure a channel 75 feet wide and 8 feet deep at mean low water from Denton to Greens- boro at an estimated cost of $79,000. No estimate for maintenance. (S. Ex. Doc. No. 66, 46th Cong., 2d sess.; Annual Report for 1880, p. 634.) The mean range of tide is about 2 feet. The length of the section included in the project is 8 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on this project consisted entirely of dredging, and has resulted in com- pleting and partially maintaining the project channel.- Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $78,996.34 and $12,934.25 for maintenance, a total of $91,930.59. 404 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract for maintenance was in progress until September 12, 1914, when available funds were exhausted. It resulted in removing shoals in the vicinity of Adams Landing above Denton for a distance of 3,450 feet upstream, restoring the channel to project dimensions in that section. Expenditures, $4,015.58, all for maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project has been completed, but shoals have formed which require removal and for which funds are available. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 6 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures on existing project were $78,996.34 for new work and $16,949.83 for mainte- nance, making a total of $95,946.17. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appre- ciable difference in water rates, but railroad rates have been reduced. Proposed operations.-No estimate for funds for 1917 is submitted, as the project has been completed and funds available are considered sufficient to cover that period. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, coal, fertilizers, fish and oysters, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ....... ................................................... .............. 252,937 19,368,649 1913 .................... ...................................... 243,749 19,790,784 1914................................. -----------------------.................. .. 48,712 3,712,196 Financial sum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------- ------------------------------- $78, 996. 34 Maintenance ----------------- --------------------- 16, 949. 83 Total ------------------------------ 95, 946. 17 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................ Maintenance.....$8.38 $2976.04 4,015.58 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------- ----- $3, 947. 37 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------- -- ----------- -- 4, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------- ----------------------- 4, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________----__----------- 4, 015. 58 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 4, 000. 00 8, 015. 58 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---- _------------ 4, 015. 58 ......-- July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------- 4, 000. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 405 (G) WARWICK RIVER, MD. Location.-This river, formerly named Secretary Creek, is in Dor- chester County, eastern shore of Maryland, and flows into Choptank River, one of the largest tributaries of Chesapeake Bay. It is a tidal estuary about 1 mile long with little fresh water inflow at the head. The length of the section included in project embraces the entire river, and the lower end extends about one-half mile into Chop- tank River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Before improvements were begun the con- trolling depth in the river was 4 feet. The head of navigation is Secretary Landing, and the length of the navigable portion of the river is about 1 mile. Previous projects.-The original project was dated June 14, 1880. The amount expended on this project was $6,000. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1789. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, and provides for a channel 10 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide from the 10-foot contour in Choptank River to Secretary Landing, including a turning basin at the latter point, at an estimated cost of $18,600. No estimate for maintenance (Annual Report for 1891, p. 1219). The mean range of tide is 2 feet. The length of the section included in the project is about 1 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on this project consisted entirely of dredging, and has resulted in complet- ing and partially maintaining the project channel. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $16,040.82 and $16,917.50 for maintenance, a total of $32,958.32. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--Dredging under contract for maintenance was in progress until August 28, 1914, when available funds were exhausted. It resulted in removing shoals near the upper end of the improvement, 2,400 feet long by about 25 feet wide; 1,400 feet of this shoaling was on the north side and 1,000 feet on the south side of the channel. Expenditures, $4,023.50; all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, but some shoals have formed, which require removal and for which funds are available. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 9 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures on existing project were $16,040.82 for new work and $20,941 for maintenance, making a total of $36,981.82. The project was com- pleted for $2,559.18 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appreci- able difference in freight rates, but larger vessels have been given access to the wharves at the head of navigation. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to expend the funds asked for in removing shoals which experience has shown will be neces- sary to maintain the channel to project dimensions. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, coal, general merchandise, and oysters. 406 REPORT OF THE CHIE1 OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ........... .......... .... ...--..-- ........................ .75,960 $3,811,252 1913 ..... ... .................................... .................... 72,833 3,776,030 1914 .... ......................................................... . 5,876 399,020 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $22, 040.82 Maintenance------------------------------------------20, 941. 00 Total-___ _ -_____ 42, 981.82 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ................................................................. Maintenance................................................ $50.34 3,968.61 $4,023.50 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------ $1, 578. 95 July 25, 1912_ ----------------------------- 4, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__----------------------------- 4, 023. 50 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 3, 000. 00 7, 023. 50 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------- 4, 023. 50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------- (1) (H) WICOMICO RIVER, MD. Location.-This river has its source in the northern part of Wicom- ico County, Md., flows in a generally southwesterly direction, empty- ing into Monie Bay, a tributary of Tangier Sound. Its total length is about 33 miles. The improved portion of the river is in the vicinity of Salisbury. The length of this section is 3 miles, and the distance of its lower end from the mouth of the river is about 20 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Originalcondition.-Originallythe navigable channel, with a mini- mum depth of 8 feet, extended to a point within 2 miles of Salisbury. The extreme upper portion as far as the milldam in the heart of the town was quite shoal and had an average depth of only 18 inches at low tide. The head of navigation is Salisbury, and the length of the navigable portions of the river is 23 miles. PreviouP projects.--The original project was dated June 10, 1872. The amount expended on the project was $50,000. For scope of pre- vious projects see Appendix, page 1789. 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 415. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 407 Present project.-To provide a channel 9 feet deep and of practi- cable width from the upper point of natural 9 feet depth to the Salis- bury milldam, and a turning basin 360 feet by 650 feet at an estimated cost of $50,200, subject to certain requirements regarding necessary right of way and to disposition of dredged material to be deeded to the United States free of cost. Estimated annual maintenance, $600. The project stated above was adopted by parts as follows: A 9-foot channel of practicable width from the upper point of natural 9-foot depth to the drawbridge at the foot of Main Street, Salisbury, at an estimated cost of $23,200 by the river and harbor act of September 19,1890 (H. Ex. Doc. No. 20, 51st Cong., 1st sess.; Annual Report for 1890, p. 950); an extension from the drawbridge to the Salisbury milldam of the same depth and practicable widths, including a turn- ing basin 360 feet by 650 feet, at an estimated cost of $24,000 (H. Doc. No. 569, 61st Cong., 2d sess.), by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. This estimate was increased by $3,000 by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, making a total for the entire project of $50,200. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All work under this project was accomplished by dredging and resulted in com- pleting the project and partially maintaining it. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $47,602.99 and $30,260.47 for maintenance, a total of $77,863.46. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done. Expenditures, $1,646.62, were for dredging work for improve- ment done during the preceding year and for proportion of office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, but some shoals have formed which require removal and for which funds are available. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 7 feet at mean water. The total expenditures on existing project were $49,249.61 for new work and $30,260.47 for maintenance, making a total of $79,510.08. The project was completed for $960.76 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-Thelaw of June 25, 1910, required that no part of the amount appropriated for new work ($24,000) for the extension from the drawbridge to the milldam in Salisbury should be expended until title to the land required for the necessary right of way and for the disposition of the dredged material was transferred to the United States free of cost. These conditions were fully observed. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appreci- able difference in water rates, but railroad rates have been reduced. Since the improvement of the section between Main Street Bridge and the dam, various industries have sprung up along the harbor front. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to expend the funds asked for in removing shoals which experience has shown will be necessary to maintain the channel to project dimensions. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, coal, fertilizers, general merchandise, lumber, oysters, etc. 408 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, IT. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912... ............... ........................................ 366,228 $18,108,422 1913 ............................ ............... 381,940 18,652,356 1914 .......... .............. ... ................... .............. 75,791 1,811,967 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work________________________------------------------------------------- $99,249.61 Maintenance ----------------------------------- ----- 30, 260.47 Total --------------------------------------------- 129, 510.08 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....................... .................. ................... $24,000.00 $320.06 $1,646.62 Maintenance ................ ... .................................. 4,905.13 3,039.34 ......... Total ........................................................ 28,905.13 3,359.40 1,646.62 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------ $3, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_ --------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915_ ---------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __________________---------------2, 652. 54 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___- 6, 000. 00 8, 652. 54 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement------- --------------------------------------- 1, 646. 62 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ____---------------------- 7, 005. 92 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_--------------- (1) (i) POCOMOKE RIVER, MD. Location.-This stream rises in Great Cypress Swamp, partly in Delaware and partly in Maryland, and flows southwesterly, emptying into Pocomoke Sound. Its total length is about 50 miles. The im- proved portion of the river is at and below Snow Hill and embraces an extent of about 4- miles. The distance of its lower end from the mouth of the river is 24 miles. (See U. S. Geological Survey maps, Maryland, Virginia, Snow Hill quadrangle.) Original condition.-Originally the upper portion of the river was very crooked and narrow at certain points, with a minimum depth of but 41 to 5 feet to Snow Hill, the head of navigation. The length of the navigable portions of the river is 30 miles. 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 415. RlER AND IIARlOR IMEPROVEMENTS. 409 Previous projects.-The original project was dated June 18, 1878, modified August 5, 1886. Amount expended on original and modified projects was $20,500. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1789. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, and aims to provide, by dredging, a chan- nel 9 feet deep at mean low water and from 100 to 130 feet wide from Shad Landing, Md., to Snow Hill, Md., at an estimated cost of $14,000. No estimate for maintenance. (Annual Report for 1895, p. 1167.) Operations and results priorto the fiscal year.-All work under the project was accomplished by dredging and resulted in completing the project and maintaining it in good condition. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $14,000 and $7,695.55 for maintenance, a total of $21,695.55. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done. Expenditures, $14.47, were for proportion of office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed and maintains itself in fairly good condition. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of its locality under improvement was 9 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures on existing project were $14,000 for new work and $7,710.02 for maintenance, making a total of $21,710.02. The project was completed for the estimated amount. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appreci- able difference in freight rates. Proposedoperations.-No estimate for funds for 1917 is submitted, as the project has been completed and is in fairly good condition. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, bricks, canned goods, coal, general merchandise, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912. .... .............. .. ......................................... 91,775 $5,398,580 1913 ..... . ............... ...................................... .............. 100,359 5,045,321 1914.............-......... .... ......................... 33,772 1,390,091 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- $34, 500. 00 Maintenance--- ------------------------------------- 7, 710. 02 Total------------------ ----------------------- 42, 210. 02 410 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------------------------------$2, 368. 42 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------------14. 47 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------- --------------------------- 14. 47 (J) LA TRAPPE RIVER, MD. Location.-This stream, formerly known as Dividing Creek, is a tributary of Choptank River. It is in the lower section of Talbot County, Md., and is a small tidal basin 3 miles long, with no fresh water inflow at its head. The length of the section included in the project embraces the entire river, its lower end extending into the Choptank River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Before improvements were begun by the United States the controlling depth was 4 feet, which was increased to 8 feet by dredging at private expense. The head of navigation is Trappe Landing, and the length of the navigable portion was about 3 miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, and provides for dredging a channel 11 feet deep at mean low water and 150 feet wide across the bar at the mouth, and 8 feet deep at mean low water and 75 feet wide inside the bar as far as Trappe Landing, with a turning basin at the latter point, at an estimated cost of $7,250. (Annual Report for 1891, p. 1216.) Estimate subsequently increased to $9,750. No estimate for maintenance. The mean range of tide is 2 feet. The length of the section included in the project is about 3 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on this proj- ect consisted entirely of dredging and has resulted in completing and partially maintaining the project channel. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $8,063.87 and $10,744.08 for maintenance, a total of $18,807.95. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract for maintenance until August 19, 1914, when available funds were exhausted. It resulted in removing two shoals near the center of the project, one 375 feet long by 75 feet wide and the other 550 feet long by 75 feet wide. Expenditures, $2,023.89; all for mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, but some shoals have formed which require removal and for which funds are available. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 11 feet at mean low water across the bar and 7 feet inside. The total expenditures on existing project were $8,063.87 for new work and $12,767.97 for maintenance, making a total of $20,831.84. The project was completed for $1,686.13 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-No conditions as to local cooperation were prescribed by law, but prior to operations by the United States local interests had dredged a channel approximately 8 feet deep. RIEt I AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 411 Effect of improvement.--The improvement has made no appreci- able difference in freight rates. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to expend the funds asked for in removing shoals, which experience has shown will be necessary to maintain the channel to project dimensions. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, coal, fertilizers, general merchandise, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.............................. .............................................. 18,368 $1,074,680 1913 ................................ ....... ..................... ....... 19,986 1,141,808 1914 ........................................................................... 8,356 371,242 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --- ------------------------------------ $8, 063. 87 Maintenance----- ----- ---------------------------- 12, 767. 97 Total ----------- ---------------- ---------------- 20, 831. 84 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New New work... work.... .... ................................. .............. ...... i.....i-".........-i Maintenance............................................... $123.16 $2,976.11 $2,023.89 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911__-------------------------------------------- $1,578. 95 July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------- ___ 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------------------- 2, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---- ------- - 2,023. 89 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915____ 2, 500. 00 4, 523. 89 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------------- ------------------------------ 2, 023. 89 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 2, 500. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement -------------- ) (---------- (K) MANOKIN RIVER, MD. Location.-This river has its source in Somerset County, Md.; flows in a generally southwesterly direction and empties into Tan- gier Sound. Its length is about 22 miles. The length of the section included in the project is 21 miles, and its lower end is 5. miles above the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) 1See consolidated Financialsummary on p. 415. 412 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-Before improvements were commenced in 1891 the depth of the water near the mQuth of the river at the so- called mud flats was between 1 and 2 feet; these flats were about 21 miles wide and made navigation impossible except at high water, thereby rendering the upper part of the river, which had a very fair depth and width, almost useless for extensive shipping purposes. The head of navigation is Princess Anne, and the length of the navi- gable portions of the river is 16 miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by. the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and provides for obtaining by dredging a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide from Locust Point to Sharps Point at an estimated cost of $30,000. (H. Ex. Doc. No. 149, 51st Cong., 1st sess.) The estimated cost was subsequently increased to $42,103.99. The mean range of tide is 2.6 feet. The length of the improved sections is about 2- miles. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-- ork on this proj- ect consisted entirely of dredging, and has resulted in completing and partially maintaining the project channel. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $32,788.05 and $26,742.72 for maintenance; a total of $59,530.77. In addition to this, $2,000 appropriated by the act of June 3, 1896, was expended on the upper river, that act providing that this amount should be expended between Dashiells Creek and a point on the river known as the Red Bridge or County Wharf, which is near the head of the river at Princess Anne and beyond the limits of the project. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done. Expenditures, $31.72, were for proportion of office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, but some shoals have formed. which require removal and for which funds are available. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 5 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures on existing project were $32,788.05 for new work and $26,774.44 for maintenance, making a total of $59,562.49. The project has been completed for $9,315.94 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appre- ciable difference in freight rates. Larger vessels than were formerly possible make occasional trips through the channel. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for 1917 is submitted, as the project has been completed and funds available are considered sufficient to cover that period. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of canned goods, coal, fertilizers, lumber, oysters, etc. Comparative statement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 413 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------- ------------------------------- $34, 788.05 Maintenance------------------------- ----------------- 26, 774. 44 Total----------------------------------------------61, 562. 49 Amoudnt expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................... ......................................... ......... $3,936.87 -..-- $4,962.75 -....- ----.......$31.72 Maintenance ... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------ ------------------------------------ $3, 947. 37 July 25, 1912 ---------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -- _________________________ 31. 72 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 5, 000. 00 5, 031. 72 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------- -------------------------------- 31. 72 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------_________________ 5, 000.00 (1) TYASKIN CREEK, MD. Location.-This creek, also known as Wetipquin Creek or River, has its source in Wicomico County, Md., and flows in a generally westerly direction, emptying into Nanticoke River. Its length is about 5 miles. The length of the section included in the project is about 3,500 feet, and its lower end is at the 9-foot contour in Nanti- coke River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Before improvements were commenced the controlling depth in the creek was 8 feet and on the bar at the mouth 3 feet. The head of navigation is Tyaskin. The length of the navigable portion of the creek is about three-fourths of a mile. Previous projects.-The original project was dated June 13, 1902. Amount expended on original project, $10,158. For scope of pre- vious project, see Appendix, page 1789. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, and provides for dredging a chan- nel 9 feet deep at mean low water and 120 feet wide from the 9-foot contour in Nanticoke River to the wharf at Tyaskin, with a suitable turning basin at the upper end, at an estimated cost of $6,462.39. (H. Doc. No. 682, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) No estimate for mainte- nance. The mean range of tide is 3 feet. The length of the im- proved section is about 3,500 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the proj- ect consisted entirely of dredging, and resulted in completing and partially maintaining it. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $6,138.63 and $8,915.21 for mainte- nance, a total of $15,053.84. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract for maintenance until September 28, 1914, when available funds were exhausted. It resulted in removing shoals about 50 feet 414 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. wide and 1,000 feet long on the south side of the channel near its upper end and 300 feet long by 125 feet wide in the turning basin. Expenditures, $2,525.10, all for maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, but some shoals have formed which require removal, and for which funds are available. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the improvement was 7.5 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures on existing project were $6,138.63 for new work and $11,440.31 for maintenance, making a total of $17,578.94. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appre- ciable difference in freight rates, but has afforded access for vessels requiring project depth. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to expend the funds asked for in removing shoals which experience has shown will be necessary to maintain the channel to project dimensions. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, general merchandise, lumber, and oysters. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912......... ........ ...... .................................... - 10,105 $207,765 1913.............. --...................... .3,692 133,466 1914............................................................................................ 3,987 134,188 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- ------------ ----------------------- $16, 296. 63 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 11, 440. 31 Total __--------------------------------------------- 27, 736. 94 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....................... ............................ Maintenance................................................. $2,065.78 $946.62 $2,525.10 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------- $1, 578. 94 July 25, 1912---- ----------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------------- 2, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --- . 2, 525. 10 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 6, 000. 00 8, 525. 10 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_-- --------- __-_-_-- ---- 2, 525. 10 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _____ ---------------- - 6, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement --------------------- () 1See consolidated Financial summary on p. 415. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 415 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------------- $573,446.04 Maintenance----------------- ---------------------------- 197, 901. 82 Total ----------------------------------------------- 771, 347. 86 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........ ....... ............ ............. .............. $24,000.00 $320.06 $12,456.62 Maintenance.................................................. 11,364.1130,718.71 19,379.15 Total ......................................... 35,364.11 31,038. 77 31,835.77 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------- ---- $33, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------------- 34, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------------------- 33, 510. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------------- 35, 800. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___ ------------------- 34, 341. 69 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 35, 800. 00 70, 141. 69 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement________ __----. $12,456.62 For maintenance of improvement_____----- 19, 379. 15 31, 835. 77 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -- _ ---------------- 38, 305. 92 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-- ------------- 112, 500. 00 7. CORSICA RIVER, MD. Location.-This stream (formerly called Corsica Creek) is a tribu- tary of Chester River. It rises in Queen Anne County, Md., is about 10 miles long, and, flowing in a generally westerly direction, empties into Chester River about 8 miles above Queenstown, Md. The length of the section included in the project is about 5 miles, and its lower end extends into Chester River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Originallythe river was available for com- merce only to within about 1 miles of Centerville Landing. There was a bar with less than 8 feet of water over it just inside the mouth and shoaler areas at the upper end. The head of navigation was Centerville. The length of the navigable portion of the river is about 5 miles. Previous projects.-The original project was dated August 2, 1882. Amount expended on original project was $30,000. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1790. Piresent project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for dredging a channel 8 feet deep and 100 feet wide at mean low water from the 8-foot con- tour in Chester River to the wharf at Centerville, with a turning 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 416 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. basin 200 by 300 feet at the upper end, at an estimated cost of $5,368. (H. Doc. No. 537, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Cost of maintenance, $400 per annum. The estimated cost of the project was later in- creased to $10,168. The mean range of tide is about 2 feet. The length of the section included in the project is about 5 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the proj- ect consisted entirely of dredging, and resulted in completing the channel except a small portion at its upper end and the turning basin. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $5,345.30; nothing for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done. Expenditures, $22.70, were for proportion of office expenses. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is completed except a small portion of the channel at the upper end and the turning basin. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement is minus 1 foot at mean low water. The total expenditures on existing project were $5,368, all of which was for new work. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of this project can not be de- termined until its completion. Proposed operations.-No estimate for funds for 1917 is submitted, as those available are considered sufficient to complete the project. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, bricks, canned goods, fertilizers, and general merchandise. Comnparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............... ............................................ .......... . 38,551 $813,649 1913... . ....... ....... ... .......................................... 50,746 786,900 1914 ... ........................................................... 43, 999 734200 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work Newwork------------------------------------------ M aintenance---------- -------------------- ____ ----- _--$35, $35,9368.0 ----- --------- 368. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... .......................................... $3,844.42 $1,500.88 $22.70 Maintenance...................................... ........................... .......... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------- - $5, 368. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------__ ---------------------------------------- 4, 800.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------- 22.70 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 4, 800. 00 4, 822. 70 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement___ ------------------------------------ 22. 70 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _...___-_-___-___-___-- 4, 800. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 417 8. TUCKAHOE RIVER, MD. Location.-This river (formerly called Tuckahoe Creek) rises in Queen Anne County, Md., flows in a generally southerly direction, and empties into Choptank River about 8 miles below Denton, Md. It is about 25 miles long. "The length of the section included in the project is about 11 miles, and its lower end is about 8 miles above the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Originallythe river was available for com- merce as far as Waymans Wharf. Above that point the stream was crooked and shoal, with a maximum depth of about 4 feet. The head of navigation was Hillsboro. The length of the navigable portion of the river is about 124 miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for dredging a channel 8 feet deep at mean low water and 50 feet wide from Waymans Wharf to Rolphs Landing and to remove a shoal below Waymans Wharf, at an estimated cost of $15,600, with $500 per annum for maintenance (H. Doc. No. 1160, 60th Cong., 2d sess.). The mean range of tide is 2.3 feet. The length of the section included in the project is about 1i miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the project consisted entirely of dredging, and resulted in the comple- tion of the project channel. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $9,727.36; nothing for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done and no expenditures made. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement is 8 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures on existing project were $9,727.36, all of which was for new work. The project was completed for $5 872.64 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appre- ciable difference in freight rates or type of vessel using the channel. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for 1917 is submitted, as those available are considered sufficient to maintain the channel in good condition. Commercial statistics.--The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, fish and oysters, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. IShort torts. Value. 1912.......................................................................................................... 6,546 $455,660 1913........................................................................ 6,579 457,053 1914 ...................... .. ...... ........................... .............. 3,161 234,144 8373 °-ENG 1915-----2 418 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------ $9,727. 36 Maintenance-------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............................................. $18.53 $9,708.83........... Maintenance........................... ........................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912______-------------------------------------------- $15, 600. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------ --------------- 5, 872. 64 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__------------------ --------------- 5, 872. 64 9. TILGHMAN ISLAND HARBOR, MD. Location.-This harbor is located on the easterly side of Tilghman Island, which is situated between Chesapeake Bay and Choptank River. It is about 60 miles southeasterly from Baltimore Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-The general dimensions of the harbor were about 1,200 feet long by 600 feet wide. The controlling depth was 6.8 feet at mean low water. Avalon is the head of navigation, and is about 600 feet above the mouth of the harbor. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for dredging an anchor- age basin 10 feet deep at mean low water, 300 feet wide and 700 feet long to the northward of the steamboat wharf, at an estimated cost of $7,820; no estimate for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 400, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range tide is 1.4 feet. The length of the im- proved section is 700 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-No field work has been done, as the adopted project did not meet the wishes of local interests, who desired one which would give a greater degree of shelter, and in compliance with the directions of Congress in the river and harbor act approved March 4, 1913, a modified plan and estimate of cost for an anchorage basin, in lieu of the plan proposed in the existing project, was submitted to Congress. This proposed modification, which is printed in House Document No. 796, Sixty- third Congress, second session, is awaiting adoption by Congress. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $29.73; nothing for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done and no expenditures made. Condition at end of iscal year.-As no field work has been done, the conditions are the same as those stated under Original condition. Total expeiditures on existing project were $29.73, being expenses incident to printing specifications and advertising for proposals for diedgn.g. Local cooperation.---None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the project can not be deter- mined until the work has been cominenced and completed. Proposed operations.-No work is proposed pending the further action of Congress. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 419 Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, fish and oysters, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912... .......- --......... ........................................ 26,201 $767,762 1913. ......... .. ................................................... 25,185 988,434 1914................ ... ........................................................ 20,333 554,937 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------- $29. 73 Maintenance__ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ..................... .................. ......... $12.57 $17.16........... Maintenance... ............................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 --- ----------------------------------- $7,820. 00 __------ July 1, 1914 balance unexpended-_ ----------------------------- 7, 790. 27 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________ ---- 7, 790. 27 10. TRED AVON RIVER, MD. Location.-This stream, formerly called Treadhaven Creek, rises in Talbot County, Md., flows in a general southerly direction and empties into Choptank River about 10 miles above its mouth. It is about 10 miles long. The length of the section included in the project is about 3 miles long and its lower end is about 7 miles above its mouth. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Before operations were begun in 1880 there was a depth of less than 7 feet to Easton Point, above which the stream was not navigable. The head of navigation was Easton Point. The length of the navigable portion of the river is 10 miles. Previous projects.-The original project was dated June 14, 1880. Amount expended on original project was $6,000. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1790. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for restoring by dredging, the channel formerly dredged from Peach Blossom Creek to Easton Point to 8 feet deep at mean low water and 150 feet wide, widening out at the upper end, at an estimated cost of $9,200, with no estimate for maintenance (H. Doc. No. 399, 62d Cong., 2d sess.). The mean range of tide is about 2 feet. The length of the section included in the project is 3 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the project consisted entirely of dredging and resulted in its completion. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $6,692.87; nothing for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiseal year.-No field work was done and no expenditures made. 420 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 8 feet at mean low water. Total expenditures on existing project were $6,692.87, all of which was for new work. The project was completed for $2,507.13 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no apprecia- ble difference in freight rates, but has made the passage of steamers using the river easier, it being before the last improvement some- what tortuous. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for 1917 is submitted, as those available are considered sufficient to maintain the channel in good condition. Comnmercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, coal, fertilizers, lumber, and general merchandise. Comparative statemenrt. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....................................................................... 36,532 $1,160,540 1913 ........................................................................... 28,884 1,140,880 1914 ........................................................................... 13,375 768,564 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------. ------------ $12, 692. 87 Maintenance.------.---.--- ----- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... $162. 82 $6.530.05........... Maintenance................................ ....... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------------$9, 200. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- 2, 507. 13 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 2, 507.13 11. SLAUGHTER CREEK, MD. Location.-This stream is a tributary of Little Choptank River, which it joins 5 miles from its mouth. It rises in Dorchester County, Md., flows in a generally northerly direction, and is about 8 miles long. The length of the section included in the project is about one- third mile, its lower end extending about 900 feet into the Little Choptank River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.--Before operations were begun by the United States a bar had formed at the mouth of the creek over which sailing vessels drawing 7T feet and the regular steamer from Baltimore, drawing 6 feet, could not pass except at very high tide. The head of navigation is Taylors Island Wharf. The length of the navigable portion of the creek is 3 miles. Previous project.--None. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 421 Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for dredging a channel 7 feet deep and 100 feet wide through the bar at the mouth, at an estimated cost of $4,140, with no estimate for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 87, 62d Cong., 1st sess.) The mean range of tide is about 1 feet. The length of the section included in the project is about one-third mile. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the project consisted entirely of dredging and resulted in its completion. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $4,109.79; nothing for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done. Expenditures, $30.21, were for proportion of office expenses. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 7 feet at mean low water. Total expenditures on existing project were $4,140, all of which was for new work. The project was completed for the estimated amount. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appre- ciable difference in freight rates, but the steamboat which had abandoned trips to the creek on account of the shoaling has been able to resume them. Proposed operations.--No estimate of funds for 1917 is submitted as the project has been completed and no maintenance is considered necessary to that time. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, fish and oysters, lumber, and general merchandise. Convparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912--------..----....--....--....--...-------------------------------------------..................................................... 19,375 $457,397 1913----------............--......--.----------------------------------------------....................... 16,612 606,450 1914---..---...........-----...........---.---.................--------------------------------------- 31,390 1,536,060 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------- --------------------------------- $4, 140. 00 Maintenance------------ ---------- ---- ----- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...........--...................................... $3,528.74 $581.05 $30.21 Maintenance................................................................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912_------------------------------------------- $4, 140. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---- 30. 21 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for work of im- provement ____------------ - - - - - 30. 21 42 REPORT OFp TH E CHIBi OF E GINEERS, U. A. ARMY. 12. NANTICOKE RIVER, DEL. AND MD., AND NORTHWEST FORK OF NANTICOKE RIVER, MD. (A) NANTICOKE RIVER, DEL. AND MD. Location.-Nanticoke River is a tidal stream, its headwaters con- sisting of numerous branches, rising mainly in the northern section of Sussex County, Del. It flows in a southwesterly direction to Tangier Sound, Chesapeake Bay. It is about 50 miles long. The length of the section included in the project is about 2 miles, and its lower end is 34 miles above the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Before improvements were begun by the United States in 1894 there were shoals in the upper river with only 5 feet of water over them. Seaford is the head of navigation. The length of the navigable portion of the river is 36 miles. Previous projects.-The original project was dated August 18, 1894. The amount expended on this project was $5,000. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1790. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, and provides for dredging a channel 9 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide from the 9-foot con- tour to the county bridge at Seaford, with a turning basin at the upper end, at an estimated cost of $13,000; no estimate for mainte- nance. (H. Doc. No. 323, 53d Cong., 3d sess.) This was modified by the river and harbor act June 25, 1910, to include a slight widen- ing between the bridges in the harbor at Seaford, Del., making the total estimated cost $15,860. (H. Doc. No. 674, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range of tide is about 3.4 feet. The length of the section included in the project is about 2 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the project consisted entirely of dredging, and resulted in its completion and maintenance. Amount spent for original work prior to begin- ning of fiscal year was $8,379.21, and $11,031.40 for maintenance, a total of $19,410.61. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract for maintenance until October 10, 1914, when available funds were exhausted. It resulted in the removal of two shoals near the lower end of the project-one about 1,200 feet long by 50 feet wide, the other 200 feet long by 50 feet wide. Expenditures were $1,806.19, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed and is in fairly good condition. The maximum draft that could be car- ried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 9 feet at mean low water. Total expenditures under existing project were $8,379.21 for new work and $12,837.59 for maintenance, making a total of $21,216.80. The project has been completed for $7,480.79 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appreci- able difference in water rates, but railroad rates have been reduced. Proposedoperation.-Itis proposed to expend the funds asked for in removing shoals from the upper and lower river. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 423 Commercial statistics.-The' general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, coal, fertilizers, general merchandise, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912-----... . --------------------------------------------------------- 168,488 $8,430,390 1913..-----------------....--------------------------- --------------------------- 167,107 8,548,708 1914....--------------...-..-------------------------------------------------------- 39,044 1,724,777 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------$13, 379. 21 Maintenance-----------------------------------------------12, 837. 59 Total --------------------------------------------------- 26, 216. 80 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ......-...... ...- ............................ .. . Maintenance......................................... $2,254.21 $428.60 $1,806.19 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------- $1, 902. 56 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------------- 2, 689. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_---------------------------------------------------- 1, 800. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -_____ 1,806. 19 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------------- 1, 806. 19 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement (---------------- (1) (B) NORTHWEST FORK OF NANTICOKE RIVER (MARSHYHOPE CREEK), MD. Location.-Northwest Fork of Nanticoke River is a tidal stream. It rises in Kent County, Del., and flows past Federalsburg, Md., in a generally southern direction through Dorchester County, Md., to its junction with Nanticoke River opposite Riverton, Md. It is about 30 miles in length. The length of the section included in the project is 54 miles and its lower end is 114 miles above the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Before improvements were begun by the United States there was a minimum depth of 6 feet from the mouth to Browns Wharf, and from that place to a point one-half mile below Federalsburg the river contained numerous shoals of gravel, sand, and mud, which rendered navigation very difficult. The head of navigation is about one-half mile below the town of Federalsburg. The length of the navigable portion of the river is 16 miles. Previous projects.-None. 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 425. 424 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Presentproject.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for dredging a channel 6 feet deep and 60 feet wide from upper Browns Wharf to within one-half mile of the south boundary of the town of Federalsburg, with a turning basin at the upper end, at an estimated cost of $44,200, with annual maintenance of $2,000 (H. Doc. No. 869, 60th Cong., 1st sess.). The mean range of tide is 2.6 feet. The length of the section included in the project is about 51 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the project consisted entirely of dredging, and resulted in completing the channel and maintaining it in fairly good condition. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $35,436.10, and $11,084.96 for maintenance, a total of $46,521.06. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract for maintenance until October 30, 1914, when available funds were exhausted, resulted in the removal of a shoal area about the center of the project extending from Wroten Landing nearly to Shipyard Landing, a distance of 2,500 feet by 40 feet wide. Expendi- tures were $1,822.14, all for maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is completed and is in fairly good condition. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 6 feet at mean low water. Total expenditures under existing project were $35,436.10 for new work and $12,907.10 for maintenance, making a total of $48,343.20. The project has been completed for $8,763.90 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no appre- ciable difference in freight rates. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to expend the funds asked for in removing shoals, which experience has shown will be neces- sary to maintain the channel to project dimensions. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of canned goods, cord wood, general merchandise, lumber, etc. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.......................... .................................... 10,970 $257,649 1913 ... ........................ .................................... 7,822 164,169 1914............................................................................ 13,039 390,506 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------- ----------------------- $35, 436. 10 Maintenance ------------------------ --------- __ -_ 12, 907. 10 Total --------------------------------------------- 48, 343. 20 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................................. Maintenance ......................................... $1,966.74 $356.88 $1,822.14 RIVER AND HARBO R IMPROVEMENTS. 425 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.J Feb. 27, 1911-----------------------------------------------$34,097.44 25; JulyJuly 1912_________________ 25,-1912 --------------------------------------------- 2, 311. 00 2310 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------- 1, 800. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________________________ 1, 822. 14 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement--- ----------------------------- 1, 822.14 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___________________ (1) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: work_________________ New New-work ------------------------------------------- 1.3 31 48, 815. 48 Maintenance ------------------ ____ 25, 744. 69 Total 74, 560. 00 7------------------------------ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 work. Maintenancew .................................................. $4209 $75 8 36 .33 Maintenance------------------------------------------4,220.95 $785.48 $3,628.33 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------- ------------- $36, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913________________ -- _3, 600. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________ 3, 628. 33 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_---------------------------------------- 3, 628. 33 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement- --------------- -25, 000. 00 13. BROAD CREEK RIVER, DEL. Location.-This is a tributary of Nanticoke River. It rises near the Great Cypress Swamps in the southern part of Sussex County, Del., and flows in a westerly direction, emptying into Nanticoke River about 6 miles below Seaford, Del. It is about 18 miles long. The length of the section included in the project is 4 miles and its lower end is about 3 miles above the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1224.) Original condition.-Before improvement was begun by the Gov- ernment, the minimum usable low-water depth to Laurel, Del., was 11 feet. The head of navigation is Laurel, Del. The length of the navigable portion of the river is 7T miles. Previous projects.-The original project was dated June 14, 1880, modified July 13, 1892. Amount expended on original and modified projects, $57,462.57. For scope of previous projects, see Appen- dix, page 1790. 1 See consolidated Financialsummary on this page. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 4H 6' fi'iIoffIEP RJiP6ijt!P OF xann t. S. ARMY, Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act July 25, 1912, and provides for dredging a channel 8 feet deep and 70 feet wide from Portsville Landing to Laurel, to straighten and widen several sharp bends in the river, and to widen the channel below the railroad bridge so as to provide a suitable turning basin, at an estimated cost of $14,520, and $1,500 annually for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 601, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range of tide is 3 feet. The length of the section included in the project is 4 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the project consisted entirely of dredging and resulted in completing the channel. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $14,520 and $29.26 for maintenance, a total of $14,- 549.26. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging under contract for maintenance until October 21, 1914, when available funds were exhausted. It resulted in the removal of two shoals,. one 800 feet below the railroad bridge at Laurel, about 250 feet: long by 30 feet wide, and one 1,500 feet long by 30 feet wide just above Hitch Upper Wharf. Expenditures were $2,008.17, all for mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--The project is completed and is in fairly good condition. The maximum draft that could be car- ried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 8 feet at mean low water. Total expenditures under existing project were $14,520 for new work and $2,037.43 for main- tenance, making a total of $16,557.43. The project was completed for the amount of the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement is reported to have made a reduction in railroad rates but not in water rates, and has permitted boats of project draft to reach the factories at Laurel, Del. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to expend the funds asked for in removing shoals which experience has shown will be necessary to maintain the channel to project dimensions. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of berry crates, fertilizers, gum logs, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....................... .. ..................................... 25,498 $186,656 1913...................... 1913... ... .,....... 33,686 33, 686 665,992 665, 992 1914... ....................................................... . 30,561 614,149 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------- -------- ------ $64, 520. 00 Maintenance ------------------------------------------- 9, 500. 00 Total----- ----------------------- 74, 020. 00 RtVEt A1 ik IIIVR IMPROVEMENTS. 47 Amount expended during fical year ending June 80. 1913 1914 1915 $13, 150.23 New work....------..-....-----------------.....--....---.....---......------......----......... --- 1, 369.77 ... Maintenance-.............................-------------------------...------------......................... 29.26 2,008.17 'Iotal............-------.. ........ ....................... 13,150.23 1,399.03 2,008.17 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ----------------------------------------- $2, 000. 00 July 25, 1912---------------------- -------------- ___ 14, 520. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------____------ 2, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------___ _ _ 2, 008. 17 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_ ----------------------------------------------- 2, 008. 17 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement --------------- ____ _ 11, 500. 00 14. TWITCH COVE AND BIG THOROUGHFARE RIVER, MD. Location.-This is a tidal stream extending from Chesapeake Bay on the western to Tangier Sound on the eastern side of Smiths Island, Md. It flows through the center of the island in a generally north- westerly and southwesterly direction, the trend of the current varying with the ebb and flood of the tide. It is about 4 miles in length. The length of the section included in the project is about 1 mile, and its lower end extends into Tangier Sound. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-Before improvement was begun by the United States the minimum usable low-water depth was about 1 foot. As this waterway bisects the island, there is no definite head of naviga- tion. The length of the navigable portion of the stream is 4 miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project.--This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for dredging a channel 4 feet deep at mean low water and 25 feet wide from Tangier Sound into Big Thoroughfare River, and one of the same dimensions around the point between said river and Tylers River, at an estimated cost of $2,900, with $100 annually for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 285, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range of tide is 1.7 feet. The length of the section included in the project is 1 mile. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the proj- ect consisted entirely of dredging, and resulted in completing the channel. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $2,871.83; nothing for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done. Expenditures, $28.17, were for proportion of office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed and maintains itself in fairly good condition. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 4 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures on the existing project were $2,900 for new work and 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 428 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. nothing for maintenance. The project was completed for the esti- mated amount. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had no effect on freight rates, but the small boats which could use the channel before improvement only at high water now use it at all stages of the tide. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for 1917 is submitted, as the project has been completed and none are considered necessary at this time. Commercial statistics.--The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of crabs, fish, oysters, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912...................................... ...................................... 2,959 $164,683 1913....... ............. ............................................ 3,309 127,178 1914.......... ..... .... ............................................ 5,049 195,408 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------- ----- $2, 900. 00 Maintenance----------- -------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ...................................... $2,448.06 $423.77 $28.17 Maintenance ... ............................... .......................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------------- 2, 900. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------------- 28. 17 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement------------------------------------------------------ 28. 17 15. CRISFIELD HARBOR, MI). Location.-This harbor is situated at Somers Cove, Little Anne- messex River, which at this point is an estuary of Tangier Sound, on the east side of Chesapeake Bay, and is distant 116 miles southeast of Baltimore Harbor and about 95 miles north by east from Norfolk Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-The general dimensions of the harbor were about one-fourth mile square. Originally the harbor had a con- trolling depth of 81 feet for a width of 400 feet, but this was not deemed adequate for the commerce of the port. Crisfield is the head of navigation and is about 3 miles above the mouth of the river. Previous projects.-The original project was dated March 3, 1875. The amount expended was $37,317.50. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1790. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act March 2, 1907, and provides for securing by dredging RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 429 a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water and 425 feet wide from the 12-foot contour in Tangier Sound to opposite Somers Cove Light, thence with a width of 266 feet to "above the railroad wharf," and to provide an anchorage basin, with a depth of 10 feet at mean low water and width of 250 feet, at an estimated cost of $37,706.62, with an annual estimated cost of maintenance of $800 (H. Doc. No. 783, 59th Cong., 1st sess.). The estimated cost of the project was later in- creased to $47,762 and again to $51,942. The mean range of tide is 2.6 feet. The length of the section included in the project is about 2 miles. Operations and results priorto the fiscal year.-Work on this proj- ect consisted entirely of dredging, and resulted in completing the channel and maintaining it in good condition. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $50,422.54 and $2,327.98 for maintenance, a total of $52,750.52. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done. Expenditures, $11.48, were for proportion of office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed and has been maintained in a generally good condition. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 12 feet in the channel and 10 feet in the anchorage at mean low water. Total expenditures on existing project were $50,422.54 for new work and $2,339.46 for main- tenance, making a total of $52,762. The project has been completed for $1,519.46 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made no known difference in freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for 1917 is submitted, as the project has been completed and none is considered necessary at this time. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, canned goods, coal, crabs, fish, general merchandise, lumber, and oysters. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................................. ......................... 106,475 $9,332,449 1913 ................ ....... ...... ........................................... 300,194 12,921,288 1914 ................... ................ .......... .......... 320,190 5,408,425 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $87, 740. 04 Maintenance -------------------------------------- 2, 339. 46 Total-------------------- ------------------- 90, 079. 50 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ................................................ $3.10 $2,660.54 .... ............ Maintenance.............................. ,37 i. iii1...... Total............. ....... . ... . ........... 3.10 4,988.52 11.48 430 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912__------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 11. 48 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement --------------------------------- 11. 48 16. LOWER THOROUGHFARE, AT OR NEAR WENONA, DEAL ISLAND, MD. Location.-This is a tidal waterway between Deal Island and Little Deal Island, Md., extending from Tangier Sound. It is about 20 miles north of Crisfield Harbor, Md. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Original condition.-The general dimensions were of widths vary- ing from one-eighth to one-half mile and about 11 miles long. Be- fore work was undertaken by the Government there was a controlling depth of 24 feet. Wenona is the head of navigation and is about 3,000 feet from Tangier Sound. Previous projects.-The original project was dated March 3, 1881. The amount expended was $5,000. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1790. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for dredging a channel 6 feet deep and 80 feet wide from Tangier Sound to the wharves at Wenona, Deal Island, with widening at the angles and ends, so as to furnish anchorage basins, at an estimated cost of $5,300; estimated annual maintenance $200 (H. Doc. No. 76, 60th Cong., 1st sess.). The estimated cost of the project was later increased to $7,200. The mean range of tide is 2.2 feet. The length of the section included in the project is about bne-half mile. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on this proj- ect consisted entirely of dredging and resulted in completing the channel and maintaining it in good condition. Amount spent for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $7,200, and $89.43 for maintenance, a total of $7,289.43. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done. Expenditures, $10.57, were for proportion of office expenses. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is completed and maintains itself in good condition. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 6 feet at mean low water. Total expendi- tures on existing project were $7,200 for new work and $100 for maintenance; making a total of $7,300. The project was completed for the amount of the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had no effect on freight rates, but the small boats which could use the channel before improvement only at high water now use it at all stages of the tide. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for 1917 is submitted, as the project has been completed and none is considered necessary at this time. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 431 Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of crabs, cordwood, general mer- chandise, and oysters. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.......... .. ... .. ................................................................. ........ 14,782 $221,857 1913.......... .................................................... 15,208 270,957 1914.. ........................................................................... 12,584 217,030 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------__ $12, 200. 00 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- __ 100. 00 Total ------------------------------------------ 12, 300. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ........................................... $1,858.37 $72.37 ........ Maintenance.............................................. ......... 89.43 $10.57 Total ................. ............................. 1,858.37 161.80 10.57 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] 1912______________________________________ $2, 000.00 July 25,July25,1912---------------------------------------------$200.0 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 10. 57 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_______________----------------------------------------------- 10. 57 17. BROAD CREEK, MD. Location.-This is a tidal waterway, flowing through a low marshy region, the end of which is only slightly above high water. It con- nects Pocomoke Sound and Little Annemessex River, Md. It flows in a generally northerly and southerly direction, the course of the current varying with the ebb and flow of the tide. It is about 21 miles in length. The length of the section included in the project is about 2 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 78.) Originalcondition.-Before improvement was begun by the United States the minimum usable low water depth was about 11 feet. As this- waterway is a connecting link between Pocomoke Sound and Little Annemessex River there is no definite head of navigation, but the objective point is Crisfield, which is about 11 miles from the Little Annemessex end of the creek. The length of the navigable portion of the stream is 21 miles.. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act, July 25, 1912, and provides for dredging a channel 6 feet deep and 100 feet wide in the straight reaches, and 130 feet wide at the bends from the 6-foot contour in Broad Creek to the 6-foot con- tour in Little Annemessex River, at an estimated cost of $57,200, and 432 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. $200 annually for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 269, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) The mean range of tide is about 1.9 feet. The length of the section included in the project is about 2 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-There were no operations prior to the fiscal year. The amount expended for original work prior to beginning of fiscal year was $32.96 on account of print- ing specifications, advertising for bids, etc. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging by con- tract for new work commenced November 12, 1914, and was in progress at the close of the fiscal year; 65,723 cubic yards of material were removed, resulting in the completion of about 34 per cent of the project. Expenditures, $4,878.78, were for new work; nothing for maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is about one-third completed, progress having been delayed owing to the presence of numerous submerged stumps and roots. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest portion of the locality under improvement was 11 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures under existing project were $4,911.74, all for new work; nothing for maintenance. The project has not yet been com- pleted. Local cooperation.-The law required that no portion of the appropriation should be expended until the necessary right of way had been deeded and permission granted for the deposit of dredged material on the marsh at a sufficient distance to prevent its return to the creek, both free of cost to the United States. These require- ment were complied with. Effect of improvement.-As the improvement has not been com- pleted, it is impossible to state what effect it will have. Proposed operations.-The project will be completed, and no esti- mate of funds for 1917 is submitted, as those available are considered sufficient to cover that period. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural products, crabs, clams, fish, general merchandise, and oysters. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............... ........ .. .............................. ............ 1913... ................................ .............................. 56,632 1,136,800 1914 .......................................................................... 40,026 944,450 Financialsummatry. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------ ------------ $4, 911. 74 Maintenance- ----- ------ - --------- ----- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................... ....... .... ........... ..... $32.96............... $4,878.78 Maintenance...................................................................... RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 433 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ---------------------------- --------------- $57,200.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ______- ---------------- 57, 167. 04 Deduction on account of transfer, under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 37, 167. 04 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement-----------4, -- ----------------------------- 4878.78 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------- - ________-32, -- 288. 26 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__-- __--__--_ $106. 44 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 11, 968. 32 12, 074. 76 July 1, 1915, balance available -- __- ___ __-__- _-- 20, 213. 50 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS APPROVED JULY 25, 1912, AND MARCH 4, 1913. Reports on preliminary examinations and surveys required by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1913, of the fol- lowing localities within this district were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were transmitted to Con- gress and printed in documents as indicated: 1. Preliminary examination and survey of Chester River, Md., from Crumpton to Millington.- Reports dated January 23, 1913, and January 3, 1914, with map, are printed in House Document No. 797, Sixty-third Congress, second session. A plan of improvement at an estimated cost of $12,000 is presented. 2. Preliminary examination and survey of Big Annemesse~ River, Md., with a view to providing a suitable channel from Clear'Creek Point to Muddy Creek Point.-Reports dated January 2 and Octo- ber 13, 1914, with map, are printed in House Document No. 1328, Sixty-third Congress, third session. A plan of improvement at an estimated cost of $5,600 is presented. 3. Preliminaryexamination and survey of Nassawadox Creek, Va., with a view to the removal of the bar at its mouth so as to connect with the bay and provide a suitable channel.-Reports dated May 3, 1913, and October 27, 1914, with map, are printed in House Docu- ment No. 1451, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improve- ment of this locality by the United States in the manner desired is riot deemed advisable at the present time. 4. Preliminaryexamination and survey of Black Walnut Harbor, Md.-Reports dated July 7, 1913, and December 5, 1914, with map, are printed in House Document No. 1508, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of this locality by the United States in the manner desired is not deemed advisable at the present time. 5. Preliminaryexamination and plan and estimate of cost of im- provement of Wicomico River, Md.-Reports dated June 11 and December 3, 1914, with map, are printed in House Document No. 1509, Sixty-third Congress, third session. A plan of improvement at an estimated cost of $17,100 and $2,400 annually for maintenance is presented. 8373o-ENG 1915----28 434 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 6. Preliminary examination of Kent Island Narrows, Md.-Report dated December 8, 1914, with map, is printed in House Document No. 1587, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of this locality by the United States in the manner desired is not deemed advisable at the present time. 7. Preliminary examination and survey of Saxis Harbor, Va.- Reports dated November 3,1913, and October 13,1914, with map, are printed in House Document No. 1592, Sixty-third Congress, third ses- sion. The improvement of this locality by the United States in the manner desired is not deemed advisable at the present time. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Pocomoke River, Md. 2. Baltimore Harbor, Md., and approaches thereto. 3. Patapsco River, Md., from Spring Garden Channel south- westerly to Elkridge Landing. 4. North Branch of the Susquehanna River, Pa. and N. Y., includ- ing flood prevention and consideration of any proposition for co- operation on the part of local or State interests. 5. Knapp Narrows, Md., with a view to securing a deeper channel between Tilghman Island and the mainland. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE WASHINGTON, D. C., DISTRICT. This district includes the western shore of Chesapeake Bay between Holland Point on the north to Back River Point on the south, and all streams and their tributaries emptying into Chesapeake Bay be- tween these limits. The more important rivers are the Patuxent, Po- tomac,'Anacostia, Rappahannock, York, Mattaponi, and Pamunkey. District officer: Maj. C. W. Kutz, Corps of Engineers, to October 31, 1914; Col. H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engineers, from November 1, 1914, to February 10, 1915; Col. H. F. Hodges, Corps of Engineers, from February 11, 1915, to March 12, 1915; and Col. H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engineers, from March 13, 1915, to the close of the fiscal year. Division engineer: Col. W. M. Black, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Potomac River at Washing- 7. Mattaponi and Pamunkey ton, D. C_ _--__---__----- 435 Rivers and Aquia and Oc- 2. Anacostia River, D. C _------- 437 coquan Creeks, Va.: 3. Potomac River at Alexandria, (A) Mattaponi River, Va ----------------------- 440 Va------------- 446 4. Potomac River at Lower Ce- (B) Pamunkey River, dar Point, Md ____________ 442 ------------ Va 448 5. Upper Machodoc Creek, Va-- 444 (C) Occoquan Creek, 6. Nomini Creek, Va__--------- 445 ------------ Va 450 (D) Aquia Creek, Va_ 452 8. Rappahannock River, Va___ 455 9. Urbana Creek, Va_______ 457 10. Harbor at Milford Haven, Va----------- 459 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2283 TO 2306. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 435 1. POTOMAC RIVER AT WASHINGTON, D. C. Location.-The Potomac River is formed by the junction of the North and South Branches, about 22 miles below Cumberland, Md., and flows in a general southeasterly direction about 286 miles to Chesapeake Bay, which it enters about 80 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. Washington is located at the head of the tidal estuary which forms the lower portion of the river. It is 210 miles by river and bay from Baltimore, 200 miles from Norfolk, and 185 miles by Chesa- peake & Ohio Canal from Cumberland, Md. The portion of river included in the project extends 5 miles downstream from the Aque- duct Bridge. Its lower end is at Giesboro Point, 108 miles from the mouth. Original condition.-Before improvement the river was obstructed by two bars, the lower bar near Giesboro Point, on which the mini- mum depth was 14 feet, and the upper bar, extending from the Highway Bridge, 1 mile upstream in the Virginia Channel, with a minimum depth of 8 feet at mean low water. The depth in the Wash- ington Channel along the city harbor front was about 10 feet. The flats along the Washington front (including what is now Potomac Park) extended to the edge of the Virginia Channel, were largely bare at low water, and were considered an active agent in spreading malaria and other diseases. Georgetown Harbor was obstructed by dangerous rocks. The Aqueduct Bridge was considered the head of navigation for river traffic, but the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal ex- tended navigation, with a depth of 6 feet, for canal boats from Georgetown to Cumberland, Md. Previous projects.-By an act approved March 2, 1833, Congress authorized certain channel works below Georgetown, D. C. The act of March 3, 1849, provided for a survey of the river, and the act of July 11, 1870, adopted the original project for improvement. The amount expended under these previous projects was $339,475.21. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1791. Present project.-The existing project for the improvement, esti- mated originally to cost $2,500,000, was adopted by act of August 2, 1882, and is contained in Senate Executive Document No. 126, Forty- seventh Congress, first session, which contains maps, and also in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1882, page 980, which does not contain maps. It provides for dredging the Virginia Chan- nel 20 feet deep and of sufficient width (now about 500 feet) to afford a low-water cross-sectional area of 25,000 square feet; for dredging the Washington.Channel at least 20 feet deep; for the reclamation of the flats to 3 feet above the freshet elevation of 1877 by depositing the dredged material thereon; for the construction of a tidal reservoir to periodically flush the Washington Channel; and for the construc- tion of a training dike in the Virginia Channel. No estimate for maintenance was included in the original project, but it is believed that it will not hereafter exceed $15,000 annually. The plane of ref- erence is mean low water, and the mean tidal range is 3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The expenditures to June 30, 1914, under the present project amounted to $2,456,067.14 for original work and for maintenance prior to 1899 and $590,625.88 for maintenance since 1899, a total of $3,046,693.02. These expendi- 436 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. tures resulted in channels of project depth 4 miles long and about 500 feet wide in the Virginia Channel, 21 miles long and 400 feet wide in the Washington Channel, and an additional width in the Washington Channel of 350 feet, 18 to 20 feet deep; in a tidal reser- voir 8 feet deep over its entire area of 111 acres; in completing the inlet and outlet gates for the tidal basin; in fully reclaiming Potomac Park (628 acres) ; in constructing 36,975 linear feet of sea wall around the reclaimed area and rebuilding 26,239 linear feet thereof, and in building 7,207 linear feet of training dike to a height of 6 feet above mean low water. The total amount of material deposited on the flats was 20,018,305 cubic yards. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The Virginia Chan- nel was redredged to project dimensions from the Highway Bridge to 6,100 feet thereabove. The work was done by contract. The total expenditures for the year were $76,797.51, and were all applied to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted at a cost of $2,456,067.14, including maintenance prior to 1899, which is less than the estimated cost. The minimum usable depth on June 30, 1915, was 21 feet in the Virginia Channel and 24 feet in the Washington Channel. The total amounts expended on the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $2,456,067.14 for original work and for maintenance prior to 1899 and $667,423.39 for main- tenance since-1899, a total of $3,123,490.53. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Larger and deeper draft vessels are now engaged in trade, and it is understood that freight rates have been materially reduced. Proposed operations.--The following estimate is submitted for work of maintenance, the project being completed: Dredging where shoals occur ------------------------------ $20, 000 The operation, maintenance of, and repairs to inlet and outlet gates of Tidal Reservoir__------------------------------------------2, 500 Maintenance of U. S. tug Castle----------------------------------1, 500 Care of United States property and repairs to United States buildings and floating plant-------- --------------------------------- 1, 200 Engineering, clerical, office rentals, and contingent and miscellaneous expenses -------------------------------- ------- -- 6, 800 32, 000 It is expected that the funds now on hand will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 812,284 short tons, valued at $11,321,910, the principal items, in order of tonnage, being sand and gravel, coal, general mer- chandise, lumber, and cordwood. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912....---....--.........................--------............................................. 619,946 $13,148,636 1913 .............................................................. 823,038 12,141,079 1914.................................................... . 812,284 11,321,910 RIVER AND THARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 437 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ ---------------------------------------- $2, 795, 542. 35 Maintenance_-__------------------- 667, 423. 39 Total ---------------- 3, 462, 965. 74 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. ..... ... ---...........----... ......- .......... . $14,633.63 ........ 14,633.63 Maintenance...........-- ....-.....--------. .........-------....-----....-----...........--------------- 11,242.18 $7,126.24 $76,797.51 Total.......-----------... --....---. -....-.....----. -----...-------.-----------.. 25,875.81 7,126.24 76,797.51 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] ------------------------------------------------ Feb. 27, 1911___ $60, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 40, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913__ --------------------------------------------- 30, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------ --------- -- _ --- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____----------------------------_ 81, 042. 30 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 .------- ______--------------------- 20, 000. 00 111, 042. 30 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement ----------------------------------- 76, 797.51 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 34, 244. 79 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ---------------------------- 78. 75 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 34, 166.04 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------- 32, 000. 00 2. ANACOSTIA RIVER, D. C. Location.-The Anacostia River rises in Maryland and flows about 20 miles in a southwesterly direction, emptying into the Potomac River at Washington, D. C., about 110 miles above the mouth of the Potomac. The portion of the river included in the project extends from its mouth, about 2 miles upstream to the Anacostia Bridge. Original condition.-Before improvement this portion of the river was from one-half to 1 mile wide; the channel was narrow, tortuous, and had a ruling depth of about 18 feet; between the narrow channel and the shore there were extensive flats with depths of 1 to 4 feet, which were covered in summer with aquatic plants. Sewage was discharged into the river and collected on the flats, causing offensive and unhealthy conditions. The head of navigation is Bladensburg. The river's navigable length is 83 miles. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 438 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Previous projects.-The act of September 19, 1890, authorized an allotment of $20,000 for work in the Anacostia from the appropria- tion for improving the Potomac River at Washington. A joint reso- lution of Congress, dated April 11, 1898, appropriated $2,000 for a survey of the river from its mouth to the District of Columbia bound- ary line. The amount expended under these previous projects was $20,536.94. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1792. Present project.-The existing project for the improvement of this stream, estimated to cost $1,218,525, was adopted by the act of June 13, 1902, and is contained in House Document No. 87, Fifty-fifth Congress, third session, with maps, and also in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1899, page 1443, without maps. It pro- vides for the improvement of the portion of Anacostia River below Anacostia Bridge by dredging a channel 20 feet deep for a width of 400 feet, the depth then gradually decreasing to 6 feet at the bulk- head lines, and by depositing the dredged materials on the adjacent flats to an average elevation of 7 feet above low tide, the reclaimed area to be surrounded by an earthen embankment to a height of 14 feet above low tide, protected by a masonry sea wall and provided with drainage through the embankment. This project has never been modified. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The expenditures to June 30, 1914, under the present project, were $731,308.06, of which $90,354.56 was applied to maintenance and $640,953.50 to new work. This resulted in a channel of project depth from the mouth to the navy yard, 1.8 miles, and to some increased depth between channel limits and bulkhead lines. Of the reclamation portions of the project, riprap foundations were completed for all of the sea wall, 10,185 feet of sea wall were built, and 340 acres of flats re- claimed or partially reclaimed. The project on June 30, 1914, was 80 per cent completed. Operations and results during fiscal year.-The work of dredging between channel limits and bulkhead lines, building sea wall, and re- claiming land was continued. There were 509,033 cubic yards dredged, 2,560 feet of sea wall built, 500 feet of sea wall which had settled to about the 4-foot elevation was raised to the project height of 6 feet; 111 additional acres reclaimed or partially reclaimed; the first section of Stickfoot Branch sewer constructed; and work of preventing erosion at Buzzards Point by trench excavation and placement of riprap was done. The work was done partly by con- tract and partly by hired labor, and the expenditures during the fiscal year were $42,746.39, of which $39,913.85 was for new work and $2,832.54 for maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project for channel excava- tion is nearly completed. There is a depth of 21 feet in the channel from the mouth to the navy yard, 1.8 miles. The total expenditures on this project were $680,867.35 for new work and $93,187.10 for maintenance, a total of $774,054.45. Local cooperation.-None under this project. Above the Ana- costia Bridge, within the District of Columbia, the river is being improved and the flats reclaimed under a project which is paid for in equal parts by the United States and the District of Columbia. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 439 Effect of improvement.-The largest vessels plying the Potomac can now reach the navy yard without difficulty. The additional facilities afforded have developed some traffic and have relieved con- gestion in other parts of the harbor. Proposed operations.-The funds now available are sufficient to complete the project so far as the channel depths are concerned, but additional funds will be required if the project, as originally pre- sented to Congress, is to be carried out. This project, as outlined in House Document No. 87, Fifty-fifth Congress, third session, provided not only for dredging channels to the specified depths, but also for reclaiming the flats to an average elevation of 7 feet above mean low water. In connection with the dredging the flats have been partially reclaimed, but to complete this work will require the deposit on them of approximately 2,000,000 cubic yards of material in addition to that included in the existing contract with the Cape May Dredging Co. Congress authorized the improvement in the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, as follows: Improving Anacostia River, D. C., with a view to the interests of commerce and navigation, in accordance with such portions of the report submitted in House Document No. 87, Fifty-fifth Congress, third session, as relates to section 1 of said river, being the portion below the navy-yard bridge, $150,000. It is not clear whether the phrase "with a view to the interests of commerce and navigation" was intended to restrict the project to the excavation of the channel and such development of the flats as was desirable in the interests of commerce, or whether it was the intention to complete the project as outlined. The flats are not now needed for commercial purposes, but they should not be left in the present unfinished condition, as certain low areas will be difficult to drain and will afford breeding places for mosquitoes. Until there is a commercial need for this reclaimed area it is believed that it should be developed as a public park, as was done in the case of Potomac Park, which is made up of land similarly reclaimed. To complete the reclamation of the flats on the Anacostia River below the Navy Yard Bridge will cost about $147,000. Of this amount about $45,000 will be available after completion of other work on the project, and this sum will be expended in reclamation of the flats by material dredged from the river. Depths somewhat in excess of the project will thus be obtained, but the work so done will decrease future costs of maintenance. To complete the reclamation of the flats, estimate of funds required for the fiscal year 1917, amounting to $102,000, is submitted herewith. Should Congress de- cide that this additional work should not be included in the project for improving the Anacostia River, it is suggested that the work be included with that for reclamation of the Anacostia River above the Navy Yard Bridge for park purposes and that appropriation there- for of $102,000 be included in the bill to provide for the expenses of the government of the District of Columbia for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 324,504 short tons, valued at $20,702,184, the principal items, in order of tonnage, being gravel and sand, stone, naval ord- nance and ordnance supplies, brick clay, coal, oil, and brick. 440 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 71,181 $17,706,954 1912 ................................................................................................. 1913...........................................................................358,919 21,684,063 .............................................................................. 1914 324,504 20,702,184 Financial swmmary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------- $701,404. 29 Maintenance------- ----------- 93, 187. 10 Total------ ------------------- -------------------- 794, 591. 39 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................ 127,207. 31 $36,378.17 $39,913.85 Maintenance ....... .................................... 8,21194 13,986.24 2, 832. 54 Total.......... ................. ...... ................. 419. 25 135, 50, 364.41 42,746.39 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 __-_ $200, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------ 50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913- 75, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _ 112, 655. 00 Receipts from sales___ 32. 50 112, 687. 50 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_ ___-- ------ $39, 913. 85 For maintenance of improvement- ------------- 2, 832. 54 42, 746. 39 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______ 69, 941. 11 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ----------- 1, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 20, 000. 00 21, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------- 48, 441. 11 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------- -------------------------- 1467, 700. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement------------------------ 2 102, 000. 00 3. POTOMAC RIVER AT ALEXANDRIA, VA. Location.-Alexandria is situated on the right bank of the Potomac River 5 miles below Washington, D. C., and 105 miles above the 1 This is the unappropriated balance of the original estimate. It is now expected that all work contemplated by the project will be completed with the further appropriation of $102,000. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 441 mouth of the river. The area under improvement extends along the harbor front between the wharves and the main channel in the river. Original condition.-It is reported that prior to 1889 a natural depth of 20 feet or more existed along the entire wharf front, but that during the freshet of June, 1889, an old steamboat hull sank near the upper limits of the city and diverted the currents which had swept past the city front, resulting in the formation of a bar of mud. The water depths in Alexandria harbor just prior to improve- ment were about 10 feet at the upper end, 16 feet near the center, and 20 feet near the lower end. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project for the improvement of this harbor, estimated to cost $116,000, with an annual maintenance charge of $2,000, was adopted by the act of June 25, 1910, and is published in House Document No. 1253, Sixtieth Congress, second session, which contains maps. It provides for dredging necessary to afford a depth of 24 feet at mean low water over the area in front of the city of Alexandria between deep water of the through channel and a line drawn 20 feet outside of the established pierhead line. This area is about 6,700 feet in length and averages 300 feet in width. The mean range of tide is 3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $95,214.52 for original work and $9,574.38 for maintenance, a total of $104,788.90. They resulted in the completion of the project and in some operations for maintenance. As an inci- dent to the improvement, 50 acres of land in Battery Cove, near Alexandria, were reclaimed by depositing the dredged material, which amounted to 747,673 cubic yards. Only 538,278 cubic yards were paid for under various contracts, the balance being handled without cost to the United States. The retaining wall for Battery Cove fill is 2,730 feet long and contains 8,032.9 cubic yards of cobble- stones and 4,952.9 cubic yards of riprap. Operations and results during fiscal year.-There was no work, other than clerical, done and a survey of the improvement made. The total expenditures were $821.40, all devoted to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted and only work of maintenance remains to be done. The maxi- mum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the area in front of Alexandria on June 30, 1915, at mean low water, was 12 feet. This is near the upper end of the city front, where the shoaling has given rise to no complaint. The total expenditures on this project were $95,214.52 for original work and $10,395.78 for maintenance, a total of $105,610.30. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Deep-draft steamers and vessels can now enter this port and the trade has been thereby increased. There has been no known effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No work is necessary. The approved proj- ect has been completed and the funds in hand are sufficient for main- tenance of the portion of the channel that is in use. Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported at 182,858 short tons, valued at $3,823,076, the principal items in order of tonnage being sand, coal, railroad ties, miscella- neous fertilizer materials, and phosphate rock. 442 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912............. ............. ............................. ..... 197,562 $4,474,349 1913.......................... ................................... 167,552 3,332,884 1914 ... ........................................................... 182,858 3,823,076 Financialsummmary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------ ------------ $95, 214. 52 Maintenance--------------- ------------------ 10, 395. 78 Total --------------------------------------------- 105, 610. 30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............ .... ............. .................. ... ... ....... .............. Maintenance................................................. $1,834.95 $1,549.84 $821.40 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $56,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______------------ -- _______ 11, 211.10 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_--------- __821.40 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__-_________ 10, 389. 70 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-- ________---__--________ 115. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ____________ __________________ 10, 274. 70 4. POTOMAC RIVER AT LOWER CEDAR POINT, MD. Location.-Lower Cedar Point is a narrow point of land on the left bank of the Potomac River, 61 miles below Washington, D. C., and 49 miles above the mouth of the river. The section under im- provement is a branch channel extending from deep water in the river to a wharf on the downstream side of the point, about two-fifths mile. Originalcondition.-In 1907 the ruling depth in the channel to the wharf was 7 feet, and the width of the channel was insufficient for navigation. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project for this improvement, esti- mated to cost $13,300, with an annual maintenance charge of $600, was adopted by the act of June 25, 1910, and is contained in House Document No. 918, Sixtieth Congress, first session, with map. It provides for dredging a channel 150 feet wide and 10 feet deep to Dills Wharf by way of the " west channel," with a turning basin at the wharf of the same depth, 300 feet wide and 400 feet long, the aggregate length of channel and turning basin being about two-fifths mile. The mean range of tide is about 1.8 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $10,233.51, for original work, and $4,350.55 for maintenance, a total of $14,584.06. These expenditures resulted in the completion and partial maintenance of the approved project. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 443 Operations and results during fiscal year.-No work has been done other than clerical. The expenditures for the year were $37.50, all devoted to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed and only work of maintenance remains to be done. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel on June 30, 1915, was 10 feet at mean low water. The expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $10,233.51 for original work and $4,388.05 for main- tenance, a total of $14,621.56. The project was completed for less than the estimate, the amount saved being $3,066.49. Local cooperation.--None for the present project, but about 25 years before this project was adopted the channel was dredged to a depth of 10 feet by the Henry Bros., who owned Lower Cedar Point and fitted it up as a pleasure resort. Effect of improvement.-Vessels of 3 feet deeper draft can now land at the wharf, making it possible for boats of the Washington and Baltimore line to trade at this place, resulting in greater conveni- ence to traffic, but there has been no known effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No work is necessary. The approved proj- ect has been completed and the funds in hand are sufficient for main- tenance. Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 1,672 short tons, valued at $112,630, the principal items, in order of tonnage, being general merchandise, miscellaneous, build- ing materials, and farm produce. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912. ............. ..... .... ...................................... .1,690 $98,154 1913 ................................................................................ 1,761 108,630 1914................. ..................... . .... .. ...... 1,672 112,630 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------- ------------------------------ $10, 233. 51 Maintenance --------------------------------------- 4, 388. 05 Total ------------------ --- --------------- 14, 621. 56 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................................. Maintenance ............................................................ $1,284.06 $37.50 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------- $3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------- 1, 715. 94 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement___ ____- ___--- - - ------- 37. 50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _ -------------------------- 1, 678. 44 444 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 5. UPPER MACHODOC CREEK, VA. Location.-Upper Machodoc Creek rises in King George County, Va., and flows in an easterly direction to the Potomac River, which it enters about 63 miles below Washington, D. C. It is about 15 miles long and its navigable portion is mainly a tidal estuary with few fluvial characteristics. The section included in the project ex- tends from Milford Landing to the mouth, 7.7 miles. Originalcondition.-In 1909 about 5 feet at mean low water could be carried to Brickhouse Wharf, 42 feet thence to Little Ferry Wharf, and from 4 to 5 feet thence to Milford, the head of navigation for steamers. The total length of bars was 13,970 feet, and the channel above Little Ferry Wharf was described as "narrow and tortuous." Small craft can proceed for 1 mile above Milford. The navigable length is 8.7 miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project for improvement, estimated to cost $23,200, with an annual maintenance charge of about $1,600, was adopted by the act of June 25, 1910, and is published, without maps, in Rivers and Harbors Committee Document No. 4, Sixty- first Congress, second session. It provides for dredging a channel 100 feet wide and 62 feet deep from the mouth of the creek to Little Ferry Wharf and 50 feet wide and 6 feet deep from Little Ferry Wharf to Milford Landing, with turning basins of the same depth at Little Ferry and at Milford Wharf, of sufficient size to accommo- date navigation. The mean tidal range is about 1.8 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The expenditures to June 30, 1914, amounted to $20,281.28 for original work and $6,118.72 for maintenance, a total of $26,400, and resulted in the completion of the approved project by dredging and maintenance thereof up to that date. Operations and results during fiscal year.-None. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement on June 30, 1915, was 6 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $20,281.28 for original work, a saving of $2,918.72 on the estimated cost, and $6,118.72 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The benefits to navigation from the im- provement consist of permitting the steamers to enter the creek at low tides, thus giving the villages on the creek an uninterrupted service. There has been no known effect ori freight rates. Proposed operations.-None, as no work is considered necessary at this time. The approved project has been completed. Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 10,338 short tons, valued at $228,035, the principal items, in order of tonnage, being railroad ties, cordwood, pulp wood, gen- eral merchandise, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912.............................15,658 $178,026 1913................................................................... 389 36 184, 1914............................................... 10,338 228,035 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 445 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------- ----------------------- $20,281. 28 Maintenance ------------------------------------- 6, 118. 72 Total_----- --------------------------------------- 26, 400.00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................................... .... ............................. ....... Maintenance ............................................................... $3,200.00 .............. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------- ____ ___ --- $13, 200.00 Mar. 4, 1913 __ ------------------------------------------- 3,200.00 6. NOMINI CREEK, VA. Location.-Nomini Creek rises in Westmoreland County, Va., and flows in a northerly direction to the Potomac River, which it enters about 84 miles below Washington, D. C. The stream is about 13 miles long, the lower 6 miles being mainly tidal, with few fluvial characteristics. The section under improvement extends from the mouth to Hickory Point, a distance of 14 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Originalcondition.-Priorto improvement the mouth of the creek was obstructed by a bar of oysters, oyster shells, and sand, over which there was a depth of 3 feet. Above the bar there was a depth of 8J feet to Nomini Ferry, 4 miles from the mouth, and 5 feet for another 21 miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project for the improvement of this stream, estimated originally to cost $20,000, was adopted by the act of March 3, 1873, and is contained in Senate Executive Document No. 25, Forty-second Congress, third session, without maps, and in Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1873, page 822, without maps. It was modified in 1879, 1885, 1888, 1890, 1897, and 1908, and now provides for dredging a channel 150 feet wide and 9 feet deep through the bar at the mouth of the creek, with a stone jetty at the entrance outside of White Point, at an estimated cost of $105,000, with an annual maintenance charge of $500. The mean range of tide is 1.8 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $78,446.21 for original work and $17,553.79 for maintenance, and resulted in the completion of the modified project. The total excavation was 155,411 cubic yards, and 2,410 linear feet of jetty have been built by the placement of 7,619.3 cubic yards of riprap and about 3,000 cubic yards of oyster shells. Operations and results during fiscal year.-None. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project has been completed and only work of maintenance remains. The maximum draft that could be carried on June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 9.5 feet at mean low tide. The total expendi- tures to date were $78,446.21 for original work, and $17,553.79 for maintenance, a total of $96,000. The project was completed for less than the estimate, the amount of saving being $26,553.79. 446 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-River vessels can now reach Nomini Ferry. It is understood that freight rates have been reduced and shipments facilitated. Proposed operations.-No work is necessary. The approved proj- ect has been completed. Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 26,012 short tons, valued at $427,390, the principal items, in order of tonnage, being cordwood, railroad ties, pulp wood, general merchandise, and farm produce. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912............................. ................................. 17,725 $520,870 1913.. ........................... ................................. 28,953 421,733 1914. ............................................................. 26,012 427,390 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------- ----------------- $78, 446. 21 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- _ ---- 17, 553. 79 Total----------------------------------------------------96, 000. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................... ...... ... Maintenance ... ......................................... $3,057.30 $948.50........... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911__------------------------------------------------- $8, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------- --------------------- 600.00 June 22, 1915, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913__ 600. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -_______-_____ -______________ 600. 00 7. MATTAPONI AND PAMUNKEY RIVERS, OCCOQUAN AND AQUIA CREEKS, VA. (A) MATTAPONI RIVER, VA. Location.-The Mattaponi River rises in Virginia and flows in a southeasterly direction for about 120 miles, to its junction with the Pamunkey River, forming the York River, at West Point, Va. The section covered by the existing project extends from Line Tree Bar, 31 miles by river above the mouth, to Guinea Bridge, a distance by river of 71 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 504.) Original condition.--When the first work of improvement was undertaken there was an available depth of 10 feet as far as Walker- ton, 28 miles. Between Walkerton and Aylett, 10 miles, there were seven bars with ruling depths of from 2.4 to 3.8 feet. Besides these bars the river was obstructed by wrecks, logs, snags, and overhang- ing trees. From Aylett to Guinea Bridge, 63 miles, the stream was RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 447 narrow, with a slope of 2 to 3 feet per mile, and its only commercial use was for logging. Tidal action extends ordinarily as far as Dun- kirk, 42 miles from the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.--The original project for the improvement of this stream, estimated to cost $34,059, was adopted by the act of June 14, 1880, and is contained in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875, volume 2, page 166, without maps. It pro- vides for the removal of snags, wrecks, and leaning trees below Mun- day Bridge and the improvement of the bars below Aylett so as to give a depth of 5 feet at mean low water and a channel width of 40 feet. This project was extended to cover the removal of snags as far as Guinea Bridge, by the act of July 13, 1892. The estimated cost of the extended project was $72,100. The mean range of tide is 3.9 feet at Walkerton. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $54,899.72 for original work and maintenance prior to March 3, 1899, and $47,712.09 for maintenance since that date, a total of $102,611.81, and resulted in forming channels having the full projected dimensions from Aylett through Line Tree Bar, and the removal of snags in other parts of the river. The channel has been dredged through 13 bars aggregating 4.4 miles in length, the quantity dredged being 297,293 cubic yards. Operations and results during fiscal year.-There was no work of dredging or snagging. A total of $1,294.80 was expended during the year for a survey to determine the condition of the improvement, for maintenance of plant, for care of property, and for office work, all devoted to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed and future expenditures will be for maintenance. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the river below Aylett on June 30, 1915, was 5 feet at mean low water. The expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $54,899.72 for new work and maintenance prior to March 3, 1899, and $49,006.89 for maintenance subsequent to that date, a total of $103,906.61 and a saving on the estimated cost of $17,200.28. Effect of improvement.-Steamers can now make their calls at river landings without reference to the tide. Shipments have been facilitated and it is understood that freight rates have been somewhat reduced. Proposed operations.-The funds available will be expended by June 30, 1916. The following estimate is submitted for work of maintenance, the project being completed: Dredging where shoals may occur-------- --------------------- $2, 000 Care of property and repairs to floating plant------------------------200 Maintenance of U. S. tug Castle-------------------------------------- 500 Engineering, clerical, office rentals, and contingent and miscellaneous ex- penses------------------- ---------------------------------- 700 Snagging river------------------------------ 00 6------------------ Total------------- ---------------------------------- 4, 000 Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 60,190 short tons, valued at $685,693, the principal items, in order of tonnage, being lumber, railroad ties, pulp wood, cord- wood, and agricultural lime. 448 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912 .......... ............. --...........-----.........-- --- ...................... 83,560 $1,220,343 1913.. ...... ....... .......... ....... ........................... ........ 73,277 1,103,030 1914........................................-------------------------------------------...............--..-----------------60,190 685,693 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $54, 899. 72 Maintenance---------------------- 49, 006. 89 Total -------------------------------------------- 103, 906. 61 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 $10,284.41 $6,248.33.. New work .......................................................... Maintenance ....................................................... 5,565.14 6,460.85 $1,294.80 Total............ ................. .................. 15,849.5512,709.18 1,294.80 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_____------- --- ______________----- 6, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ------------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar.4, 1915-------------------------------------------- 4,000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_.. 3,000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 4, 000. 00 7, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__-----------------__ _ - _- 1, 294. 80 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------- -------------- 5, 705. 20 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- (1) (B) PAMUNKEY RIVER, VA. Location.-The Pamunkey River rises in Virginia and flows in a southeasterly direction for 130 miles to its junction with the Mattaponi River, forming the York River at West Point, Va. The section requiring work under the existing project extends from Buckland Bar upstream to Bassett Ferry, a distance of 10 miles. Buckland Bar is 40 miles above the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 504.) Original condition.-Before improvement began a draft of 7 feet could be carried to Buckland Bar. Between this bar and Bassett 2 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 454. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 449 Ferry there were five bars, with ruling depths varying from 24 to 5 feet. There were additional bars in the 12 miles between Bassett Ferry and Hanovertown, the original upper limit of the improve- ment, and the river was also obstructed by wrecks, logs, snags, and overhanging trees. The head of navigation for all craft is New- castle Ferry, 53 miles above the mouth, all of which distance is navigable. Previous projects.-None. Present project.--The present project, estimated in its original form to cost $17,508, was adopted by the act of June 14, 1880, and is contained in the Annual Report for 1875, Part II, page 162, with- out maps. The project was modified in 1885 and 1908, partly by in- creasing the depth and width of channel below Bassett Ferry and partly by omitting the portion of the river above Bassett Ferry. It now provides for securing a channel 7 feet deep and 100 feet wide between Bassett Ferry and the mouth of the river. The estimate of cost of the revised project was $55,000 for new work and $4,000 every four years for maintenance. The mean tidal range is about 3 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $39,666.23 for original work and maintenance prior to March 3, 1899, and $22,154.14 for maintenance since March 3, 1899, and resulted in the completion of the project. Sheet-pile longitudinal dikes aggregating 1,478 linear feet and permeable spur dikes aggregating 2,332 linear feet have been built. The amount of material excavated was 91,884 cubic yards. Innumerable logs, snags, etc., and eight wrecks have been removed. Operations and results during fiscal year.-Office work. The ex- penditures were $399.40, all devoted to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted and only work of maintenance remains. The maximum draft which could be carried in the shoalest part of the locality under im- provement on June 30, 1915, was 7 feet at mean low water. The expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $39,666.23 for original work and maintenance prior to March 3, 1899, and $22,553.54 for maintenance since March 3, 1899. The project was completed for less than the estimate, the amount of saving being over $15,873.77. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Vessels drawing 7 feet can now reach Bassett Ferry. Shipments have been facilitated. It is understood that freight rates have been reduced. Proposed operations.-The funds available will be expended by June 30, 1915. The following estimate is submitted for work of maintenance, the project being completed: Maintenance of U. S. tug Castle --------------------------------- $500 Care of property and repairs to floating plant------------------------300 Engineering, clerical, office rentals, and contingent and miscellaneous expenses----------------------------------------------------600 Snagging river 6--------------------- Total--------- -------------------- _---------------- 2,000 Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 35,703 short tons, valued at $194,953, the principal items, in order of tonnage, being lumber, pulpwood, railroad ties, cord- wood, and piles. 8373 0 -- ENG 1915- -29 450 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912 .................... .............. ....................... ...................... 38,309 $264,890 1913............................................................. 36,990 236,257 1914......................................... ........ ............................. 35,703 194,953 Financialsum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $39, 666. 23 Maintenance ------------------ ------------------------ 22, 553. 54 Total --------------------------------------------- 62, 219. 77 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................ New work ...... $2,911.08 2,911.08 $837.22 .. ........ $,837.22 Maintenance .................. ............................. 5,707.56 1,538.25 $399.40 Total ........................................................ 8,618.64 2,375.47 399.40 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 191111 11111111111--... -- -------- $5, 000. 00 M ar. 4, 1913--------------------------------__ 3, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------- ----------------------------- 1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915__________________-111111111111 1, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914____ 1, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 1, 000. 00 2, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------ 399. 40 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_______________--__________ 1, 600. 60 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___- _______--- 95. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_________________________________ 1, 505. 60 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement .. _____________________ (1) (C) OCCOQUAN CREEK, VA. Location.-Occoquan Creek is formed by the junction of Bull and Broad Runs, about 5 miles southeast of Manassas, Va., and flows about 13 miles in a southeasterly direction, emptying into the Po- tomac River about 28 miles below Washington, D. C. The section covered by the existing project is in the tidal portion of the stream and extends from the town of Occoquan to the mouth of the creek, a distance of about 6 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-Prior to improvement the lower Occoquan was obstructed by three bars, over which but 1.2 feet could be car- 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 454. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 451 ried at low tide. Aside from these, the creek was amply wide and deep at low water to permit craft drawing 5 feet to proceed to Occoquan, the head of navigation, a distance of about 6 miles. Previous projects.-The first project for the improvement of the stream was adopted by the act of March 3, 1873. The appropriation thereunder amounted to $25,000, all of which was expended. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1792. Present project.-The present project, estimated originally to cost $45,000, was adopted under the act of September 19, 1890, and ex- tended by the act of March 2, 1907, to include the outer bar at the mouth. The project now provides for dredging channels 6 feet deep through the five bars obstructing navigation below Occoquan. These channels are to be 100 feet wide, except through the outer bar and the lower 2,000 feet of Lower Mud Bar, where the channel is to be 150 feet wide. Dikes are to be constructed at the three upper bars. The estimated cost of the revised project is $64,000, with an annual maintenance charge of $750. The mean range of tide is about 2 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The expenditures on the existing project to June 30, 1914, were $44,427.14 for original work and for maintenance prior to March 3, 1899, and $27,418.71 for maintenance since March 3, 1899, a total of $71,845.85, and resulted in the completion of the approved project, except the dike called for at Upper Mud Bar. About 2,220 linear feet of dike, containing 7,826.6 cubic yards of riprap, have been built and repaired where nec- essary. The aggregate amount of excavation is about 290,326 cubic yards. Operations and results during fiscal year.-There was no work other than clerical done and a survey of the improvement made. The total expenditures were $361.90, all devoted to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted, excepting the construction of the dike proposed at Upper Mud Bar, which is not considered necessary at present. The maxi- mum draft that could be carried on June 30, 1915, over the shoals and part of the locality under improvement was 6 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $44,427.14 for original work and for maintenance prior to March 3, 1899, and $27,780.61 for maintenance since March 3, 1899, a total of $72,207.75. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Vessels drawing 6 feet can now reach Occoquan at all times. Freight rates have been reduced. Proposed operations.-The funds available will be expended by June 30, 1916. The following estimate is submitted for work of maintenance, the project being completed: Dredging where shoals may occur--- --------------------- $5, 200 Maintenance of U. S. tug Castle__---------------------------------- 800 Care of property and repairs to floating plant______------------__ 500 Engineering, clerical, office rentals, and contingent and miscellaneous expenses -------------------------------------------------- 2, 500 Repairing dikes 000 1----------------------- Total 000 1------------------------ Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 35,652 short tons, valued at $131,380, the principal items, in order of tonnage, being brick, coal, railroad ties, manure, and stone. 452 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912..... ....... ................. .... ................................ 49,558 $140,962 1913 ........... ........................................... 57,580 161,860 1914................................................................................. 35,652 131,380 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $69, 427. 14 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 27, 780. 61 Total --------------------------------------------- 97, 207. 75 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................................ Maintenance..................... ......................... $38.76 $1,707.68 $361.90 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------__ ------------------ $6, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended________________________ __ _ 4, 253. 56 Deduction on account of withdrawal and reallotment to Aquia Creek, Va----------------------------------------------- 100. 00 4, 153. 56 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------- 361. 90 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------- 3, 791. 66 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project __---------------- 15, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-----------------(') (D) AQUIA CREEK, VA. Location.-Aquia Creek rises in Virginia and flows in a south- easterly direction for about 17 miles to the Potomac River, which it enters at a point about 43 miles below Washington, D. C. The sec- tion covered by the existing project extends from Coal Landing to the mouth, a distance of about 6 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-Priorto improvement the creek had a well- defined channel 60 to 200 feet wide and 2 to 17 feet deep from Whartons Landing, the head of navigation, as far down as the Nar- rows, a distance of 3 miles. From the Narrows to Thorny Point, 31 miles, the stream expanded into a bay 1,000 to 6,000 feet wide and 2 to 5 feet deep. Near Thorny Point the depth increased and a channel 6 to 7 feet deep was available to the mouth, about 1 mile. The total navigable length is about 7.5 miles. The fluvial discharge is very small except during freshets. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. See consolidated Financial summary on p. 454. IVER AND1b HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 453 Previous projects.-The first project was adopted by the act of June 10, 1872, and the expenditures thereunder amounted to $10,500. The second project was adopted by the act of September 19, 1890, and the expenditures thereunder amount to $20,536.64. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1793. Present project.-The existing project for the improvement, esti- mated to cost $21,400, with an annual maintenance charge of $1,000, was adopted by the act of July 25, 1912, and is contained in House Document No. 579, Sixty-second Congress, second session, with map. It provides for securing a channel depth of 6 feet and a channel width of 60 to 100 feet from Coals Landing to the mouth. The mean range of tide is about 1.6 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The expenditures to June 30, 1914, under the present project were $21,400, all for original work, and resulted in the completion of the project. Channels and turning basins aggregating 3.8 miles in length have been dredged. The excavation amounts to 175,107 cubic yards. Two wrecks and six snags were removed. Operations and results during fiscal year.-There was no work other than clerical done and a survey of the improvement made. The total expenditures were $100, all devoted to maintenance. Condition at end of year.-The project is completed and future expenditures will be for maintenance. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the section under improve- ment on June 30, 1915, was 6 feet at mean low water. The expendi- tures on present project to June 30, 1915, were $21,500, of which $21,400 was for new work and $100 was for maintenance. Effect of improvement.-Shipments have been greatly facilitated. It is understood that freight rates have been somewhat reduced. Proposed operations.-All the available funds were exhausted during the past fiscal year. The following estimate is submitted for work of maintenance, the project being completed: Dredging where shoals may occur---------------- $2, 200 Maintenance of U. S. tug Castle ----------------------------------- 500 Care of property and repairs to floating plant-----------------------300 Engineering, clerical, office rentals, and contingent and miscellaneous expenses ------------------------------------------------- 1, 000 Total ------------------------------------------ 4, 000 Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914, is reported as 13,325 short tons, valued at $92,595, the principal items, in order of tonnage being lumber, railroad ties, cordwood, pulp wood, general merchandise, and fertilizer. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912... 1913.................. ...................................... ....................... 8,870 ........................................... 12,356 $99,825 89,409 1914 .. ....... .............. ...................................... 13,325 92,595 454 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial8ummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------- ------------ --------------------- $52, 436. 64 Maintenance----------- --------------------------------- 100.00 Total -------------------------------------------- 52, 536.64 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................... .. $6,194.99 $15,205.01 Maintenance .... 10000.......................... APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------ ---------------------------------- $21, 400.00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------- ----------------- 100.00 Apr. 1, 1915, transferred from Occoquan Creek, Va ___________ 100. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement - __,,-__ 100.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement____________________- (1) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- 216, 429. 73 Maintenance------........ __________ _ _- 99, 441. 04 Total -------------------------------------------- 315, 870. 77 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................... .................................. $19,390.48 $22,290.56 .. Maintenance.......................................... 11,311.46 9, 706.78 $2,156.10 Total................... . ........................ 30,701.94 31,997.34 2,156.10 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911__ ---------------------------------------- --- $10,000.00 July 25, 1912 ------ ------------------------------------ 31, 400. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 4, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------------------- 5, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_________________________ 4,253. 56 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 4, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 5, 000. 00 13, 253. 56 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---------------------------2, 156.10 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- .... _______- __-__ _____ 11,097.46 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---- --------------------- 95. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------___ 11, 002.46 1 See consolidated Financialsummary on this page. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 455 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-----__----------------- ------------------- $5, 000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement 120,000.00 _------------------- 8. RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER, VA. Location.-The Rappahannock River rises in Virginia in the Blue Ridge Mountains and flows in a southeasterly direction for about 212 miles to Chesapeake Bay, which it enters about 40 miles above Fort Monroe. The section included in the present project extends from Fredericksburg to the mouth, a distance of about 107 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-Prior to improvement the river was ob- structed by nine bars between Tappahannock and Fredericksburg with ruling depths of from 4 to 82 feet. Except for these bars there was a depth of 10 feet available from Fredericksburg, the head of navigation for large steamers, to the mouth. Smaller vessels can go to Falmouth, 3 miles farther up. In its lower 70 miles the river is generally a wide and deep body of water, having the characteristics of a tidal estuary rather than of a fluvial stream. Previous projects.-The first project was adopted by the act of March 3, 1871, and was modified in 1879. The expenditures under this project were $310,645.83. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1793. Present project.-The existing project was adopted October 25, 1905, under authority given by the act of March 3, 1905, and is con- tained in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1906, pages 1110-1113, with map. It provides for securing a channel 12 feet deep and 100 feet wide between Fredericksburg and Port Royal and 12 feet deep and 200 feet wide between Port Royal and the mouth of the river. This result is to be obtained by dredging and the construc- tion of dikes, the latter being also designed to retain the excavated material deposited behind them. The estimated cost of this project was $171,000, exclusive of the amount previously spent, with an annual maintenance charge of $10,000. The mean range of tide' is 2.8 feet at Fredericksburg and 1.6 feet at Tappahannock. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The expenditures on the present project to June 30, 1914, amounted to $218,597.20 for original work and $39,427.71 for maintenance, a total of $258,024.91, and resulted in the completion of the approved project. About 808,516 cubic yards of material have been dredged, 20,401 linear feet of timber dikes constructed, 6,110 linear feet of dikes repaired, 1,906 linear feet of riprap dike constructed, and 3,625 cubic yards of riprap stone used. Operations and results during fiscal year.-The project was main- tained by dredging and by repairing existing structures. The total quantity dredged during the year was 91,470 cubic yards. The ex- penditures for the year were $24,529.92, all devoted to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal yelr.-The project has been com- pleted and only work of maintenance remains. The maximum draft 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 456 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. that could be carried on June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the section under improvement was 10 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, under the existing project were $218, 597.20 for original work and $63,957.63 for maintenance, a total of $282,554.83. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The coastwise trade has been afforded access to the upper river. Proposed operations.-The funds available will be expended by June 30, 1916. The following estimate is submitted for work of maintenance, the project being completed: Dredging where shoals may occur----------------------------------- $17, 900 Maintenance of U. S. tug Castle--------------------------------- 1, 500 Care of property and repairs to floating plant------------------- 600 Engineering, clerical, office rentals, and contingent and miscellaneous expenses ------------------------------------- 6, 000 Repairing dikes---------------------------------------------- 4, 000 Total ------------------- -- ------------------- 30, 000 Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 206,939 short tons, valued at $6,327,305, the principal items in order of tonnage being railroad ties, general merchandise, pulp wood, farm products, cordwood, lumber, and oysters. Comparative statement. Financial sum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------- $415, 743. 03 Maintenance-----------------------------------------177, 457. 63 Total --------------------------------------------- 593, 200. 66 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-- ------------------------------------------------ 25. 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------------- , . 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------8,000. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 457 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_--------------------- ------ $23,608. 23 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 8, 000. 00 Use of plant------------------------------ ------------------- 30. 00 Receipts from sales-------------------- 00. 00 1------------------------ 36, 738. 23 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement--------- ------------------------------------ 24, 529. 92 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _____________-------------- 12, 208. 31 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------ -------- 935. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_____________________ ________11, 273. 31 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement________________-__ 130, 000. 00 9. URBANA CREEK, VA. Location.-UrbanaCreek rises in Virginia and flows in an easterly direction about 5 miles to the Rappahannock River, which it enters about 18 miles above Chesapeake Bay. The stream is mainly tidal with few fluvial characteristics. The section covered by the existing project extends from the mouth to the steamboat wharf, a distance of nine-tenths of a mile. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376 for general location.) Original condition.-Priorto improvement there was a bar at the mouth over which the ruling depth was 61 feet, and there was a shoal within the creek with a ruling depth of 7 feet. Except for these bars there was a 10-foot depth available as far as Urbana Wharf, nine-tenths of a mile. Small boats can proceed 2 or 3 miles farther up. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The project for the improvement of this stream, estimated originally to cost $22,100, is based upon report printed in the Annual Report, Office of Chief of Engineers, for 1875, volume 2, page 139 (without map), and was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879. It was modified in 1883, 1888, and 1897, and now provides for dredging a channel 150 feet wide and 10 feet deep through the outer and inner bars with a turning basin of the same depth at the head of steamboat navigation, and for jetties to protect the channel through the outer bar. The final estimate of cost is $70,000. The mean range of tide is about 1.5 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The expenditures to June 30, 1914, amounted to $66,000, of which $38,811.77 was for new work and $27,188.23 for maintenance, and resulted in the completion of the approved project. The amount spent for maintenance is $4,344.97 less than the amount shown last year and this sum has been added to the cost of original work on account of part of construction of stone jetty in the fiscal years 1910, 1911, and 1912, which has hitherto been charged to maintenance. A total of 216,358.7 cubic 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 458 REPORT OF T'HE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. yards has been dredged; 452 linear feet of brush and oyster-shell dikes have been built; 1,895 linear feet of stone jetty have been com- pleted by the placing of 3,937.4 cubic yards of riprap; and 717 linear feet of timber dike or jetty have been built at Baileys Point. A channel nine-tenths of a mile in length, 10 feet deep and 150 feet wide has been dredged through the bars. A turning basin has been dredged at the steamboat wharf 400 feet wide and 10 feet deep. Redredging has been done in the channel and turning basin where shoaling occured. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-None. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted and only work of maintenance remains. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the area under im- provement on June 30, 1915, was 10 feet at mean low water. The expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $66,000, of which $38,811.77 was for original work and $27,188.23 for maintenance. The project has been completed for less than the estimate, the saving being $31,188.23. Effect of improvement.-The steamboats of the line operating from Baltimore and Norfolk to the Rappahannock River can reach the wharf at Urbana, and landings are made there 3 days a week, or 2 days from Baltimore and 1 day from Norfolk, while daily landings are made in the main river at West Urbana, which is 2 miles from Urbana. The service at Urbana avoids this haul, but otherwise has no apparent effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No work is necessary. The approved proj- ect has been completed. Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 14,560 short tons, valued at $369,578, the principal items, in order of.tonnage, being lumber, oysters, ice, coal, and railroad ties. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912..... ........ ... .............. ....................................... 18,158 $387,640 1913 ................ ............... .................................. 18,295 430,738 1914........................................ ........................................ 14,560 369,578 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------- ----------------- $38, 811. 77 Maintenance---- ---- --------------------------------- 27, 188. 23 Total------ -------------------------------------- 66, 000. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 New work ................................................................ $1,910.87 Maintenance.. ............... ............................................... $1,952.17 3,284.55 Total............. ....... ................................. 1,952.17 5,195.42 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 459 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------------- --------------- $10,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------500. 00 June 22, 1915, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913- 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------------- 500. 00 10. HARBOR AT MILFORD HAVEN, VA. Location.-Milford Haven is a tidal estuary or strait on the west- ern shore of Chesapeake Bay, about 35 miles from Fort Monroe. It lies between Gwynns Island and the main shore, having a south- east entrance corinecting with Chesapeake Bay and a northwest en- trance connecting with Hills Bay, at the mouth of the Piankatank River. It is about 4 miles long and half a mile wide. The section covered by the project extends from northwest entrance to Callis Wharf, 1 mile. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.--Prior to improvement the haven was ob- structed by bars at both the southeast and northwest entrances. The former entrance had but 5 feet of water over the bar and was seldom used. The latter had a natural ruling depth of 7 feet. There was also a bar between Cricket Hill and Callis Wharf, with a ruling depth of 8 feet. The channel varied from 100 to 200 feet in width, and except at the bars had a ruling depth of 10 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, estimated originally to cost $12,500, was adopted by the act of March 3, 1899, and is contained in House Document No. 299, Fifty-third Congress, third session, with maps, and in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1895, pages 1267-1270, without maps. It was modified by the act of June 6, 1900, at an estimated additional cost of $5,000, and was again modified in 1908, for reasons given in the Annual Report for 1909, page 1241. It now provides for dredging a channel 10 feet deep, with a minimum width of 200 feet through the bars at the northwest entrance and between Cricket Hill and Callis Wharf, and for the construction of a jetty 1,183 feet long at the northwest entrance at a total estimated cost of $27,500. The mean range of tide is about 1.3 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The expenditure to June 30, 1914, amounted to $27,601.221 for original work and $3,373.94 for maintenance, a total of $30,975.16, and resulted in the completion of the approved project. The material excavated at both bars, in a total length of 0.64 mile, amounted to 74,339 cubic yards. A jetty 1,183 feet long has been built by using 2,496.4 cubic yards of riprap. Operations and results during fiscal year.-None. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project has been completed, and only work of maintenance remains. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the area under improve- ment on June 30, 1915, was 10 feet at mean low water. The expendi- 1 This includes $7,239.71, spent in construction of jetty, which has hitherto been charged to maintenance. 460 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY. tures to June 30, 1915, were $27,601.22 for original work and $3,373.94 for maintenance, a total of $30,975.16. Local cooperation.-None in connection with present project. In 1882 and in 1887 the Maryland Steamboat Co. dredged the channel at the northwest entrance to a depth of 8 feet. Effect of improvement.-Commerce has been facilitated. There has apparently been no reduction in freight rates. Proposed operations.-No work is considered necessary at this time. The project is completed. Commercial statistics.-Commerce for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 8,750 short tons, valued at $451,220, the principal items, in order of tonnage, being oysters, general merchandise, fish and crabs, lumber and other building materials, and farm produce. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. - -- -- 1912..................................................... ......... .. ... -....... 1912----------------------------------------------------------------------- ... .. 10,689 1,3689 $554,360 514,63 1913....................................................................................... 9,361 516,683 ----------------------------..... 8,750 451,220 1914..----------..........----------........-----------............----------...-----................ Financial summary. Amouint expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $27, 601. 22 Maintenance----------- ------------------------------------- 3, 373. 94 Total-------------------------- ------------------------- 30, 975. 16 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................... ...... .... ...... Maintenance.... ........................................ $4,174.23 $1,776.70........... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------- --------------------------------- $2, 500. 00 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar.4, 1913---------------------------------------------------- 300. 00 June 22, 1915, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913_ 300. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--__- - - __-____--- 300. 00 EXAMINATION AND SURVEY MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH RIVER AND HAR- BOR ACT APPROVED MARCH 41 1913. Reports dated July 7, 1913, and July 14, 1914, on preliminary ex- amination and survey, respectively, of Coan River, Va., with a view to deepening and widening the channel at or near its main entrance, required by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, were duly sub- mitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were trans- mitted to Congress and printed in House Document No. 1457, Sixty- third Congress, third session. The improvement of this locality by the United States as desired is not deemed advisable at the present time. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 461 The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Smith Creek, Md. 2. Nanjemoy Creek, Md. 3. Piscatawcay Creek, Prince Georges County, Md., and entrance thereto. 4. Mosquito Creek, Va. 5. Little Wicomico River, Va. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE NORFOLK, VA., DISTRICT. This district includes the southern part of Chesapeake Bay, Va., and the waters tributary thereto; Albemarle Sound, N. C., and its tributaries on the northern and western shores; and the intracoastal waterway between Norfolk, Va., and Beaufort, N. C., including that part of the waterway which lies south of Albemarle Sound. District officer: Lieut. Col. E. Eveleth Winslow, Corps of En- gineers, to October 1, 1914, and Lieut. Col. J. P. Jervey, Corps of Engineers, since that date. Division engineer: Col. John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, to Sep- tember 2, 1914, and Col. W. C. Langfitt, Corps of Engineers, since that date. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Harbor at Norfolk, and channels 9. Inland water route from Norfolk to Newport News, Va....... . 461 Harbor, Va., to Albemarle 2. Nansemond River, Va. ....... 469 Sound, N. C................. 482 3. James River, Va............. 470 10. Inland waterway from Norfolk, 4. Pagan River, Va.............. 473 Va., to Beaufort Inlet, N. C.. 485 5. Appomattox River, Va......... 475 11. Operating and care of the in- 6. Harbor at Cape Charles City, land waterway from Norfolk, Va........ ................... 477 Va., to Beaufort Inlet, N. C.. 487 7. Onancock River, Va......... 479 12. Blackwater River, Va......... 488 8. Waterway from Norfolk, Va., to 13. Meherrin River, N. C. ........ 489 the sounds of North Carolina.. 481 14. Roanoke River, N. C......... 491 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2307 TO 2332. I. HARBOR AT NORFOLK AND CHANNELS TO NEWPORT NEWS, VA. This improvement is divided into three subheads: (A) Norfolk Harbor, including the main channel of Elizabeth River and portions of the Southern, Eastern, and Western Branches; (B) channels lead- ing to Newport News from Hampton Roads; and (C) Thimble Shoal Channel in the southern end of Chesapeake Bay. (A) NORFOLK HARBOR. Location.-Norfolk, Va., is 187 miles south of Baltimore, Md., and 30 miles from the entrance to Chesapeake Bay at Cape Charles and Cape Henry. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) 462 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-The main channel had shoals opposite the mouth of the Western Branch and Sewalls Point, with mean low- water depths of 19 and 21 feet, respectively. A bar at the mouth of the Eastern Branch had a mean low-water depth of 15 feet. The Southern Branch had a narrow and tortuous channel and original mean low-water depths of 18 feet for 1 miles above the Belt Line bridge and thence 12 feet for 2 miles to the Norfolk & Western bridge. The Western Branch had a ruling depth of 12 feet at mean low water for a distance of 1 mile from its mouth. Previous projects.-The original project for Norfolk Harbor was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 14, 1876, and modified by the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884; project of June 30, 1885, river and harbor act of September 19, 1890; deficiency appro- priation of July 7, 1898; and river and harbor acts of June 13, 1902, March 3, 1905, and March 2, 1907. There has been no previous project for the Southern Branch. The original project for the Western Branch was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. The amount expended on the original and modified projects prior to the commencement of operations under existing projects was $2,633,743.54, of which $2,561,704.27 was for original work and $72,039.27 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Ap- pendix, page 1795. Present project.-The present project provides for securing a channel 11.75 miles long, 35 feet deep at mean low water, and 400 feet wide from deep water in Hampton Roads to a point above the navy yard, on the Southern Branch of Elizabeth River, this channel falling within the limits of the 30-foot channel previously author- ized, with widths of 600 feet from Hampton Roads to Lambert Point, a distance of 7 miles, and 800 feet from Lambert Point to the junction of the Eastern and Southern Branches, a farther distance of 3 miles; for securing a channel up the Southern Branch 1.5 miles long, 300 feet wide, and 25 feet deep at mean low water from the Belt Line Railroad bridge, 1.7 miles above the mouth, to a point about 1,000 feet above the Virginian Railroad bridge, thence 200 feet wide and 22 feet deep at mean low water to the Norfolk & Western Railroad bridge, a farther distance of 2 miles; for remov- ing the shoals at the mouth of and enlarging the natural channel in the Eastern Branch so as to make available a channel 500 feet wide, 25 feet deep 1 mile to the Norfolk & Western Railroad bridge, and thence 22 feet deep one-half mile farther to the Campostella Bridge; for securing a channel 24 feet deep in the Western Branch for a distance of about 1 mile up to the first bridge, the width to be 200 feet from the bridge down to the first curve and widening out to 300 feet, thence to the junction with the 30-foot channel, where the entrance is to be further widened by removing the shoal on the north side to a depth of 16 feet; also for securing an additional anchorage area of 22 acres with 30-foot depth on the west side of the main channel in the vicinity of Lambert Point. The 35-foot channel to the navy yard, estimated to cost $800,000 and $40,000 a year for maintenance, the 22-foot and 25-foot channels in the Southern Branch, $222,500 and $5,000 a year for maintenance, and the 30-foot anchorage area at Lambert Point, $30,000, were authorized by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 463 (see H. Doc. No. 551, 61st Cong., 2d sess.). The work of securing the 30-foot channel from Hampton Roads to the junction of the Eastern and Southern Branches, and the removal of shoals at the mouth of the Eastern Branch were authorized by the river and har- bor act approved March 2, 1907, at an estimated cost of $1,132,000 (see H. Does. Nos. 373 and 381, 59th Cong., 1st sess.), but these reports do not give the plan and estimate for the work precisely as adopted by Congress. The work in the channel and entrance of the Western Branch of the Elizabeth River was authorized by the river and harbor act approved March 4, 1913, at an estimated cost of $82,000 and $2,000 annually for maintenance (see H. Doc. No. 566, 62d Cong., 2d sess.). The work in the Eastern Branch up to the Campostella Bridge is based on a survey made in 1885, the estimated cost being $173,047.60 (see Annual Report for 1885, p. 1015). The mean tidal range is 2.7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--The approved project, excepting the Western Branch consisting principally of dredging, had been completed, giving from the Belt Line bridge above the navy yard to the ocean, a distance of 313 miles, a navi- gable channel not less than 400 feet wide and 35 feet deep at mean low water. This 35-foot channel is within the limits of a 30-foot channel 600 feet wide from Hampton Roads to Lambert Point, a distance of 7 miles, and 800 feet wide from Lambert Point to the junction of the Eastern and Southern Branches, a distance of 3 miles. In the Eastern Branch a channel 500 feet wide and 25 feet deep at mean low water had been secured from the main channel to the Norfolk & Western Railway bridge, a distance of 1 mile, and thence, with the same width and 22 feet deep at mean low water to the Campostella Bridge, a distance of one-half mile. On the Southern Branch a navigable channel had been secured 300 feet wide and 25 feet deep at mean low water, from the Belt Line Railway bridge, 1.7 miles above the mouth, to a point 1 miles above; thence to the Norfolk & Western Railway bridge, a distance of 2 miles, 200 feet wide and 22 feet deep at mean low water. On the Western Branch the work included in the original project had been completed by dredging a channel 200 feet wide by 20 feet deep at mean low water for a distance of 1 mile upstream from deep water in Norfolk Harbor. The present approved project for 24 feet had been partially completed. The amount spent prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to the expenditure reported under Previous projects was $880,759.72 for original work. There was no expenditure for mainte- nance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work done during the fiscal year comprised the completion by dredging of the channel in the Western Branch to the approved width and depth. The work was done under contract, and involved the completion of a channel 1 mile long. The material removed amounted to 131,189 cubic yards. Final payment was made on a new survey cruiser; and additional expenditures cover its conveyance to Norfolk, caring for floating plant, inspection, office expenses, etc. The expendi- tures were $33,300.50, of which $26,222.33 was for new work and $7,078.17 for maintenance. 464 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project is com- pleted, giving in addition to the navigable channels described under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year, a navigable channel in the Western Branch 24 feet deep at mean low water and 300 feet wide from deep water in Norfolk Harbor to the first bend below the West Norfolk Bridge, a distance of three-fourths mile, and thence with the same depth and 200 feet wide to the bridge, a farther distance of one-fourth mile. The maximum draft that could be carried at mean low water at the end of the fiscal year through any channel over the shoalest part of the improvement was 35 feet from Norfolk to the ocean, 22 feet in the Southern Branch for a distance of 2 miles, and a width of 200 feet below the Norfolk & Western Railway bridge, 22 feet on the Eastern Branch for a distance of one-half mile, and width of 500 feet between the Norfolk & Western Railway bridge and the Cam- postella Bridge, and 24 feet in the Western Branch. The total expenditure under the existing adopted projects to the end of the fiscal year, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, is $914,060.22, of which $906,982.05 was for new work and $7,078.17 for maintenance. The project has been completed .at a cost of $227,517.95 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has resulted in the use of deeper-draft vessels and a diminution in lighterage expenses. Proposed operations.-No estimate of additional funds is sub- mitted, as the balance on hand will be sufficient for maintenance until July 1, 1917. Commercial statistics.--For the calendar year 1914 the water- borne commerce of Norfolk Harbor comprised coal, cotton, fertilizer, forest and agricultural products, and general merchandise. During the year steamers passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic via the Panama Canal have made this harbor a port of call, and large quanti- ties of Pacific coast products are now distributed from Norfolk. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ......................................... ..................... ...... 21,217,171 $613,596,409 1913............ .......................................................... 21,362, 698 93, 226, 289 1914.......................................................................... 19,848,658 1,084,106,750 In addition, during the calendar year 1914, 2,565 vessels, carrying about 16,585,277 short tons of cargo, valued at about $289,036,173, called for bunker coal. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------------- $3, 468, 686. 32 Maintenance__ -------------------------------------- 79, 117. 44 Total -- -- 3, 547, 803. 76 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 465 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................. $48, 889.02 $122,856.74 $26, 222.33 Maintenance .............................................. 2, 699. 93 26,837.09 7, 078.17 Tota ............... .. . ............ ............. 51,588.95 149,693.83 33,300.50 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------$280, 000.00 July 25, 1912---------------------------------------------- _ 4, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912-------------------------------------------------_ 215, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -_ _-"_ 107, 000. 00 June 23, 1913 --------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_-_______ 235, 176. 70 Receipts from sales ----------------------------------------- ___________--- 530. 00 235, 706. 70 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------- --------- 164, 000. 00 71, 706. 70 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ---------------------- $26, 222. 33 For maintenance of improvement----------- 7, 078. 17 33, 300. 50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----- ----------------------- 38, 406. 20 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------- 88. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-__ -------------------------- 38, 318. 20 (B) CHANNELS TO NEWPORT NEWS. Location.-The channels to Newport News, which is 10 miles west of Norfolk Harbor, connect deep water in James River with Hamp- ton Roads. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) The improvement made under the project of 1902 followed the deep-water channel south of the Middle Ground Light. The channel at present under improvement is a straight cut north of said light. Original condition.-The original channel to Newport News was 25 feet deep at mean low water for a minimum width of 2,500 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted June 13, 1902. The amount expended thereunder prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $237,500, of which $225,000 was for original work and $12,500 for maintenance. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1795. Present project.--The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 550, 61st Cong., 2d sess.), provides for dredging a channel 400 feet wide, 35 feet deep at mean low water, and 3 miles through the shoal north of the Middle Ground Light, at an estimated construction cost of $465,000, and $15,000 annually for maintenance. The mean tidal range is 2.7 feet. 8373°-ENG 1915-30 466 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The adopted project was completed prior to the fiscal year, giving a navigable channel to Newport News 400 feet wide and 35 feet deep at mean low water. The amount spent prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to the expenditures reported under Previous projects, was $471,304.42 for original work and $162.85 for mainte- nance, a total of $471,467.27. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-None. The expend- iture of $322.07 was for office expenses and inspection work. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-No change from condition reported under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year is noted. The maximum draft that can be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the improvement is 35 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures under the existing adopted project, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, to the end of the fiscal year, amounted to $471,789.34, of which $471,304.42 was for original work and $484.92 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement:--It has not been practicable to determine the effect of the improvement on freight rates. Larger and deeper draft vessels have been able to use the channel. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds is submitted, as the balance on hand is sufficient for maintenance until July 1, 1917. Commercial statistics.-Forthe calendar year 1914 the water-borne commerce of Newport News consisted principally of coal, cotton, fer- tilizer, live stock, forest and agricultural products, and general mer- chandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................................................ 6,061,696 $294,171,185 1913.. ...... .............. .................................................. 4,721,726 221, 350,331 1914......................................................................................5,638,589 181,252,300 The decrease in the value of the commerce is due to the marked de- crease in the amount of grain and miscellaneous merchandise shipped Since the latter part of 1914 up to the present date the business has increased. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work- --------------------------- $696, 304. 42 ---------------- Maintenance----------- --------------------------- 12, 984. 92 Total ------------------------- ----- 709, 289. 34 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 467 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911- --------- ------------------------- $150, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912-----------__-------------------------------------- 210, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------- -- -- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _ 532. 73 1-------------------------8, June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement___-_----------------------------- ---- 322.07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----____---------------------- 18, 210.66 (c) THIMBLE SHOAL. Location.-Thimble Shoal lies in the channel between Hampton Roads and the ocean, and is 20 miles northeast of the center of Nor- folk Harbor, extending southeasterly 5 miles from a point 1 miles east of Thimble Shoal Lighthouse toward the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The original available depth was 30 feet at mean low water for a minimum width of 4,350 feet. Previous project.-None. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 551, 61st Cong., 2d sess.), provides for dredging a channel 5 miles long, 500 feet wide, and 35 feet deep at mean low water, at an estimated construction and annual maintenance cost of $666,000 and $25,000, respectively. The mean tidal range is 2.7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed prior to the fiscal year, giving a navigable channel 5 miles long, 500 feet wide, and 35 feet deep at mean low water. The amount spent for original work prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $334,020.63. There has been no expenditure for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-None. An expendi- ture of $2.75 was for office work. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-No change from the condi- tion reported under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year is noted. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement is 35 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project to the end of the fiscal year, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, was $334,023.38, all of which was for original work. The project was completed for $325,- 979.37 less than the original estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It has not been practicable to determine the effects of the improvement on freight rates. It has enabled larger and deeper draft vessels to enter with greater safety, especially in rough weather. Proposed operations.-No estimate for additional funds is submit- ted, as the balance on hand will be sufficient for maintenance to July 1, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commerce passing through this chan- nel is the foreign and outside coastwise traffic of both Norfolk and Newport News, and consists of coal, cotton, fertilizer, live stock, forest and agricultural products, and general merchandise. It is not practicable to separate it from the total traffic, which would also include traffic in Chesapeake Bay. During the calendar year 1914, 2,614 vessels, carrying cargoes aggregating about 16,585,287 short 468 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. tons, valued at about $290,036,173, passed through this channel for bunker coal. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New workNew wrk--------------------------------------$34 __________________ _______ $334, 023.38 2.3 Maintenance______________ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ------------------------------------------ $75,188.19 $98,963.08 $2.75 Maintenance... ............................ ..... ...... -......... ............. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913_______________________ $115, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ___________ __-----_ 25, 979. 37 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------- 10, 000.00 15, 979.37 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ______________-----__ ------ 2.75 July1, 1915, balance unexpended ______-_____ _____--_ 15, 976. 62 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------- 4, 499, 014. 12 Maintenance--------------------- -------------------- 92, 102. 36 Total-__------------------- 4, 591, 116. 48 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..... .......... ..... ....... ... ..................... $347, 920.20 $221,819.82 $26,225.08 Maintenance..............--...... ...............................----- ------- 2,699.93 26,999.94 7,400.24 Total..................................................... 350,620.13 248,819.76 33,625.32 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------- $430,000. 00 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912------------------------------------------- 425,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------- 237, 000. 00 June 23, 1913------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_______ ____----__-- -_ 279, 688. 80 Receipts from sales__________________________________ 530. 00 280, 218. 80 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915______________-- --- ______-------- 174, 000. 00 106, 218. 80 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_ -- $26,225.08 For maintenance of improvement-------------- 7,400. 24 33, 625. 32 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--___- - --- 72, 593. 48 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ---------------------------- 88. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------- ------- 72, 505.48 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 469 2. NANSEMOND RIVER, VA. Location.-This stream rises in Nansemond County, Va., and flows 25 miles in a northerly direction into Hampton Roads. The portion under improvement lies between Suffolk, Va., and the mouth, a dis- tance of 18 miles. Original condition.--The original depth permitted the passage at mean low water of vessels drawing not more than 4 feet. The chan- nel was obstructed by a bar below Suffolk and a bar and military obstruction at the mouth of the western branch. The head of navi- gation is Suffolk, 18 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1873, and modified by the river and harbor act of June 18, 1878. The expenditure on original and modi- fied projects prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $37,000, of which $30,000 was for original work and $7,000 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1797. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888 (Annual Report for 1887, p. 1001). It provides for procuring a channel by regularization and dredging, 100 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water from the head of navigation to the mouth of the western branch, a distance of 7.37 miles, and the excavation of a turning basin at Suffolk Bridge 200 feet square; spur dam and training wall construction at the mouth of the western branch; also for securing by regularization and dredging a channel of the same depth and from 200 to 400 feet wide from the western branch to Town Point, a distance of 8.3 miles, all at an estimated cost of $152,500. No reference is made in the project to maintenance. The mean tidal variation is 3.78 feet at Suffolk Bridge and 3.01 feet at Newmans Point. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--A channel at least 12 feet deep at mean low water and 80 feet wide had been secured from Suffolk to the mouth, a distance of 18 miles, and a turning basin excavated at Suffolk. The expenditure prior to the fiscal year but subsequent to the expenditures reported under the head of Pre- vious projects, was $59,626.35, of which $42,677.11 was for original work and $16,949.24 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No original work has been done. Fallen trees and snags have been removed in order to clear the channel. The expenditure for maintenance has been $527.75. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-No marked change from the condition reported under Operations and results priorto the fiscal year is noted, excepting some shoaling and further decay of training walls. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement is 11 feet at mean low water. The total expendi- ture under the existing approved project, exclusive of liabilities, has been $60,154.10, of which $42,677.11 was for original work and $17,476.99 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Navigation has been rendered easier and safer. It has not been practicable to ascertain the effect, if any, of the improvement upon freight rates. 470 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted, as the balance available will be sufficient for such work of maintenance as may be deemed necessary until July 1, 1917. Commercial statistics.---The commerce of the- stream consists of lumber, agricultural products, clay, brick, coal, and general mer- chandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912---..-----..-..--.------......----......--...----.............-------------...--.-------------------.............................63,709 $2,402,920 1913............................................................................. 88,821 2,369,860 1914............................................................................. 81,738 554,865 The decrease in the tonnage and valuation of commerce is due to the discontinuing of the regular steamers operating on this river, the cargoes of which were made up of miscellaneous articles. Financial sum/m/ary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $72, 677. 11 Maintenance__------------------ ---------------------------- 24, 476. 99 Total --------------------------------------------------- 97, 154. 10 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... Maintenance................................................. $262.35 $3,717.14 $527.75 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------- $3, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_______________________---_ 3, 373. 65 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__-_____-____________ _ 527. 75 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --------------------------------- 2, 845. 90 3. JAMES RIVER, VA. Location.-This river is formed by the junction of the Cowpas- ture and Jackson Rivers, in Botetourt County, Va., and flows easterly 320 miles into Hampton Roads. The portion under improvement extends from Richmond to its mouth, a distance of 103.8 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-On the resumption of work by the Federal Government in 1870, the channel was obstructed by various natural and artificial obstacles, particularly in the reach extending about 20 miles below Richmond, where it was narrow and tortuous. The mini- mum usable low-water depth was 7 feet. The head of navigation for steamers was Richmond, 103.8 miles from the mouth. Rafting and logging was possible for three-fourths mile above Richmond, making a total navigable length of 104.5 miles. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 471 Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 11, 1870. The amount expended by the United States on the original project prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $763,000, including $23,000 appropriated in 1836 and 1852. For scope of previous proj- ects see Appendix, page 1797. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of July 5, 1884 (S. Doc. No. 147, 47th Cong., 1st sess.), and it provides for the formation by regularization and excavation of a channel from the mouth to Richmond 22 feet deep at mean low water, and a width of 400 feet' from the mouth to City Point, a distance of 71.8 miles, thence to Drewry Bluff, a distance of 25 miles, a width of 300 feet, and thence to Richmond, a distance of 7 miles, a width of 200 feet, at a total estimated cost of $4,500,000. The river and harbor act of June 13, 1902 (H. Doc. No. 234, 56th Cong., 1st sess.), extended the improvement, 3,300 feet upstream to the head of naviga- tion at the docks, with a width of 200 feet and a depth of 22 feet at mean low water, at an additional cost of $724,943.15. By the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905 (H. Doc. No. 234, 56th Cong., 1st sess.), the project was further extended to include the excavation of a turning basin at Richmond by increasing the width of the proposed channel to 400 feet for a length of 600 feet, the depth to be 22 feet at mean low water, at a cost of not to exceed $150,000. The total length of river now included in the project is 103.8 miles, of which 20 miles immediately below Richmond is being improved both by regularization and dredging and the remainder by dredg- ing alone at such points as require it. The total estimated cost for the entire project, including extensions, is $5,374,943.15. No ref- erence is made to maintenance in either the approved project or its extensions. The mean tidal range for different parts of the river is as follows: Mouth, 2- feet; Jamestown, 1.85 feet; City Point, 3 feet; Dutch Gap, 3 feet; Richmond, 4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--A channel from Hampton Roads to the city wharf at Richmond, a distance of 103.8 miles, has been secured by dredging and regularization, having a minimum width of 100 feet and a minimum depth of 18 feet at mean low water. The project was 45 per cent completed. A total of $2,419,370.96 had been spent prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to the expenditures reported under heading Previous projects, of which $2,325,500.75 was for original work and $93,870.21 for maintenance. The expenditure for maintenance is for the period subsequent to March 3, 1899, prior to which no account was kept of this item. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations con- sisted in doing a small amount of work by hired labor in disposing of material removed from a submerged platform above Jamestown Island; also in completing the construction of 11 jetties in Kings- land Reach, by contract and revetting these jetties, by hired labor. A survey and examination of parts of the river was made. The ex- penditure for the year was $16,721.10, of which $10,300.35 was for new work and $6,420.75 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-No marked change from the conditions reported under Operations and results prior to the fiscal 472 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. year is noted. Some shoaling has taken place, and the decay of spurs at the lower end of the regulated stretch is becoming more marked. The maximum draft that can be carried through the chan- nel over the shoalest part of the improvement is 18 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project to the end of the fiscal year, exclusive of outstanding lia- bilities, was $2,436,092.06, of which $2,335,801.10 was for original work and $100,290.96 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The city of Richmond has voluntarily ex- pended $1,044,476.65 in the improvement of the channel and con- struction of public terminals. Effect of improvement.-The work has been beneficial in permit- ting the use of larger and deeper draft vessels and in reducing the cost of water transportation of lumber, fertilizer material, coal, and other articles carried in sailing vessels and barges. In many cases the freight rates on commodities transported by steamers are the same as rail rates. Proposed operations.-At Rocklanding Shoal, 89 miles below Rich- mond; Swan Point Shoal, 65 miles below Richmond; and Dancing Point Shoal, 60 miles below Richmond, there has been considerable shoaling and narrowing of the dredged channels. It is proposed to redredge these shoals to a depth of 20 feet and a minimum width of 300 feet. At Richmond the wharves on the right bank are inac- cessible from the improved 18-foot channel for vessels drawing over 11 feet, on account of the southern 100 feet of the turning basin not having been excavated. In the reach above the lower city limits, in which the incomplete turning basin is situated, the width of the natural section is too great, and the improved channel does not hold the dimensions obtained by excavation. It is therefore proposed to widen the turning basin to its full width of 400 feet. It is also pro- posed to make the necessary repairs to spurs below Richmond, and to operate and maintain the Government launches employed on the river. Estimate of funds. Maintenance of dredged channel at and below Richmond------------$65, 000 Widening turning basin--------------------------------------95, 000 Repairs to spurs-- ------------------------------------------ 10, 000 Operation and maintenance of launches---------------------------- 5, 000 Supervision and inspection 000 1------------------------- Total------ -------------------------------------- 190, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne freight on this stream during the calendar year 1914 consisted of coal, wood, logs, lumber, fertilizer material, oil, agricultural products, and general mer- chandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..............--.......................----------------------------------------------- 507,023 $31,163,717 1913.......... ..... ......... .......................................... ...... 592,165 33,523,461 1914.........--------........................... ...................... 452,950 32,813,455 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 473 The decrease in tonnage for 1914, for points below Richmond, was caused principally by the falling off in lumber shipments, due largely to conditions abroad. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work 098, 801. 10 $------------------------------------ Maintenance ----------------------------------- 100, 290. 96 Total 3, 199, 092.06 Total --------------------------------------------3, 199, 092.0 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 - New work... ...............- ......--..............-....... $149, 667.04 $141,495.65 $10,300.35 ...... Maintenance------... ...-.....------ ------------------------------ 3,653.10 19,696.18 6,420.75 Total..-- ----.. ......................... ................ 153,320.14 161,191.83 16,721.10 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-- ---------------------------------------- $150, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_ -------------------------------------------- 70, 000. 00 Mar.4, 1913--------------------------------------------- 75, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended.------------------------- 18, 461. 54 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 50, 000. 00 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------ 32. 75 68, 494. 29 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-----------------$10, 300. 35 For maintenance of improvement---------------6, 420. 75 16, 721. 10 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------51, 773. 19 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__---------------------------- 3. 00 ------------------------ July 1, 1915, balance available-------- 51, 770. 19 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-----------------------------------2, 987, 000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 191].7, for works of improvement and for maintenance_ 190, 000. 00 4. PAGAN RIVER, VA. Location.-This stream rises in Isle of Wight County, Va., and flows northeast for 10 miles into James River. The portion under improvement extends for 5 miles from Smithfield to the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The depth due to shoals was limited to 6- feet at mean low water. The channel was narrow and tortuous. Smithfield is the head of navigation. Logging and rafting may be carried on for 3 miles above Smithfield, making the total navigable length 8 miles. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 474 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Previous projects.-Previous projects were adopted by the river and harbor acts of June 14, 1880, and of March 3, 1905. The amount expended on original and modified projects prior to the commence- ment of operations under the existing project was $20,671.01, all of which was for original work. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1798. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 397, 60th Cong., 1st sess.), provides for widening the channel at Smithfield and at a bend one- half mile below Smithfield and for the dredging of the points of abrupt bends in the existing channel so as to give a channel 5 miles long, 10 feet deep, and 40 feet wide from Smithfield to the mouth, at a total estimated cost of $4,600 for new work and $1,000 annually for maintenance. The average tidal range is 2.6 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed, giving from Smithfield to the mouth of the river, a distance of 5 miles, a. channel 10 feet deep at mean low water and 40 feet wide. The expenditure prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to the expenditures reported under the head of Previous projects, has been $4,600, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-At Smithfield and at the bend below Smithfield dredging work of maintenance with Government plant and day labor was carried on, resulting in 7,259 cubic yards of excavation, at a total cost of $2,000, which includes office and incidental expenses connected with the work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-No .marked change from the conditions reported under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year are noted. The maximum draft that can be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the improvement is 10 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, to the end of the fiscal year was $6,600, of which $4,600 was for new work and $2,000 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has rendered naviga- tion safer and more convenient. It has not been practicable to deter- mine its effects, if any, on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted, as the funds on hand are sufficient to maintain the improvement to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The freight moved during the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of peanuts, lumber, oysters, and gen- eral merchandise. Comparative statement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 475 Financialsumomary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ _____...______________- - - $25, 271. 01 Maintenance ----------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 Total---------------------------------------------------27, 271. 01 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................................ Maintenance M aintenance ................................................. - - - -------------------------------------- ............................. - ----------------- $2,000.00 $2,000. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912_------------------ --------- $1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913__ _____ 1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 2, 000. 00 4, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_----------------------------------------- _ 2, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 5. APPOMATTOX RIVER, VA. Location.-This river rises in Appomattox County, Va., and flows northeasterly 137 miles into the James River. The portion under improvement extends from Petersburg, Va., to its mouth, a distance of 11 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-The original channel was narrow, tortuous, and obstructed by shoals. The minimum usable low-water depth was about 32 feet. The head of navigation for all purposes is Petersburg. Previous project. The original project was adopted by act of March 3, 1871, and modified in 1893. (Annual Report for 1893, p. 1336.) The amount expended on the original and modified projects previous to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $530,516.04, of which $471,920 was for original work and $58,596.04 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1799. Present project.-The existing project is the original project, as modified, restored, and extended by river and harbor acts of June 13, 1902, and June 25, 1910. It provides (act of June 25, 1910) for a channel 80 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean high water between Point of Rocks and Petersburg, a distance of 7 miles, at an estimated cost of $23,000 for dredging and $3,000 annually for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 952, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) It further provides (act of June 13, 1902) for a diversion channel 200 to 300 feet wide and 2 miles long, a diversion dam at the head of the navigable channel, about 1.7 miles of levees in the low grounds be- tween the diversion and navigable channels, the construction of high- 476 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. way and railroad bridges across the new channel, and other inci- dental work at an estimated cost of $266,915. (H. Doc. No. 139, 56th Cong., 2d sess.) The total cost of the diversion project was limited by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, to $200,000. This limit was increased to $260,000 by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. The average tidal range is 2.6 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel from Petersburg to the mouth, a distance of 11 miles, having an original width of 80 feet and a depth at mean high water of 11.2 feet, was secured. The diversion plan was 94 per cent complete, including purchase of land, excavation of cut, construction of new highway and railroad bridges, construction of levees, and completion of dam to 9.5 feet above low water of the diversion This dam was broken by a freshet in March, 1912, and its rebuilding awaits the raising of the tracks of the Norfolk & Western Railroad Co., which is contin- gent on the raising of certain streets by the city, as agreed upon at a conference held by the district officer in Petersburg on October 10, 1912, with the mayor of the city and the chief engineer of the Nor- folk & Western Railroad Co. On the general improvement the ex- penditure to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to expenditures reported under the head of Previous projects, has been $20,496.97, of which the sum of $15,215.95 was for original work and $5,281.02 for maintenance. The amount expended on the diver- sion project to the beginning of the fiscal year was $243,931.21, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No original work has been done. Dredging for maintenance by Government plant has been carried on at Petersburg, resulting in the excavation of 12,147 cubic yards of freshet deposit in the navigable channel, at a cost of $3,723.92, or $0.306 per cubic yard. No work was done on the diversion project. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-No change from the conditions reported under Operations and results priorto the fiscal year is noted, excepting some shoaling and deterioration of odd dikes and jetties. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project for the general improvement, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, to the end of the fiscal year was $24,220.89, of which the sum of $15,215.95 was for original work and $9,004.94 for maintenance. The total ex- penditure for the diversion project to the end of the fiscal year was $243,931.21, all of which was for original work. Local cooperation.-Between 1866 and 1912 the city of Petersburg has voluntarily expended $1,582,837 on the improvement of the Appomattox River. The work consisted in dredging and dike con- struction for 7 miles below Petersburg. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made navigation safer and easier and has resulted in more favorable freight rates to and from Petersburg. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted, as the available funds will be sufficient for maintenance until July 1, 1917. Commercial statistics.-Forthe calendar year 1914 the principal articles of commerce were fertilizer, fertilizer material, lumber, cordwood, and brick. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 477 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912----.....---------...................--............................................-------------........ 34,284 Notknown. 1913...-.........---............................................----------------------------------------------------.................... 33,252 $1,036,840 1914....--------..............-------..--........---............................................... 40,172 1,364,186 Financialsunmary. GENERAL IMPROVEMENT. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------- --- ------------------------- $487, 135. 95 Maintenance ---------------------- ------------- 67, 600. 98 Total-------- ------------------ ----------------- 554, 736. 93 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................................ Maintenance................................................. ------------ 5,154.80 $126.22 $3,723.92 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915------------------------ ------- ------------- $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 8, 185. 29 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915-_ 5, 000.00 13, 185. 29 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement--------------------- ------------------- 3, 723.92 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---- --------------- ------------- 9, 461. 37 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_________________________ 567. 77 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------- -------- 8, 893. 60 DIVERSION PROJECT AT PETERSBURG. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ __ 243, 931. 21 New work------------------------------------------243, 931. 21 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................ $370.90 $145.46........... Maintenance................................... ...................... ............ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_- -______-- _____-----------_ $21, 068. 79 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915----------------- ------------------- 16, 000.00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended________--- _____----- ---- _____ 5, 068. 79 6. HARBOR AT CAPE CHARLES CITY, VA. Location.-This harbor is on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay, 151 miles south of Baltimore, Md., and 37 miles northeast of Nor- folk, Va. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) 478 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-Originally Cape Charles City Harbor was a small creek, with a bar having only a slight depth between its mouth and Cherrystone Inlet. Shoals existed also in Cherrystone Inlet. Two channels connected Cherrystone Inlet with Chesapeake Bay, the one south of Old Plantation Light having a mean low-water depth of 14 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890 (An. Rept. for 1890, p. 971). It provides for dredging channels through Cherrystone Inlet and Bar 16 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet and 200 feet wide, respectively, the dredging of an entrance channel 100 feet wide and 16 feet deep at mean low water, the dredging of the harbor, 11 acres in area, to 14 feet deep at mean low water, and the construction of stone jetties on each side of the entrance to the harbor, at an esti- mated cost of $42,340. No reference is made to maintenance in this project. The average tidal variation is 2.5 feet. Operations and results prior to. the fiscal year.-The work was completed prior to the beginning of the fiscal year and has resulted in the dredging of the main harbor to a depth of 14 feet at mean low water, the dredging through Cherrystone Inlet and Bar of channels 100 feet and 200 feet wide, respectively, and 16 feet deep at mean low water, the dredging of an entrance channel 100 feet wide and 16 feet deep at mean low water, and the construction of 875 feet of north jetty and 232 feet of south jetty. In addition, the New York, Philadelphia & Norfolk Railroad Co. constructed 750 feet of north jetty, making its total length 1,625 feet. The amount spent prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $144,917.34, of which $39,133.66 was for maintenance and $105,783.68 for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was car- ried on. An expenditure of $1.50 was made for office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-No change from condition re- ported under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year is noted. The maximum draft that could be carried at mean low water at the end of the fiscal year over the shoalest part of the improvement was 14 feet. The total expenditure under the existing project, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, has been $144,918.84, of which $105,783.68 was for original work and $39,135.16 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Beforethe commencement of work of improve- ment by the Federal Government, the work of the New York, Phila- delphia & Norfolk Railroad Co., modified by subsequent shoaling and narrowing, had provided a harbor 11 acres in area and 11 feet deep at mean low water, an entrance channel 1,700 feet long, 80 feet wide, with a minimum depth of 10 feet, a bulkhead north of the entrance 470 feet long and one south of the entrance 370 feet long. No record of cost is available. Effect of improvement.-Navigation has been rendered safer, espe- cially in rough weather. It has not been practicable to determine the effect, if any, of the improvement, on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted, as no work is pro- posed. Commercialstatistics.-Forthe calendar year 1914 the water-borne commerce of Cape Charles City Harbor consisted of miscellaneous freight, agricultural products, fertilizer, and some fish. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 479 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912-------------------------------------------------------- 2,729,121 $71,199,278 1913..------- -------- ------------------------------------------- 3,021,344 83,278,268 1914..--------- ------ --- ------------------------------------------ 2, 780, 352 116,395,251 In previous reports general merchandise has been valued at $50 per ton. This year its value is taken at $200 per ton, which is believed to be a more accurate figure. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work __---------------------------------------------- $105, 783. 68 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- __ 39, 135. 16 Total__-------------------------------------------------- 144, 918. 84 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1914 1915 New work..--.........................---------------------------------..---------..........-------.......--.................... $20,485.44 ............ Maintenance.---.......----.--.--.----.......-..........................------------------------------..--..------------...---...----..... 4,667.34 $1.50 Total--------------......................---------------------------.................. ------------- 25,152.78 1.50 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------------- $332. 66 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------------- 1. 50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------------331. 16 7. ONANCOCK RIVER, VA. Location.-This stream rises in Accomac County, Va., and flows west for 6.5 miles into Chesapeake Bay. The portion under im- provement extends for 5 miles from Onancock to the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Original condition.-Before improvement the channel depth was 4 feet at mean low water to the head of navigation. The depth over the bar at the mouth was 5 feet at mean low water. The head of navigation is Onancock. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879. A modification was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890. The amount ex- pended on original and modified projects prior to the commence- ment of operations under the existing project was $20,511, all of which was for original work. (For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1799. Present projects.-The present project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for dredging a channel 200 feet wide and 8 feet deep at mean low water across the outer bar, a distance of 1,000 feet, and for straightening the river channel by 480 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. cutting off projecting shoals to a depth of 7 feet at mean low water at an estimated cost of $13,500 for original work and $1,000 annually after completion for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 652, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) The mean tidal variation is about 2 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project had been completed, and a channel not less than 7 feet deep from Onan- cock to deep water in Chesapeake Bay had been secured. The ex- penditure prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to the expenditures reported under the head of Previous projects has been $13,038.02, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No original work or work of maintenance has been carried on. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-No change from the con- ditions reported under the head of Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year are noted. The maximum draft that could be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the improvement was 7 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, to the end of the fiscal year, was $13,038.02, all of which was for original work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has benefited and facilitated commerce. It has not been found practicable to determine its effects upon freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted, as the available balance is sufficient for maintenance until June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The freight moved during the calendar year 1914 consisted of lumber, brick, coal, and miscellaneous mer- chandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........--....------.......---------..-...-------------------------------------------............................................... 52,824 $3,001,192 1913-------....-..----....-..................................................------------------------------------------------------............. 52,025 2,955,319 1914-------...--......-....................................................------------------------------------------------------ 18,755 1,177,636 The decrease in tonnage and valuation of commerce is due to de- crease of business given by connecting railways. Financialsum1mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $33, 549.02 Maintenance--- ------ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................................... Maintenance................... ........... .......... ......... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913___- _____________ --------------- ___----- $1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- - ------------------------- 1, 461. 98 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 1, 461.98 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 481 8. WATERWAY FROM NORFOLK, VA., TO THE SOUNDS OF NORTH CAROLINA. Location.-This waterway extends south from Norfolk, Va., to Albemarle Sound, N. C., via the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River, Deep Creek, the Dismal Swamp Canal (a privately owned toll canal), Turners Cut, and the Pasquotank River, a total distance of 67 miles, and continues thence via Croatan Sound to Pamlico Sound. All of these streams, except the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River and the privately owned Dismal Swamp Canal, are included in the project. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 10.) Original condition.-Private interests had maintained this water- way prior to the time of the adoption of the present project and had allowed the channels to deteriorate so that a draft of only 2 feet was available at that time. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project (see H. Doc. No. 317, 54th Cong., 1st sess., and H. Doc. No. 131, 55th Cong., 3d sess.) was adopted in the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, and provides for dredging channels in Deep Creek, 3 miles long; Turners Cut, 3.8 miles long; through a shoal in the Pasquotank River near Ship Yard Bar, 1,800 feet long; and through a bar in Croatan Sound near Croatan Lighthouse, 1,200 feet long. The project dimensions of these channels, except the last named, are 100 feet wide and 10 feet deep at mean low water. The Croatan Channel was to be 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water. The project also included the cutting of points at sharp bends in the Pasquotank River, and the protection of the banks in Turners Cut with sheet piling. The estimated cost of the project was $274,310. No reference is made to the cost of maintenance in the estimate. The tidal variation in Deep Creek and the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River is about 3 feet. The remaining sec- tions of the waterway have no lunar tide. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1903, and has resulted in dredged channels not less than 10 feet deep over all portions improved by the United States. The portion of the waterway between Deep Creek and Turners Cut is known as the Dismal Swamp Canal, and was constructed by a private corporation which still owns and maintains it. The limiting depth in this section, due to shoals, is 9 feet. The amount spent by the United States prior to July 1, 1914, was $267,656.21, of which $251, 196.46 was for original work and $16,459.75 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work done con- sisted of the removal of sunken logs and snags from 1.5 miles of Turners Cut by the United States snagboat Roanoke, operated by hired labor, at a cost of $211.32, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-No change from the conditions reported under operations and results prior to the fiscal year is noted, except some slight shoaling near the south end of Turners Cut. The maximum draft that could be carried at mean low water at the end of the fiscal year over the shoalest part of the improvement was 9 feet. The total expenditure under the adopted project, exclusive of 8373o-ENG 1915---31 482 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. outstanding liabilities, has been $267,867.53, of which $251,196.46 was for original work and $16,671.07 for maintenance. The project has been completed for $23,113.54 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-No conditions requiring local cooperation were imposed by law, and no cooperation has been rendered, other than the building of the Dismal Swamp Canal, a link in the route, by a private corporation, which also improved portions of Deep Creek and Turn- ers Cut prior to the adoption of the project. Effect of imrprovement.-The improvement has resulted in the use of larger and deeper draft vesels. It has not been practicable to as- certain what effect, if any, the improvement has had upon freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted, as funds on hand are deemed sufficient for maintenance until July 1, 1917. Commercial statistics.-Forthe calendar year 1914, the commerce on this improvement consisted of coal, fertilizer, logs, lumber, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. ---------------------------------------- 1912--...............--------..------......---...................................................... 413,764 $5,579,914 1913....--------------------------------------------------------------......................................................................... 336,626 4,493,357 ------------------------------------------------------------ 1914............................................................................. 374,260 4,587,236 Financialsum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------------$251, 196. 46 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 16, 671. 07 Total -------------------------------------------------- 267, 867. 53 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........ ......... - ..-.- .-.-...----..... -........ ............. Maintenance..... - ---........ ... .. ....-- ..--- .. $472.55 $4,196.00 $211.32 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____________-- _____213. 79 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 5, 213. 79 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement .__ _________________-_ 211.32 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 5, 002. 47 9. INLAND WATER ROUTE FROM NORFOLK HARBOR, VA., TO ALBE- MARLE SOUND, N. C., THROUGH CURRITUCK SOUND. Location.-This route extends south from Norfolk, Va., to Albe- marle Sound, N. C., via the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River, Va., 12.4 miles long; the Virginia Cut of the Albemarle & Chesa- peake Canal, 8.4 miles long; North Landing River, Va. and N. C., RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 483 17 miles long; Currituck Sound, N. C., 101 miles long; Coinjock Bay, N. C., 2.3 miles long; the North Carolina Cut of the Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal, 2.7 miles long; and North River, N. C., 131 miles long. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 10.) Original condition.-This route had originally natural channels of a minimum depth of 5 feet at mean low water from Norfolk to Albemarle Sound, but navigation was hampered by short bends, sunken logs, and overhanging trees. Previous project.-The original project for the improvement of the portion of the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River pertaining to this improvement was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1873. The original project for Currituck Sound and North River Bar was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 18, 1878, and subsequently modified by the river and harbor acts of June 14, 1880, and March 3, 1881. The original project for North Landing River was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879 (H. Doc. No. 68, 45th Cong., 3d sess.)., The total amount expended on original and modified projects prior to the commencement of opera- tions under the existing project was $240,169.69, of which about $232,277.34 was for original work and $7,892.35 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1800. Present project.-The present project adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, is simply a consolidation of the previous projects pertaining to this improvement which existed as separate projects at the time of the passage of the .act. It provides for.securing, by dredging and the removal of obstructions, a chan- nel 80 feet wide on the bottom and 9 feet deep at mean low water, and extending for about 67 miles from Norfolk, Va., to Albemarle Sound, N. C., through the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River, Virginia Cut of the Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal, North Landing River, Currituck Sound, Coinjock Bay, North Carolina Cut of the Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal, and North River. The estimated cost of completing the improvement at the time of the adoption of the project was $68,677.08. (See Annual Report for 1891, p. 1303.) No estimate was made for maintenance. The mean range of the tide in the Souithern Branch of the Elizabeth River is about 3 feet. There is no lunar tide in other portions of the route. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed prior to the fiscal year, a channel 67 miles long, with a minimum depth of 8.5 feet at mean low water and a width of 40 to 80 feet, having been obtained by dredging and snagging where re- quired. The amount spent prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to the expenditures reported under Previous projects, was $102,892.53, of which $61,988 was for original work and $40,- 904.53 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Maintenance work, consisting of dredging and snagging by hired labor, was carried on during the year. About 2 miles of channel were redredged in shoal places in the Virginia Cut and in North River, and logs and snags were removed from about 4 miles of channel in the Virginia Cut, North Landing River, and North River. The expenditure for the year was $4,533.78, all of which was for maintenance. 484 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-No marked change from the condition reported under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year has been observed. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement is 81 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures under the existing adopted project to the end of the fiscal year, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, was $107,426.31, of which $61,988 was for original work and $45,438.31 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions requiring local cooperation were imposed by law. The Virginia and North Carolina Cuts, two links in the waterway, were built by the Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal Co., a private corporation, before the United States under- took any improvements on this route. These two cuts, aggregating 11 miles, were maintained and operated as a toll canal by the canal company up to the time of the transfer of the property to the United States on April 30, 1913, by purchase, as authorized in the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has permitted the use of larger vessels and has made navigation less dangerous. It has not been practicable to ascertain its effect, if any, on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimates are submitted. This improve- ment has now been absorbed by the proposed inland waterway from Norfolk, Va., to .Beaufort Inlet, N. C. No further reports will be submitted under this head. Commercial statistics.-See this head under " Operating and care of the inland waterway from Norfolk, Va., to Beaufort Inlet, N..C." Financialsummary Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------- --- ------------------------ $294, 265. 34 Maintenance - ---_____- __--- ___-__ _-------- 53, 330. 66. Total--------------------------------------------------- 347, 596. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. .... ....... . . ............................. Maintenance ................................................ $2,062.58 $339.91 $4,533.78 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------- $2, 000. 00 July 25, 1.912---------------------------------------- --------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________________________- 4, 317. 37 Receipts, as compensation for damages to U. S. snagboat Roanoke, by tug belonging to Richmond Cedar Works____________-----------_____ 216. 41 4, 533. 78 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement___------------------------________ 4, 533. 78 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 485 10. INLAND WATERWAY FROM NORFOLK, VA., TO BEAUFORT INLET, N. C. Location.-This waterway extends from Norfolk, Va., and Beau- fort Inlet, N. C., a distance of 186 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 10.) Between Norfolk, Va., and Albe- marle Sound, N. C., the route follows, successively, the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River, Va., the Virginia Cut of the Albe- marle & Chesapeake Canal, North Landing River, Va. and N. C., Currituck Sound, N. C., Coinjock Bay, N. C., the North Carolina Cut of the Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal, and North River, N. C., to Albemarle Sound, a distance of 63.5 miles. The route crosses Albemarle Sound from the mouth of North River to the mouth of the Alligator River, N. C., a distance of 12.9 miles. Between Albe- marle Sound and Neuse River, N. C., the route follows, successively, the Alligator River, N. C., a proposed land cut to Rose Bay, N. C., and Pamlico Sound, N. C., a distance of 72.6 miles. Between Pamlico Sound and Beaufort Inlet, N. C., the route follows the existing waterway via Neuse River, Adams Creek, Adams Creek Canal, Core Creek, and Newport River to Beaufort Inlet, N. C., a distance of 37 miles. Original condition.-At the time of the adoption of the present project the following improved channels existed on the different sec- tions of this improvement: Between Norfolk, Va., and Albemarle Sound, N. C., a channel with a minimum depth of 8.5 feet at mean low water and from 50 to 90 feet wide on the bottom; between Albe- marle and Pamlico Sounds, N. C., a channel with a minimum depth of 10 feet at mean low water and with a minimum width of about 100 feet, but by a route different from that followed by this project, and between Pamlico Sound and Beaufort Inlet, N. C., a channel 10 feet deep at mean low water and with a minimum width of 90 feet. A tidal lock 40 feet wide and 221 feet long, with a lift of 2.5 feet at mean low water existed near Great Bridge, Va., upon the portion of the waterway between Norfolk, Va., and Albemarle Sound, N. C. Previous projects.-No project covering the entire waterway con- templated by this improvement has existed before, but separate projects have existed for most of the waterways embraced in the present project. It includes and has absorbed the "inland water route from Norfolk Harbor, Va., to Albemarle Sound, N. C., through Currituck Sound," and the "inland waterway from Pamlico Sound to Beaufort Inlet, N. C.," at present under the Wilmington, N. C., engineer district. For the scope of the projects thus absorbed, and of projects prior to these, see Appendix, page 1802. tresent project.-The approved project (H. Doc. No. 391, with maps, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for a waterway from Norfolk, Va., to Beaufort Inlet, N. C., 186 miles long, 12 feet deep at mean low water, with bottom widths of 90 to 300 feet, at an estimated cost of $5,400,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The privately owned Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal has been purchased, plant has been acquired, some dredging has been done, and the canal banks have been partly cleared. The amount spent prior to the beginning 486 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of the fiscal year was $576,305.58, of which $500,000 was for the purchase of the canal and the balance for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the year a hydraulic pipe-line dredge and other smaller items of plant have been purchased; 1,282,833 cubic yards of material have been re- moved by day labor, using Government plant, resulting in 3.2 miles of completed channel; 4,698,225 cubic yards of material have been removed by contract, giving 14.4 miles of completed channel. The average cost of the work with Government plant was $0.043 per cubic yard, place measurement. The average contract price was $0.0752 per cubic yard, place measurement. The total expenditure for the year has been $647,153.84, all of which was for original work. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-Eighteen per cent of the approved project has been completed, resulting in 17.6 miles of chan- nel having the project depth of 12 feet at mean low water. The bottom width of 5.3 miles of this completed channel is 90 feet and the bottom width of 12.3 miles is 250 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement is 8.5 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project to the end of the fiscal year, exclusive of outstanding contracts and liabilities, is $1,223,459.42, all of which was for original work. Local cooperation.-A public wharf and warehouse have been erected at Coinjock, N. C., by the citizens of that place. The cost is unknown. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has not progressed suf- ficiently to have any effect on commerce. It has not been practicable, as yet, to determine its effects on freight rates; but the abolition of tolls which went into effect on May 1, 1913, should in time result in lower freight rates. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to continue dredging opera- tions by contract and with Government plant during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, upon the parts of the waterway which have the least channel depths. The location and estimated cost of this work, in the order of its urgency, is as follows: Dredging North River Bar, N. C------------------------------- $105, 000 Dredging lower portion of North River, N. C--------------------- 169, 000 Dredging part of North River, N. CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC 48, 000 Dredging part of upper North Landing River, Va ------------------ 384, 000 Dredging southern branch of the Elizabeth River, Va., above the Norfolk & Western Railroad bridge--------------------------- 221, 000 Engineering, supervision, and contingencies---------------------- 73, 000 Total__-------------- ---- --------------------------- 1, 000,000 Commercial statistics.-See this head under "Operating and care of the inland waterway from Norfolk, Va., to Beaufort Inlet, N. C." Financial summarjy. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------- -------------------------- $1, 223, 459. 42 Maintenance ------------ -- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913, 1914 1915 New work............................................... $512,842.24 $63,463 34 $647,153.84 Maintenance....................................................................... RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 487 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------- - $600, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913 ------------------------ 800, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------------------- ------ 400, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--- --------------------------- 823, 766. 42 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915- 400, 000. 00 Receipts from sales------ ------------ ------------------------- 139.39 1, 223, 905. 81 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ---------------------------------------- ------ _ 647,153.84 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 576, 751. 97 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------$32, 322.55 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts__----------------------------------------74, 409. 87 206, 732. 42 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------------- 370, 019. 55 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------------------------13, 600, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement------------------------- 11,000, 000. 00 11. OPERATING AND CARE OF THE INLAND WATERWAY FROM NOR- FOLK, VA., TO BEAUFORT INLET, N. C. Under allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation (sec. 6 of the river and harbor act of Mar. 3, 1909) for "operating and care of canals and other works of navigation" that portion of the inland waterway between Norfolk, Va., and Beaufort Inlet, N. C., which lies between Norfolk, Va., and Albemarle Sound, N. C., has been operated continuously as a free waterway since its pur- chase by the United States on April 30, 1913 (river and harbor act of July 25, 1912). Total amount expended to end of last fiscal year----------------- $20, 697. 24 Amount expended during the current fiscal year------------------- 23, 771. 66 Total expenditures---------------------------------------44, 468. 90 There were 4,582 lockages at the Great Bridge Lock during the fiscal year, passing 5,760 vessels and 140 rafts. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912 1912 ................................................................ . 1---------------------------------- $1,791,085 1913-14 ..-...................... ...................... 258,441 . .. .............. 4, 000 1914- ------------------------------------------------------------- 19146....... 229,047 ..................................................................... 229 0 4 3,228,537 3, , 53 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 Statistics reported for "Inland water route from Norfolk Harbor, Va., to Albemarle Sound, N. C., through Currituck Sound," for calendar year 1912, this improvement having been absorbed by the in- land waterway from Norfolk Va., to Beaufort Inlet, N. C. 8Statistics reported under "Operating and care of the inland waterway from Norfolk, Va., to Beaufort Inlet, N. C.," for fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, instead of for a calendar year as in the case of other works as the property had riot been operated as a free waterway long enough to give the data for a calendar year. 4 Value not given in report. Estimate based on the values for 1914. *Statistics reported under "Operating and care of inland waterway from Norfolk, Va., to Beaufort Inlet, N. C.," for the calendar year 1914. 488 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 12. BLACKWATER RIVER, VA. Location.-This stream rises in Prince George County, near Peters- burg, Va. It flows in a general southeasterly direction for 80 miles, and unites with the Nottoway River to form the Chowan River, which empties into Albemarle Sound. The portion under improve- ment is a stretch of 13 miles extending from its mouth to Franklin, Va. Original condition.-The original minimum usable low-water depth was about 7 feet, but navigation was hampered by obstructions and short bends. The head of navigation is usually referred to as being at Franklin, Va., but the stream is navigable in fact for boats drawing about 3 feet of water to Burdette, Va., about 25 miles above its mouth. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 18, 1878, and the amount expended on the original project prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $14,000, all of which was applied to original work. For scope of the previous project, see Appendix, page 1802. Present project.-The existing project (H. Doc. No. 177, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. It provides for clearing the stream of existing obstructions so as to afford a condition of easy navigation for boats of 7-foot draft, at an estimated cost of $8,000. The stream is nontidal, but fluc- tuations due to freshets amount to 3 and 4 feet in the lower part of the river. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project has been completed, the necessary dredging and snagging having been done to secure a navigable channel at no point less than 7 feet deep at mean low water in the 13 miles of river between Franklin, Va., and the mouth of the river. The amount spent prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to the expenditures reported under Previous projects, has been $5,747.99, of which $2,144.33 was for orig- inal work and $3,603.66 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. An expenditure of $1.10 was made for office expenses. Conditions at the end of the fiscal year.-No marked change from the conditions noted under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year has taken place. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement is 6.5 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures under the existing project, exclusive of out- standing liabilities, has been $5,749.09, of which $2,144.33 was for original work and $3,604.76 for maintenance. The project has been completed for $5,855.67 less than the estimate, and the saving has been applied to the maintenance of the improvement. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Navigation has been rendered easier and safer. It has not been possible to ascertain what effect, if any, the improvement has had on freight rates. Proposed operations.--No estimate is submitted, as the balance on hand will be sufficient for maintenance until July 1, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commerce carried on this stream is principally freight originating on or destined to railroads making connection with the river boats, and consists of cotton, peanuts, other agricultural products, fertilizer, and general merchandise. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 489 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912-------...-----...----........----...--......----.--------------....--...-...........---------....----...---------4,202 $373,982 1913.........-----------------.........----------------------------------------------...................................................... 4,148 384,291 1914-------................---------...-----------------------------------------------..................................................... 3,821 371,869 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work__________________---------------- -------------------------- $16,144.33 Maintenance --------------------------------_- -- 3, 604.76 Total____-- --------------------------------------- 19, 749.09 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...------------------------------------------------------------- - ------- Maintenance .........................................-----------------------------------------------.......---- $2,203.88 $1.10 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------_ $2, 267. 01 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement--------------------------------------------- 1.10 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ____ ___ 2, 265. 91 13. MEHERRIN RIVER, N. C. Location.--This stream rises in Lunenburg County, Va., flows in a southeasterly direction for about 100 miles, and empties into the Chowan River, N. C. The portion under improvement extends from Murfreesboro, N. C., to the mouth of the river, a distance of 12 miles. (See Winston quadrangle, North Carolina, U. S. Geologi- cal Survey.) Original condition.-Below Murfreesboro, the channel was origi- nally about 80 feet wide and 7 feet deep at mean low water, but was badly obstructed by logs, snags, sunken trees, and a few shoals. Above Murfreesboro, the channel is narrower, more tortuous, and dangerous logs and snags are more numerous. Murfreesboro is usually considered the head of navigation, but small boats use the river as far as Princeton Landing, 5 miles farther upstream. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1883. The amount expended on the "original project prior to the commencement of work under the existing project was $4,584.53, all of which was for original work. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1802. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907 (H. Doc. No. 137, 59th Cong., 1st sess.). It provides for the removal of shoals, sunken logs, and snags so as to make the river safely navigable for vessels of 7 feet draft, between Murfreesboro and the mouth, a distance of 12 miles. The estimated cost of the work was $6,000 (Annual Report for 1907, Pt. 1, p. 261). The stream is nontidal, but freshets cause variations in the water level of 3 to 4 feet in the lower part of the river. 490 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed, giving a channel through which vessels of 7 feet draft can pass with safety at mean low water. The amount expended prior to the beginning of the fiscal year but subsequent to the ex- penditures reported under Previous projects was $5,596.92, of which $1,932.88 was for original work and $3,664.04 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work done. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-No changes from the con- ditions given under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year have been observed. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement is 7 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures under the existing adopted project have been $5,596.92, of which $1,932.88 was for original work and $3,664.04 for maintenance. The project was completed for $4,067.12 less than the estimate, and the saving has been applied to maintenance work. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-Navigation has been rendered easier and safer. It has not been practicable to ascertain the effect, if any, of the improvement on freight rates. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to continue maintenance work by dredging and snagging with Government plant and hired labor. Past experience indicates that the removal of shoals and sunken logs and snags will again be necessary in one or two years. The present balance is insufficient to continue the work until June 30, 1917, and an estimate of $2,500 for the purpose is submitted. Estimate of funds. Operation of snag boat___________________ Opertio ofsna boa--------- 000 $1, 000 --------------------------- $1, Operation of dredge__ ____________________ -1, 000 Supervision and inspection ___________--_500 Total ------------------------------------------------- 2, 500 Commercial statistics.-The commerce carried on this stream is principally freight originating on or destined to railroads making connection with the river boats, and consists of cotton, peanuts, other agricultural products, timber, lumber, fertilizer, and general mer- chandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.-. . 27,258 $1,362,618 1913. -------------------------------------------------------------- 20,056 1,550,025 1914. -------------------------------------------------------------- 16,640 1,447,130 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------------------------- $6, 517.41 Maintenance ------------------------------------------- 3, 664. 04 Total--- _-_ _------------------------------ 10, 181. 45 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....---.-....-....-- ---.-----..-.. -- .---.---------------------. ..- Maintenance-..-.----------------------------....... . $165.66 $1,749.19 ,_I RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 491 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _--------------------- _____ $413. 08 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_--__-_------__-__ _ -______ 413. 08 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _ ____---------------- 12, 500. 00 14. ROANOKE RIVER, N. C. Location.-This stream is formed by the junction of the Dan and Staunton Rivers in Mecklenburg County, Va., and flows southeasterly for 200 miles into Albemarle Sound, N. C. The portion under im- provement extends from Weldon, N. C., to the mouth, a distance of 129 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 10.) Original condition.-From the mouth of the river to Hamilton, N. C., a distance of 62 miles, there was originally sufficient depth all seasons of the year for vessels of 10 feet draft. Above Hamilton to Weldon, a distance of 67 miles, the maximum draft that could be carried at mean low water was from 2 to 3 feet, but the channel was obstructed by shoals, snags, sunken vessels, and overhanging trees. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project (S. Ex. Doc. No. 23, 42d Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871. It provides for securing by dredging, snagging, and regu- larization a channel with a least width of 50 feet and a depth of 5 feet at mean low water from Hamilton to Weldon, a distance of 67 miles, and the removal below Hamilton for a distance of 62 miles to the mouth of such obstructions as may be necessary in order to accommodate vessels navigating the sounds of North Carolina. The estimated cost of the project was $269,000. No reference is made in the project to maintenance. The stream is nontidal, but it is subject to freshets, which ordinarily rise at Weldon to from 12 to 15 feet, and occasionally to 50 feet above ordinary low water. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-War obstructions and some shoals have been removed and the channel cleared of logs and snags to a point about 5 miles below Weldon. A channel with a minimum depth of 8 feet at mean low water has been secured from the mouth to Hamilton, a distance of 62 miles, and a channel with a minimum depth of 5 feet at mean low water has been secured between Hamilton and a point about 2 miles below Weldon, a distance of 65 miles, except on some shoals where the minimum depth is 4 feet. The project is 80 per cent completed. The expenditure prior to the be- ginning of the fiscal year was $245,187.92, of which $228,435.62 was for original work and $16,752.30 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done and no expenditures were made during the fiscal year. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-No marked change from the conditions reported under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year have been noted. The maximum draft that could be car- ried at the end of the fiscal year over the shoalest part of the improve- ment was 4 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the existing approved project up to the end of the fiscal year was $245,- 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 492 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 187.92, of which amount $228.435.62 was for original work and $16,752.30 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Navigation has been rendered easier and safer. It has not been practicable to determine the effect, if any, of the improvement on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate for additional funds is sub- mitted, as the balance on hand will be sufficient for maintenance until July 1, 1917. Commercial statistics.-During the calendar year 1914 the prin- cipal items of commerce on this stream were timber, fertilizer, and farm products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 -----------------------........ ...... ...--------------------------------------- 78,294 $5, 255,704 1913 --------------------------------------------------------------... 74,322 2,984,560 1914--------------------------------------------------------------... 72,421 2,144,249 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- $228, 435.62 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 16, 752. 30 Total -------------------------------------------------- 245, 187. 92 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... . . ................................................ Maintenance.............................................. $2,287.23 . ..................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__ 173. 58 $__________________ $2, July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 2, 173. 58 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project _______________-______ - -_ _______-38, 400. 00 EXAMINATION AND SURVEY MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1913. Reports dated June 28, 1913, and September 30, 1914, with map, on preliminary examination and survey, respectively, of Inland waterway from Norfolk, Va., to Beaufort Inlet, N. C., with a view to determining whether there should be any change in that part of the route from AlligatorRiver southwardly to Neuse River from that heretofore recommended in House Document Numbered Three hun- dred and ninety-one, Sixty-second Congress, second session, and heretofore adopted, and whether it would be desirable to extend the route from Alligator River to Pungo River, thence to Goose Creek, thence from the head of Goose Creek to Jones Bay, and thence to Neuse River, or whether any modification of said part of the route is desirable, required by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 493 the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were transmitted to Congress and printed in House Document No. 1478, Sixty-third Congress, third session. A plan is presented for modifying the route of the Alligator River-Neuse River section so as to follow the Pungo River-Goose Creek-Bay River line, at an estimated cost of $2,391,880 for construction and $40,000 annually for maintenance. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. PaganRiver and Jones Creek, a tributary thereof, Va. 2. From small-boat harbor at Newport News, Va., to York River, with a view to connecting by canals New Market Creek, Back River, and Poquoson River with York River, in order to provide a safe inland passage for small boats between Newport News and York River. 3. Upper Pasquotank River, N. C., from Turners Cut up to the head of navigation at Lebanon Road, or as far as may be practicable. The duty of making the reexamination in accordance with the law for the original examination of rivers and harbors, as provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, with a view to obtaining a report whether the adopted project for Inland waterway from Norfolk to Beaufort Inlet, N. C., shall be modified or the im- provement abandoned, has been assigned to a special board of engineer officers, and its report will be duly submitted when received. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE WILMINGTON, N. C., DISTRICT. This district includes river and harbor improvements in eastern North Carolina from Albemarle Sound to the South Carolina line. District officer: Maj. H. W. Stickle, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, to September 2, 1914, and Col. W. C. Langfitt, Corps of Engineers, since that date. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Scuppernong River, N. C..... 494 16. Beaufort Inlet, N. C........... 526 2. Shallowbag Bay, N. C ........ 495 17. Harbor at Morehead City, N. C. 528 3. Fishing Creek, N. C....... 497 18. New River, including inland 4. Waterway connecting Swan waterways between Beaufort Quarter Bay with Deep Bay, and New River and between N. C........................ 499 New River and Swansboro, 5. Pamlico and Tar Rivers, N. C. 500 N. C............... ........ 530 6. Bay River, N. C.............. 503 19. Cape Fear River, N. C., at and 7. South River, N. C............. 505 below Wilmington.......... 537 8. Contentnia Creek, N. C........ 506 20. Cape Fear River, N. C., above 9. Smiths Creek, N. C ............ 508 Wilmington (locks and dams) 540 10. Neuse and Trent Rivers, N. C. 510 21. Northeast (Cape Fear) and 11. Swift Creek, N. C............ 516 Black Rivers and Cape Fear 12. Inland waterway from Pamlico River above Wilmington, Sound to Beaufort Inlet, N.C. 518 N. C........................ 542 13. Harbor of Refuge at Cape Look- 22. Shallotte River, N. C......... 548 out, N. C ................... 520 14. Harbor at Beaufort, N. C ..... 522 15. Waterway connecting Core Sound and Beaufort Harbor, N. C..................... 524 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT SEE PAGES 2333 TO 2388. 494 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1. SCUPPERNONG RIVER, N. C. Location.-This river rises in the center of a peninsula between Albemarle Sound on the north and Pamlico Sound on the south. It flows in a general northerly direction, making a long bend east- ward to the town of Columbia, then turning westward again until it flows into Albemarle Sound. Its length is about 30 miles. From the mouth to Norfolk, Va., by water is 95 miles. The section under improvement is the bar at the mouth of the river, which has a length of 3,400 feet. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 141.) Originalcondition.-Before improvement there was about 5 feet at mean low water across the bar at the mouth. The upper portion was obstructed by logs, snags, stumps, overhanging growth, and by abrupt bends. Spruills Bridge is the head of navigation, 23 miles from mouth. Logging and rafting may be carried to Cherry, 3 miles farther, and above Cherry in drainage canals constructed by land- owners. Previous project.-Adopted March 3, 1879. Amount expended $8,000. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1802. Presentproject.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902 (H. Doc. No. 131, 56th Cong., 2d sess.), and pro- vides for dredging a channel 3,400 feet long, 150 feet wide, and 9 feet deep at mean low water across the bar at the mouth at an estimated cost of $14,000. This is a nontidal stream with no slope, the oscillations of the sur- face being controlled by the winds, which cause a maximum ordinary variation of 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel on the bar at the mouth was dredged to project dimensions and logs, snags, etc., removed from the upper river. Several obstructing shoals in the upper river were removed by dredging, 9 points cut off, and 4 cut-offs made. Expended on present project to June 30, 1914: For improvement, $13,248.68; for maintenance, $10,426.45; total, $23,675.13. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The expenditures for the year were $115.75, all for maintenance, and were in payment for the collection of commercial statistics and field-office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted at a cost of $13,248.68, or $751.32 less than the estimate. A channel 9 feet deep and 150 feet wide exists on the bar at the mouth; thence to Cross Landing, 14 miles above, a good open channel of 7 feet free from obstructions; thence to Spruills Bridge, 9 miles farther, 7 feet at mean low water, but the river in many places is nar- row and crooked and obstructed by overhanging trees on the banks, and by logs and snags in the channel. Expended on present project to June 30, 1915: For improvement, $13,248.68; for maintenance, $10,542.20; total, $23,790.88. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had the effect of reducing freight rates to Columbia and other points on the stream. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about December 31, 1915. It is proposed to apply the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 495 amount estimated for the year 1917 to maintaining the bar channel by dredging as follows: Operation of dredge Scuppernong 1 month___________________________ $1, 800 Engineering and contingencies------------------- ------------ 200 Total---------------- ------------------------------- 2,000 Commercial statistics.-The principal items of commerce were groceries, lumber, fertilizer, timber, and potatoes. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912...... .... .................................................. 26;653 $320,991.00 1913..........--....... ............................................................- 30,073 382,622.50 1914..................................................................... ........... 27,224 355,370.50 The decrease was principally in the items of fertilizer, lumber, and timber. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work _ _ ------------------------------ $21, 248.68 Maintenance __________________ ___________________ 10, 542. 20 Total--------------- ------------------------------ 31, 790. 88 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................. ........................ -........................... Maintenance .............. ................ ........... ........ $1,291. 12 $2,741, 65 $115.75 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-____---- ______-____ _______ $2, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915____------------------------- 2, 900. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________________________ 324. 87 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 2, 900. 00 3, 224. 87 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------- 115. 75 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _------- ----------------- _ 3, 109. 12 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___-------------------- 12,000.00 2. SHALLOWBAG BAY, N. C. Location.-Situated on northeastern side of Roanoke Island, N. C. Elizabeth City, N. C., the nearest town, is 45 miles to the northwest, and Norfolk, Va., lies 90 miles north by west. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1229.) Original condition.-Before improvement about 5 feet was the maximum draft that could be carried into the bay at mean low water. Manteo was the head of navigation, 1 mile from entrance. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 496 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, I. S. ARMY. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 906, 60th Cong., 1st sess., with map) and provides for securing a channel, by dredging, 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low water from the entrance to the town of Manteo at an estimated cost of $13,750, with $2,000 annually for maintenance. The bay is nontidal, variations in the water level due to winds seldom exceed 1 or 2 feet higher or lower than the mean stage. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The bay was dredged to project dimensions and resulted in increasing the depth of the entrance channel by 1 foot. Increased depth and width have been secured in front of the wharves along Doughs Creek at the town of Manteo. Length of dredged channel, 0.9 mile. Additional work will be for maintenance. Expended up to June 30, 1914, for improvement, $10,503.18; for maintenance, $1,445.63; total, $11,948.81. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The expenditures for the year were $12.33, all for maintenance, and were in payment for services of gauge reader. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted at a cost of $10,503.18, or $3,246.82 less than the estimate. Some deterioration in the dredged channel has occurred, and 5.4 feet at mean low water is the maximum draft that can be carried from Roanoke Sound to the town of Manteo. Expended up to June 30, 1915, for improvement, $10,503.18; for maintenance, $1,457.96; total, $11,961.14. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The tendency of the improvement is to reduce freight rates. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about December 31, 1915. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated for the fiscal year 1917 in dredging to restore the project depth as follows: Operation United States hydraulic dredge 1 month----------------- $1, 800 Engineering and contingencies--- --------------------------------- 200 Total------------------------------------------------- 2, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal items of commerce were fish, groceries, dry goods, and hardware. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912--..-..-------------.........-----......-..---------------------------------------................................................ 16,884 $1,059,846.00 1913-. ------------.........------------........ ------------------------------------ 8,867 576,404.50 1914--.-------------------------------------------------------------------..... 11,888 593,531.50 The increase was principally in the items of machinery, ice, shingles, and groceries. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 497 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $10, 503. 18 Maintenance -------------------------- 1, 457. 96 Total --------------------------------------------- 11, 961. 14 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ..... ......... . ...................... .............. Maintenance.............................................. $1,123.67 $321.96 $12.63 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912---------------------------- $1, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 2, 801. 19 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_-_ 2, 000. 00 4,801. 19 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------------------------------------------- 12. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 4, 788. 86 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------- 2, 000. 00 3. FISHING CREEK, N. C. Location.-This stream rises in Warren County, N. C., flows for about 120 miles in a general southeasterly direction, and empties into Tar River 56 miles above Washington, N. C. The section under improvement is from the mouth to the railroad bridge, 40 miles. Original condition.-Before improvement the stream was badly obstructed by masses of fallen timber, overhanging trees, and snags, and was navigable by rafts only a few miles above the mouth. Depth about 4 feet at ordinary stages; width, 40 to 100 feet. Coffields Bridge, 21 miles from the mouth, is the present head of naviga- tion. Logging and rafting can be carried on for some distance above. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The original project, adopted by Congress under the river and harbor act approved September 19, 1890 (H. Doc. No. 32, 51st Cong., 1st sess.), was to clear the stream of logs, snags, trees, etc., up to Bellamy's mill, about 50 miles above its mouth, so as to give a minimum low water depth of 20 inches and a minimum width of 40 feet, at an estimated cost of $25,000. It was amended in 1896 to limit the work to that part below the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad bridge, about 40 miles above the mouth, and this amended project was completed in 1901, work since that date having been confined to maintenance. The water surface varies from a minimum depth of 6 inches at low water to 10 feet during high freshet stages. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373o-ENG 1915-----32 498 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The river was thoroughly cleared of logs, snags, etc., as far as Coffields Bridge, 21 miles from the mouth, to which 3 feet could be carried during about six months of the year. Expended to June 30, 1914, for im- provement, $22,715.10; for maintenance, $6,567.36; total, $29,282.46. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work of the year consisted of removing 334 obstructions between the mouth and Coffields Bridge, 21 miles, using the U. S. hoister Contentnia and hired labor. There was expended on this work $891.02, all for main- tenance, and resulted in a clear channel. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The modified project for work up to the railroad bridge was completed in 1901, at a cost of $22,715.10, or $2,284.90 less than the estimate, since which time work has been confined to maintenance below Coffields Bridge, 21 miles above the mouth. The stream is in good condition to that point, hav- ing channel depths of from 3 to 4 feet for from five to seven months during the year. Between Coffields Bridge and the railroad bridge the condition of the stream is unknown, but it is presumably bad. Expenditures on existing project to June 30, 1915, for improvement, $22,715.10; for maintenance, $7,458.38; total, $30,173.48. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The result of the improvement has been to reduce freight rates. Proposed operations.-The funds available will be exhausted about December 31, 1915. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated for the year 1917 in snagging with United States plant and hired labor, as follows: Operation of U. S. hoister Contentnia two months, at $450, $900; engineering and contingencies, $100; total, $1,000. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of lumber, timber, cotton seed, and cottonseed meal, and showed a decrease of 1,363 tons below that of 1913. The decrease is partly accounted for in the low prices of cotton occasioned by the European war. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..................... ........ . ................................... 2,763 $40,940.00 113........................................................................... 2,459 23,820.00 1914 ...................................... .................................. 1,096 10,751.50 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------------------- $22, 715. 10 Maintenance ----------------------------------------------- 7, 458. 38 Total------------------------------- ---------------- 30, 173. 48 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................................................... I .......... ......... Maintenance...................................... .$210.35 $2,387.20 $891.02 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 499 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------- ------------------------------- $1, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------- 1, 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------- ----- 1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------- 467. 54 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 1, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 1, 000. 00 2, 467. 54 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------- 891. 02 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 1, 576. 52 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June ................ 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_-- 1 1, 000. 00 4. WATERWAY CONNECTING SWAN QUARTER BAY WITH DEEP BAY, N. C. Location.-This waterway is a cut through the narrow neck of marsh land 5,500 feet long just west of Swan Quarter Bay, on the north side of Pamlico Sound, near the mouth of Pamlico River. Washington, N. C., is 45 miles westerly on Pamlico River and Bel- haven, N. C., is 25 miles northwesterly on Pungo River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 143.) Original condition.--Prior to the improvement of the waterway by the United States a small cut having a minimum width of 25 feet and a minimum depth of 2 feet at mean low water, and about 0.6 of a mile long, existed. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project for improvement, adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, contemplated securing a channel by dredging 5,500 feet long, 50 feet wide at the bottom, and 6 feet deep at mean low water, at an estimated cost of $14,575, with $900 annually for maintenance (H. Doc. No. 445, 60th Cong., 1st. sess.). There are no lunar tides in this locality; variations in the water level due to winds seldom exceed 1 or 2 feet above or below mean stage. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged to project dimensions, and resulted in increasing the depth from 2 feet at mean low water to 6 feet, and the width from 25 feet to 50 feet. Amount expended prior to fiscal year, for improvement, $8,550.98; for maintenance, $1,163.32; total, $9,714.30. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done during the year. The expenditures, $229.60, all for main- tenance, were for collecting commercial statistics and field office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1911 at a cost of $8,550.98, or $6,024.02 less than the estimate. A channel 50 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low water exists over the entire length of the waterway, except at the eastern end, which 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, 500 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. limits the draft of vessels to.5.3 feet. Expended on present project to June 30, 1915, for improvement, $8,550.98; for maintenance, $1,392.92; total, $9,943.90. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement, by shortening the dis- tance from Swan Quarter to Washington and Belhaven by about 5 miles, and furnishing a protected route for vessels plying between these points, has lessened freight rates. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to apply existing funds to the maintenance of the channel by dredging with United States plant and hired labor. No further appropriation is recommended for the fiscal year 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of grain, dry goods, groceries, fertilizer, coal, and cotton. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........ .. ............................ ............................ 3,960 $283, 131.00 1913 5, 841 302, 504. 50 1914................................................... .......................... 7,820 403,547.50 The increase is principally due to increased exports of grain, hogs, and oysters, with increased imports of coal, fertilizer, groceries, and machinery, and indicates that this waterway has placed the hereto- fore isolated community in close touch with distant markets. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $8, 550. 98 Maintenance _--.------- ---------------------------- 1, 392. 92 Total ---------------------------------------------- 9, 943. 90 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... Maintenance ................................................. $1,059.67 $103.65 $229.60 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- $4, 860. 70 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---------- 229. 60 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------___- -__ 4, 631. 10 5. PAMLICO AND TAR RIVERS, N. C. Location.-The two names are applied to the same river, it being known as the Pamlico below Washington, N. C., and as the Tar above that point. This stream rises in Person County, flows in a general southeasterly direction for 217 miles, and empties into Pam- lico Sound. The section under improvement is from a point about 4 miles below Washington and 34 miles above the mouth to Little RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 501 Falls, 82 miles above Washington, a total distance of 86 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 10.) Original condition.-Prior to the improvement, begun in 1876, the river was obstructed by war blockades, sunken logs, snags, stumps, and sand shoals so that the governing low-water depths were 5 feet to Washington and perhaps 1 foot to Tarboro, to which place navigation was practicable during freshet stages only. About 3 feet could be carried to Tarboro during about eight high water months per year. Previous projects.-The first improvement of this stream was un- dertaken under authority of act of Congress of July 4, 1836. The amount expended on this project was $15,000. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1803. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of July '25, 1912 (H. Doc. No. 270, 62d Cong., 2d sess.), is to secure an available channel depth of 10 feet and a channel width of 200 feet up to Washington, and a depth of 6 feet, with width of 75 feet thence to Greenville, at an estimated cost of $94,050 and $3,500 annually for maintenance. The estimated cost was in- creased in 1913 to $109,050 and in 1914 to $132,550. Above Green- ville the existing project is that of 1879 (Annual Report for 1879, p. 700), for the removal of obstructions to Tarboro, and that of 1889 (Annual Report for 1889, p. 1130), to clear the natural channel above Tarboro, 34 miles to Little Falls, at an estimated cost of $16,200. The stream is nontidal; variations in the water surface at Washington due to prevailing winds, seldom exceed 2 feet. Length of section, included in the project, 86 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel 9 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide had been dredged to Washington, and a 200-foot channel 10 feet deep had been dredged to a point about 4,500 feet below the Norfolk Southern Railroad bridge at Washington. A depth of 6 feet at mean low water had been obtained by dredging to Greenville and the natural channel cleared of logs and snags to Little Falls. The expenditures on the present project prior to the fiscal year were $251,163.66 for new work and $36,361.05 for maintenance, making a total of $287,524.71. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The river between Washington and the mouth of Fishing Creek, 56 miles above, was maintained in good condition by snagging with Government plant and hired labor at a cost of $3,845.97. There were removed 608 snags, stumps, logs, etc., giving a unit cost of $6.33 per obstruction. The 200-foot channel below Washington was extended approximately 2 miles by dredging with the U. S. dredge Hercules, at a cost of $22,462.50. The dredge removed 196,695 cubic yards of material, 318 stumps, and 60 logs, giving a unit cost of $0.114 per yard. The expenditures were $19,050.83 for new work and $4,816.71 for mainte- nance, giving a total of $23,867.54. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 99 per cent com- pleted. A channel 200 feet wide and 10 feet deep at mean low water has been completed to within 200 feet of the Washington & Vande- mere Railroad bridge, so that practically all the water front at Wash- ington has available channel widths 100 feet wider and 1 foot deeper than before. There has been some deterioration in the dredged 502 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. channel to Greenville, and the stream from there to the mouth of Fishing Creek is free from snags. The expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, amounted to $270,214.49 for new work and $41,177.76 for maintenance, making a total of $311,392.25. Local cooperation.-The city of Washington has acquired land on the water front for the construction of a public terminal. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has a tendency to keep down freight rates and permits commerce in barges of maximum draft for the inland waterway to come to Washington. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about September 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated for the fiscal year 1917 as follows: Maintaining improvement below Washington by operation of United States hydraulic dredge one month------------------------------- $2, 000 Maintaining improvement between Washington and Greenville by opera- tion of United States hydraulic dredge one month----------------- 2, 000 Maintaining improvement between Greenville and Fishing Creek by oper- ation of United States snag boat one month------------------------ 500 Total----------------------------------- 4, 500 Commercial statistics.-The principal items of commerce were fer- tilizer, lumber, groceries, timber, cotton, and dry goods. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912......................--- ...................................... 354,986 $7,430,484.00 1913 ................................................ ...................... . 322,364 5,429,622.50 1914................................................................ 288,827 3,635,611.37 The principal decrease was in the items of timber, lumber, and fertilizer. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $285, 214. 49 Maintenance --------------- 41, 177. 76 Total --------------------------------------------- 326, 392. 25 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................... .. ............... ............ $23,220.83 $77, 065. 10 $19, 050.83 Maintenance......... ............ ...................... ... ............ 319.80 4,816.71 Total..... ............................................ 23,220.83 77,384.90 23,867.54 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------------$5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------- ---- 18, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------- 35, 800. 00 RIVER AND ITARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 508 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---- ------ --------- __- $538. 29 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 18, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 35, 800. 00 54, 838. 29 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement__________------------ $19, 050. 83 For maintenance of improvement --------------- 4, 816. 71 23, 867. 54 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_________--- _ __----------_ 30, 970. 75 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___ __-__- - 3, 261. 12 July 1, 1915, balance available___________________---__-__ 27, 709. 63 _................. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement . 1 4, 500. 00 6. BAY RIVER, N. C. Location.-This stream, lying wholly in Pamlico County, N. C., rises in the peninsula between Pamlico and Neuse Rivers and flows about 20 miles in an easterly direction to Pamlico Sound. Bayboro, the head of navigation, is about 17 miles above the mouth; Newbern, N. C., is about 45 miles west of the mouth. The section under im- provement is from Bayboro to a point about 6 miles below, or 11 miles above the mouth (see U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1442). Original condition.-A 10-foot channel existed originally from the mouth for a distance of 11 miles. From the head of the 10-foot chan- nel to Bayboro, 6 miles above, the channel was obstructed by several shoals, over which from 6 to 7 feet could be carried through narrow and crooked channels at ordinary stages of water. Bayboro was the practical head of navigation, though logging and rafting could be carried on for about 1 mile above. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project for improvement, adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, contemplates dredging a channel 10 feet deep and 150 feet wide at mean low water from deep water up to a point 3,500 feet below Stonewall and thence 100 feet wide and 10 feet deep at mean low water to Bayboro, at an estimated cost of $21,000, with $1,000 annually for maintenance (H. Doc. No. 583, 61st Cong., 2d sess.). This is a nontidal stream, with no slope. Variations in the water level, due to winds, seldom exceed 1 or 2 feet above or below mean stage. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel has been dredged to project dimensions and resulted in increasing the depth from 6 feet at mean low water to 10 feet. The width was also increased and the channel straightened. Expended on present proj- ect prior to fiscal year for improvement, $22,729.76; for maintenance, $64.60; total, $22,794.36. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the year, and the expenditures made, $2.50, for maintenance, were in connection with collection of commercial statistics. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 504 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--The project was completed in 1914. Little or no deterioration has occurred, and 10 feet can be carried to Bayboro at mean low water.. Expended on present proj- ect to June 30, 1915, for improvement, $22,729.76; for maintenance, $67.10; total, $22,796.86. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made possible the shipment, in barges drawing 8 to 9 feet, of fertilizer and lumber to and from Bayboro and Stonewall, lessening the cost of transporta- tion of these commodities. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by July 1, 1916. It is proposed to apply the amount esti- mated for the year 1917 to the maintenance of the channel by dredg- ing with United States plant and hired labor, as follows: Operation of United States hydraulic dredge, one-half month at $2,000; total, $1,000. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of fertilizer, fish, groceries, hardware, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 $405,106.00 17,7333......................................................... 1913 ........................................ .................................... 16,047 376,983.00 1914....................................... ..................................... 8,089 139,122.50 The decrease lies principally in the items of fertilizer, cotton, and lumber. Nearly half the total decrease is in fertilizer, as the factory at Bayboro was not operated, only a small amount being handled for local distribution. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------- --------------------- $22, 729. 76 Maintenance---------------------------------------------- 67.10 Total-------------------------------- 22, 796. 86 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................................................... $1,729.76 .. Maintenance ...................................................... 64.60 .............. $2.50 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1.912-------------------------------------------------- $1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------- ----------------------------------------- 1,000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------- 1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--- 900. 00 1---------------------------- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 505 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------ $205.64 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 1, 000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 1, 900. 00 3, 105. 64 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement___ _______ -- _________________------------ 2. 50 _ July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ _-----------------------__ ____ 3, 103. 14 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_____________------ ___ 11, 000. 00 7. SOUTH RIVER, N. C. Location.-This stream rises in Beaufort County and flows in a general northeasterly direction for 13 miles, emptying into Pamlico River about 12 miles above its mouth. Section under improvement, from Idalia to a point about 4 miles below, or 9 miles above the mouth. Washington, N. C., lies 28 miles to the northwest. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 537.) Original condition.-Before improvement a channel 7 feet deep at mean low water extended about 91 miles above the mouth and a 6-foot channel to a point near Aurora, 11 miles above the mouth, with slightly less depth through a narrow and tortuous channel, thence to Idalia, the head of navigation. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-Adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 954, 60th Cong., 1st sess., with map), contemplates securing a channel 100 feet wide and 7 feet deep at mean low water from Aurora to the head of the 7-foot channel, with necessary widening of the channel at bends, at an estimated cost of $16,000, with $800 annually for maintenance. This project was modified by the river and harbor act approved March 4, 1913, to secure a channel depth of 7 feet at mean low water and width of 50 feet between Aurora and Royal, and 35-foot width thence to Idalia, increased on curves, at an estimated cost of $6,092.20 for first con- struction and $500 to $800 annually for maintenance, this extension to be accomplished with the balance remaining from previous appro- priations for the lower river (H. Doc. No. 1095, 62d Cong., 3d sess., with map). Length of section included in the project as thus modi- fied, about 4 miles. This is a nontidal stream and variations in the water surface due to winds seldom exceed 1 or 2 feet above or below mean stage. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The channels have been dredged to project dimensions with the result of increasing the depth to Aurora by 1 foot and to Royal and Idalia by nearly 2 feet, with a straightened channel of increased width to the latter places. Amount expended prior to the fiscal year for improvement, $12,452.02; for maintenance, $195.66; total, $12,647.68. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done during the year. The expenditures, $77.86, all for maintenance, were for collecting commercial statistics and repairs to United States plant. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 506 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project as amended was completed in 1913 at a cost of $12,452.02, or $3,547.98 less than the estimate. A channel 7 feet deep, with widths of 100, 50, and 35 feet, exists to Idalia. Expended on present project to June 30, 1915: For improvement, $12,452.02; for maintenance, $273.52; total, $12,725.54. Local cooperation.-Local interests in the town of Aurora have acquired a site and established a public wharf. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had a beneficial effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to apply the funds on hand to the maintenance of the channel by dredging with United States plant and hired labor. No additional appropriation is recommended for the year 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of timber, lumber, fertilizer, cotton, and gro- ceries. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. .................. .. .............................. 77,791 $426,423.00 1913 ......... .............................................. 61,985 540,505.50 1914 ................... ..................................................... . 45,070 277,125.00 The decrease is almost wholly accounted for in the items of timber, lumber, and fertilizer. The lumber mill operating in this section was closed down for a portion of the year. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------- $12, 452. 02 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 273. 52 Total--------------------------- ------------------------ 12, 725. 54 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..... ..................... ............. . ....... $6, 873.52.............. Maintenance.............................. ............... ...... .... $195.66 ........... $77.86 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------- $3, 352. 32 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance f improvement --------------------------------------- 77. 86 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---- 3, 274. 46 .------------------- 8. CONTENTNIA CREEK, N. C. Location.-Contentnia Creek rises in Wilson County, flows in a general southeasterly direction, and empties into Neuse River about 32 miles above Newbern, N. C. Its length is about 144 miles. Sec- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 507 tion under improvement, mouth to Stantonsburg, 63 miles. (See U. S. Geological Survey sheets Ayden, Falkland, and Wilson.) Original condition.-Previous to improvement this stream had a depth of about 3 feet during 9 months of the year from its mouth to Stantonsburg, but was obstructed throughout its entire length by fallen timber, sand shoals, overhanging growth, and was navigable for shallow-draft craft only during the higher freshet stages of about 3 to 6 months of the year. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881 (H. Doc. 85, 46th Cong. 3d sess.), and contemplated clearing the stream of obstructions so as to obtain from its mouth to Stantonsburg a depth of not less than 3 feet during the higher stages about 9 months of the year, at a cost estimated, in 1888, at $77,500. It was amended in 1894 to limit maintenance below Snow Hill, and extended in 1899 to include maintenance to Stantonsburg. There is no lunar tide. The stream is subject to freshets, rising 15 feet above low water at Snow Hill and Stantons- burg. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.--The river has been cleared of obstructions from its mouth to Stantonsburg, 63 miles. For several years maintenance of the channel has been limited to that part of the river below Fools Bridge, 42 miles from the mouth. The expenditures on the project prior to this fiscal year amounted to $64,394.56 for new work and $17,605.44 for maintenance, making a total of $82,000. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work of the year consisted of removing from the channel 452 obstructions be- tween the mouth and Fools Bridge, 42 miles, using the U. S. hoister Contentnia and hired labor. There was expended in this work $964.93, all for maintenance, and resulted in a clear channel. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1896 at a cost of $64,394.56, or $13,105.44 less than the estimate of 1888. Since that time work has been confined to maintenance, prin- cipally below Fools Bridge. A channel free from obstructions and 3 to 4 feet deep exists for from 6 to 8 months during the year to Fools Bridge, 42 miles. Above that point the stream is in poor condition. Expended on present project to June 30, 1915, for new work $64,- 394.56, for maintenance $18,570.37; total $82,964.93. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement on freight rates can not be definitely stated, but the stream when opened to navigation affords an outlet to farm products, timber, lumber, etc., which have no other outlet except by wagon. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about June 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated as a profitable expenditure for the fiscal year 1917 to snagging the channel where needed as follows: Operation hoister Contentnia two months, at $450---------....---------- $900 Superintendence and contingencies ----.-------- -------------- 100 Total ------------------------------------------------------ 1, 000 508 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of fertilizer, cottonseed meal, timber, and cotton. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..-------..-...---....---------...--.--.............-......----...--.........------------------------------........................ 17,914 $201,430.00 1913...--------..............................................------------------------------------------........-------------................... 8,684 196,320.00 1914.....-------...-------...-..---.---------...........------------------------------------........................................... 7,669 108,523.50 The decrease was principally in the item of fertilizer. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $64, 394. 56 Maintenance --- ____ Maintnanc-----------------------------------------------18 7.3 37 18, 570. Total --------------------------------------------------- 82, 964. 93 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................................................................... Maintenance................................... 8... $1,965.31 $1,382.44 6964.93 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------------_ $1, 000. 00 July 25, 1912---------------------------------------------------2, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------------------------1, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--_ -------------------------------- - 1, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 2, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 1, 000. 00 3,000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------------- 964. 93 __ July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----- -------------------- 2, 035.07 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------- --- ---- 1, 000. 00 9. SMITHS CREEK, N. C. Location.-Smiths Creek rises in Pamlico County, flows in a gen- eral southerly direction, and empties into Neuse River at the town of Oriental, 25 miles southeasterly from Newbern, N. C. It is about 5 miles long, but navigable only 2 or 3 miles above its mouth. The section under improvement is the harbor of Oriental at the mouth. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 538.) Original condition.-Before improvement began a 10-foot channel, not less than 100 feet wide, existed from the Neuse River to one of the wharves in Oriental, but was very crooked at the entrance to Neuse River. The interior harbor was very narrow and obstructed 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 509 by large mud flats in front of the town and 5 or 6 feet was the maxi- mum draft that could be carried to most of the wharves. The en- trance was obstructed by two shoals overlapping each other. A small shallow bay just east of the mouth of the river extended back into the town. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for the excavation of a basin in the small bay located in the center of the town and just inside the mouth of the creek, to a depth of 10 feet at mean low water, and removing several lumps and projecting points in the entrance channel at an estimated cost of $16,250, with $1,000 annually for maintenance (see H. Doc. No. 774, 61st Cong., 2d sess., with map). There is practically no tide on the stream. Variations in water levels, due to winds, seldom exceed 2 feet above or below mean stage. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel and basin were dredged to project depth, except a small area, when opera- tions were stopped on account of the failure of the bulkhead con- structed by local interests to hold the dredged material. As a result some of the excavated material has run back into the basin, so that less than half the area has the project depth, the remaining portion having an average depth of about 8 feet at mean low water. The expenditures on the project prior to this fiscal year amounted to $14,471.80 for new work and $95.75 for maintenance, making a total of $14,567.55. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the year, no plant being available. The expenditures were $146.49, all for maintenance, and were in payment of office expenses and expenses incurred in collecting commercial statistics. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 92 per cent completed. A mean low-water channel 10 feet deep and 200 feet wide is available at the mouth, and the average depth of the basin is about 9 feet. There was expended on the project to June 30, 1915: For new work, $14,471.80; for maintenance, $242.24; total, $14,714.04. Local cooperation.-The project for improvement, as adopted by Congress, provided that local interests should construct the bulkhead included in the plan (H. Doc. No. 774, 61st Cong., 2d sess.), and convey to the United States the right to deposit the excavated ma- terial behind it; provided further that local interests should construct at least one public wharf of adequate facilities, the use of which was to be open to all on equal terms. A bulkhead was constructed and the conveyance of the right to deposit excavated material behind it was accepted by the Chief of Engineers August 15, 1912. This bulk- head failed to hold the excavated material, and dredging operations had to be suspended before the project was completed. Local in- terests have taken no steps to strengthen the bulkhead. The town of Oriental executed an agreement (approved by the Secretary of War Jan. 19, 1911) to establish and maintain in perpetuity a public wharf with adequate shipping facilities and to permit all water craft to use the said wharf on equal terms for reasonable rates of compensa- tion. A wharf has been built in accordance with this agreement. About $7,000 was expended by local interests on the above structures. 510 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Effect of the improvement.-The improvement, being uncompleted, has had no effect. Proposed operation.--It is proposed to apply the funds on hand toward the completion of the project, provided local interests repair the bulkhead. No estimate for additional appropriation is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of fish, groceries, cotton, gasoline, fertilizer, and potatoes. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. ......................................... 1912................................. . 14,226 $255,514.00 1913............................................................ 2,935 116,788.50 1914.................................................................... .. 3,545 185,417.00 The increase was principally in the items of fish and potatoes. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $14, 471. 80 Maintenance---------- -------------------------------------- 242. 24 Total----------------------------------- 14, 714. 04 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................... $14,024.52 ............ $164 Maintenance ............. $.95.75$146.49 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915---- ----------------------------------------------- $1, 400. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_______-- -___________---__ 1,682. 45 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 1, 400. 00 3, 082. 45 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_ __-___- -__ _- ---- _1_ 146. 49 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_------------- 2,935. 96 10. NEUSE AND TRENT RIVERS, N. C. (A) NEUSE RIVER. Location.-Neuse River is a tributary of Pamlico Sound, rises in the northern part of North Carolina and flows in a southeasterly direction, passing near Durham, Raleigh, and Goldsboro, until it reaches Kinston; its direction then changes to the northeast until it reaches the mouth of Contentnia Creek, when it again changes to the southeast and continues so for 20 miles past Newbern, when it again changes to the northeast and continues so until it flows into Pamlico Sound at its southern extremity. Its total length is about 850 miles. The section under improvement is from 10 miles below RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 511 Newbern, or 20 miles above the mouth, to Smithfield, 150 miles above .Newbern. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 1442.) Original condition.-There is considerable uncertainty as to the conditions existing prior to 1878, when improvement was begun. Before the Civil War, and probably for some time afterwards, light- draft steamers made more or less regular trips as high up as Smith- field, but the low-water depth probably did not exceed 2 feet, and the stream was obstructed by snags and after the Civil War by war blockades. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The original project of 1871 (adopted by the river and harbor act of June 18, 1878), as extended in 1878-79 and 1.880 and continued to date, provides for an 8-foot navigation up to Newbern during the entire year, 4 feet to Kinston, and during nine months of the year 3 feet to Smithfield, by the removal of war ob- structions, dredging, jettying, and snagging, at a total estimated cost of $374,000; extended in 1902 (H. Doc. No. 317, 54th Cong., 2d sess.) to include dredging a channel 300 feet wide below Newbern and 200 feet wide at Newbern, to a depth of 8 feet at dead low water, at an estimated additional cost of $59,081.25. (Annual Report for 1897, p. 1427.) Since its adoption this additional estimate has been re- duced to $24,000. Length of section included in the project, about 160 miles. The stream is nontidal, variations in the water surface at and below Newbern, due to prevailing winds, seldom exceed 2 feet above or below mean stage. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Prior to 1883 the river was cleared of obstructions to Smithfield. Since then the work of clearing and snagging has been restricted to the part below Golds- boro. Jetties were constructed in the portion between Kinston and Newbern and channels at and below Newbern were dredged. The expenditures on present project to June 30, 1914, were $390,189.23, of which $347,248.47 were for new work and $42,940.76 were for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The river was snagged by Government plant and hired labor from Newbern to Seven Springs, 75 miles above. In this work of maintenance there were removed 476 obstructions at a cost of $1,442.71, giving a unit cost of $3.031 per obstruction. Dredging through Hampton Shoal below Newbern was begun under contract June 5, and 16,000 cubic yards of material were removed from a cut 1,350 feet long and 150 feet wide, dredged to a depth of 8 feet at dead low water (11.3 feet at mean low water). This new work was done at a cost of $3,036.59, giving a unit cost of 18.98 cents per cubic yard. The expenditures for the year were $867.73 for improvement and $2,497.60 for main- tenance, a total of $3,365.33. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The improvement above New- bern is completed to the practical limit of the existing project. The percentage of completion of the project as stated is uncertain. At dead low water 8 feet can be carried to Newbern; at mean low water, 4 feet to Biddles Landing, 27 miles above; 24 feet to the mouth of Contentnia Creek, 314 miles above Newbern; and 1 foot to Seven Springs, 75 miles above Newbern, above which point the river is navigable only on freshet stages of 2 to 3 feet, which prevail from 512 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 6 to 8 months during the year. The channel is 200 feet wide at and below Newbern and 50 feet wide above. Expended on present project to June 30, 1915: For new work, $348,116.20; for mainte- nance, $45,438.36; total, $393,554.56. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improveement.-Freight rates are materially lessened by reason of the improvement. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about June 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated for the year 1917 to snagging above and dredging below Newbern, as follows: Operation of U. S. hoister Contentnia 3 months, at $600-------------- $1,800 Contract dredging------- ---- ------------------------------ 8, 000 Engineering, commercial statistics, and contingencies------------------200 10, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal items of commerce for the year were fertilizer, lumber, groceries, cotton, timber, and dry goods. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.......................................................................... 383,137 $9,592,138.00 1914.......................................................................... 333,833 4,805,197.56 The principal decrease was in the items of fertilizer, lumber, tim- ber, and cotton. Financial sumnmary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--- ------------------------------------ $348, 116. 20 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 45, 438. 36 Total--------------- ----------------------------- 393, 554. 56 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.. ............ .................... .. . .. ...... .. ..... .... ..... ......... . $867.73 Maintenance. 2,687.24 ................................................ 3,029.3014 2,497.60 ..............2,687.24 Total ......................................... 3,439.44 3,365.33 1 Spent on Little Contentnia Creek, N. C., a tributary of Neuse River. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------- -------- $4, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-- 000. 00 2----------------------------- Mar. 4, 1913-- ---------------------- -------------------- 17, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------------------------------ 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------ -------------------------------- 20, 500. 00 1 Reduced from $9,000 by transfer of $2,000 to Trent River. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 513 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- $5, 060. 77 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ . 25, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915- 20, 500. 00 50, 560. 77 Deduction on account of transfer to Trent River during year-------- 2, 000. 00 48, 560. 77 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement----------------------- $807. 73 For maintenance of improvement---- ------------- 2, 497. 60 3, 365. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------45, 195. 44 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------------------- 2, 332. 61 July 1, 1915, balance available_------------------------------ 42, 862. 83 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----- ------------- -------------------- 21, 000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance------------- (2) (B) TRENT RIVER, N. C. Location.-This stream is formed by the junction of Beaver Dam and Tuckahoe Creeks, in Jones County, N. C. It flows for 80 miles (about 40 miles in an air line) in an easterly direction through Jones and Craven Counties and at Newbern empties into the Neuse River, being its principal tributary. The portion originally under improvement was from Newbern to upper Quaker Bridge, 78 miles; since 1891 no work has been done above Trenton, 38 miles above the mouth. (See U. S. Geological Survey sheets, Newbern and Trent River.) Original condition.-Before improvement a fair 6-foot channel was available to Polloksville, 18 miles above the mouth, and the stream was fairly clear to lower Quaker Bridge, 27 miles above the mouth. Above this point it was so badly obstructed that it was only navigable for small flatboats during high freshets. Lower Quaker Bridge was the practical head of navigation, though logging and rafting could be carried on as far as Trenton, 38 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-The first improvement of this stream was undertaken under authority conferred by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1879. It was modified in 1885, 1887, 1889, and 1896. The amount expended on all the above projects was $70,905.40 for new work and $27,104.99 for maintenance, making a total of $98,010.39. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1803. Present project.-The present project is to provide a channel 8 feet deep at dead low water at Newbern, a channel 6 feet deep at dead low water over Foys Flats, and a channel 50 feet wide and 4 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 516. 0 8373 -ENG 1915--33 514 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. feet deep at low water to Trenton. The project for the section of the river at Newbern was adopted in 1902 (H. Doc. 121, 56th Cong., 2d sess.), and provided for securing a channel 8 feet deep at dead low water from the harbor line to the channel at Newbern, at an esti- mated cost of $24,000. By joint resolution approved March 4, 1907, authority was given to expend such portion of the appropriation made in river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, as might be necessary for securing a channel 6 feet deep over Foys Flats, 4 miles above Newbern. The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, authorized the dredging of a channel 4 feet deep from Newbern to Trenton and removing obstructions, stumps, and bank snags at an estimated cost of $15,000, with $2,000 annually for maintenance after completion. (H. Doc. No. 1471, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) Near the mouth the water level varies about 2 feet under normal conditions, according to the prevailing winds. At Trenton the stream is subject to freshets of from 5 to 15 feet. The length of the section included in the project is 38 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The river was thoroughly cleared of logs, snags, and obstructions to upper Quaker Bridge, 78 miles above Newbern, and a channel 4 feet deep and 50 feet wide at mean low water dredged to Trenton, 38 miles above Newbern. A channel 6 feet deep at dead low water (9.3 at mean low water) and 100 feet wide was dredged through Foys Flats, about 4 miles above Newbern, and the area between the channel and the harbor lines at Newbern was dredged to a depth of 8 feet at dead low water. Expended on present project to June 30, 1914, $38,738.61 for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the year the U. S. snag boat Trent was employed in dredging rock and sand and in snagging. She removed while dredging 3,115 cubic yards of material at a cost of $554.53, and while snagging 255 obstructions at a cost of $1,346.82, giving unit costs of 18 cents per cubic yard dredged and $5.28 per obstruction removed. The expenditures were $2,046, of which $672.87 was for new work and $1,373.13 for main- tenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project below Trenton was completed in September, 1914, and has resulted in increasing the depth from 3 to 4 feet at mean low water, while the width was in- creased from 40 to 50 feet. Four feet can be carried at mean low water to Trenton and 6 feet at dead low water (9.3 feet at mean low water) to Polloksville. Some deterioration has occurred in the 3 miles below Trenton so that the full project width is not now avail- able. Expended on present project to June 30, 1915, for improve- ment, $39,411.48; for maintenance, $1,373.13; total, $40,784.61. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has a favorable effect on freight rates, and also affords transportation facilities to the town of Trenton, which has no other means except by wagon. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the amount esti- mated for the year 1917 to maintenance by snagging and dredging to restore the project width below Trenton, as follows: RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 515 Operation of snag boat Trent 2 months, at $900..------------------- $1, 800 Engineering and contingencies___--- __-----_---- 200 Total----------- ------------- --- -------- 2,000 Commercial statistics.--The principal items of commerce were fer- tilizer, groceries, lumber, cotton, dry goods, and grain. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. .................... ................................... 142,493 $5,181,679.00 1913....... ........ .... ....... ................................. 179,772 4,345,258.60 1914..... ... .............................................................--.. 137,409 2,731,447.00 The decrease was principally in the items of fertilizer and lumber. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------- ------------------------ $110, 316. 88 Maintenance--------__-------------- --- __ 28, 478. 12 Total ----------------------- --------------- 138, 795. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................ .............................. $8, 001.92 $1,371.96 $672.87 Maintenance... .............. .......................... .973. 46 652.41 1,373. 13 Total............................... .................. 8,975.38 2,024.37 2,046.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $1,000. 00 July 25, 1912--- ---------------------------------------- 8, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- 1.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 2, 000. 00 Transfer from Neuse River----------------------------- 2, 000. 00 4, 001. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement 6-------------------- 672. 87 For maintenance of improvement _.--------___ 1, 373. 13 2, 046.00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- --------- 955. 00 1 ,------ Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ____- __----..- (s) 1 Increased by $2,000 transferred from Neuse River. 2 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 516. 516 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $458,433.08 Maintenance--------- -------------------------------- 73, 916. 48 Total ---------- -------------------- ----- -532, 349. 56 -Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................ - ....... . ................ ....... $8,001.92 $1, 371.96 1, 540.60 Maintenance..................................... ............ 3,660. 70 4, 091.85 3, 870.73 Total..................................... 11,662.62 5,463.81 5,411.33 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 --------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------12, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------------25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------- 1 ------ 22, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----------------------------5, 061. 77 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 25, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 22, 500. 00 52, 561. 77 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement---------------------$1, 540. 60 For maintenance of improvement-------- -------- 3, 870. 73 5, 411. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 47, 150. 44 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--- ----------------------- 2, 332. 61 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 44, 817. 83 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ----------------------- 121, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-___ __ 112, 000. 00 11. SWIFT CREEK, N. C. Location.-Swift Creek has its source in the swamps of Pitt County, about 5 miles south of Greenville, N. C. It flows southeast- erly 43 miles and empties into Neuse River 71 miles above Newbern, N. C. Section under improvement, mouth to Vanceboro, 12 miles. (See U. S. Geological Survey sheets Newbern, Vanceboro, Ayden, and Winterville.) Original condition.-Before improvement the creek was in good condition for 6 miles above its mouth, having an average width of 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 517 100 feet and least low-water depth of 10 feet. In the next 6 miles to Vanceboro the least low-water depth was 5 feet and width from 50 to 150 feet, averaging about 80 feet. This section was crooked, with three bad bends and was badly obstructed by logs, snags, etc., and overhanging trees. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, contemplates securing a clear channel between the mouth and Vanceboro by the removal of snags and over- hanging and leaning trees at an estimated cost of $1,600, with $500 annually for maintenance (see H. Doc. No. 360, 61st Cong., 2d sess., no map). There is no lunar tide. The rise of water level due to floods sometimes causes considerable currents. The maximum flood height at Vanceboro is about 12 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The stream was thor- oughly cleared of snags, overhanging trees, etc., to Vanceboro, which resulted in a clear channel of 5 feet to that town. The expenditures on the project prior to the fiscal year amounted to $1,600 for new work; $893.16 for maintenance; making a total of $2,493.16. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-There was expended during the year $106.84, all for maintenance, in clearing the channel of snags and overhanging trees. The U. S. hoister Contentnia, op- erated with hired labor, removed 89 obstructions. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1910, and this year's work makes available a clear and unobstructed channel so that 5 feet can be carried to Vanceboro at mean low water. Expended on project to June 30, 1915-for new work, $1,600; for maintenance, $1,000; total, $2,600. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had a beneficial effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about December 31, 1915. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated for the year 1917 to maintenance of the portion un- der improvement by snagging, as follows: Operation of United States hoister two months, at $450--------------- $900 Superintendence and contingencies-------------------- 100 Total---------------------- ------------------------ 1, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of fertilizer, timber, lumber, groceries, grain, and cotton. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..... .............................................................................................. 26,939 303,269.50 1913.. .............. ... ........ . ... ........ ........................ 27,781 197,030.00 1914. .................. .................................................... 15,652 153,585.00 The decrease is principally in the items of timber, lumber, and groceries. 518 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financi summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------------- $1, 600. 00 Maintenance---____ ___ _____,_- 1, 000. 00 Total ---------------------------------------------- 2, 600. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................... ................................... Maintenance .... ............. ............. -.. ... ...... $28.30 $864.86 $106.8 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ---------------------------------------------- $500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------- - -- ----- 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ------------------------------------------------ 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _________---- 106. 84 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 ... 500. 00 606. 84 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------- 106. 84 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______-------------- 500. 00 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___-_---- -- __----185. 48 July 1, 1915, balance available_ ____---------------- 314. 52 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__----------------- 11,000. 00 12. INLAND WATERWAY FROM PAMLICO SOUND TO BEAUFORT INLET, N. C. Location.-This waterway connects Adams Creek (a tributary of Neuse River) with Core Creek (a tributary of Newport River). The length of the waterway from the 10-foot mean low-water con- tour in Adams Creek to the 10-foot mean low-water contour in Newport River is about 18 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 11.) Original condition.-When placed under governmental improve- ment a low-water depth of about 5 feet could be carried from the 10-foot contour in Adams Creek to near its head; from the head of Adams Creek to the head of Core Creek, about 3 miles, was across dry land; from the head of Core Creek to its mouth the creek was practically bare at low water; and from the mouth of Core Creek to the 10-foot contour in Newport River the low-water depth averaged about 6 feet, Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, contemplates securing by dredging a channel 10 feet deep at low water from Pamlico Sound to Beaufort Inlet, via Adams and Core Creeks, said channel to have a minimum 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND hIARBOtR IMPROVEME1 IT. 519 bottom width of 90 feet through dry land with side slopes of 1 to 24, a minimum bottom width of 125 feet, with side slopes of 1 to 3 through narrow parts of the creek and river portions, and a mini- mum bottom width of 250 feet, with side slopes of 1 to 3 in wide parts of creeks and sounds, at an estimated cost of $550,000, includ- ing the construction of a highway bridge over the waterway. (See H. Doc. No. 84, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The channel has been dredged to project dimensions. Additional work has been to main- tain the channel by dredging where shoaling occurred. A highway bridge was constructed over the waterway. The expenditures on the project prior to this fiscal year amounted to $502,078.63 for improve- ment, $14,800.32 for maintenance, making a total of $516,878.95. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work for the year consisted of the maintenance and operation of the highway bridge, collecting commercial statistics, superintendence, and the removal of 3,100 cubic yards of material from 275 linear feet of channel by contract dredging. The expenditures for the year were $2,116.42, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1911 at a cost of $502,078.63, or $47,921.37 less than the estimate, the result being a through waterway of 10 feet depth at mean low water where shallow creeks and dry land formerly existed. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement is92 feet, though contract dredging now in progress will soon restore the project depth of 10 feet. Expended on project to June 30, 1915; for new work, $502,078.63; for maintenance, $16,916.74; total, $518,995.37. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had a beneficial effect on freight rates, and forms a link in the inland waterway from Norfolk, Va., to Beaufort Inlet. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about June 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the esti- mate recommended for the year 1917 to maintaining the existing channel by dredging maintenance and operation of the drawbridge, all by Government plant and hired labor, as follows: Operation United States hydraulic dredge, 2 months, at $2,000 --------- 4, 000 Operation Core Creek drawbridge, 12 months, at $105-----------------1, 260 Maintenance of drawbridge__--- 7-------------------- 740 Engineering and contingencies----------------------------- 500 Total --------------------------------- ____ _ 6, 500 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of groceries, fertilizer, lumber, dry goods, and cotton. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........ .. ..... ............. ........................ 53,410 $1,719,047.00 1913........................... ........ ......................... 57,457 1,285,394,63 1914............................... ............................... 41.617 1,055,078.56 520 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The principal decrease is in the items of cotton, lumber, machinery, and timber. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $502, 078. 63 Maintenance ------------------------------------- 16, 916. 74 Total --------------------------------------------- 518, 995. 37 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... ...................... ........ .. i""".. ...... Maintenance..................................... .... $3,801.10 $70,410.70 $2,116.42 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912----------- -------------------------------- $2, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 113 00 6----------------------------- Oct. 2, 1914___----------------------------------------------3, 400. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------- 9; 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- 121. 05 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 3, 400. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mair. 4, 1915__ 9, 000. 00 July 15, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913_ 600. 00 13, 121. 05 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -____-____-______ 2, 116. 42 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------- 11, 004. 63 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------------$529. 43 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 2, 299. 50 2, 828. 93 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 8, 175. 70 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement____________________ 6, 500.00 13. HARBOR OF REFUGE AT CAPE LOOKOUT, N. C. Location.-Cape Lookout is the middle one of the three prominent capes on the coast of North Carolina. Cape Hatteras is about 74 miles to the northeast and Cape Fear about 95 miles to the southwest. Wilmington, N. C., is 125 miles distant by water in a southwesterly direction, and Norfolk, Va., is 225 miles northerly. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 10.) Original condition.-A triangular-shaped area of beach projects into the ocean in a southerly direction for about 3 miles and forms the cape. This area is connected with the general line of the coast by a narrow neck of land on the eastern side of the triangle, and the body of water extending behind the western point of the triangle forms the harbor of Lookout Bight, into which vessels drawing 15 feet can enter at mean low water. Previous projects.-None. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 521 Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912, provides for the construction of a harbor of refuge inclosing 575 acres, of 30 feet or more in depth (H. Doc. No. 528, 62d Cong., 2d sess., with map), at an estimated cost of $3,526,600. The exact location and design of breakwater was subject to further study to be made under the appropriation. The mean range of tides is 3.7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Sand fences have been constructed, continuous observations made of wind and tide movements, surveys made and plans and specifications prepared for the construction of the breakwater. Expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $10,372.58, all for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The sand fences were extended and raised by day labor at a cost of $2,323.17. The construction of the motor survey boat Neuse was begun under contract, the contractor's earnings to June 30 being $8,055.79 with the Neuse 93.85 per cent completed. Tide and wind observations were con- tinued at a cost of $147.22. Condemnation proceedings were started for the acquisition of land. The warehouse at the new yard in Newbern, N. C., was completed at a cost of $569.95. Construction of the breakwater was started under contract and 1,068.08 tons of stone were deposited in the breakwater, beginning at a point 1,500 feet off shore and extending about 200 feet westerly, the contractor's earnings being $2,114.80. The work of constructing the breakwater is being carried on under a continuing contract authorization, the balance of the authorization remaining to be appropriated being $600,000. The expenditures for the year were $17,774.43, all for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 0.1 per cent completed. Expended on present project to June 30, 1915, $28,- 147.01, all for new work. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-None. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, and the funds to be provided under the existing authorization will be suffi- cient to last until June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-None. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------$28, 147. 01 Maintenance----------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...... ......................... ....... ..... 5,699.58 $4,673.00 $17,774.43 Maintenance... ........................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------ $300, 000. 00 -- Mar. 4, 1913___ ----------------------------------- 500, 000.00 522 REPORT OF TI'E C0If1 Of ENGINEERS, T. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------- _ $789, 627. 42 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement __._______.. ._______- 17, 774. 43 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- ______------ -____-_ 771, 852. 99 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------ $3, 346. 36 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts -------------------------------- 1,260, 317.46 1, 263, 663. 82 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------- -491. 810. 83 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 4, 1913_ 600, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated _______-__ _ 600, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project_________________________________ 12, 726, 600. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement ________ ___ __ 2600, 000. 00 14. HARBOR AT BEAUFORT, N. C. Location.-Located just inside Beaufort Inlet, Cape Fear is about 93 miles to the southeast, Cape Lookout is 8 miles east, and Norfolk, Va., is about 225 miles by ocean route to the north. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 10.) Original condition.-When improvement (begun in 1836) was re- sumed in 1881, the erosion at Fort Macon and Shackleford Points was causing serious deterioration of the inside channels and threat- ening deterioration of the bar channel. The governing low-water depth is said to have been 15 feet on the bar and 2 feet at Beau- fort, N. C. Previous projects.-The first improvement of the harbor was un- dertaken under authority of act of Congress of July 4, 1836, and $5,000 was expended, all for new work. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1803. Present project.-The existing project provides for the mainte- nance of the project adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881, as amended in 1890, to stop erosion at the inlet by jetties and to provide a channel 100 feet wide and 7 feet deep at mean low water to Beaufort, at a cost, estimated in 1887, of $163,000 (Annual Report for 1881, p. 1013); also for securing a channel 60 feet wide and 10 feet deep at mean low water from Beaufort to the Pamlico Sound- Beaufort Inlet Waterway by way of Gallants Channel, at an esti- mated cost of $27,676, with $1,500 annually for maintenance, as authorized by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 511, 61st Cong., 2d sess.). The average rise of tide is 21 feet at Beau- fort and 3 feet at the inlet. The distance from the inlet to the upper end of Gallants Channel is about 5 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Jetties and sand fences have been built at Fort Macon and Shackleford Points. The 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 All of this amount is for appropriation in the next sundry civil act for continuing contract work authorized by the river and harbor act of 1913. RIVET; AEI) HABOR IMPROVEM t~S PS.l~ 523 7-foot channel to Beaufort has been dredged and a training wall constructed to maintain this depth over the bulkhead shoal. The 10-foot channel to the inland waterway has been dredged and main- tained and the channel in front of the town of Beaufort has been widened to form a turning basin. The expenditures on present project prior to the fiscal year were $174,700.64 for new work and $54,958.24 for maintenance, a total of $229,658.88. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The bulkhead chan- nel was restored to the project depth of 7 feet at mean low water by dredging under contract with the Rickards Dredging Co. There was removed from cuts 100 feet wide and aggregating 1,400 feet in length 10,765 cubic yards, at a cost to the United States of $1,843.32, or 17.1 cents per cubic yard. Under open-market agreement the same dredge widened a short portion of the channel in front of the town of Beaufort, removing 2,950.4 cubic yards, at a cost to the United States of $644.80, or 22.2 cents per cubic yard. The expenditures were $2,464.50; $1,017.12 for new work and $1,447.38 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The jetties and sand fences at Fort Macon and Shackleford Points are in good condition and have stopped erosion at these places. The training wall has maintained a depth of 7 feet over the bulk- head shoal and the channel to Beaufort has been restored to project dimensions, so that 7 feet is now the governing mean low-water depth to Beaufort. There has been some deterioration in the Gallants Channel and more in the channel in front of Beaufort. The total expenditures on present project to June 30, 1915, were $232,123.38, of which $175,717.76 was for new work and $56,405.62 was for main- tenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had a favorable effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about June 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated for the year 1917 to maintenance of the Gallants and Bulkhead Channels and the channel in front of Beaufort and to maintenance of jetties and training wall, as follows: Operation of United States hydraulic dredge two months, at $2,000--- $4, 000 500 tons of stone in place, at $2.50------------------------------1, 250 Maintenance and extension sand fences, Shackelford and Fort Macon Points----------------------------------------------------- 500 Office expense, commercial statistics, and contingencies ---------------- 750 Total __-------------- -------------------- 6, 500 Commercial statistics.-The principal items of commerce were fish, groceries, dry goods, fertilizer, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ................... ........................................ 90,314 $2,890,506.75 1913 .......................................................................... 85,423 2,400,015.90 1914 .................................... .................................... . 68,241 1,921,877.56 The decrease was principally in the items of cotton, fish, lumber, groceries, hardware, and gasoline. 524 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsum4mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $180, 717. 76 Maintenance ____________- ______ __-- - -_ 56, 405. 62 Total _--------------------------------------------- 237, 123. 38 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................. . ... .... . 310, 026.06 ............ 1,017.12 Maintenance.................................... . ... .... . 762.48 $10,464.28 1,447.38 Total........... .... .............................. 10,788.54 10,464.28 2,464.50 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912---- ----------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ----------------------------------- --- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---- ------------------------------------- 17, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended , 017. 12 1___________________ Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914____ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___.. 17, 000. 00 23, 017. 12 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement----------------------$1, 017. 12 For maintenance of improvement ___-------__- 1, 447. 38 2, 464. 50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _ __-----_________ 20, 552. 62 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ -______-------__ - - 1, 872. 13 July 1, 1915, balance available__________---________ _ 18, 680. 49 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_________________________1 6, 500. 00 15. WATERWAY CONNECTING CORE SOUND AND BEAUFORT HAR- BOR, N. C. Location.-This waterway connects the waters of Beaufort Harbor in front of the town of Beaufort with the waters of Core Sound by an improved channel by way of Taylors Creek. Newbern, N. C., is 43 miles west of Beaufort; Southport, at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, is 120 miles to the southwest, and Norfolk is 200 miles north (see U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 420). Original condition.-The depth along the route of this waterway was originally not over 1 foot at mean low water, a considerable por- tion being bare at that stage. Small boats made use of it at high tide. Previous projects.-None. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 525 Present project.-The present project for improvement, adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 4, 1913 (H. Doc. No. 546, 62d Cong., 2d sess., with map) provides for securing a channel by dredging to obtain an available mean low water depth of 5 feet and a bottom width of 40 feet, at an estimated cost of $30,000 for first construction and $2,000 annually for maintenance. The length of the section under improvement, between 5-foot contours, is 21 miles. The average rise and fall of the tide at Beaufort is about 3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-None. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work for the year consisted of completing the project by dredging under contract the entire length of the waterway, 21 miles. The contractor removed 181,375.4 cubic yards on the improvement and also removed from a shoal formed at the Core Sound end since the adoption of the project 12,500 cubic yards in maintenance work, making a total of 193,875.4 cubic yards at the contract price of 16 cents per cubic yard. The ex- penditures were: For improvement, $30,000 ($10,000 contributed by local interests) ; for maintenance, $2,000; total, $32,000. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in April, 1915, and has resulted in a through waterway, nowhere less than 5 feet in depth and 40 feet in width at mean low water. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $30,000 for improvement (of which $10,000 was contributed by local interests) and $2,000 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, subject to the conditions set forth in House Document No. 546, Sixty-second Congress, second session, which provided that the work should not be undertaken until local interests contributed $10,000 therefor. This condition was complied with June 29, 1914. Effect of improvement.-The improvement gives a shorter and less exposed route, navigable at all times, for the commerce of Core Sound which formerly was frequently delayed by bad weather which made the crossing of Beaufort Inlet unsafe for the small boats in which the owners brought their produce to market. Proposed operations.-It is expected that shoaling will occur at each end of the waterway and it is proposed to maintain the water- way by dredging at these places. There are no funds available June 30, 1915, and it is proposed to apply the amount estimated as a profit- able expenditure in the fiscal year 1917 to dredging with Government plant and hired labor as follows: Operation of United States hydraulic dredge 1 month__--------------- $1, 800 Superintendence and contingencies-------------------------------- 200 Total -------------------------------------------- 2, 000 Commercial statistics.-The waterway, having been completed in April, 1915, has not been open to commerce and consequently no com- mercial statistics are available. 526 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. GOVERNMENT FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work $20, 000. 00 ------------------------------------------- Maintenance ----------- ------------------------ 2, 000. 00 Total ------ ------------------------------------- 22, 000. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............. ......................................... .............................. $20.000.00 .......................... Maintenance................................................. ..................... $2,000.00 Total ................. ..... .... .............. ......... ........... 22,000.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913 _--------------------------------------------------_ $20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 2, 000. 00 22, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement___ _____________-$20, 000. 00 For maintenance of improvement_---------------- 2, 000. 00 22, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--- - 1____ ______ 12, 000. 00 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------ ---------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 Maintenance ----------------- --- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............ . .................................. ................ $10,000.00 Maintenance........... ............ .................................... .............. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Funds contributed by the town of Beaufort, N. C ----------------- $10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, amount contributed by town of Beaufort, N. C-------- 10, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im-- provement __, --------------------------------------------- 10,000.00 16. BEAUFORT INLET, N. C. Location.-Beaufort Inlet connects Beaufort Harbor with the At- lantic Ocean, and is about 3 miles from the town of Beaufort. Cape Fear is about 93 miles to the southwest; Norfolk, Va., is about 225 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 527 miles by ocean route to the north. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 10.) Original condition.-Before improvement was started there was a minimum depth on the bar of about 12 feet at mean low water. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, contemplates securing a channel 300 feet wide and 20 feet deep at mean low water across the bar, to be obtained by dredging, at an estimated cost of $45,000 and about $15,000 annually for maintenance (H. Doc. No. 563, 58th Cong., 2d sess.). The average rise of tide is 2.5 feet at Beaufort and 3.5 feet at the inlet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--A channel has been dredged 300 feet wide and 20 feet deep at mean low water across the bar and redredged from time to time as shoaling occurs. The expen- ditures on the project prior to this fiscal year amounted to $44,484.24 for new work, $39,348.27 for maintenance, making a total of $83,832.51. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The United States hopper dredge Cape Fear worked on the bar three months, removing 169,308 cubic yards, restoring the channel to its project dimensions. The expenditures were $11,670.93, all for maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in December, 1910, for $44,484.24, or $515.76 less than the estimate, and work since then has been for maintenance. Some shoaling in the dredged channel has occurred, and at the close of the year the mini- mum low-water depth was 17 feet. Expended on project to June 30, 1915, for new work, $44,484.24; for maintenance, $51,019.20; total, $95,503.44. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had a favorable effect on freight rates and forms an outlet to the ocean for the inland waterway from Pamlico Sound to Beaufort Inlet. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about December 31, 1915. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated as a profitable expenditure in the fiscal year 1917 to maintaining the bar channel by dredging with Government plant and hired labor, as follows: Operations, dredge Cape Fear, 3 months, at $3,200 per month----------$9, 600 Superintendence and contingencies--------- ----------------------- 400 Total _--------------- --------------- ---------------- 10, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of fish. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.............. ..... . ............. ............................ 38,086 $635, 033 1913 ....... . . . ..................................... ... .27,275 466,716 1914........ .......... ................................. 23,754 292,074 The decrease was principally in the item of fish. 528 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $44, 484. 24 Maintenance -_________------_________ ___ 51, 019. 20 Total --------------------------------------- 95, 503. 44 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .............. . ..... .......... ....... ...... .................. aintenance................................................ $13,409.82 $1,358.61 $11, 670. 93 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912________--------- -- ________________ $10, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------- 10,000.00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 10, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________________________ 8, 667. 49 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 10, 000. 00 18, 667. 49 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement___________________________________________ 11, 670.93 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __________-____ _________ 6, 996. 56 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ _-------------------_ 110,000.00 17. HARBOR AT MOREHEAD CITY, N. C. Location.-Situated on the northern shore of Bogue Sound, New- bern, N. C., is the nearest city of importance, about 43 miles by inland waterway to the northwest; to the north, Norfolk, Va., is about 225 miles by ocean route and 200 miles by inland water- ways. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 11.) Original condition.--Before improvement began, there was a shal- low channel, nearly dry at low water, on which the wharves of the city were built, which connected with deep water in Bogue Sound. Boats drawing over 1 foot or 1 feet could not navigate the channel at low tide. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for securing a channel by dredging, to a depth of 10 feet at mean low water, beginning at a point 2,000 feet westward of Beaufort Harbor and extending up to the wharves at Morehead City, for a distance of 3,800 feet, the lower 2,800 feet having a width of 100 feet and the upper 1,000 feet a width of 200 feet at an estimated cost of $19,000, with $2,000 annually for maintenance in accordance with plan (with map) printed in House Document No. 649, Sixty-first Congress, second session. Average rise of tide, about 2.5 feet. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 529 Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The channel had been dredged as provided by the project with the exception of a short distance at the upper end where the full width of 200 feet was not obtained on account of exhaustion of funds. As a result of the work, the maximum draft that can be carried to the wharves at Morehead City is 10 feet. The expenditures on this project prior to this fiscal year amounted to $20,291.58 all for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done during the year, no plant being available. The expenditures for the year were $91.61, all for maintenance, and were in payment for office expenses and collecting commercial statistics. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 98 per cent completed. A mean low-water channel 10 feet deep and 80 feet wide exists from deep water 2,800 feet toward the city; thence a channel of the same depth and 200 feet wide up to the wharves of the city, nearly 1,000 feet. Expended on present project up to June 30, 1915, for new work, $20,291.58; for maintenance, $91.61; total, $20,383.19. Local cooperation.--The project for improvement, as adopted by Congress, provided that local interests should construct a bulkhead 500 feet in length in front of Morehead City, and cause to be con- veyed to the United States the right to deposit between said bulk- head and the shore the material excavated from the channel; and provided further that local interests or the town of Morehead City should provide at least one wharf of adequate facilities, the use of which to be open to all on equal terms. These conditions have been complied with. Approximately one-half mile of concrete-sheet pile bulkhead was built at a cost of about $30,000, and the conveyance of the right to deposit excavated material therein was accepted by the Chief of Engineers on June 19, 1912. The town of Morehead City executed an agreement (approved by the Secretary of War, Jan. 19, 1911) to establish and maintain in perpetuity a public wharf with adequate shipping facilities and to permit all water craft to use the said wharf on equal terms for reasonable rates of compensa- tion. In accordance with this agreement a wharf, costing approxi- mately $1,200, was built and is being maintained. About $5,000 has been expended by local interests in dredging to extend the improved channel. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had a beneficial effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about June 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated as a profitable expenditure for 1917 to mainten- ance of the channel by dredging with Government plant and hired labor. The following estimate is submitted: Operation of United States hydraulic dredge, 2J months, at $2,000_ ____ $5, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of fish, groceries, soft crabs, crossties, and sweet potatoes. 8373°-ENG 1915----34 530 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..................... ............. .... ................................. 15,587 $973,179.00 1913................................... ......... ................................ 14, 824 951,812.40 1914............................................................................ 17,828 869,005.00 The increased tonnage is due to the item of crossties, which alone increased 5,000 tons. Smaller amounts of fish, soft crabs, and sweet potatoes account for the decrease in valuation. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work _ ------------------------------ $20, 291. 58 Maintenance ------------------------------------------------ 91. 61 Total----------------------------------- 20, 383. 19 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............. ............................ 12,763.52 $1,131.15 ........... Maintenance.......9.....---..........--....-- .... ---. - -- ...........--- 1.61 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ $1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------- 2,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------- ------------- 3, 800.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------- ------------------- _ _ 1,708. 42 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 3,800. 00 5, 508. 42 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement----------------------- ------------------------ 91. 61 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 5,416. 81 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__----------------------------- 29. 34 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------------- 5,387.47 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------- 15, 000. 00 18. NEW RIVER, N. C., INCLUDING INLAND WATERWAYS BETWEEN BEAUFORT HARBOR AND NEW RIVER AND BETWEEN NEW RIVER AND SWANSBORO. (A) NEW RIVER. Location.--New River lies almost wholly, within Onslow County. It flows in a general southerly direction for 52 miles and empties into the Atlantic Ocean through New River Inlet about midway be- tween Cape Lookout and Cape Fear. Section under improvement, mouth to Jacksonville, 23 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 11.) 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 531 Original condition.-When improvement began in 1886 the gov- erning low-water depth was 4 feet to Jacksonville and the channel was narrow and circuitous, especially around Wrights Island and Cedar Bush Marsh. Tar Landing, 8 miles above Jacksonville, was the practical head of navigation, though rafting and logging could be carried on for some distance above this point. Previous projects.-The river and harbor acts of July 4, 1836, March 3, 1837, and July 7, 1838, appropriated $50,000 in all for the improvement of this stream. Additional improvements were subse- quently authorized by the river and harbor acts of August 2, 1882, and March 3, 1905. The amount expended on these projects was $83,807.82, of which $82,852.74 was for improvement and $955.08 was for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1803. Present project.-The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, au- thorized the dredging of a channel 200 feet wide and 5 feet deep at mean low water from the mouth of the river to Jacksonville, at an estimated cost of $6,700, with $800 annually for maintenance after completion. (H. Doc. No. 1085, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) The tidal range varies from 31 feet at the inlet to 1 foot at the head of the marshes. Length of section included in the project, 23 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Cuts were dredged through Wrights Island and Cedar Bush Marsh, near the mouth of the river. The Cedar Bush Marsh cut, however, deteriorated so at the upper end that it was abandoned and a training wall built at the lower end to direct the tidal water through the western channel. The effect of this has been to maintain a channel 4 feet deep at mean low water, though the passage is in places narrow and tortuous, due to numerous oyster rocks. Expended on present project to June 30, 1914, $1,004.70, all for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Surveys were made to determine the condition of the improvement. The expenditures were $330.08, all for improvement. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-No work, other than sur- veys, has been done on this project and the facilities for navigation have not been increased. A depth of 4 feet at mean low water is available from the mouth of the river to Tar Landing, 8 miles above Jacksonville and 31 miles above the mouth. Total expenditures under existing project to June 30, 1915, $1,334.78, all for improve- ment. Local cooperation.-Local interests at Jacksonville, N. C., ex- pended about $300 in 1910 in dredging a cut-off immediately below the town. Effect of improvement.-In its present condition this stream prob- ably has very little effect on freight rates, but it affords transporta- tion for products which would otherwise have to be hauled by wagon. Proposed operations.-The available funds are sufficient for any work considered advisable before June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of commerce were timber, fish, and groceries. 532 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912................................................................ 37,868 $290,760.50 1913... ................... ............................... 42,687 301,084.00 1914 ........................................................................ 37,198 191,128.00 The decrease was principally in the items of timber and fish. Financial summary. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ... ............................................ $258.17 1$702.92 $330.08 Maintenance... ............................... .......................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------__ -------------------------------------------- $500.00 Oct. 2, 1914_______---------------------------------------------- 1, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------- 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________ ___________ 6, 056. 68 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 1, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 500. 00 7, 556. 68 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement__________ ___-___ _ __ 330. 08 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------------- 7, 226. 60 (B) WATERWAY BETWEEN NEW RIVER AND SWANSBORO. Location.-This waterway is about 22 miles long and extends from Swansboro, opposite Bogue Inlet, to New River near New River Inlet. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 11.) Original condition.-The waterway formerly consisted of tortuous tidal channels winding through the marine marsh, between the mainland on one side and the barrier beach on the other. At Bogue and New River Inlets, the eastern and western extremities, and at Bear Inlet and Browns Inlet, which it crosses, the width of the waterway was several hundred feet and its depth from 12 to 15 feet. Between the inlets the width diminished to about 12 feet in places and the depth to about 6 inches at ordinary low water. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act approved September 19, 1890, is to enlarge the waterway by dredging to a minimum width of 40 feet and minimum depth of 3 to 4 feet at mean high water at an estimated total cost of $43,000 (Annual Report for 1889, p. 1124). The ordinary rise of tide is from 2 to 4 feet at the inlets and about 1 foot at the points midway 1$801.37 reported in 1914, reduced by reimbursement $98.45, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 533 between them. The length of section included in the project is about 22 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-On account of a State charter granted in 1889 to the Wrightsville & Onslow Naviga- tion Co., giving said company the exclusive right to navigate this waterway, no work other than surveying could be done until after February, 1905, when the surviving members of the company signed a paper relinquishing the privileges granted in the charter. In June, 1906, dredging operations were commenced, and have been carried on from time to time as appropriations permitted and plant was available. At the beginning of the fiscal year considerable shoaling had occurred at the points midway between the four inlets when a depth of about 2 feet at mean high water was available. Expended on present project to June 30, 1914, $33,558.70, of which $25,965.01 was for new work and $7,593.69 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge Scuppernong removed 14,075 linear feet of cuts, in Queens and Bear Creek Cut-off, 86,046 cubic yards of mud and sand, making a channel 40 feet wide and 4 feet deep at mean high water, at a cost of $9,031.42, giving a unit cost of 10.5 cents per cubic yard. The expenditures for the year were $5,118.47 for improvement, $3,344.48 for maintenance, a total of $8,462.95. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is now about 85 per cent completed. A channel of project dimensions has been com- pleted lying close to the mainland from Swansboro to Saunders Creek, 5 miles west. At points midway between Bear and Browns Inlets and between Browns and New River Inlets shoaling has occurred so that the limiting high-water depth is about 2+ feet. Expended on present project to June 30, 1915, for new work, $31,083.48; for maintenance, $10,938.17; total, $42,021.65. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement provides a means of transportation for large quantities of miscellaneous products which would otherwise have to be hauled long distances by wagon. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about June 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated as a profitable expenditure for the fiscal year 1917 to main- tenance by dredging as follows: Operating of U. S. dredge Scuppernong, 1. months, at $1,200 ---------- $1, 800 Engineering, commercial statistics, and contingencies----------------- 200 Total ------------------------------------------------- 2, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal items for the year were cot- ton, timber, and groceries. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................... ..... ......................................... 17,474 $214,413.00 1913..................................... ......................... 987 164,696.90 1914.............................. ............................ 9, 369 113,219.00 There was an increase in timber with decreased amounts of cross- ties, turpentine, and cotton seed. 534 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------------------- $31, 083. 48 Maintenance 938. 17 1------------------------------ Total ---------------------------------------------- 42, 021. 65 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............... .......................... ....... ........... $276.12 ............ $5,118.47 Maintenance .............. ...... ............ ...... ................. ......... . $3,918.69 3,344.48 Total................. .............................. 276.12 3,918. 9 8,462.95 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1.911 -------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------------- __ 2, 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 23, 800. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_-----__-- - -- -___ __- 772. 10 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_.. 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 23, 800. 00 34, 572. 10 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_ ------------------- $5, 118. 47 For maintenance of improvement-----------------3, 344. 48 8, 462. 95 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 26, 109. 15 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_.........__.. ______ - 1, 127. 02 July 1, 1915, balance available ---.--.-------.-------- - 24, 982. 13 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------------- (8) (C) WATERWAY BETWEEN BEAUFORT HARBOR AND NEW RIVER, N. C.9 I. E., PORTION BETWEEN BEAUFORT AND SWANSBORO. Location.-This portion of the waterway extends in a westerly direction from Beaufort to Swansboro, through the waters of Bogue Sound, a shallow sheet of water some 25 miles long and from 1 to 3 miles wide. The eastern terminus is at Beaufort opposite Beaufort Inlet and the western at Swansboro opposite Bogue Inlet. Beaufort is 43 miles east of Newbern, N. C., and 225 miles south of Norfolk, Va. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 11.) Originalcondition.-When improvement began in 1886 the govern- ing low-water depth was 18 inches. Deep water extended several miles west of Beaufort and for some distance east of Swansboro. 1 Of this amount $4,000 was transferred to Beaufort Harbor and New River. s Of this amount $1,000 was transferred to waterway between New River and Swans. boro, N. C. 8See consolidated Financial summary on p. 536. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 535 Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The original project is that adopted by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886, to provide a channel 100 feet wide and 3 feet deep at ordinary low water between Beaufort Harbor and Swansboro, estimated to cost $10,000. (H. Ex. Doc. No. 258, 48th Cong., 2d sess.; Annual Report for 1885, p. 1135.) This estimate was increased in 1887 to $50,000, and again increased in 1892 to $71,040. The tidal variation at Beaufort and Bogue Inlets is about 31 feet, while at a point midway between them it is only 1 foot. The length of the waterway is about 30 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work of im- provement has been carried on intermittently since 1886, operations being conducted so as to first produce a channel 50 to 60 feet wide throughout the entire length and subsequently to widen this channel to 100 feet. Expended to June 30,1914: For improvement, $75,714.06; for maintenance, $2,609.54; total, $78,323.60. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge Scuppernong removed from the waterway between July 30, 1914, and May 15, 1915, 64,236 cubic yards of mud and sand, working in Cross Stakes and Hawkins Sloughs in the 3 miles east of Swansboro. The expenditures were $5,322.06, of which $1,285.94 was for new work and $4,036.12 was for maintenance, equal to a unit price of 8.3 cents per cubic yard. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in May, 1915; and the work done has increased the available depth by 2 feet. The project depth of 3 feet at ordinary low water is avail- able throughout the entire length, but there has been some deteriora- tion in the width at several places. Expended on present project up to June 30, 1915: For new work, $77,000; for maintenance, $6,645.66; total, $83,645.66. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had a favorable effect on freight rates and provides a means of transportation for a large territory that is without railroad facilities. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about June 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated for the year 1917 to maintaining the channel by dredging, as follows: Operation of U. S. dredge Scuppernong, 3 months, at $1,200---------- $3, 600 Engineering and contingencies-- ----- ------------- 400 Total----------------------- -------------------------------- 4,000 Commercial statistics.-The principal items of commerce were fish, lumber, groceries, cotton, and hardware. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ..... ......................... . .......... ..... .. .......................... 62,111 $929,417.70 1913.. ............................................................ 44,089 770,006.90 1914............................................................................ 34,366 503,616. 75 The decrease was principally in the items of timber, lumber, crossties, and fish. 536 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $77, 000. 00 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 6, 645. 66 Total --------------------------------------------- 83, 645. 66 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................. 13,994.26 $1, 609.07 1,285.94 Maintenance......... ....... ............... ................. ............ .... 4,036.12 Total............. ..................................... 13,994.26 1,609.07 5,322.06 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- 1 $4, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ---------- ---- -------------------------- 17, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------- 2, 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 13, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---- _____---__ 2676. 40 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 13, 000. 00 18, 676. 40 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement____ __ __ ____ ____$1, 285. 94 For maintenance of improvement--------------- 4, 036. 12 5, 322. 06 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 13, 354. 34 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_------------------ (8) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------- ------------------------------ 192, 271. 00 Maintenance 8, 538. 91 1----------------------------- Total__-------------------------------------------- 210, 809. 91 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................ $14,528.55 $702.95 $6,734.49 Maintenance...................... ..................... .. ..... ......... 5,527.76 7,380.60 Tota.......... . ......... ....................... 14,528.55 6,230.71 14,115.09 1 By transfer from waterway between New River and Swansboro, N. C. 2Reduced from amount reported in 1914 by erroneous inclusion of reimbursable item of 8$1.50. See consolidated Financial summary on this page. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 537 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------------$5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-- ---------------------------- 7, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------- --------------------- 5, 600. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------16,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915---- ---------------------------- ------------ 39, 300. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _ -__ -__________--- - 17, 505. 18 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 16,000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 37, 300. 00 60, 805. 18 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ______________________ $6, 734. 49 For maintenance of improvement------------------ 7, 380. 60 14, 115. 09 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------- 46, 690.09 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ____________________________ 1, 127. 02 July 1, 1915, balance available______________________________ 45, 563. 07 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------- 6,000.00 19. CAPE FEAR RIVER, N. C., AT AND BELOW WILMINGTON. Location.-The Cape Fear River is formed by the confluence at Haywood, N. C., in Chatham County, of the Deep and Haw Rivers. It flows in a southeasterly direction and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at Cape Fear, near the southern extremity of the, State. Its total length is about 400 miles. The head of navigation is at Fayette- ville, N. C., 115 miles above the mouth of the river. The improve- ment of the river is divided into two parts-the section above Wil- mington and the section at and below Wilmington, the latter having a length of 30 miles. The mouth of the river is approximately 130 miles northeast of the entrance to Charleston, S. C., and 330 miles south of Hampton Roads, Va. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey chart No. 11.) Original condition.-When placed under governmental improve- ment in 1829 the river had three bar entrances, with least depths as follows: About 9 feet at the Baldhead Channel, 9 feet at the Rip Channel, and 10 feet at New Inlet Channel, these bars being, respec- tively, 9, 6, and 2 miles below the point which was then the head of the river delta. From the head of this delta up to Wilmington, a distance of 21 miles, there were several shoals, with a least depth of 71 feet at low water. Previous projects.-The first improvement of this stretch of the river was undertaken under authority of the river and harbor act of March 2, 1829. Additional improvements were subsequently au- 1 Decreased from amount reported in 1914 by erroneous inclusion of reimbursable item 2 of $1.50. Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 538 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. thorized by river and harbor acts of July 22, 1854, July 11, 1870, March 3, 1873, June 23, 1874, September 19, 1890, June 13, 1902, and March 2, 1907. The amount expended on these projects was $4,625,- 614.67 for new work, $602,614.25 for maintenance, making a total of $5,228,228.92. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1804. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, provides for a channel having a uniform depth of 26 feet at mean low water, 300 feet wide in the river, and 400 feet wide on the ocean bar, at an estimated cost of $572,940, and $80,000 for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 287, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) Average rise of tide is 4.5 feet at the Ocean Bar, 3.5 feet at Keg Island, and 2.5 feet at Wilmington. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-Dams have been built across the mouth of the river, known as New Inlet, and across the breach from the river to the ocean between Smiths Island and Zekes Island, these dams being known as the New Inlet Dam and the Swash Defense Dam, respectively. A channel of uniform depth of 26 feet at mean low water had been dredged with a width of 250 to 400 feet on the ocean bar and 150 to 300 feet in the river channels to Wil- mington. The expenditures on present project prior to fiscal year amounted to $295,218.44 for new work and $240,000 for mainte- nance, making a total of $535,218.44. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work consisted of dredging on the ocean bar and in the river channels with Govern- ment plant and hired labor. From the ocean bar 553,290 cubic yards of material were removed, and from the river channel 1,925,688 cubic yards of material, 254 stumps, and 47 logs were removed. As a result of the year's work the ocean-bar channel has been main- tained, and now has a project depth of 26 feet for a width of 280 to 400 feet. The river channels of the project depth of 26 feet have been increased in width as follows: Lilliput Shoal, 11 miles below Wilmington, upper reach, from a width of 150 feet to a width of 300 feet; Logs and Big Island Shoal, 7 miles below Wilmington, upper reach, from a width varying from 260 to 300 feet to a uniform width of 300 feet, and the middle reach, from a width of 150 feet to a width of 300 feet; and in addition to these channels, Snows Marsh Channel, 21 miles below Wilmington, and Old Brunswick Cove Channel, 16 miles below Wilmington, have been maintained. The expenditures for the year were $131,421.12 for improvement, $80,000 for maintenance, making a total of $211,421.12. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 80 per cent completed. A mean low-water channel 26 feet deep and from 280 to 400 feet wide exists on the ocean bar, and 26 feet deep and from 150 to 300 feet wide in the river channels up to Wilmington. Expended on present project up to June 30, 1915, for new work, $426,639.56; for maintenance, $320,000; total $746,639.56. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Vessels coming to Wilmington are much larger than formerly, the average tonnage in 1886 being 421, while in 1914 the average was 1406. The increase in tonnage has caused a corresponding decrease in freight rates. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 539 Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about March 31, 1916. It is proposed to apply about $80,000 of the amount estimated to the maintenance of the dredged channels and New Inlet and Swash Defense Dams, as provided for in the project, and the balance to widening and deepening the pres- ent dredged channels to project width and depth. It is proposed to do the work by hired labor and Government plant, and the following estimate is submitted: Operation and repairs: Pipe-line dredge Henry Bacon, 8 months, at $8,000------------- $64, 000 Seagoing dredge Cape Fear, 8 months, at $4,000___________------ 32, 000 Clamshell dredge Hercules, 4 months, at $3,000___________------ 12, 000 Clamshell dredge Ajax, 4 months, at $3,000_ _____________- 12, 000 Engineering and contingencies---------- --------------------- 15, 000 Total-------------------------------------------- 135,000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914, consisted principally of cotton, naval stores, timber, lumber, fertilizer, fertilizer materials, coal, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912... --------------------------------------------------------- 1,072,205 $60,863,344.00 1913-------------... .... .. ....... 773,610 ...--------------------------------------------- 46,736,713.06 1914 ......... ... ........... .......... ...................................... 792,304 28,682,163.25 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------ $5, 052, 254. 23 Maintenance-------------------------------------------- 922, 614. 25 Total------------------------------------------------ 5, 974, 868. 48 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .............. ........................... $62, 803.59 $343,709.35 $131,421.12 Maintenance .....- - ...... -........ ............... ............... 80,000.00 80,000.00 80,000.00 Total .............. ..... ............................. 142,803.59 423,709.35 211,421.12 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------ $100,000.00 July 25, 1912 _----------------------------------300, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913_------------------------------------------------- 352, 940.00 Oct. 2, 1914 Mar. 4, 1915 ______________________ 50, 000.00 115, 000. 00 1-------------------------------- Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- ---- 150, 000.00 540 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--___-----_______ $117, 721. 56 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 115, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 150, 000. 00 382, 721. 56 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement__________________ $131, 421. 12 For maintenance of improvement ______________ 80, 000. 00 211, 421. 12 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 171, 300. 44 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities______________________ __ 11, 121. 53 July 1, 1915, balance available_____________________________ 160, 178. 91 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----_____------_ 155, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-- ----- 1135, 000. 00 20. CAPE FEAR RIVER, N. C., ABOVE WILMINGTON. (LOCKS AND DAMS.) Location.-For description of river see preceding report on Cape Fear River, N. C., at and below Wilmington. Original condition.-When the first slack-water project was adopted in 1902 the controlling low-water depths were about 6 feet from Wilmington to Kings Bluff, 39 miles above; 4 feet to Kellys Cove, 47 miles above; and 2 feet to Fayetteville, 115 miles, the head of navigation. River steamers generally made regular trips to Fay- etteville during about nine months of the year and intermittent trips the remainder of the year. Previous projects.-The first slack-water project was adopted by act of Congress June 13, 1902, under which $14,682.23 was expended. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1805. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. It provided for securing a navi- gable depth of 8 feet at low water from Wilmington to the head of navigation at Fayetteville, 115 miles above, in accordance with the report printed in House Document No. 890, Sixtieth Congress, first session, by the construction of two locks and dams. The estimated cost was $615,000, with $8,000 annually for maintenance, but since the adoption of the present project closer investigation of construc- tion conditions, together with the advance in prices of labor and material, rendered it necessary to adopt the present estimate of $1,031,000 for improvement, with $15,000 annually for maintenance. The locks are to be 40 feet clear width and 200 feet between miter sills, and will have 9 feet of water on the sills at low water. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The river shoals between Wilmington and Kings Bluff had been removed, except at 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 541 Pridgens Landing. Land had been purchased at the sites for the two locks and dams at Kings Bluff, N. C., and at Browns Landing, N. C. At Kings Bluff the lock foundation was completed, the lock walls 47.2 per cent completed, the abutment 85 per cent completed, the construction of two cribs for the dam started, and two lock- tender's dwellings were built. At Browns Landing surveys were made, borings and a test pit were put down to investigate foundation conditions, a spur track between the lock site and Elizabethtown, N. C., was 60 per cent completed, and a deep well was sunk for water supply. The expenditures under the present project to June 30, 1914, amounted to $346,030.68, all for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work was carried on by Government plant and day labor at Kings Bluff, at Browns Landing, and on various river shoals. At Kings Bluff the lock and abutment were completed with exception of the concrete covering for the lock wing walls and back filling behind the land wall. The dam was 84 per cent completed June 30. At Browns Landing the neces- sary laborers' quarters, mess halls, storehouses, machine shop, and construction plant were installed. A railroad spur track was built by contract for bringing in material. Two lock -tenders' dwellings were completed. The cofferdam for the lock was 92.4 per cent com- pleted, and the necessary dredging inside the cofferdam 23.6 per cent completed. The excavation and dredging for the abutment were 85 per cent completed. There were dredged from 7,819 linear feet of shoals between Wilmington and Elizabethtown, 61,652 cubic yards of sand and mud, and 1,881 cubic yards of rock and marl were removed from the Pridgens Landing Shoal below Kings Bluff. The expenditures for the fiscal year were $286,922.88, all for improvement. Condition at the end of the fiscal. year.-The project is about 60 per cent completed. Between Wilmington and Kings Bluff the channel has the project depth of 8 feet, except at Pridgens Land- ing Shoal, where there is 6 feet at low water. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $632,953.56, all for improvement. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of the improvement.-The improvement has had no effect so far on freight rates. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by about February 1, 1916. It is proposed to apply the amount estimated for 1917 as follows: Completion of lock at Browns Landing --------------------- $34, 864. 47 Completion of abutment at Browns Landing------------------- __ 6, 186. 70 Completion of dam at Browns Landing .--------------- ___ 56, 087. 80 Dredging river shoals between Kings Bluff and Fayetteville, two Government bucket dredges, 12 months, at $6,000-------------- 72, 000. 00 Engineering and contingencies-------------------------------. 3, 861. 03 Maintaining and operating lock and dam at Kings Bluff---------- 3, 200. 00 Maintaining channel below Browns Landing by dredging and snag- ging with Government dredge, three months, at $1,600---...... 4, 800. 00 Total -- ---------------------------------- -------- 181, 000. 00 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of lumber, timber, fertilizer materials, rosin, turpentine, and farm products. 542 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 .......... ....................... ...... ....... ..................... 213,181 $5,020,435.00 1913 ............. .......... .......................... . 154,797 3,485,373.99 1914 ....................... ..................................... 167,720 2,824,254.10 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915, new work _--- -- $647, 635. 79 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............ ................................ $140,502.05 $163,496.28 $286,922.88 Maintenance................................ ................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911-------------------------------------------------$200, 000. 00 June 23, 1913------------------------------------------------- 315, 000.-00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------- 70, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------- -------------- 173, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 268, 969. 32 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 70, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 173, 000. 00 511, 969. 32 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------- -------- 286, 922. 88 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 225, 046. 44 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------$23, 248. 77 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 6, 131. 75 29, 380. 52 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 195, 665. 92 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------------------------- 173, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance ..... . 181, 000. 00 21. NORTHEAST AND BLACK RIVERS AND CAPE FEAR RIVER ABOVE WILMINGTON. (A) NORTHEAST RIVER, N. C. Location.-Northeast River rises in the northern part of Duplin County and flows 130 miles in a general southerly direction, empty- ing into the Cape Fear River at Wilmington, 30 miles above its mouth. Section under improvement, from mouth to Kornegays Bridge, 103 miles. Original condition.-When first placed under improvement a draft of 6 feet could be carried up 48 miles to Bannermans Bridge at lowest stage. From Bannermans Bridge, 55 miles up to Korne- 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 543 gays Bridge, the river was so shallow that its navigation was de- pendent upon freshet stages. Above Bannermans Bridge it was badly obstructed by snags and overhanging trees. Hallsville, 88 miles from the mouth, is the head of steamboat navigation, and Kornegays Bridge is the head of navigation for rafting. Previous projects.-None Present project.--The original and existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and included the clearing of the natural channel for small steamers to Hallsville, and for pole boats to Kornegays Bridge, total length 103 miles, at an estimated cost of $30,000 (Ex. Doc. No. 35, 51st Cong., 1st sess.). The project was completed in 1896; work since that date has been for maintenance only. There is a tidal range of about 2 feet at the mouth of this stream, which decreases to nothing at a short dis- tance above Bannermans Bridge. The upper portion is subject to freshets of from 8 to 12 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1896, and since that time the natural channel has been maintained by snagging when funds would permit. As a result the channel was cleared wherever needed. Six feet of water could be carried to Bannermans Bridge and 3 feet to Crooms Bridge during all stages of water. From Crooms Bridge to Kornegays Bridge the river is so shallow that navigation is practicable only when the water is up. This is liable to occur at any time, but during the summer low water stages usually prevail. The expenditures on present project prior to fiscal year amounted to $10,687.96 for new work; $26,065.44 for maintenance; total, $36,753.40. Operations and results during fiscal year.-The work consisted of snagging operations, using Government plant and hired labor. The river was snagged from a point 37 miles above to a point 85 miles above Wilmington. The expenditures for the year were $3,093.73, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1896 for $19,312.04 less than the estimate. The natural channel was maintained during the year. The upper 47 miles of the portion under improvement is so shallow that navigation is not practicable at low stages. Expenditures on present project up to June 30, 1915, for new work, $10,687.96; for maintenance, $29,159.17; total, $39,847.13. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The result of the improvement on freight rates is unknown, but the stream when opened to navigation affords an outlet for farm products, timber, lumber, etc., which have no other outlet except by wagon. Proposed operations.-The funds available are not sufficient to carry on any field operations during the coming fiscal year. It is proposed to apply the $3,000 estimated for the year 1917 to the oper- ating of a Government hoister for six months, at $500 per month, in snagging for maintenance only. The cost of properly maintain- ing this stream is estimated at $3,000 annually. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of cotton, timber and its products, naval stores, fertilizer and fertilizer material, general merchandise, and farm products. 544 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................. ................................... 165,323 $2,271,849.00 1913. ............................. 123,170 1,848,558.60 1914...... .. 128,518 1.................................................. 2,116,210.10 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------$10, 687. 96 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 29, 159. 17 Total------------------------------------- 39, 847. 13 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................................................................... Maintenance.............. ..................... ........ $3,591.51 $3, 257.87 $3,093.73 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------- ------ $3, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------'3, 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------------------ 2, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------- 446. 60 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 __ 2, 500. 00 Transferred from Black River__ ___________---------___-- -500. 00 3, 446. 60 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_________--- -- -__ 3, 093. 73 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______------------------- 352. 87 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement____-----------------(2) (B) BLACK RIVER, N. C. Location.-Black River rises in Sampson County, flows 175 miles in a general southeasterly direction, and empties into Cape Fear River 14 miles above Wilmington and 44 miles above the mouth. Section under improvement, mouth to Clear Run, 66 miles. Original condition.-The original condition when improvement be- gan was a natural channel cleared fairly to Point Caswell and roughly to Lisbon, with governing low-water depths of 2 feet to Point Caswell and 1.5 feet to Lisbon. Clear Run, 66 miles from the mouth, is the head of steamboat navigation, and Lisbon, 8 miles above, is the head of navigation for rafting. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The original and existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886, and included clearing the natural channel and banks to Lisbon, and the cutting off of a few sharp points at bends, at an estimated cost of $10,000 (Annual Report 1 Increased to $3,500 by $500 transferred from Black River, N. C. See consolidated Financial summary on p. 548. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 545 for 1885, pp. 1145-1154). It was amended in May, 1893, by omitting that part of the river above Clear Run, and, as amended, was com- pleted September 20, 1895. Additional work since that date has been for maintenance only. The river is,not tidal, excepting during very low stages when there is a slight rise of tide for some distance above Point Caswell. The low-water stages prevail usually from May to August, inclusive; during the rest of the year the stage is about 5 to 8 feet higher, but the periods of high and low water are by no means the same every year. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1895, and since that time the natural channel has been maintained by snagging when funds would permit. The result ob- tained has been a cleared channel, permitting navigation to Point Caswell, 24 miles above the mouth, at all stages and to Clear Run, 66 miles above the mouth, at stages of 1.5 feet or higher above low water; the governing low-water depths being 5 feet to Point Caswell, 2.5 feet to Hawes Narrows, 32 miles above the mouth, and 1.5 feet to Clear Run. The expenditures on present project prior to fiscal year amount to $12,358.40 for new work; $21,345.17 for maintenance; total, $33,703.57. Operations and results during fiscal ear.-No operations were car- ried on during the year. The expenditures for the year, amounting to $19.35, were for office expenses and inspecting bridges, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1895, and has been maintained since that time. The river is in fair condition; the governing low-water depth being 5 feet to Point Caswell; 21 feet to Hawes Narrows, 32 miles above the mouth; and 1 feet to Clear Run. Expenditures on present project up to June 30, 1915: For new work, $12,358.40; for maintenance, $21,364.52; total, $33,722.92. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement on freight rates is not known, but the stream affords an outlet to products which have no other outlet except by wagon. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the $3,000 estimated for the year 1917 in operating a Government hoister for 6 months, at $500 per month, in snagging for maintenance only. The cost of properly maintaining this stream is estimated at $3,000 an- nually. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of cotton, timber and its products, naval stores, fertilizer, general merchandise, and farm products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ... ...................................................................... 52,552 $676,459.00 1913 ............................................................................. 41,065 466,399.50 1914 ............................................................................. 20,178 320,798.50 The decrease is principally due to business depression. 8373 0 -ENG 1915--35 546 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------__ ------------------------ ------ $12, 358. 40 Maintenance ---- ___---------------------------_ 21, 364. 52 _-_ Total-------------------------------------------33, 722.92 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work - .............. ................... -...................... $2,351.43 $1,069.65 $19.35 Maintenance--.....--..--..--...---------------------------................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- $2, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_ ---------------------------------------------- 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_______________________________ 1, 096. 43 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 2, 000. 00 3, 096. 43 Deduction on account of transfer to North East River ----------- 500. 00 2, 596. 43 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ________________-________ __ --__ 19. 35 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_-__-__-__________________ _ 2, 577. 08 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- (8) (C) CAPE FEAR RIVER ABOVE WILMINGTON. Location.-For description of river, see preceding report on Cape Fear River, N. C., at and below Wilmington. Original condition.-When placed under governmental improve- ment in 1881, the river was navigable during about 9 months of the year up as far as Fayetteville. During low-water season, however, numerous shoals over the upper 66 miles of the river between Wil- mington and Fayetteville gave a depth of only 12 to 14 inches. In addition, the upper 75 miles was badly obstructed by sunken logs, overhanging trees, snags, etc. The remainder of the river was gen- erally navigable the year round by vessels drawing about 3 feet of water, but even this section contained many snags and logs. Previous projects.-The first improvement of this section of the river was undertaken under authority of act of Congress of March 3, 1881. Under this project $134,436.96 was expended for improve- ment and $8,177.67 for maintenance to June 13, 1902, when the proj- ect was abandoned. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1805. 1 Reduced by $1,000 transferred to Cape Fear River above Wilmington. 2Reduced by $2,000 transferred to Cape Fear River above Wilmington; $500 trans- ferred to North East River. 8 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 548. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 547 Present project.-Since the adoption of the slack-water project by river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, the present project has consisted of the maintenance of the natural channel between Wil- mington and Fayetteville by snagging and dredging, pending the completing of the locks and dams. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.--A fairly cleared chan- nel was maintained by snagging and dredging from Wilmington 6 feet deep to Kings Bluff, 21 feet to Elizabethtown, and 2 feet to Fayetteville. The expenditures from June 13, 1902, to June 30, 1914, were $35,760.34, all for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work was carried on by Government plant and hired labor. The snag boat General H. G. Wright was employed a total of 66 days snagging the channel and clearing banks at places where obstructions developed. From February 8 to March 20 the snag boat was undergoing extensive repairs at the Wilmington yard. There were removed from the channel 60 snags, 33 logs, 114 trees, 32 stumps, and 288 yards of sand, and from the banks 2,224 trees. The expenditures during the fiscal year were $5,279.13, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--A fairly cleared natural chan- nel existed, with controlling low-water depths of 6 feet from Wil- mington to Kings Bluff, 21 feet to Elizabethtown and 2 feet to Fay- etteville. The stream flows through a heavily wooded country, how- ever, and logs and trees come into the channel with every one of the numerous freshets. The total expended on the present project from June 13, 1902, to June 30, 1915, is $41,039.47, all for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-No effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to apply the funds estimated for 1917 to maintenance of the existing channel between Browns Landing and Fayetteville by snagging, dredging, and clearing banks, using Government plant and hired labor. Commercial statistics.-See page 542. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $134, 436. 96 Maintenance ----------------- 49, 217. 14 Total -------- ---------- 183, 654. 10 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ....................... ............-... ... .... --.......... Maintenance---.. --.... ............------- ........ ... ....... ..... $6,698.65 $6,926.32 5, 279. 13 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911- ------------ ------------ $3, 500.00 July 25, 1912--------- ---------- 000.00 6,,--------- Mar. 4, 1913--------------------- ----- ----- 28, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914 __- -------- - ---------------- 6, 000.00 1 Increased from $5,000 by transfer from Black River. 2Increased from $6,000 by transfer from Black River. 548 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-__---______________ _______ $375.03 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 6, 000.00 6,375.03 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement________________________ 5, 279. 13 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______________________ ___ 1, 095.90 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ____________________________ 214.60 July 1, 1915, balance available_____________________________ 881.30 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- (1) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- 157, 483.32 Maintenance - ----------------------------------------- 99, 740.83 Total ------------------------------- -------- 257, 224. 15 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................... Maintenance. .. ............ -...... . 312,641.59 $11,253.84 38,392.21 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $3, 500. 00 July 25, 1912----------------------------- 12, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ------------------------------------- 12, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ------------------------------------------- 10, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------- 1, 918.06 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 10, 500. 00 12, 418. 06 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement______________________________ 8, 392. 21 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________________________ 4, 025. 85 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 214. 60 July 1, 1915, balance available-----------------------------_ 3, 811.25 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _____________ ____ 210,000. 00 22. SHALLOTTE RIVER, N. C. Location.-Shallotte River is a small stream in Brunswick County, N. C., rising in the large swamp country between Cape Fear and Waccamaw Rivers, known as Green Swamp. The stream is about 30 1 See consolidated Financial summary on this page. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 549 miles long and flows in a southerly direction into the Atlantic Ocean at a point about 20 miles west of the mouth of the Cape Fear River. Section under improvement, from mouth to Whites Landing, 8 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 11.) Original condition.-Before improvement was begun the channel depth on the ocean bar was about 3 feet at low water and 7 feet at high water. From the bar to a point 24 miles above there was a 5- foot low-water channel; the next 14 miles was badly obstructed by mud flats and oyster rocks, over which there was about 1-foot depth at low water. From this point to the town of Shallotte, 5 miles far- ther up, the river was narrow and crooked and the low-water depth varied from 2 to 12 feet. The town of Shallotte, 9 miles from the mouth, is the head of navigation. Previous project.-The river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, appropriated $3,000 to be expended on this river. This appro- priation not being based on any survey and estimate, the report sub- mitted to and approved by the Chief of Engineers for this appropria- tion became the project. Under this project $3,000 was spent. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1806. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 4, 1913 (H. Doc. No. 721, 62d Cong., 2d sess.), provides for securing a channel 4 feet deep at mean low water, with bottom width of 36 feet, from the mouth to Whites Landing, 8 miles above, including the straightening of the channel by the making of 6 cut-offs, and the construction of a turning basin at Whites Landing, at an estimated cost of $9,845 for the first construc- tion and $1,000 annually for maintenance. The river is tidal, the rise and fall varying from 5 feet at the mouth to 3 feet at the town of Shallotte. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel 4 feet deep at mean low water, with a bottom width of 36 feet was obtained from the mouth to Whites Landing, including a turning basin at Whites Landing, which completed the project. The expenditures on the present project prior to the fiscal year, amounted to $6,179.75, all for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work consisted of restoring 240 linear feet of the dredged cut opposite Brickyard Landing, 3 miles from the mouth, to project width and depth, by the removal of 476 cubic yards of material with Government plant, re- turning the dredge to Newbern, N. C., and making repairs to the dredge necessitated by the work on the project during the previous fiscal year. The expenditures for the year were $2,228.08 for improve- ment (cost of returning and repairing plant) and $189.53 for main- tenance, making a total of $2,417.61. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Actual work on the project was completed June 30, 1914, for $1,437 less than the estimate, pro- curing a channel 4 feet at mean low water, with a bottom width of 36 feet from the mouth to Whites Landing, and a turning basin at Whites Landing. Five cut-offs were made, which shortened the 550 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. distance four-fifths of a mile. A slight shoal in the channel opposite Brickyard Landing was redredged, but has since shoaled, and at present 3 feet is the maximum draft that can be carried over the improvement at mean low water. Expended on the present project up to June 30, 1915, for improvement, $8,407.83; for maintenance, $189.53; total, $8,597.36. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of improvement on freight rates is not known, but the stream affords an outlet to products which have no other outlet except by wagon. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the $1,300, estimated in operating a Government clamshell dredge for one month, for the maintenance of the dredged channel. The project has not been completed long enough to tell with any degree of accuracy what deterioration will take place, but the channel is narrow and crooked and annual maintenance will be necessary. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of cotton, lumber, naval stores, fertilizer, gen- eral merchandise, and farm products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 (no statistics collected). 1913--. ---. -------------------..---------------------------------- 8,001 $367,609.50 1914----..--.----..-......--....----...............................................--------------------------------------------.......... 3,901 132,780.25 The decrease is principally due to business depression, which has especially affected timber and its products and naval stores. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $11, 407. 83 Maintenance _ 189. 53 Total---------------------------------- --------- 11, 597. 36 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ---------------------------------...----------------------.. 6,179.75 $2,228.08 M aintenance ...................................................................------.... 189.53 Total.....--------------------------------------..............-----------------.. 6,179.75 2,417.61 RIVER AN) ITAlBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 551 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913 $9, 845. 00 Mar. 4, 191.5-------------- ------------------------------------ _ 1,100.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended - _ _-___ __ _-___ 3, 665. 25 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 1, 100. 00 4, 765. 25 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------_ $2, 228. 08 For maintenance of improvement ------------------ 189. 53 2, 417. 61 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 2, 347. 64 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------___ __ 11, 300. 00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS APPROVED JUNE 25, 1910, AND MARCH 4, 1913. Reports on preliminary examinations and surveys required by the river and harbor acts of June 25, 1910, and March 4, 1913, were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were trans- mitted to Congress and printed in documents as indicated: 1. Preliminary examination and survey of Slades Creek, N. C.- Reports dated December 19, 1910, and September 4, 1914, with map, are printed in House Document No. 1456, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of this locality by the United States, as desired, is not deemed advisable at the present time. 2. Preliminary examination and survey of Trent River, N. C., with a view to provide a depth ofl2 feet from Newbern to Pollocksville.- Reports dated September 5, 1913, and September 4, 1914, with maps, are printed in House Document No. 1453, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of this locality by the United States, in the manner desired, is not deemed advisable at the present time. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Hoods Creek, N. C. 2. Cape Fear River, N. C., with a view to securing an increased depth from Wilmington to the sea. 3. Neuse River, N. C., between Goldsboro and Newbern. 4. White Oak River, N. C., from its mouth to the head of naviga- tion at or near Maysville. 5. Shallotte River, N. C., with a view to an extension of the im- provement to the town of Shallotte. The duty of making the reexamination in accordance with the law for the original examination of rivers and harbors, as provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, with a view to obtaining a report whether the adopted project for the Inland water- 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 552 REPORT OF THE 0 IEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. way from Norfolk to Beaufort Inlet, N. C., shall be modified or the improvement abandoned, has been assigned to a special board of en- gineer officers, and their report will be duly submitted when received. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE CHARLESTON, S. C., DISTRICT* This district includes the State of South Carolina and the Wacca- maw River system, N. C. and S. C. District officer: Maj. G. P. Howell, Corps of Engineers, to August 14, 1914; Col. John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, from August 14 to August 31, 1914; and Maj. G. A. Youngberg, Corps of Engineers, since the latter date. Division engineer: Col. John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, to Sep- tember 2, 1914, and Col. W. C. Langfitt, Corps of Engineers, since that date. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Waccamaw River, N. C. and 8. Inland waterways between S. C............ ........ 552 Charleston Harbor, S. C., and 2. Little Peedee River, S. C..... 555 Alligator Creek (opposite Mc- 3. Great Peedee River, S. C..... 557 Clellanville), S. .......... 573 4. Winyah Bay, S.C . -.. 560 9. Harbor at Charleston, S. C. 5. Mingo Creek, S. C............. 563 (including Ashley River and 6. Santee, Wateree, and Congaree Shipyard Creek)............ 575 Rivers, and Estherville- 10. Archers Creek, S. C.......... 581 Minim Creek Canal, S. C.... 565 7. Operating and care of lock and dam across Congaree River, S. C.. ..-------------------- 573 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2389 TO 2408. 1. WACCAMAW RIVER, N. C. AND S. C. Location.--This river rises in Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County, N. C., and flows in a general southwesterly direction about 147 miles through Horry and Georgetown Counties, S. C., into Winyah Bay, about 1 mile from Georgetown, S. C. The entire river is embraced in the project. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of South Caro- lina, 1913.) Original condition.--In 1880 the river at its exit from Lake Wacca- maw was about 30 feet wide, and thence varied in width from 15 to 225 feet. It was extremely crooked, filled with logs, snags, and other obstructions, but was navigable for 12-foot draft boats at all stages of water from Georgetown to Bull Creek, 24 miles, and at high water 4 miles farther, to Bucks lower mills (Bucksport); thence 7-foot draft boats at high water 22 miles farther, to Conway; thence it possessed an obstructed channel for 3-foot draft boats, at ordinary winter water, 68 miles to Reeves Ferry; thence an obstructed channel, with 3 feet at high water, for 30 miles, to Lake Waccamaw. The head of steamboat navigation was Reeves Ferry, N. C., 118 miles from Georgetown. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 14, 1880, provides for a channel 12 feet deep at all stages of water, with 80 feet bottom width, from the mouth of the river to Conway, and thence a cleared channel to Lake RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 553 Waccamaw (based on report printed in Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 117, 46th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1880, p. 848). The original estimated cost was $29,370, which was revised in 1885 and increased in the annual report of that year to $138,400. In the An- nual Report for 1886 (p. 170) maintenance is estimated at $4,000 per year after completion of improvement. The usual variation in water surface is about 7.5 feet at Conway and about 12 feet at Star Bluff, 84 miles above the mouth. The tidal influence at low water extends 97 miles above the mouth. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Prior to June 30, 1914, the river had been snagged and dredged and the project was about 60 per cent complete. Cut-offs had also been made at certain sharp bends. There was a mean low-water depth of 12 feet to Bull Creek, 23 miles from the mouth, thence 6 feet to Conway, 46 miles from the mouth, 3 feet to Red Bluff, 70 miles, and about 2 feet to Worthmans Bridge, 93 miles. At high water small boats could pene- trate to Reeves Ferry, N. C., 117 miles from the mouth of the river. The total amount expended on this the only project prior to June 30, 1914, was $207,052.27, of which $146,341.44 was for original work and $60,710.83 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work during the year consisted in dredging the river above the mouth of Bull Creek upstream toward Conway to form a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water with a bottom width of 80 feet. Between Bull Creek and Bucksville the original depths approximated 12 feet and the amount of cutting per mile was comparatively light. Above Bucksville the amount of cutting per mile was much heavier, and at the close of the fiscal year the dredge was about 2 miles above Bucks- ville, the channel being complete to that point. This work was all new and was executed under contract. The total amount ex- pended was $28,823.72. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The proportion of the approved project accomplished up to June 30, 1915, is about 80 per cent. There is a 12-foot channel at mean low water to mile 38, with a bottom width of 80 feet. The total expenditures under the existing, which is also the original project, were $235,875.99, of which $175,165.16 was for new work, and $60,710.83 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Railroad rates to and from Conway are lower on a good proportion of the articles of traffic than to and from several interior towns en route to Conway and, as the river touches points not reached by railroads, the improvement enables freight to be taken to such points. The improvement has not ad- vanced sufficiently to have effect on commerce. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand will be exhausted April 1, 1916. It is proposed to remove obstructions by snagging, with Government plant and hired labor, and to continue dredging to Con- way to form a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water, 80 feet wide, this work to be done by contract. The amount estimated as a profit- able expenditure in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is $15,500 for new work and $5,000 for maintenance. Dredging by contract (new work)-------------------------- $5, 500 Snagging, operations of snagboat (maintenance) ____________________- 5, 000 20, 500 554 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The general character of commerce for the current year consisted of fertilizer, timber and its products, pro- visions, etc. There has been little change in the nature of the com- merce. The decrease in tonnage as compared with 1913 is mainly due to the reduction in number of logs handled on this stream. Comnparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912-------------........-------..-...........--...---------------------------------------............................................... 76,942 $1,528,814 1913--------... -----.........-- ---------------------------------------------- 85, 287 1,950,408 1914. --------- ------------------------------------------------.. 49,736 1,165,481 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work __-------------------------------- --- $175, 165. 16 Maintenance _________ - __________________ 60, 710. 83 Total -------------------------------------------- 235, 875. 99 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 Maintenanceo .... .................... ......-..........- ...... 868. 98 8,483.32 $28.. ,82. 72 Total........-- .........-- ... ........ ................. 1,968.98 8,483.32 28,823.72 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- $25,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913-_--------------------------------------------- 30,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 40,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________________________ 46, 109. 83 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 40, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-____ __________ __-_- ____ 1. 65 86, 111. 48 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------- 28, 823. 72 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___________________-______ 57, 287. 76 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities 474. 70 $------------------ July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 16, 813. 06 17, 287. 76 July 1, 1915, balance available______________________________ 40, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ------------------------------------------- 15, 500. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_-------_ 20, 500. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 555 2. LITTLE PEEDEE RIVER, S. C. Location.-This river rises in Richmond County, N. C., and flows for 220 miles in a general southerly direction into Great Peedee River at a point 34 miles above the mouth of the latter in Winyah Bay, near Georgetown, S. C. Only the lower 113 miles are embraced in the project. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of South Carolina, 1913.) Original condition.-This river was originally a typical sluggish swamp stream, much obstructed by snags and overhanging trees. It was also crossed by nine bridges below Little Rock, 113 miles from its mouth. It frequently divided into several branches, none of which afforded a good channel. The width varied from 30 to 400 feet and the depth ranged from 3 to 6 feet at usual stages of water. The head of steamboat navigation was Lumber River, 65 miles from the mouth, though 20-ton flatboats were poled down from Campbells Bridge during seven months of flush water annually. Previous project.-None. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act approved August 11, 1888, provides for clearing a channel for 4-foot steam navigation from the mouth to the Lumber River, a distance of 65 miles, and thence 4-foot pole-boat navigation to Little Rock, S. C., 48 miles farther. (Based on report printed in S. Doc. No. 117, 46th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1887, p. 1111.) The original estimated cost was $50,000. No estimate was made for maintenance. The usual variation in water level at Gilchrist Bridge, 65.5 miles above the mouth, is about 9.5 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work on the river has consisted of snagging only, using Government plant and hired labor. No dredging has been done. The river has been well snagged to Lumber River and roughly cleared for pole-boat naviga- tion to Little Rock. Steamer traffic on the river is limited to the flush-water season, which generally lasts eight months, during which time the river can be navigated by craft drawing 21 feet. No navi- gation can be carried on during low water. The head of navigation for some years has been Sandy Bluff Bridge, 58 miles above the mouth. The total amount expended on the existing, which is the original, project up to June 30, 1914, was $42,746.47, of which $19,549.99 was for original work and $23,196.48 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done on this project during the fiscal year. Expenditures, amounting to $739.89, were for office expenses and were charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-As the project is for snag- ging, no statement as to percentage of completion is possible. At present the river is well snagged from its mouth to the mouth of Lumber River. There has been no change in the original depths. Vessels ply on the river as far as Gallivants Ferry, 47 miles above its mouth. The total amount expended up to June 30, 1915, was $43,486.36, of which $19,549.99 was for original work and $23,936.37 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.--This improvement was originally of espe- cial benefit to the farmers living along the lower portion of the river 556 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. between the Little Peedee and Great Peedee Rivers, where railroad facilities were lacking. Some of the territory to the westward of the river has lately been provided with railroad facilities where none ex- isted formerly, but the project has had no effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to maintain the river in a navigable condition under the project. Necessary snagging will be done with Government plant and hired labor. Expenditures will not exceed the available balance. Commercial statistics.-The principal articles of commerce on this river during the current year were cotton, fertilizer, provisions, etc. There was no change in the nature of the commerce during the year. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....... ............................................ 1,200 $54,640 1913. .......................................... 1,411 62,707 1914..---- --------------------------------------------------- 1,626 48,647 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------------ $19, 549.99 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- __ 23, 936. 37 Total -------------------------------------- -------- 43, 486. 36 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......... ............................................ Maintenance-. ........................................... . $6,687.66 $1,701.29 $739.89 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------ $4, 063. 93 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------- 1, 500. 00 2, 563. 93 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_ 7----------------- 39. 89 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 1, 824. 04 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ____________________________ 41. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_-- _____ - -- ____________----1, 783. 04 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -- ______-------1__-__ 194, 715. 15 Maintenance _--- _------------- ---- - 84, 647. 20 Total -- ------------------------------------- 279, 362. 35 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 557 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work --................................... -------------------------------------------- $28, 823.72 $1,100.00 ............ Maintenance...................................................... 7,556.64 $10,184.61 739.89 Total--------....------------------------------------8,656.64 10,184.61 29,563.61 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912__ ------------------------ _ $25, 000. 00 --------------------------- Mar. 4, 1913___ 30,000,00 --------- Mar. 4, 1915_ ____ ----- -__---------- 40,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ..- 50, 173. 76 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 40, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-___ _ _ -- 1. 65 90, 175. 41 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------- 1,500. 00 88, 675. 41 June 30, 1915, amount expended during 1fiscal year : For works of improvement _.. - -------------- $28,823. 72 For maintenance of improvement___ 739. 89 29, 563. 61 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _____________ 59, 111. 80 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__ $515. 70 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts -------------------------------------- 16, 813. 06 17, 328. 76 July 1, 1915, balance available______________________________ 41, 783. 04 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project___ _-- _-__ _ ___---_ 115, 500. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: For works of improvement_________________________------ S15, 500. 00 For maintenance of improvement---- '5,000.00 Total--- ----------------------------------------- 120, 500. 00 3. GREAT PEEDEE RIVER, S. C. Location.-This river is a continuation of the stream called the Yadkin River, which rises in the mountains in the northwestern part of North Carolina, flows in a southeasterly direction, and finally empties into Winyah Bay. The Peedee (or Great Peedee) is the name applied to that part of the river, about 234 miles, lying below the mouth of the Uwharie River in North Carolina (near Moratock, Montgomery County). The portion of the river below Cheraw. 167 miles, is embraced in the project. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of South Carolina, 1913.) 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 558 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-Priorto 1873, when the Federal Government assumed control over this river, it was dangerously obstructed by snags and logs. Nevertheless, the river was navigated by steamboats drawing 9 feet of water up to Smiths Mills, 52 miles from the mouth, while smaller boats of 3 feet draft penetrated to Little Bluff (mile 106) and at high water to Cheraw, 167 miles from the mouth. The river had been under improvement at intervals by the State of South Carolina as far back as 1784. The head of navigation was Cheraw, 167 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for a thoroughly cleared 9-foot navigation for 52 miles up to Smiths Mills and thence a 3 -foot navigation to Cheraw at all stages of water. This project originally contained no estimate of cost. From 1880 to 1886, inclu- sive, $47,000 was appropriated. In 1886 it was estimated that $70,000 in addition to this $47,000 would complete the improvement, and that $5,000 a year would be required for maintenance. Up to 1902 improvement had been confined to that part of the river below the bridge of the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad (now the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad) at Peedee, Marion County. The river and harbor act for that year required that improvement should begin on the upper river (the 64 miles between Cheraw and the bridge named) in conformity with the original project, at an ultimate cost not to exceed $118,300. The report on which this was based contemplated $4,000 for annual maintenance. References.-Original project printed in Senate Executive Docu- ment No. 117, Forty-sixth Congress, second session (also outlined in Annual Report for 1880, p. 844), adopted by river and harbor act approved June 14, 1880; report and project as to upper river printed in House Document No. 124, Fifty-sixth Congress, second session, and adopted by river and harbor act June 13, 1902. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work of im- provement has consisted in snagging and dredging with Government plant and hired labor. The river had been cleared of snags from the mouth to the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad bridge (now the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad), 103 miles, and between that bridge and Cheraw, 167 miles, a 3k-foot channel had been formed; but as there has been no navigation lately above Caines Landing (mile 86), the upper portion of the river is blocked again. About 9 feet can be carried to Smiths Mills and about 3 feet to Caines Landing, the present head of navigation. The total amount expended on existing, which is also the original project, up to June 30, 1914, was $328,609.25, of which $183,712.41 was for original work and $144,896.84 for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The operations dur- ing the year consisted of resnagging the river with Government plant and hired labor. Work was begun on June 2 and was in progress at the close of the fiscal year. Work was done where necessary be- tween Thoroughfare (mile 18) and mile 64; this was all maintenance. The total amount expended was $1,527.18, all of which was for maintenance. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 559 Condition at the end of fiscal year.-As the project is for snagging, it will be continuous, and the percentage of completion of the project can not be stated. At present the river is in a fair condition. There has been no change in the original depths. Vessels ply on the river as far as Caines Landing (mile 86). The total amount expended up to June 30, 1915, was $330,136.43, of which $183,712.41 was for new work and $146,424.02 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement formerly enabled steam- ers to carry freights to points which could not be reached by rail. A railroad, recently built, connecting with the road to Georgetown and crossing the river at Allisons (mile 63) has caused a marked falling off in river business-about 35 per cent-although the rates are higher than the river rates. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand will be exhausted March 1, 1916. It is proposed to maintain the river in a navigable con- dition as far up as Caines Landing (mile 86), which is as far as the river is commercially used. Necessary snagging will be done with Government plant and hired labor. The amount that can profitably be expended in fiscal year 1917, for maintenance, is $5,000. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year consisted of cotton, fertilizers, timber and its prod- ucts, provisions, etc. There was little change in the nature of the commerce during the year and no change in freight rates. The in- crease in tonnage of logs handled is responsible for the increase in total tonnage as compared with 1913. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............ ............................................ ........... ...... 20,094 $893,341 1913................... ........................................................ 13,945 804,529 1914.................. ........... ............................................ ......... 17,461 587,673 Financialsu/mmary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----__------------------------------------------- $183, 712.41 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 146, 424. 02 Total---------------------------- --------- 330, 136. 43 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.........-.................. .........--. --...--.---...... Maintenance---.......-------------...--..-... -----------------------......................... $32,052.71 $5,957.23 $1,527.18 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 15, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 -.---------------- ---- 10, 000. 00 560 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- $2, 069. 78 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 10, 000, 00 12, 069. 78 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------ ------------ 5,000.00 7, 069. 78 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement-- -------- ----------- , 527.18 1------------ July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 5, 542. 60 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 798. 57 July 1,1915, balance available-________-______-_________ 4, 744. 03 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_.____ _____________ 5, 000.00 4. WINYAH BAY, S. C. Location.-Winyah Bay lies on the coast of South Carolina, 50 miles northeast of Charleston Harbor and 90 miles southwest of the entrance to Cape Fear River, N. C. The city of Georgetown is located on the Sampit River at the head of the bay 13 miles in a northerly direction from the entrance bar. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 428.) Original condition.-Originally this bay was a long narrow and generally shallow estuary covering about 25 square miles. It com- municated with the sea through a passage 21 miles long. Through this there were two principal channels, the better of which had from 7 to 10 feet depth over the bar at low tide. There was a 12-foot channel from the bar to the mouth of the Sampit River 12 miles distant, when the Sampit River Bar again reduced available depth to 9 feet. Due to cross currents and to sediment brought down by the several rivers entering this bay the channels within the bay as well as across the bar have fluctuated from year to year. Navigation was at all times difficult and uncertain. Previous projects.-A project for the improvement of navigation in this bay was first adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. The original project for the improvement of Winyah Bay proper was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886. By the acts of June 6, 1900, and June 13, 1902, this project was made to include Georgetown Harbor. This project was practically com- pleted when the present project was adopted. Total expenditures prior to commencement of work under the existing project amounted to $2,522,310.52, of which $2,398,351.88 was for new work, and $123,958.64 was for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1806. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, provides for securing by dredging and the construction of a training wall a channel 18 feet deep and 400 feet wide from a point on the Sampit River 1 mile above the limits of the city of Georgetown to the entrance of Winyah Bay, following the western shore of the bay as far as may be neces- 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 561 sary (H. Doc. No. 398, 58th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1904, p. 1591). The original estimated cost was $650,000. No esti- mate for maintenance was submitted. The tidal range on the bar entrance and within the harbor is 3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The 18-foot chan- nel following the western shore of Winyah Bay had been formed to the full project width of 400 feet and work had begun toward form- ing the channel at the Sampit River Bar and in front of the city of Georgetown. The total amount expended was $458,910.78, of which $402,658.46 was for new work and $56,252.32 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work during the year consisted in dredging and some snagging. For 10 months during the year the U. S. dredge Winyah Bay was engaged in the removal of shoals in western channel to restore the depth to 18 feet, with a width of 400 feet. To complete cut-off in Jetty Channel the U. S. dredge Winyah Bay worked 19 days, dredging the channel to a depth of 18 feet, 400 feet wide. All work was for maintenance, and was carried on by hired labor with Government plant. The amount expended thereon was $30,061.06. The dredge Cheraw was operated for 102 months in the removal of rock from the Sampit River chan- nel opposite the city of Georgetown. Dredging was done to obtain a depth of 18 feet, the average depth before dredging being about 151 feet. This was all new work. This work was carried on by hired labor with Government plant. The total amount expended thereon was $51,962.60. For 1l months during the year snagging work was done at the mouth of Sampit River in completing the removal of obstructions that interfered with navigation. This was new work. The amount expended thereon was $1,660.13. The total expenditures during the year were $83,683.79, of which $53,622.73 was for new work and $30,061.06 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The proportion of the ap- proved project accomplished up to June 30, 1915, was about 79 per cerit. In the western channel there was available an 18-foot channel with a minimum width of 200 feet; the controlling depth for the entire width was 172 feet. In Sampit River there was available a channel 18 feet deep about 240 feet wide for the entire length of river included in project. The total expenditures under the existing project were $542,594.57, of which $456,281.19 was for new work and $86,313.38 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. -Effect of improvement.-This improvement has had the effect of allowing vessels using this port to carry larger cargoes by increasing their draft; vessels drawing 17 feet have used the channel at nearly low water, and the operation of ocean-going steamers and sailing vessels appear to secure Georgetown the usual port differentials which are designed to meet water competition, this particularly on through freight from and to New York and Baltimore. The pre- cise percentage of reduction of rates does not appear to be susceptible of determination. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to maintain the western and jetty channels to their full width and depth, and to continue opera- tions in Sampit River in the removal of rock to complete the channel 0 8373 -ENG 1915--36 562 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. included between the harbor lines to a depth of 18 feet. The work will consist of dredging with Government plant and hired labor. The amount that can profitably be expended in the fiscal year 1917, for new work and maintenance, $100,000. Operations of dredge Winyah Bay------ ------- ----------------- $30, 000 Operations of dredge Cheraw--___------------ 40, 000 ...--------- Maintenance of plant---------------- ------ 15, 000 Engineering and contingencies -__----------_..-.----- 15, 000 Total----------------------------------- 100, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal articles of commerce during the current year were lumber, timber products, cotton, provisions, and general merchandise. There has been little change in the nature of the commerce during the past year. The marked decrease in out- ward freights is due largely to the small amount of lumber and cot- ton shipped, attributable to the low price of cotton and the partial operation of the lumber mills that were burned but are now rebuilt. No new lines of transportation have been established. Comparative statement. Calendar years. Short tons. Value. 1912........................................................................... 309,673 $5,000,901 1913............................................................................ 211,055 4,849,083 1914 ............................................... ............................. 175,283 4,146,954 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------------- $2, 854, 633.07 Maintenance-------------------------------------------- 210, 272. 02 Total-------------------------------------------------3, 064, 905. 09 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................. ........... ........ $110,798.11 $140,579.61 $53, 622.73 Maintenance ....... ......... . ......... ............... 18,821.41 137,430.91 30,061, 06 Total......................................................... 29,619.52 178,010.52 83,683.79 1 Areimbursable sum was upon final settlement reduced by $556.55; the balance unexpended (including such sums) reported July 1, 1914, should be decreased, and the total expenditures and maintenance in- creased by that sum. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- $162, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 ------------------------------------------------ 100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- 120, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------ 5, 000. 00 1----------------------------- Mar. 4, 1915------------------------ ------------------------- 0, 000. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 563 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------- _ $75, 600. 29 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 70, 000. 00 Receipts from sales--------------------------------- ----- 201. 15 160, 801. 44 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-------------------- $53, 622. 73 For maintenance of improvement---------------30, 061. 06 83, 683. 79 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------- __---- 77, 117. 65 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities____________--- _ $4, 585. 51 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ------------------------------------------ 13, 500. 00 18, 085. 51 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------------59, 032. 14 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project_ _______________-________ __- 2144, 300. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance------ 2100, 000.00 5. MINGO CREEK, S. C. Location.-This stream rises in the northern part of Williamsburg County, S. C., at a point about 12 miles east of Kingstree, S. C., and flows in a southeasterly direction about 45 miles, into Georgetown County, and empties into Black River at a point about 25 miles above the mouth of the latter and about 30 miles from Georgetown, S. C., by water. The head of navigation is regarded as being 31 miles above the mouth, and this is the section included in the project. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of South Carolina, 1913.) Original condition.-Priorto beginning of improvement in 1888, from the mouth of Mingo Creek upward 7 miles to Rhems Landing the channel was at least 150 feet wide and 10 feet deep at low water; from Rhems Landing 4 miles farther to Hemmingway Bridge it was 120 feet wide and 7 feet deep; from Hemmingway Bridge 10 miles farther to Williams Landing it was 80 feet wide and 5 feet deep at low water; from Williams Landing to the head of navigation 10 miles farther it was 4 to 5 feet deep at high water. The river was somewhat obstructed by logs, snags and overhanging trees, but was navigated regularly to Rhems Landing and occasionally to Hem- mingway Bridge by a steamer of 80 tons burden. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. Total expenditures prior to com- mencement of work under the existing project amounted to $17,600, of which $600 was for maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1807. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, provides for making four short cut-offs 8 feet deep at low water, with bottom widths of 60 feet, thus securing an unobstructed 8-foot channel from the mouth up to Hemmingway Bridge (H. Doc. No. 782, 61st Cong., 2d sess.). The . i r-ei mbursable sum was upon final seteieni'it reducel by '$556.55 ;"tlie balance tinex- pended (including such sums) reported July 1, 1914, should be decreased, and the total expenditures and maintenance increased by that sum. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 564 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. original estimated cost was $22,000, with $1,000 annually for mainte- nance. The average rise of tides is about 2 feet, and the average freshet height about 41 feet above mean low water. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work of dredging with the U. S. dipper dredge Cheraw was completed in January, 1913, and resulted in securing a channel 8-feet deep at mean low water and 60 feet wide to Hemmingway Bridge, 11 miles. The total amount expended was $12,006.71, all of which was for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. Expenditures were $43.29 for office expenses, and charged to new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted. A channel 8 feet deep at mean low water and 60 feet wide had been secured. A draft of 8 feet can now be brought from Georgetown through Winyah Bay, the Great Peedee, and Black Rivers to Hemmingway Bridge on Mingo Creek, a total distance of about 41 miles. The expenditures under the approved project were $12,050, all of which was for new work. The project has been com- pleted for less than the estimate, with a saving of $11,950. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, in adopting the present project, provided that the necessary right of way for cut-offs be furnished free of cost to the General Government.. The conditions imposed were complied with in full. Effect of improvement.-No effect on freight rates. The improve- ment has greatly facilitated vessel movement. The Carolina, Atlantic & Western Railroad has recently been constructed and serves the ter- ritory previously served by steamer traffic exclusively. The effect has been to reduce the volume of commerce on the river. Proposed operations.-No work contemplated. No further reports will be submitted. Commercial statistics.-The principal articles of commerce on this river during the current year were cotton, fertilizer, provisions, cord- wood, etc. There was no change in the nature of commerce during the year. Freight rates by rail and water have not changed. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912................. --.-- .. --....................................... 95,415 $694,087 1913......... --...... ............. ............... ................................... 6,407 492,944 1914............... .... .. .... ......................................... 7,239 495,148 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $29, 050. 00 Maintenance 00.00 6------------------------- Total---------------------------- 29, 650. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. .... ...................................... ... 11,941.57 .......... 43.a29 M aintenance ......... ...................................... ...................................... RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 565 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ----------------- ------------------ - $1, 000.00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------ 22, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------- 11, 993. 29 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------ 11, 950. 00 43. 29 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement---------------------------------------------------- 43.29 6. SANTEE, WATEREE, AND CONGAREE RIVERS, AND ESTHERVILLE- MINIM CREEK CANAL, S. C. (A) SANTEE RIVER AND ESTHERVILLE-MINIM CREEK CANAL. Location.-This river is formed by the confluence of the Congaree and Wateree Rivers, at a point 30 miles southeast of Columbia, S. C. It flows in a southeasterly direction through the State of South Carolina for a distance of 143 miles into the Atlantic Ocean a few miles west of the entrance to Winyah Bay. The entire length is em- braced in the project. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of South Carolina, 1913.) Original project.-This river was originally much obstructed throughout its length by snags, logs, and overhanging trees. The width ranged from 200 to 500 feet and the least depth was 3 feet. Its bar entrance was narrow, crooked, and shifting and so situated as to be very difficult and expensive to improve. It had less than 5 feet of depth at low tide. The river was navigated by several small steamers (drawing 4 feet or less) from the sea to the junction of the rivers and thence to Columbia on the Congaree or to Camden on the Wateree River. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1881. Total expenditures prior to commencing work under the existing project amounted to $99,750, all of which was for new work. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1808. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1889, provides for a new route for river steamers from Santee River to Winyah Bay, by a canal between Estherville and Minim Creek, S. C., 6 feet deep and 70 feet wide and for snagging the entire river. (S. Doc. No. 161, 46th Cong., 2d sess.; Annual Report for 1880, p. 916, and Annual Report for 1889, p. 1184.) The original estimated cost was $350,000; no esti- mate was made for maintenance. The plane of reference for the canal and lower river is mean low water, the tidal rise being 3 feet. Tidal action extends to Lenuds Ferry (mile 38). For the upper river the plane of reference is ordinary low water, the variation in water level being 19 feet at the Atlantic Coast Line bridge, 54 miles above the mouth, and 20 feet at the junction of the Congaree and Wateree Rivers. The distance from the head of the river to Georgetown is 152 miles--139 miles by river, 5 miles in the canal, and 8 miles in Winyah Bay. Steamers traverse the entire length of 566 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. the river and so on to Columbia on the Congaree or to points on the lower reaches of the Wateree. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A passage 30 feet wide and 3 feet deep at high water through Mosquito Creek to Winyah Bay had been made and later abandoned in favor of the Estherville-Minim Creek Canal, which had been constructed and maintained at a depth of 6 feet, but not to full width. The entire river had been snagged. The least available depth in Santee River is about 3 feet at low water. The total amount expended was $272,- 245.74. The original cost of the canal was $174,619.85, and main- tenance of same has been $87,660.20. On snagging the river $9,965.69 has been spent, which is also maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work during the year consisted in snagging on the upper end of the river, between miles 120 and 143, from August 14, 1914, to October 10, 1914, both dates inclusive, and on one day in January, 1915, and consisted in the removal of 2,405 obstructions and 195 trees. This work was for maintenance. The work was done by hired labor with Government plant. The total amount expended was $4,483.54, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The proportion of the ap- proved project accomplished up to June 30, 1915, is about 84 per cent. The available depth at low water is about 4 feet in the canal and 3 feet in the river. Regular steamboat service is maintained via this river between Columbia and Georgetown. The total expend- itures under the existing project are $276,729.28, of which $174,619.85 is for new work and $102,109.43 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The project has had no effect on the railroad freight rates, but the operating of the boat line to George- town, S. C., allows merchants to bring goods from northern markets via ocean lines to Georgetown cheaper than the all-rail route, the railroad rate being about 30 per cent higher than the boat rate. Proposed op rations.-It is proposed to remove obstructions by snagging and by dredging the river and the Estherville-Minim Creek Canal wherever necessary to secure depths specified in the project. The work is to be done by hired labor, using Government plant. The amount that can be profitably expended during the fiscal year 1917 is $15,000, as follows: Operations of snag boat ----- ___________------------------$5, 000 Operations of dredge boat No. 26---- ----------------------- , 000 Engineering and contingencies ---- __ ------------ __4, 000 Total _____________- Total----------------------------------------------15 15, 000 0 Commercial statistics.-The principal articles of commerce during the year were logs, lumber, provisions, and the freight carried by the steamship line between Georgetown, S. C., and Columbia, S. C. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ........................................................................... ..... .95,281 $520,986 1913............................................................................. 73,5571 749,747 1914 .. . .............. .......... ...... ............................... 55, 642 1, 004, 615 RIVER ANI) 1iARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 567 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------- ---------------------- ----------- $274, 369. 85 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- ------ 102,109. 43 Total ------- -------------------------------------- 76, 479. 28 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........... ......................................... Maintenance................................................. $7,144.09 $4,981.27 $4,483.54 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- 12, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-----------------------------------------------6, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 25, 631. 61 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 6, 000. 00 Receipts from sales----------------------------------------- 100. 00 31, 731.61 Deduction on account of transfer to Congaree River, S. C -------- 10, 000. 00 21, 731. 61 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------- 4, 483. 54 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 17, 248. 07 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 269. 91 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 16, 978.16 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-------------- --------------------- -- 1150, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement __ ----------- (2) (B) WATEREE RIVER, s. C. Location.-This river is a continuation of the stream called the Catawba River, which rises in the mountains in the western part of North Carolina and flows in a southeasterly direction across the State. It changes its name to the Wateree at the point where it is joined by the waters of Wateree Creek, in the north central part of South Carolina. It then flows in a southerly direction for 105 miles, where it unites with the Congaree River in forming the Santee River. The stretch from the mouth to Camden (67 miles) is the portion em- braced in the project. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of South Carolina, 1913.) Originalcondition.-This stream had originally a low-water depth of from 3 to 4 feet from its mouth, 67 miles to Camden. The lower 14 miles was completely blocked at all stages of water by logs, snags, etc., and at moderate stages by the bridges of the South Carolina 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 See consolidated Financial summarU on p. 578. 568 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ETGINEERS, TJ. S. ARMY. (now the Southern Railway Co.) and the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroads (now the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co.), then without draw spans; thence to Camden, navigation was possible, but dangerous, except during high water. The head of navigation was Camden. There was no commerce on the river in 1882, though small boats had operated on the river, prior to that time being en- gaged in local traffic. Previous projects.-None by the United States Government. The colony and State of South Carolina had undertaken improvement at intervals from 1753 to 1805. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1881, provides for a safe and unobstructed 4-foot navigation for steamers from Camden to the mouth. (S. Ex. Doc. No. 161, 46th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1880, p. 914.) The original estimated cost was $60,000. No estimate was made for maintenance. The usual variation in water surface is about 17 feet at a point 4 miles above the mouth and about 28.5 feet at Camden. The plane of reference is ordinary low water. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work on the river had been snagging only, with Government plant and hired labor. No dredging had been done. The expenditures had not re- sulted in a permanent increase in depth. The stream was navigable for about 12 miles, the minimum draft that could be carried at low water being about 4 feet. The total amount expended on the exist- ing, which is also the original, project up to June 30, 1914, was $186,- 307.65, of which $60,000 was for new work and $126,307.65 for main- tenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work during the year consisted in snagging in the river between miles 12 and 20 . The progress of the work was delayed by continuous high water during the winter months. The work consisted in the removal of 6,584 obstructions from the channel and 821 overhanging trees cut from the banks. This work was for maintenance. The work was carried on by hired labor with Government plant. The total amount expended was $9,036.34, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-It is not practicable to state the percentage of completion of the project. The work is snagging. and will be continued indefinitely. No increased depths were ob- tained. These remain about the same as before improvements, viz, 3 to 4 feet at low water. The total expenditures under the exist- ing project were $195,343.99, of which $60,000 was for new work, and $135,343.99 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The project has had no effect on freight rates. There was practically no business on the river during the year. Some cordwood and staves were cut along the river and rafted out to market, but no records can be obtained as to amount or value. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to maintain the river in a navigable condition. The work will be snagging, with Government plant and hired labor. The amount that can profitably be expended in fiscal year 1917 for maintenance is $15,000. Commercial statistics.-None reported for the year. A few logs were floated, and some shingles and staves were hauled by a gasoline boat. RIVt AJD HARI3OR IMPROVEMENTS. 569 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: Nn 11nerkdVl 60 135, 343. 99 0ll i Maintenance -------------------------------------------- 135, 343. 99 Total -------------------------------- 195, 343. 99 Lmount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 work ............. enance.. .............................................. $13,062.03 $10,360.33 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------------- $6,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------- 15, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------ 11, 276. 62 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 6, 000. 00 17, 276. 62 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------------- 9,036. 34 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_______________---- 8, 240. 28 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------------------------ 928, 41 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------- ------------- 7, 311. 87 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_____________--------- (1) (c) CONGAREE RIVER, S. C. Location.-This river is formed by the confluence of the Broad and Saluda Rivers, 1 mile above Columbia, S. C. It flows south- easterly about 52 miles till it unites with the Wateree River and forms the Santee River. The stretch from Columbia to the mouth, a distance of 51 miles, is embraced in the project. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of South Carolina, 1913.) Original condition.-Prior to Federal improvement begun in 1886 this stream had a low-water depth of 3 to 4 feet from its mouth to the railroad bridge at Columbia; thence 1 foot low-water depth 2 miles farther to its head. Navigation of the lower 47 miles was blocked at all stages of water by the South Carolina (now the Southern Railway Co.) Railroad bridge, 5 miles from the mouth, and by sunken logs, snags, and overhanging trees. The navigation of the remaining 2 miles was prevented by swift currents and numer- ous rock ledges and bowlders. The head of navigation was Columbia, S. C., 51 miles above the mouth, but there was no commerce on the river. Previous projects.-None by the United States Government. The State of South Carolina had done some improvement work in early days. 1See consolidated Financial summary on p. 573. 570 REPORT OF THE CHfIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act approved August 5, 1886, provides for a thor- oughly cleared 4-foot navigation over the lower 47 miles at all stages, and a cleared channel 100 feet wide through the shoals above. (H. Ex. Doc. No. 254, 48th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1885, p. 1140.) The cost was estimated at $54,500. The river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, authorized the construction of a lock and dam to extend deep water to Gervais Street Bridge, Columbia. (H. Doc. No. 66, 53d Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1896, p. 1183.) The cost was estimated at $250,000. The river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, provided for raising the dam 2 feet. (H. Doe. No. 608, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The cost was estimated at $56,000. The usual variation in water surface at a point 2 miles above the mouth is about 24 feet and at Columbia 33 feet. The plane of reference is ordinary low water. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The river had been snagged from time to time. The lock and dam had been con- structed and the channel above cleared. The pipe-line dredge Con- garee had been built and operated to dredge at the worst shoals at low water. The work of raising the dam had been practically com- pleted. All work was carried on by hired labor and with Govern- ment plant. Below the lock there has been little change in the depths, which are about 3 to 4 feet at low water. Between the lock and the city of Columbia a 4-foot channel has been formed-an in- crease of 3 feet. The total expenditures on the existing, which is also the original, project to June 30, 1914, were $548,215.59, of which $361,874.93 was for new work and $186,340.66 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations con- sisted in the rebuilding of the dredge Congaree, dredging and snag- ging for restoring channel depths which had deteriorated. The work of raising the dam was practically completed. All work was carried on by hired labor, with Government plant and a hired dredge. The work of dredging and snagging was maintenance and the raising of the dam, new work. The total amount expended was $50,813.42, of which $1,800.02 was for new work and $49,013.40 was for main- tenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Since continual work will be required to maintain the channel desired, the approved project will never be completed. The expenditures have not resulted in a per- manent increase in depth. The length of the improved section is from the mouth to Columbia, with the head of navigation at the foot of Senate Street, 51 miles above the mouth. Name: Granby Dam. Location: On Congaree River, S. C., 2 miles below Columbia, S. C., 47 miles above the mouth of river. Dimensions: Length between quoins, 170 feet. The available length, 137 feet. The clear width is 55 feet, and the minimum depth is 6 feet. Material, concrete on rock foundation. Lift: 10 feet. Date of completion: 1906. Cost: Lock and dam, $225,000, and raising the dam 2 feet, $56,000. The total expenditures on the existing, which is also the original, project were $599,029.01, of which $363,674.95 was for new work and $235,354.06 was for maintenance. IVER AND IARBOR IMPROVEMENTs.' 571 Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-No actual change in railroad freight rates has been made by the railroads themselves in order to meet competition. Complaints made by Columbia merchants of discrimi- nation against Columbia in favor of Augusta have caused the Com- merce Commission to order reduction in certain rates, thus giving Columbia the same advantage because of water transportation that had been given to Augusta, Ga., for the same reason. The low water rate causes a much larger shipment than would otherwise come, since the rate enables Columbia to be a distributing point. Proposed operations.-The work will consist of dredging and snagging and will be for maintenance. The river will be kept free from obstructions and the worst shoals will be dredged to provide a channel for the steamboat line plying between Columbia and George- town. All work to be carried on by hired labor with Government plant. The amount that can be profitably expended during the fiscal year 1917 is $25,000. Operations of dredge Congaree-------------------------------- $10, 000 Operations of snag boat--------------------------------------- 5, 000 Engineering and contingencies--------------------------------- 10, 000 25, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal articles of commerce during the current year were fertilizer, provisions, and miscellaneous gen- eral merchandise handled by a steamboat company running between Columbia and Georgetown. The value of the business has increased about 17 per cent during the year. There has been no change in the nature of the commerce. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.......................................................................-- ........ 4,307 $335,825 1913........... ............................... ...................... 3,631 532, 558 1914.................... ............................................. ........ 6,077 624,955 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_------------------- ---------------- $363, 674. 95 Maintenance----------------------------------- 235, 354. 06 Total --------------------------------------------- 599, 029. 01 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............... ......... .... ........................... ......... $15,816.01 $24, 984.07 $1, 800.02 Maintenance ............................................... 28,085.95 24,260.04 49,013.40 Total. ......... ................................... 43,901.96 49,244.11 50,813.42 572 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $36,051.14 July 25, 1912___ -------------------------------------------- 43,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913__ --------------------------------------------- 35, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 18, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 15, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____-----__-______ _ 27, 858. 57 Transferred from Santee River------- -----------...... _ 10, 000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 18, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 15, 000. 00 Receipts from sales__--------------------...... 35. 00 70, 893. 57 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement __--- $1, 800.02 -_____________ For maintenance of improvement_- --- _____-_ 49,013. 40 50, 813.42 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ______________________-___ 20, 080. 15 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities________________________- 3. 236. 42 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 16, 843. 73 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___--------------------- (1) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work___-- ------------- $698,044.80 Maintenance__ ----------------------------------------- 472, 807. 48 Total ------------------------------------------- 1170, 852.28 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ......- ..-............... .... ...- ............. $15, 816.01 $24, 984.07 $1, 800.02 Maintenance. ........--------------. - ------ ---------------------- 48, 292.07 39, 601.64 62, 533.28 Total..--..----...---...---..--------------...-----..---........---------... 64,108.08 64, 585.71 64,333.30 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------$48, 051. 14 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 64, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------- 60, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914_-------------------------------------------- 30, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915_ --------------------------------------------- 15, 000.00 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 573. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 573 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_.------------------------- $64, 766. 80 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 30, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 15, 000. 00 ... Receipts from sales_---- .--------------------- 135. 00 109, 901. 80 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement__---------- ________$1, 800.02 For maintenance of improvement __________ _ _ 62, 533. 28 64, 333. 30 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --- ______ 45, 568. 50 _---__--- July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_-- __-____-_________-__-- 4, 434. 74 July 1, 1915, balance available-----------_ 41, 133. 76 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement________________ 155, 000.00 7. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCK AND DAM ACROSS CONGAREE RIVER, NEAR COLUMBIA, S. C. This service is provided for by the permanent indefinite appro- priation for operating and care of canals and other works of navi- gation, under the provisions of section 4 of the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, as amended and reenacted by section 6 of the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1909. The operation and care of the lock and dam across the Congaree River have been provided for by allotments from this appropriation since April 7, 1906. The expenditures during the fiscal year were $9,479.80; the total expenditures have been $71,506.36. 8. INLAND WATERWAYS BETWEEN CHARLESTON HARBOR, S. C., AND ALLIGATOR CREEK (OPPOSITE McCLELLANVILLE), S. C. Location.-These waterways consist of a series of creeks, sounds, rivers, and bays (via the Cove, Sullivans Island Narrows, Conch Creek, Hamlin Creek, Dewees Creek, Bullyard Sound, Capers Creek, Santee Pass, Price Creek, Bull Narrows, Bull Creek, Hickory Bay, Sewee Creek, Sewee Bay, Van Ross Creek, Vanderhorst Creek, Belvidere Creek, Saltpond Creek, Grahams Creek, Owendaw Creek, Harbor River, Matthews Cut, and Town Creek to McClellanville), which afford a route sheltered for the most part from the sea by numerous islands which form the outer coast line. The total dis- tance from Charleston to McClellanville is 47 miles, all of which is embraced in the project. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 153 and 154.) Original condition.-The route is tidal throughout, the range of tide varying from 4.6 to 5.1 feet. Prior to beginning of improve- ment in 1906 it was obstructed by a number of shallow reaches and narrow crooked passages, particularly at points where the tides meet. The passage across Bulls Bay, besides being very shallow, was much exposed. The minimum usable low-water depth was about 1 foot; the minimum width was about 30 feet. Only very small vessels could get through without excessive delays. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 574 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, provides for a chan- nel between Charleston Harbor and a point opposite McClellanville, 4 feet deep at mean low water and 60 feet bottom width. The project was modified by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, to pro- vide for a branch of the channel to Morrisons Landing in McClel- lanville. (H. Doc. No. 84, 56th Cong., 1st sess., and Annual Report for 1900, p. 1908.) The original estimate of cost was $125,290. No estimate of cost of maintenance was made. This estimate was subsequently increased by $66,000, making the total estimate of cost as revised, $191,290. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The approved project was completed in 1913. The total amount expended was $197,805.21, of which $186,036.19 was for new work and $11,769.02 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. Expenditures were $1,884.79 for office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted. A channel 4 feet deep at mean low water and 60 feet bottom width had been secured by dredging under contract, but the channel is now less than 3 feet deep in places. The total expenditures under the approved project were $199,690, of which $186,036.19 was for new work and $13,653.81 for maintenance. Local cooperation.--The condition imposed by the river and har- bor act of June 13, 1902, provided that all land required for the same should be relinquished free of cost to the Government. The conditions imposed were complied with in full. Effect of improvement.-No effect on freight rates. The improve- ment has greatly facilitated vessel movement. Proposed operations.-Duringthe coming fiscal year it is proposed to restore the channel depth which has deteriorated, the work to be done by contract. The amount that can profitably be expended dur- ing the fiscal year 1917 is $15,000, all for maintenance. Commercial statistics.-The principal articles of commerce during the current year were cotton and cotton products, fertilizer and other plantation supplies, vegetables, naval stores, timber, oysters, oyster shells, etc. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912.............. ............................... ............... 42,136 $1,440,710 1913... ............................................ ............ 5........... 4,252 1,551,688 1914 ......................... ................................ ...... 25,667 829,859 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $186,036.19 Maintenance ----------------- --------------------- 13, 653.:81 Total ---------------- -- -------.-- -- 199, 690. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 575 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................ $35,975.42 .... ............ Maintenance............................... ........ ....... 7,081.64 $913.75 $1, 884.79 Total .................... .......................... 43,057.06 913.75 1,884.79 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------- $41, 000.00. July 25, 1912__-------- --------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------- 25, 000, 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-- -- ----------------------- 38, 484. 79 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------- 36, 600. 00 1, 884. 79 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement 1---------------------------- 884. 79 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-------------------- 15, 000. 00 9. CHARLESTON HARBOR, S. C. (INCLUDING ASHLEY RIVER AND SHIPYARD CREEK). (A) CHARLESTON HARBOR. Location.-This harbor is on the coast of South Carolina, about 15 miles southerly of the middle point of the coast line, 50 miles south- west of Winyah Bay, S. C., and 80 miles northeast of the mouth of the Savannah River. The city of Charleston lies on a point of land between the Cooper and Ashley Rivers, 71 miles from the ocean bar. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 154 and 431.) Original condition.-Outer harbor: There were originally four channels across the bar, the deepest having about 12 feet depth at low water. The tidal range was 5.2 feet on the bar entrance and within the harbor. Commerce was then using the Pumpkin Hill Channel, about 3 miles south of the present channel. Where the present jetty channel is situated there was then the Swash Channel, with a best depth of 101 feet of water, too crooked for safe use. The natural channels were shifting in position and variable in depth and width. Inner harbor: The original condition of the inner harbor did not differ markedly from that which now obtains. The present head of navigation on the Cooper River for vessels drawing 20 feet is about 20 miles and on the Ashley River about 141 miles from the harbor entrance. Previous project.--The original project was adopted by act of Congress approved June 18, 1878, and was modified by the act of Congress approved August 11, 1888. Expenditures on original and modified projects amounted to $4,037,256.70. By act of Congress approved March 3, 1899, a second project was adopted. Expendi- tures under this project amounted to $636,749.86. Total expenditures 576 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. prior to commencement of work under the existing project amounted to $4,674,006.56. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1808. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, provides for an entrance channel 28 feet deep at mean low water, 1,000 feet wide beyond the jetties, and 500 feet wide between them. (H. Doc. No. 499, 58th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1904, p. 1574.) The original estimated cost was $371,616, with annual maintenance of about $40,000. This estimate was subsequently increased by $75,000, mak- ing the total estimate of cost, as revised, $446,616. Tidal range is 5.2 feet on the bar entrance and within the harbor. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The jetties pro- tecting the ocean entrance channel through the bar had been com- pleted prior to the adoption of the present project, and a channel 28 feet deep at mean low water, 800 feet wide beyond the jetties, and 500 feet wide between them had been secured by dredging. The total amount expended was $409,589.77, of which $390,887.38 was for new work and $18,702.39 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. Expenditures were $1,175.57 for office expenses and survey work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The proportion of the ap- proved project accomplished up to June 30, 1915, is about 95 per cent. A channel has been secured 28 feet deep at mean low water, 800 feet wide beyond the jetties, and 500 feet wide between the jetties. There is a channel 28 feet deep at low water from Charleston to the sea, a distance of 7 miles. This is the minimum low-water depth. The total expenditures under the existing project were $410,765.34, of which $390,887.38 was for new work and $19,877.96 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None required by law. There has been no local cooperation looking to improvement outside the pierhead' line. Terminal facilities have materially improved in the last four years and further development is now in progress. The cost of these improvements has been defrayed by railroads and other commercial organizations. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has slightly influenced the rates of marine insurance; otherwise it has had no effect on freight rates. It has, however, greatly facilitated vessel movement and has increased traffic, especially since the opening of the Panama Canal. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to complete the project by dredging to the required width, the work to be carried on by hired labor with Government plant. The amount that can be profitably expended during the fiscal year 1917, $70,000, is as follows: Operations of dredge Sumter, 12 months ____-__-------_______ $66, 000 Engineering contingencies-------_--_-_---__-----__ 4, 000 70, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal articles of commerce during the current year were cotton, cotton goods, fertilizer materials, pro- visions, general merchandise, etc. During the year four new steam- ship lines have made this city a port oTf call. Railroads entering the city are engaged in greatly increasing their terminal facilities, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 577 with special reference to the export of coal. The marked decrease in the amount and value of commerce reported is apparently due to the European war. The value of cotton and cotton goods exported amounted to about 40 per cent of that for the preceding year, and the volume of business in general was similarly diminished. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....................... . ................................................. 986,206 $73, 440,486 1913...........................................................................------- 1,043,058 79,225,772 1914............................................................................ 919,184 46,800,741 Financialsumnrmary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------- $5, 022,950. 57 Maintenance __----------------------------6--- 61, 821. 33 Total---------------------------------------------- 5, 084, 771. 90 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 Ne work..---------------------------------------------$76,018.04 $56,891.21. Maintenance.................----------..------................................ 18,702.39 $1,175.57 Total....--...-------------- --- ---------------------........ 76,018.04 75,593.60 1,175.57 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911111111111111111111111111111111111___ $100, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------- ------ -- 50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -- ---- ------- 71, 616. 00 M ar. 4, 1915--- -- -- -- -- --- _ -- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- - -- 5, 150. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ______--------------------- 4,030. 57 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915. 5, 150. 00 Receipts from sales_ _______--------- -_ 2, 457. 83 11, 638. 40 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement __________ 1,175. 57 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --- -- ----- 10, 462. 83 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities --------- _ 9. 11 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 10, 453. 72 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------------------- 170, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_------- 170, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 0 8373 -ENG 1915- 37 578 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. (B) ASHLEY RIVER, S. C. Location.-This river rises in Dorchester County, near Summer- ville, S. C., and flows in a southeasterly direction about 40 miles through Dorchester County, uniting with the Cooper River to form the harbor of Charleston, S. C. The stretch to the Standard Wharf, 7T miles above the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, is the portion embraced in the project. It is virtually a portion of Charleston Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 431 and 445.) Original condition.--In 1880 at the mouth of the river the tidal range was 5.5 feet and at the head of navigation at Bacons Bridge, 30 miles from the mouth, it was 2 feet. The minimum usable low- water depth was about 6 feet. The river was available at high water for tugs, schooners of moderate size, and side-wheel steamers for 10 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by act of Congress approved June 14, 1880. The total expenditures amounted to $5,500. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1809. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912, provides for a channel 20 feet deep and 240 feet wide up to the Standard Wharf, about 7T miles, at an estimated cost of $51,150. No estimate was sub- mitted for maintenance. (R. and H. Com. Doc. No. 4, 62d Cong., 2d sess., without maps.) The tidal range is about 5 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the present project a channel 20 feet deep at mean low water and 240 feet wide from the mouth of the river up to the Standard Wharf had been secured by dredging under contract, but considerable shoaling had taken place. The total amount expended was $51,150, all of which was for new work, completing the project. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Redredging the channel to a depth of 20 feet at mean low water and 240 feet wide, under contract and by hired labor with Government plant, was begun April 28, 1915, and was in progress at the close of the fiscal year. The U. S. dredge Winyah Bay was engaged from April 30 to May 29 in dredging small isolated shoals and in widening the channel in front of the wharf of the Planters' Fertilizer & Phosphate Co. and on the shoal above the mouth of old Town Creek. The total amount expended was $4,423.74, all of which was for maintenance. Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-Redredging to restore channel dimensions was in progress. The available depth was 20 feet with a least width of 50 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project were $55,573.74, of which $51,150 was for new work and $4,423.74 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions imposed by law. A municipal wharf at the foot of Tradd Street was constructed at a cost of $4,758, paid by the city of Charleston, which collects toll from persons using the landing. Effect of improvement.-No effect on freight rates. The improve- ment has greatly facilitated vessel movement. Proposed operations.-Duringthe fiscal year it is proposed to re- store project width. This work to be done under contract. The RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 579 amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement, $10,000. Commercial statistics.-Included in statistics for Charleston Har- bor, S. C. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_________---------------------------------------- $56, 650.00 Maintenance _____---------_____________________----------------4, 423. 74 Total-- ---------------------------------------- 61, 073. 74 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.........---------....-----------------------........................---------.............--.. -- $35,264.89 $15,885.11 ..... Maintenance..----..............-----......--------.--....-----...--..-...------------......-----....--.....----------------- ............ $4423.74 Total--..---.. --.... ..- --- -------.... .....-- ..... 35,264.89 15,885.11 4,423.74 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------------- $51, 150.00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------- _---- 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 15, 000. 00 Receipts from sales ________-___- -_________------------ 2. 50 15, 002. 50 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------ 4, 423. 74 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended________________________ 10, 578. 76 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _________________ $524. 42 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts___ 5, 943. 70 6, 468.12 July 1, 1915, balance available --------------------------- _ 4, 110. 64 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------------- 10,000.00 (C) SHIPYARD CREEK, S. C. Location.-This creek is a salt-water arm of Cooper River, Charles- ton Harbor, which it enters at a point about three-eighths mile above Drum Island, and whence it extends about 3 miles in a northerly direction. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 445.) Original condition.--In 1912 the channel at the former mouth in Cooper River was 6 feet deep at low water, with 100 feet width. About one-half mile above the creek had broken through the inter- vening marsh. Between the 6-foot contours the distance was 200 feet; between the 12-foot contours, 300 feet. As far as the upper mill the depth in the creek was generally over 12 feet at low water, but there were shoals on which the depth was about 9 feet. The 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 580 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. maximum draft that could be carried was 13 feet. The river was navigable for about 3 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912, provides for procuring a channel across the bar at the upper mouth 15 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide for a distance of about 600 feet. The origi- nal estimated cost was $5,000. No estimate was submitted for main- tenance. (S. Doc. No. 350, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) The tidal range is about 5 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging by con- tract was completed in September, 1913, and resulted in a channel of project dimensions. The total amount expended was $4,140.17, all of which was for new work, completing the project. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. Expenditures were $9.83 for office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. There was a channel across the bar at the upper mouth 15 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide for a distance of about 500 feet, secured by dredging under contract. The project was completed for less than the estimate, with a saving of $850. The total expendi- tures were $4,150, all for new work. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, in adopting the project, provided that any dredging found necessary within the creek with a view to affording access to the wharves should be done by local interests benefited thereby. The terminal facilities have been materially improved, the cost being borne by commercial organizations. Effect of improvement.-No effect on freight rates. The improve- ment has greatly facilitated vessel movement. Proposed operations.-No work contemplated. No further reports will be submitted. Commercial statistics.-Includedin statistics for Charleston Har- bor, S. C. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $4,150. 00 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 -------------------------------------- New work ................................................... $129.26 $4,010.91 $9.83 Maintenance .............................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ___________________________________ $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_______________._________ _ 859. 83 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------------- 850.00 9. 83 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------------------- 9. 83 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 581 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------- $5, 083, 750. 57 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 66, 245. 07 Total --------------------------------- 5, 149, 995. 64 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-----.... .. . $111,412.19 $76,787.23 $.. .--------------------------------------- $9.83 Maintenance----..------..-------------------------.... ..----------------- .18,702.39 5,599.31 Total. ................. . . . ......... . 111,412.19 95,489.62 5,609.14 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-- -- -- - - - -- - - - -- - $100, 000.00 July 25, 1912 --. 106, 150. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_- - -- -- -- 71, 616. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-_ 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------- 5,150. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- - --- ___ 4, 890. 40 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 _ 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 150. 00 Receipts from sales- --------------------------------------- 2, 460. 33 27, 500. 73 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act, ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915--------------------- 850. 00 26, 650. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_ $9. 83 For maintenance of improvement___ 5, 599. 31 5, 609. 14 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______________________________ 21, 041. 59 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities __-__- _ $533. 53 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 5, 943. 70 6, 477. 23 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------ _ 14, 564. 36 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project_ --- ---------------------------------- 70, 000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------- 80, 000. 00 10. ARCHERS CREEK, S. C. Location.-This stream is a narrow tidal passage lying between Port Royal Island and Paris Island, S. C., and connecting Beaufort River with Broad River. Its length is about 3 miles, all of which is embraced in the project. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 155.) Original condition.-In 1912 the least depth was about 1.6 feet, with bottom width at low water of about 15 feet. There was a bar at each entrance and a shoal in the middle at the tidal dividing which proved obstructive. The least depth at the eastern entrance was 3 feet; at the western entrance, 6.3 feet; and at the dividing 1.6 feet. The tidal range was about 7 feet. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 582 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912, provides for a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water, with width of 75 feet, at an estimated cost of $25,000. No estimate was submitted for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 513, 62d Cong., 2d sess., with outline map.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging by con- tract was completed in September, 1913, and resulted in a channel of project dimensions. The total amount expended was $20,646.12, all of which was for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. Expenditures were $53.88, for office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--A channel 6 feet deep at mean low water and 75 feet wide had been secured. The project has been completed for less than the estimate, with a saving of $4,300. The amount expended on the existing project to the end of the fiscal year was $20,700, all for new work. Local cooperation.-Thecondition imposed by the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912, was modified by the act of March 4, 1913, so as to provide that the land required for widening this creek be donated to the United States free of cost, and that permission be given for the deposit of dredged materials on adjacent lands free of cost to the United States. The conditions imposed were complied with in full, and approved March 8, 1913, by the Chief of Engineers, United States Army. Effect of improvement.-No effect on freight rates. The improve- ment has greatly facilitated vessel movement. Proposed operations.-No work contemplated. No further reports will be submitted. Commercial statistics.-It has not been practicable to collect com- mercial statistics, the vessels using the creek being small craft owned by many different parties and scattered over a large area. The busi- ness consists of farm products, oysters, logs, etc. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------$20, 700. 00 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... -------------------------------------- $279.81 $20,366.31 $53.88 Maintenance...................................................------------ ------------ --- ------ APPROPRIATIO S. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- _ $25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------___________ 4, 353. 88 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------__ 4, 300. 00 53. 88 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement-------------------- ----- ------ ------- 53.88 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 583 EXAMINATION AND SURVEY OF CONGAREE RIVER, 8. C. , MADE IN COMPLI- ANCE WITH RIVER AND HARBOR ACT APPROVED JULY 25, 1912. Reports dated January 10, and December 22, 1913, by a special board of engineers, on preliminary examination and survey of Con- garee River, S. C., required by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, were duly submitted and reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law. The report was trans- mitted to Congress and printed in House Document No. 702, Sixty- third Congress, second session. A plan for improvement at a first cost of $100,000, with $10,000 annually for maintenance, is presented. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Ashley River, S. C. 2. South Fork of Edisto River, S. C., to a point opposite the city of Springfield. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE SAVANNAH, GA., DISTRICT. This district includes all watersheds in the State of Georgia tribu- tary to the Atlantic Ocean, and Fernandina Harbor, Fla., and St. Marys River, Ga., and Fla. District officer: Col. John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, to Septem- ber 2, 1914, and Col. W. C. Langfitt, Corps of Engineers, since that date. Division engineer: Col. John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, to Sep- tember 2, 1914, and Col. W. C. Langfitt, Corps of Engineers, since that date. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Savannah Harbor, Ga - -......... 583 9. Altamaha, Oconee, and Ocmul- 2. Savannah River below Au- gee Rivers, Ga.............. 604 gusta, Ga............. - - .. 589 10. Club and Plantation Creeks,Ga 611 3. Savannah River at Augusta, 11. Brunswick Harbor, Ga......... 612 ------ Ga...............--------------.... 592 12. Fancy Bluff Creek, Ga........ 615 4. Savannah River above Au- 13. Satilla River, Ga.............. 617 gusta, Ga--... .-.---.--.- 595 14. Fernandina Harbor, Fla., and 5. Inland Waterway between Sa- Cumberland Sound, Ga., and vannah, Ga., and Beaufort, Fla............ . 619 S. C_.... ........... 597 15. St. Marys River, Ga., and Fla.. 620 6. Cowhead River, Ga........... 599 16. Inside Water Route between 7. Sapelo Harbor, Ga--------. 601 Savannah, Ga., and Fernan- 8. Darien Harbor, Ga-------- ........ 603 dina, Fla.................. 622 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2409 TO 2434. 1. SAVANNAH HARBOR, GA. Location.-This harbor is 112 miles by water south of Charleston Harbor, S. C., and 111 miles by water north of Brunswick Harbor, Ga., and comprises the lower 20 miles of Savannah River, Tybee Knoll, Tybee Roads, and Tybee Bar, a total distance of 28 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 12.) 584 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-The earliest reports, 1734, give a depth on the bar of 3 fathoms at low water, and in 1773, 13 feet could be brought to Savannah at high water. During the Revolutionary War the channel was obstructed by wrecks. At the outbreak of the Civil War 17.5 feet could be brought to the city wharves at high tide. During the war the channel was obstructed by vessels, piles, snags, torpedoes, logs, and cribs, and in 1871 the channel at low water was in places not more than 10 feet deep. Previous projects.-The first improvement of Savannah Harbor was authorized by act of May 18, 1826. Various improvements were authorized from time to time prior to the adoption of the present project. The total expenditures under all previous authorizations prior to the adoption of the present project was $7,260,383.98 for new work and $298,894.26 for maintenance, making a total of $7,559,- 278.24. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1810. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel 26 feet deep at mean low water from the sea to the western limits of Savannah, a distance of 28 miles, with widths varying from 400 to 600 feet, and a channel thence 2 miles to the foot of Kings Island 21 feet deep at mean low water and 300 feet wide. The rise and fall of the tide is 6.2 feet at the city and 6.5 feet on the bar. The 26-foot project was tentatively adopted by the river and har- bor act of March 2, 1907, and definitely by the act of June 25, 1910, in accordance with a report printed in House Document No. 181, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session, at an estimated cost of $2,705,- 699.48. No estimate of the cost of maintenance was submitted. The revised estimate for completion of the work adopted in 1910 to com- plete the project was $1,545,000, exclusive of previous appropria- tions, with $250,000 annually for maintenance. The 21-foot project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, in accord- ance with a report printed in House Document No. 563, Sixty-second Congress, second session, at an estimated cost of $140,000, the cost of maintenance being included in the estimate for maintenance of the 26-foot channel. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Since the com- mencement of the improvement work the channel has been mate- rially straightened and deepened from 10 feet to 26 feet at mean low water by means of contraction work and dredging, mainly the latter, 137,370 feet of training wall having been constructed and 37,298,570 cubic yards of material having been removed from the channel by dredging. Prior to the beginning of this fiscal year the expendi- tures for the 26-foot channel have been $1,674,980.77 1 for improve- ment and $788,007.90 for maintenance, and for the 21-foot channel $80,993.31, all of which was for original improvement, a total of $1,755,974.08 for new work and $788,007.90 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The Government dredges have removed 1,924,771 cubic yards, of which 1,713,895 cubic yards was for maintenance due to shoaling. Of the former amount 124,358 cubic yards was refractory material in the form of heavy clay interspersed with layers of rottenstone, removed from the upper portion of the 26-foot channel. The total expenditure for the dredging has been $168,641.36, of which $40,849.65 was for improve- 1The sum of $2,445.50, which was included in last year's report, has been deducted from total expenditure, as also $9,000, which was allotted for the inside route between Beaufort and Savannah. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 585 ment and $127,791.71 for maintenance. This work has directly im- proved 15,000 feet of channel, toward completion of project; the total length of channel upon which work was done being 20 miles. Under the 26-foot channel project the oyster-bed training wall has been raised, by contract, 3 to 6 feet, to the height of high water, for 2,900 feet, at an expenditure of $61775.60; the work is 30 per cent completed. A general survey of Tybee Bar and Roads was made with a view of comparing its present condition with that prior to the com- mencement of the present project, the date of the last previous survey being in 1903. A complete system of triangulation, marked by concrete monuments, has been established from the city to the sea. For this miscellaneous work and other contingencies there has been expended $43,516.98. Under the 26-foot project $218,933.94 was expended during the fiscal year, of which $40,849.65 was for new work and $178,084.29 for maintenance. There was also expended $500 of contributed funds, the latter having been used in conjunction with Government funds in restoring the Screvens Ferry Cut, which was the purpose for which they were contributed. Under the 21-foot project there was expended for new work $43.33. Private dredging has been carried on amounting to 407,177 cubic yards inside and outside of the official harbor lines, and has increased the capacity of the harbor. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The 26-foot channel was 86 per cent completed at the end of the fiscal year and the 21-foot channel 50 per cent. No dredging has been done on the latter portion of the harbor since October 2, 1913. The controlling depth at low water is 23 feet, and is found at two localities. The channel has been straightened at the mouth of the river and materially widened over the exposed area outside of the river proper. The expenditures on the 26-foot channel, up to June 30, 1915, were $1,715,830.42 for improve- ment and $966,092.19 for maintenance, and on the 21-foot channel $81,036.64 for improvement, a total of $1,796,867.06 for improvement and $966,092.19 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No local cooperation has been given for the 26-foot channel. Under the 21-foot channel project the appropriation was made subject to the condition that before work was undertaken the city of Savannah should accept a certain parcel of land offered by interested parties and give satisfactory assurance to the Secretary of War that the city would provide suitable terminal facilities thereat. The Secretary of War accepted the assurances submitted by the city under date of October 15, 1912. The owners of the ferry using Screvens Cut contributed $500 for work in this vicinity under date of September 21, 1914. The city of Savannah has constructed a municipal wharf 355 feet in length, with loading slips, located in front of the main portion of the city, at a cost of $9,556. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been a reduction in freight rates since 1896 of from 30 to 50 per cent, according to commodity. Commerce of the port has tripled in ton- nage, with 10 times its original value. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to expend the additional funds asked for on the 26-foot project as follows: Maintaining and completing the 26-foot channel, using the two seagoing dredges, at an estimated cost of $135,000, and a 20-inch hydraulic dredge at an estimated cost of $90,000 for dredging, and expending $90,000 by 586 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. contract in raising existing training walls and dredging. A contin- gent fund of $35,000 will be necessary to cover office, surveying, and miscellaneous expenses. With a view to the proper and economical care of floating plant of this district, such as docking, minor repairs, coaling, and the lay- ing up of such portions as are not in use, estimates have been prepared of the cost of the necessary wharf, basins, coaling and storage facili- ties, land, etc. It is believed that the direct money saving due to the possession of these terminals in the price of coal delivered by cars or vessels, the saving due to being able to coal the vessels promptly at any and all times, the increased safety to the plant when tied up, and the ease of making minor repairs and the saving thereby ren- ders it most advisable to provide these necessary adjuncts to the works of this district. The estimate for all these purposes is $60,000, of which the equitable proportion for Savannah Harbor is $45,000. This amount is added to the amount required for the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1917, for other purposes. The estimate of additional funds requested for the 26-foot channel is therefore $395,000. Recently local interests have requested that the 21-foot channel be completed, as inquiries have been received for factory sites in the locality affected, and the funds asked for on the 21-foot-channel project will be expended in continuing this improvement by dredg- ing, either under contract or by Government plant, as appears most advantageous to the Government. The estimate for this work is $150,000. The total estimate for Savannah Harbor is $545,000. Commercial statistics.--The chief articles of export are cotton, lumber, and naval stores, of which shipments for the year 1914 were as follows: Of cotton, 1,093,469 bales; of lumber, 150,257,181 feet; and naval stores, 129,589 barrels of turpentine and 827,591 barrels of rosin. The total amount of freight received and shipped at the port during 1914 was 2,478,535 short tons, valued at $349,193,325. The Central of Georgia Railway Co. have under construction ter- minals costing about $1,000,000, which are to be made use of by the Ocean Steamship Co. During the past year the Merchants & Miners Transportation Co. completed new warehouses and concrete-faced docks, costing approximately $500,000. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. ------ 1912............................................................--..-------................. 3,120,676 $296,444,106 1913----------------- ---------------------------------------- 3,154,089 360,536,275 1914........................-----...........................------------........................-------2,478,535 349,193,325 Financialsummary. 26-FOOT CHANNEL. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------------------------- $8, 976, 214. 40 Maintenance ----------------- - 1, 264, 986. 45 Total__ --------------------------------------- 10, 241, 200. 85 1 From amount previously reported, $801.41 has been deducted on account of refund- ments heretofore included, and $106,700 has been deducted on account of expenditures on channel between Beaufort, S. C., and Savannah, Ga., now accounted for under that work. sFrom amount previously reported, $9,000 has been deducted on account of expendi- tures on channel between Beaufort, S. C., and Savannah, Ga., now accounted for under that work. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 587 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................-------------------------------......----.....--..-..------...... $216,853.67 $139,977.09 $40,849.65 Maintenance.....-- .-.-----........---------------------------- 234,924.81 177,435.94 178,084.29 ..--------------------------------------.---............ Total......-- 451,778.481317,413.03 218,933.94 1'From amount previously reported, $2,445.50 has been deducted on account of erroneously included expenditures. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ---------------------------------------------- $400, 000.00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ 400, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------------------- 345, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------- 235, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 177, 964. 29 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct.2, 1914_ 150, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 -------- ------------------------------------ ---- 235, 000. 00 Receipts from sales---___________---------------- 495. 50 563, 459. 79 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------- $40, 849. 65 For maintenance of improvement--__---- ____ 178, 084.29 - 218, 933. 94 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ____________________________ 344, 525. 85 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------- $60, 657.15 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ----------------------------------------- 89,118.36 149, 775. 51 July 1, 1915, balance available____________________________ 194, 750. 34 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project_______________________________ -1100, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_ 1395, 000. 00 21-FOOT CHANNEL. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ....... ____-------------- 81, 036. 64 Maintenance -- - Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...------------------------------------------$49,927.83 $31,065.48 $43.33 Maintenance................. . ...................................... .............. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 588 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last fivefiscal years only.] July 25, 1912__------------------------------------------ 1$140. 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 59, 006. 69 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 50; 000. 00 9, 006. 69 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement---- __ ------------ 43. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------- ---------------- 8, 963. 36 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project -------------------------------------- 2 8270, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement ------------------------ 150, 000. 00 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- 500. 00 Maintenance Maintenance---------_---_- _ -- ,-------_--------- --- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....................................................--------------------------- --- $500.00 Maintenance... ------------------------------------------------------------------- APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Contributed by Georgia-Carolina Ferry Co., Oct. 30, 1914 ---- $500. 00 Oct. 30, 1914, received from Georgia-Carolina Ferry Co........ 500. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------ --------------------------- 500. 00 CON SOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- 49,057, 751.04 Maintenance 1,264, 986. 45 _------------------------------------ Total -- ------------ 10, 322, 737. 49 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work----....-----.......---........-----------..-------......-..----------...........--....----.. $266,781.50 $171, 042.57 $40, 892.98 Maintenance............ ............... ...... ....234, 924.81 ................... 177, 435.94 178, 584.29 Total-------....-........---------....---------------------..--........... 501,706.31 348,478.51 219,477.27 1Of this amount $50,000 has been transferred to Savannah Harbor, Ga.-26-foot channel. 2 This estimate increased $50,000 on account of withdrawal, see note (1). 8Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 4 From amount previously reported, $801.41 has been deducted on account of refundments heretofore included and $106,700 has been deducted on account of expenditures on channel between Beaufort, S. C., and Savannah, Ga., now accounted for under that work. 6From amount previously reported, $9,000 has been deducted on account of expenditures on channel between Beaufort, S. C., and Savannah, da., now accounted for under that work. 6 From amount previously reported, $2,445.50 has been deducted on account of erroneously included expenditures. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 589 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------- -------- --- $400, 000. 00 July 25, 1912--------- -------------------------------- 490, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-- --------------------------------- -345, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ------ -- -------------------------- 150, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-- --------------- ------------------------- 235, 000. 00 Contributed by Georgia-Carolina Ferry Co., Oct. 30, 1914-------- 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------_-------______--------- 236, 970. 98 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 150, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 235, 000. 00 Oct. 30, 1914, amount received from Georgia-Carolina Ferry Co_ _ 500. 00 Receipts from sales------------------------ -- 495. 50 622, 966. 48 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 ----------------- -------------------- 50, 000. 00 572, 966. 48 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement--------------------$41, 392. 98 For maintenance of improvement-------------- 178,084. 29 219, 477. 27 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended________________________ ___ 353, 489. 21 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _________-- __ $60, 657. 15 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 89, 118. 36 149, 775. 51 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 203, 713. 70 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing projects----------------------------------- 1370, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance ------- 1545, 000. 00 2. SAVANNAH RIVER BELOW AUGUSTA, GA. Location.-The Savannah River is formed by the junction of the Tugaloo and Seneca Rivers on the northwestern part of the South Carolina-Georgia boundary line. It flows southeast on the boundary line and empties into the Atlantic Ocean 204 miles from its source, the distance by river being about 330 miles. The project provides for the improvement of the river from Savannah, 18 miles from the sea, to Augusta, a distance of 201 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 12 for lower portion.) Original condition.-Previousto improvement the river was navi- gable for the greater part of the year for steamboats drawing 4 to 5 feet, but during the low-water season there were various shoals in the upper portion of the river, with low-water depths of not more than 2 or 3 feet. The other obstructions consisted of overhanging trees, snags, and sunken logs. Previous projects.-There was expended under the project adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881, $93,480.09, and under the project adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, $228,572.99. The latter is still in force as to the character of some of the work of maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1813. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 590 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Present project.-The present project provides for a navigable steamboat channel 5 feet deep (the width not specified) at ordinary summer low water (H. Doc. No. 255, 51st Cong., 2d sess.), and was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890. A modi- fication as to the 20 or 25 miles immediately below Augusta (H. Doc. No. 962, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The project before modification provided for obtaining the necessary channel through the use of contraction work, the closure of cut-offs, and bank protection, and provided for the removal of snags, overhanging trees, and wrecks. The estimated cost of new work was $331,884 and the cost of maintenance was esti- mated at from $3,000 to $5,000 annually. The 1910 modification of the project has for its principal object the protection of the channel from the large amount of bar-forming material which is dropped into it at each freshet by the caving banks in the 20 or 25 miles im- mediately below Augusta. It provides for the construction of 40,000 linear feet of bank protection, 10,000 feet of training walls, the re- pair of similar existing structures, and the construction of a hydrau- lic dredge to be used in maintaining the channel. The estimated cost of this project was $320,000 for new work, $20,000 for the dredge, and $40,000 for repairs to existing work. The annual cost of main- tenance was estimated at $10,000 until the completion of the new work, after which it was thought it could be reduced to $5,000 or $6,000. Operationsand results priorto the fiscal year.-Snaggingoperations have been carried on since the improvement of the river was begun. In addition the channel depths have been increased on the worst bars by means of spur dikes, training walls, protection for caving banks, and dredging. There have been constructed and used in this work the snagboat Tugaloo and the 10-inch suction dredge Augusta, be- sides other miscellaneous plants. This work has resulted in maintain- ing a channel for steamboats drawing 5 feet except during periods of unusually low water. The total cost of new work to include June 30, 1914, was $457,852.76, and the cost of maintenance $87,143.58. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The new work has consisted in the construction under contract of 3,722 linear feet of bank protection at a cost including contingencies of $39,664.04. The work of maintenance has consisted in the repair under contract of 3,370 linear feet of bank protection and training wall at a cost of $8,835.82, the removal by day labor of 1,305 cubic yards of stone and brush from old spur dikes at a cost of $1,200, the removal by day labor of snags and other obstructions from 196 miles of channel at a cost of $12,904.03, and the dredging of 5,063 feet of channel at a cost of $4,301.49. The total expenditures during the year were $68,693.22. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. A draft of 5 feet can be carried to Augusta when the river is at 7 feet on the Augusta gauge, which is the stage assumed as ordinary summer low water upon which the project was based. With the river at 4 feet on this gauge, which is the low-water stage deter- mined by the rule given in section 5 of the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, the maximum draft which can be carried is only about 2 feet. The total expenditure under present project for new work has been $645,566.56, and for maintenance $196,695.99, a totalof $842,262.55. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 591 Local cooperations.-There has been no direct cooperation. The city of Augusta is expending $50,000 in rebuilding their municipal wharf and warehouse. The city of Savannah has constructed a municipal wharf 355 feet in length, with loading slips located in front of the main portion of the city, at a cost of $9,556. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvements in freight rates has been a reduction of from 30 to 50 per cent, according to the nature of the commodity, and also a relative control of freight rates between various points throughout the United States and the interior parts of Georgia. Proposed operations.-The following estimate is submitted of funds needed for proposed operations from July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917: For operation of 1 pipe-line dredge, 4 months, at $1,500 per month in removing bars---------------- --- ------------------------ $6, 000 For operation of 1 snag boat, 6 months, at $1,500 per month in removing snags, etc., and in miscellaneous work -------------------------- 9, 000 For repair under contract or by day labor of 2,000 linear feet of bank protection and training walls, at $5 ---------------------------10,000 With a view to the proper and economical care of floating plant of this district, such as docking, minor repairs, coaling, and the lying up of such portions as are not in use, estimates have been prepared of the cost of the necessary wharf, basins, coaling, and storage facili- ties, land, etc. It is believed that the direct money saving due to the possession of these terminals in the price of coal delivered by cars or vessel, the saving due to being able to coal the vessels promptly at any and all times, the increased safety to the plant when tied up and the ease of making minor repairs and the saving thereby renders it most advisable to provide these necessary adjuncts to the works of this district. These estimates amount to $60,000, of which the equitable propor- tion for Savannah River below Augusta, Ga., is $4,000. This amount, added to the amount required for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, makes the total appropriation needed for maintenance during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, $29,000. Commercial statistics.-A new line of boats commenced making regular runs between Savannah and Augusta on January 29, 1915, with one twin-screw half tunnel barge of 225 tons capacity with two gas-producer engines of 75 horsepower each. A similar barge for the same line has been partially completed. The commerce of the river consists principally of cotton and cotton factory products, naval stores, fertilizer, general merchandise, and timber. Its amount and value for the last three years has been as follows: Comparative statement. Cargoes. Rafted logs. Year. Short Value. Feet b. m. Value. tons. 1912....--......-----.---.............------- --------------------------- 30,479 $2,190,153 30,500,000 $296,950 1913..........-------...-..---------------------------------......---------- 33,902 8,897,112 27,284,000 215,590 1914.-----.---..................-- ----------- ------------ 135,635 3,222,979 18,593,000 285,144 'In addition to the above, 44,400 tons of sand, valued at $40,366, was dredged near Savannah and Augusta and carried to those cities; and there was also carried 40,590 tons of stone, piling, and brush mattress for use in river improvement work and valued at 877, 616. 592 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ___________________ _______ $739,046.65 Maintenance __-------------------------- 196, 695. 99 Total ------------------ ------------------------ '935, 742.64 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........ ... ...$101,311.00 .. .............................. $74,283.71 $39,664.'04 Maintenance................................... ... . . . 36,180.40 19,238. 67 29,029. 18 Total ........ . .. ......-... ........................... . 137,491.40 93,522.38 68,693.22 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------ $100; 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 105, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------ 125, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---_----- -------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_- ----- __ -- ____----____ 66, 106. 35 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 15, 000. 00 96, 106. 35 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement______________________ $39, 664. 04 For maintenance of improvement ------- 29, 029. 18 68, 693. 22 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ____________------------- -27, 413. 13 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_--------------___-- ___ 3, 625. 44 July 1, 1915, balance available__ ----------------------------- 23, 787. 69 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------_____ _ 2 29,000. 00 3. SAVANNAH RIVER AT AUGUSTA, GA. Location.-Augusta is located 219 miles from the mouth of the Savannah River, for location of which see report on Savannah River below Augusta, Ga. Original condition.-The city of Augusta is situated at the point where the slope of the river changes from a steep to a gradual in- cline, and is subject to sudden and severe floods. These floods develop a very high velocity of current, which attacks the banks of the stream, particularly on the Augusta side, and with every flood a loss of bank occurred. The banks thus eroded and carried into the river add material to the bars, obstructing navigation at and below the city. Previous projects.-None. 1The amount of $687.10 has been deducted from amount previously reported, being reimbursements. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 593 Present project.-The original project provides for protecting the river bank from Hawks Gully to Fifth Street, a distance of 7,900 feet, by grading the bank and riprapping and paving it to a height of 18 feet above ordinary low water and by grading and sodding it from this height to the top of the bank at an estimated cost of $250,000. This project (H. Doc. No. 487, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. An extension of this project providing for similar work from Fifth Street to East Boundary Street, a distance of 3,500 feet, at an estimated cost of $120,000 (H. Doc. No. 1319, 62d Cong., 3d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The original proj- ect, completed at a cost of $227,812.51, all for new work, had with- stood a very severe freshet. The extension of the project had been 3 per cent completed at a cost of $199.04. As a whole, the project had been 70 per cent completed at a cost of $228,011.55, with no expenditure for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work on the ex- tension of the project was continued under contract, 94 per cent of the work being completed during the year at a cost of $106,163.05. At the end of the fiscal year 3,000 feet of bank protection had been completed under the extension of the project. The work of mainte- nance had consisted of cutting brush, by day labor, on the bank pro- tection from Hawks Gully to Center Street, at a cost of $90.26. Bids were opened June 21, 1915, for making the work at Hawks Gully conform to the new city levee, for repairing revetment at the mouths of sewers, all of which have been abandoned on account of the adoption of a new outlet sewer and for raising the riprap at the foot of the paving up to grade where it had settled at isolated points. The expenditures during the year amounted to $53,081.54 for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The original project was com- pleted and its extension 97 per cent completed. The result of this improvement, not being local, can not be distinguished from that of other channel-improvement work, but prevents the introduction into the channel of bar-forming material at each freshet and at the same time protects water frontage valuable for terminals and other pur- poses. The total expenditures were $334,264.86, of which $334,174.60 was for new work and $90.26 for maintenance. Of the total expendi- tures $166,211.59 was made from contributed funds. Local cooperation.--The original project was adopted with an ap- propriation of $125,000, on condition that the city or other local agency should contribute a like amount. The work was completed in accordance with this condition, the city having deposited $125,000 with the Treasurer of the United States on January 11, 1911. In adopting the extension of the project the same conditions were incor- porated. The city, as before, complied with this condition by de- positing $60,000 on December 15, 1913. The city maintains for public use a wharf and warehouse, which are being rebuilt at a cost of $50,000. Effect of improvement.-Besides the Indirect effect of bettering channel conditions, the improvement has made it possible to establish permanent terminals on the Augusta water front. 83730 -ENG 1915-38 594 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds is submitted, as those now on hand are sufficient to complete the work and to provide such maintenance as will probably be necessary before July 1, 1917. Commercial statistics.-See those for Savannah River below Au- gusta, as this work is for the improvement of that portion of the river. Financial summary. GOVERNMENT FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $168, 053. 27 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........................................ $27,911.68 $16,712.64 $53,081.54 Maintenance..................................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------- $60, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 70, 028. 27 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------- 53, 081. 54 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_-----------------------------16, 946. 73 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ---------------- $4, 626. 63 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 1, 500. 29 6, 126. 92 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 10, 819. 81 CONTRIBUTED FUNI}S. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- 66, 121. 33 Maintenance __ - 9------------------------- 90. 26 Total- -------------------------------------------- 66, 211. 59 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... .... ........ .... ....... ........................... $34, 998.93 $22, 857.57 $53, 081.51 Maintenance-.....-.. .............. -----.-. . . ...... .. ..................- 90.26 Total................----............-----......------.............. 34, 998. 93 22, 857.57 53,171.77 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Amount contributed by the city of Augusta, Ga----------------- $60, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----------------__----------- 71, 960. 18 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-------------------_ $53, 081.51 For maintenance of improvement---------------- 90. 26 53, 171. 77 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----- 18, 788. 41 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_-- - $4, 684. 19 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts 1, 500. 28 6, 184. 47 July 1, 1915, balance available _--_--------------- __-____ 12, 603. 94 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 595 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------34, 174. 60 Maintenance----------------------- -- ----- ---- 90.26 Total------------------------------------------ ------- 334, 264. 86 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... ...... $62,910.61 $39,570.21 $106,163.05 Maintenance-----------------.. .....................---- 90.26 Total................. ...... ... ............... 62,910.61 39,570.21 106,253.31 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------ $60, 000. 00 Amount contributed by the city of Augusta, Ga--------------------60, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------__ 141, 988. 45 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement--------------------- $106, 163. 05 For maintenance of improvement---------------- 90. 26 106, 253. 31 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 35, 735. 14 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------------ $9, 310. 82 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts 3, 000. 57 12, 311. 39 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------------- 23, 423. 75 4. SAVANNAH RIVER ABOVE AUGUSTA, GA. Location.-For the location of the Savannah River, see report on Savannah River below Augusta. This work extends from the locks 234 miles from the mouth of the river and 8 miles above Augusta, to Petersburg, 282 miles from the mouth and just above Broad River. Work under the preceding project extended to Andersonville, 330 miles from the mouth. At the locks there is a fixed dam, with a lock connecting with a canal to the city of Augusta, but this canal has, no connection with the river below the dam. (See U. S. Geological Survey Georgia-South Carolina map, Crawfordville and McCor- mack quadrangles. Original condition.-Navigation at low water was very difficult on account of the rapids, shoals, and rocks, snags, and similar ob- structions. Previous projects.-There was expended on the project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, $39,000. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1813. Present project.-The existing plan of improvement adopted by Congress July 13, 1892, provides for the establishment, between Petersburg and the lock near Augusta, a distance of 48 miles, of a downstream channel, 12 to 25 feet in width, navigable during ordi- nary summer low water for pole boats drawing 2 feet, and of an upstream channel navigable for pole boats drawing 1.3 feet of water. This is to be obtained by removing logs and overhanging trees; ex- cavating rocks, sand, or gravel, and with excavated materials raising 596 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. crests of ledges; constructing training walls to increase flow of water through sluices. The total estimated cost was $33,000. (See H. Doc. No. 213, 51st Cong., 1st sess.; Annual Report for 1890, p. 1484.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project chan- nels had been obtained, although in many places they were difficult of navigation and could be much further improved. This had been accomplished by the removal of obstructions, by raising the crests of ledges, and by the construction of training dams and sluiceways. The improvement was 64 per cent completed. Two power dams which have been constructed have drowned out much of the work of improvement under the present and former projects. The first of these is at Stevens Creek, about 1 mile above the Augusta Dam, and has a lock. Its pool is about 12 miles long. The second dam, at Greggs Shoals, about 19.5 miles below the forks, has no lock. Its pool is 24 miles in length. There had been expended on the work of improvement $28,074.26, of which $26,478.74 was for new work and $1,595.52 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Four hundred and one cubic yards of rock were removed, under contract, from shoals between the Augusta Dam and the Stevens Creek Dam, 1 mile of channel being improved. There was expended during the year $2,113.48, of which $1,950.45 was for improvement and $163.03 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project depth had been obtained, and on the lower 14 miles a draft of 3 feet could be car- ried. There has been expended under the present project $30,187.74, of which $28,429.19 was for original work and $1,758.55 for main- tenance. Local cooperation.-This waterway was improved by the State and by private parties before improvement was undertaken by the United States. There has been no other local cooperation. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been to render navigation safer and easier, but it is impossible to deter- mine whether it has caused any material reduction in freight rates. Proposed operations.-No estimate for funds is submitted, as it is believed that the funds now on hand will be sufficient to provide necessary work of maintenance until July 1, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The freight carried on this portion of the river consists of cotton, hay, grain, fertilizer, cordwood, and general merchandise. Formerly there was no established boat line, freight being transported in flat or pole boats belonging to private indi- viduals, but in the latter part of the year a regular boat was put on the lower portion of the river in addition to the miscellaneous boats formerly used. The commerce for the last three calendar years has been as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912.----.. --.....-------------------------------------------------------......... 3,244 $206,480 1913...----..------.. --- ----- ------------------------------------.. 11,733 79,112 2 1914 .--...---.....- .---- ..------- --------------------------------------. 7,772 133,000 1River closed except for 3 months by construction of new dam at Stevens Creek. 2 River closed except for 8) months by construction of new dam at Stevens Creek. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 597 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------- $67, 429.19 Maintenance --------------------------- --------- 1, 758. 55 Total -------------------------------------- 69, 187. 74 Amount expended during fiscal year ended June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work----------------..................--------------------------.. ------------ ...---.. . ------ $1,950.45 Maintenance.--.. ..--.----- --------------------------..... --------------- $124.58 163.03 Total--....---...----..........-------------------------------------------------...124.58 2,113.48 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------------- $3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------- 3, 470. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 6, 395. 74 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_ _ ------- $1, 950. 45 For maintenance of improvement ------------------- 163. 03 2, 113. 48 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 4, 282. 26 5. INLAND WATERWAY BETWEEN SAVANNAH, GA., AND BEAU- FORT, S. C. Location.-This waterway connects Savannah, Ga., and Beaufort, S. C., via Fields Cut, Mud River, and Ramshorn Creek, a distance of 53 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 12.) Original condition.-For many years a considerable amount of commerce between Savannah and Beaufort and vicinity was in light- draft boats by practically the route described above. About 1861 the connection between Savannah Harbor and Mud River was closed. Thereafter this commerce had to take the route via the mouth of Wrights River. About 1894 serious shoaling occurred at the mouth of Ramshorn Creek and at the mouth of Wrights River, the channel at the latter point threatening to become entirely closed. Previous projects.-There was expended under a project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, $49,323 for improve- ment and nothing for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1814. Present project.-This project, published in House Document No. 295, Fifty-third Congress, third session, was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, as a part of the improvement of Savan- nah Harbor. The project provides for obtaining a 7-foot channel at mean low water via "Route No. 2 " of the document just men- tioned. This route followed Ramshorn Creek, Wrights River, and Mud River. The mean tidal range is from 6.5 to 7 feet. The dredg- 1The amount of $779.88 has been deducted from previous report, being reimburse- ment. 598 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. ing in Ramshorn Creek under the preceding project left a suitable channel. The original estimate for this route was $84,700, but the cost of carrying out that portion common to both routes was paid for out of funds allotted for the first project. The project did not specify a width of channel, but this width should be 100 feet in con- fined waters and 150 feet in open waterways. No estimate for main- tenance was made, but there will probably be necessary for this pur- pose $2,500 annually. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work, consist- ing entirely of dredging, has cost $73,385.83, of which $57,377 was for improvement and $16,008.83 for maintenance. The project chan- nel was secured in 1900 and has been maintained since, except at in- tervals when there were no funds available. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-An examination was made of the Ramshorn Creek portion and shoaling found to exist. An allotment was obtained for restoration of project depth and the removal of logs, etc., found in Fields Cut. Expenditures were $150 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1900, and has been fairly well maintained; a channel 7 feet deep at mean low water, with a minimum width of 50 feet, exists. The total expenditures under the present project has been $73,535.83, of which $57,377 was for new work and $16,158.83 for maintenance work. Local cooperation.--There has been no local cooperation. There is a municipal wharf for the use of the public at Savannah, 355 feet in length, built at a cost of $9,556. Effect of improvement.-This improvement has facilitated and rendered safer the water-borne commerce between Savannah and Beaufort, by providing an inland waterway avoiding the exposed route via the mouth of the Savannah River and Calibogue Sound. The effect of the improvement on freight rates can not be stated. Proposed operations.-The following estimate is submitted of funds needed for proposed operations from July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917: For operating one pipe-line dredge and snag boat 2 months, at $1,250 per month, in maintaining the channel, $2,500. Commercial statistics.-The principal items of commerce are: Oyster shells, canned oysters, lumber, cotton, cotton seed, fertilizer, and miscellaneous merchandise. The amount and value have been as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912 (no record)....... -...... ... ... ................................ ... 1913..... .............................................. ........ ............. 166, 641 $1, 680,63 1914............................. ....................................... 61,265 2,409,338 Passengers, 1914, 491,440. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--________--------______ $106, 700.00 Maintenance - - - __--_-_--------_--- -_-- _--__-16, 158. 83 Total ------------------------------- _ _ 122, 858.83 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 599 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... .... ........................ ...................... ............. Maintenance................................................ $2,112.29 $4,896.54 $150.00 APPROPRIATIONS: [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------- -------------------------------------------- $158.83 Mar. 4, 1915_---------------------------------- ---- 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 Feb. 8, 1915, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913__ 150. 00 5, 150. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_______________________ _-- - - 150. 00 ------------------------ July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___ - 5, 000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _______________---- 12, 500. 00 6. COWHEAD RIVER, GA. Location.-This river connects Tybee and Lazaretto Creeks near Tybee Island at the mouth of the Savannah River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 12.) Original condition.-There was originally at this place a narrow high-water connection between the two creeks known locally as Cowhead Cut. At low tide there was no water in the cut. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The project published in House Document No. 109, Sixty-second Congress, first session, and adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, provides for dredging a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water 1,500 feet long with a bottom width of from 50 to 75 feet, at an estimated cost of $6,000. It was thought no maintenance would be required. The tidal range is 6.8 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A dredged channel 1,550 feet long, with a bottom width of 140 feet and a controlling depth of 10 feet, was completed May 14, 1913, at a cost of $4,891.57. No maintenance had been necessary. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done as the channel was self maintaining. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project had been completed at a cost of $4,981.57, which was $1,108.43 less than the estimate. A draft of 10 feet could be carried through the channel at low water. Local cooperation.-The project was adopted with an appropria- tion of $3,000, the expenditure of which was made contingent upon local authorities contributing a like sum and furnishing the right of way free of cost to the United States. The $3,000 was deposited with the Treasurer of the United States, March 6, 1913, of which $554.21 was returned to the town of Tybee under section 4, river and harbor act of March 4, 1915. In addition to this the town 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 600 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of Tybee has built a substantial wharf for use of all boats at the lower end of the island. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has provided a shel- tered water route, navigable by light-draft boats at all stages of the tide, from Savannah to the south end of Tybee Island, Ga., and re- sulted in a reduction of 33 per cent in rates on some of the commerce to this island. Proposed operations.-None. Commercial statistics.--As a result of this improvement a small steamboat makes daily trips between Savannah and the town of Tybee during the summer months. The improvement is also used by a few excursion steamers and a large number of small boats. The commerce, consisting of general merchandise shipped from Savannah to Tybee, has been as follows: Short Number Year. tons. Value.of pas- sengers. 1914........................................................1,015 $64,951 11,245 Financial summ a ry. GOVERNMENT FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------$2, 445. 78 Maintenance __------------------------------ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ................... $2,445.78.. ................. Maintenance... ................................................................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912----------------------------------------------- $3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------554. 22 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------------- 554. 22 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work__--------------------------_ ------------------ 2, 445. 79 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ...------------------------------------------ $2,445.79...................... Maintenance.... .................................. ................. .......... APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Amount contributed by the town of Tybee, Ga____________--- 3, 000. 00 ... .TJuly 1, 1914, balance unexpended_--_______-----__ 554. 21 Deduction on account of return of unexpended funds to the town of Tybee, Ga ---------- ----------------------------- 554. 21 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 601 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-- ------------------------------------------- $4, 891. 57 Maintenance __ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work------------------------------------------$................................................... 4,891.57 ................... Maintenance................................................. --------........... ---------- APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------__ --------------------------------- 3, 000.00 Amount contributed by the town of Tybee, Ga___________________--3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------- 1, 108. 43 Deduction on account of return of unexpended balance from con- tributed funds to the town of Tybee ___--- __----------------- 554. 21 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 554. 22 7. SAPELO HARBOR, GA. Location.-The entrance to this harbor is about 37 miles by sea south of Savannah Harbor and about 34 miles north of Brunswick Harbor, Ga. The commercial harbor is situated on what is known as Front River, a deep tidal creek, 6 miles long, emptying into Sapelo Sound. The distance from the mouth of the river to the sea through Sapelo Sound is about 12 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey chart No. 12.) Original condition.-Front River was originally obstructed by three bars, with a controlling depth on the outer one of about 13 feet, while the controlling depth on Sapelo bar was about 17 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This provides for dredging a 17-foot channel, 150 feet wide, through the lower two bars in Front River, at an esti- mated cost of $21,000. The annual cost of maintenance was estimated at $1,750. This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. (See H. Doc. No. 561, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The mean tidal range on Sapelo Bar is 7 feet and in the harbor 7.5 feet. Operations and results priorto the fiscal year.-A dredged channel 17 feet deep and 150 feet wide through the two lower bars in Front River was finished November 16, 1911, completing the project. The improvement had cost $17,905.73. There had been no expenditure for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-A survey was made in February to determine the condition of the channel and the neces- sity for redredging. There was expended during the fiscal year $21.50 for maintenance and nothing for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted. The controlling depth was 15.5 feet at mean low water. 602 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. There had been expended on present project, to include June 30, 1915, for new work $17,905.73 and $21.50 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.--The improvement of this harbor has made it possible for vessels to load in the protected water of Front River and clear coastwise and foreign. As there is no town at this point and no rail connections, the effect of this improvement on freight rates can not be determined. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted, as it is believed the funds on hand will be sufficient to provide for maintenance until June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the last three calendar years has been as follows: Comparative statement. Lumber. Year. Feet b. m. Short tons. Value. 1912..------............---------...--------------------------------------............................................... 14,700,000 29,400 $237,900 1913-----..-----------...----...--...-........---.............................----------..-----------------25,954,000 51,908 519,090 1914..------------...-----..-------.......----..--..-.....----........................................ 25,740,000 51,480 389941 The commerce of this port consists entirely of lumber and timber brought in by rafts from Darien and shipped out by vessel, using Sapelo entrance. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------ $17, 905. 73 Maintenance ----------------------------------------------- 21. 50 Total -------------------------------------------------- 17, 927. 23 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...............................................................-.............. Maintenance- ---------------------------------------------- ---------- $21.50 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- $11, 000. 00 ----------------------------------------- Mar. 4, 1915_____________---___ __ 2,000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________________________ 3, 094. 27 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 2, 000. 00 5, 094. 27 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ____________________________________---- 21. 50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---- -- - - - 5, 072. 77 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 603 8. DARIEN HARBOR, GA. Location.-Darien Harbor is 32 miles by water north of Bruns- wick Harbor, Ga. It comprises the lower 12 miles of Darien River, from the town of Darien to where the river enters Doboy Sound. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 12.) Original condition.-In its original condition it was obstructed at seven points by shoals, with low water depths of from 61 to 121 feet. Between the shoals there was nowhere less than 12 feet at mean low water. Previous projects.-There was expended on this harbor in 1879 for dredging $8,000, appropriated by the river and harbor act of June 18, 1878, without any project having been recommended or adopted. Present project.-The present project (Annual Report for 1885, p. 1237) was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and provides for the removal of the seven shoals between Darien and Doboy by dredging to secure a depth of 12 feet, and for the con- struction of wing dams at five of these shoals for maintaining the depth of the improved channel. The width of channel to be main- tained was not specified, but it should be 150 feet. The tidal range is 7 feet at the bar and 61 feet at Darien. The estimated cost of the improvement was $170,000. There is needed for annual maintenance $2,000. No estimate for this was made in the project. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-There was dredged from this harbor in 1879, 51,041 cubic yards of material at a cost of $8,000, without any project having been recommended or adopted. Work under the present project commenced in 1891. Since then there has been removed from the various shoals 86,840.2 cubic yards of material. There were constructed 24 wing dams, aggregating in length 5,389.6 feet. The project was reported as completed July 11, 1905. This work resulted in increasing the controlling depth in 1905 to 12 feet. Maintenance work has been necessary since, the present least usable depth being 10 feet at mean low water. There has been expended $167,365.96, of which $136,793.21 was for original work and $30,572.75 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no op- erations during the fiscal year, as no complaints were received as to the condition of the channel. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted, but the full project depth of 12 feet has not been maintained. The controlling depth, however, has been increased from 61 feet to about 10 feet. This allows boats of 15 feet draft to use the harbor by taking advantage of the tide. Under the present project there has been spent $167,365.96, of which $136,793.21 was for new work, and $30,572.75 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-This improvement has made it possible to ship lumber from Darien in schooners drawing from 15 to 17 feet. Formerly this lumber had to be rafted to Doboy Island. No reduc- tion in freight rates can be definitely stated, though a reduction of about 15 per cent has been reported. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to restore the channel to project dimensions by the operation of one hydraulic pipe-line dredge for about two months at a cost of $4,000. 604 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists almost entirely of lumber, the remainder being hardwood products and general merchan- dise. For the last three calendar years the commerce has been as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 11912--------------------------------------------------------------............................................................................. 9 13 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . .. . . ... . .1. . . . . . . . .[.. .. 136,195 1 $1,279,894 1, 5 6 8 -------------------------------------------------------------- 1913....................................... 133,666 1,536,680 1914 -------------------------------------------------------------- 115,076 1,450,909 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $144, 793. 21 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 30, 572. 75 Total --------------------------------------------- 175, 365. 96 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913- 1914 1915 New work...................................... ..... ........... ............. Maintenance................................................. $73.55 .. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June --------------------- 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ $4, 000. 00 9. ALTAMAHA, OCONEE, AND OCMULGEE RIVERS, GA. Location.-The Altamaha River is formed by the junction of the Oconee and Ocmulgee Rivers at a point known as The Forks, a little south of east of Savannah and 88 miles from it. The Altamaha flows to the southeastward and empties into the Atlantic Ocean by several mouths. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 12.) The Oconee rises about 60 miles northeast of Atlanta, Ga., and flows to the southeastward to its junction with the Ocmulgee. The Ocmulgee is formed by the junction of the Yellow and South Rivers, about 55 miles southeast of Atlanta, Ga., and flows in a southeasterly direction to where it joins the Oconee. The Oconee has a length of about 300 miles, the Ocmulgee a length of about 350 miles, and the Altamaha a length of 137 miles. The entire 137 miles of the Altamaha, the lower 145 of the Oconee, and an isolated portion of the Oconee 17 miles long in Greene County, and the lower 205 miles of the Ocmulgee are under improvement. Original condition.-In their original condition these rivers were used for navigation mainly at high stages. They were obstructed by rock ledges, sand bars, snags, sunken logs, and overhanging trees. The low-water depth on some of the bars of the Altamaha was less than 1 foot, while on the two tributaries there were bars with less than 2 feet of water. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 605 Previous projects.-Until they were consolidated by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, the improvement of each of these rivers constituted a separate work. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1815. The expenditures on previous projects have been as follows: River. New work. Mainte- nance. Total. - - -----. - 1 - - - - -....---....-...---...---.-- Altamaha - ---- - - -- - -- ----- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -$... .......---------- 168,813. 80 $33,442.39 $202,256.19 Oconee .. .... ..... ... 216,418. 92 37,482. 91 253, 901.83 Ocmulgee 3-- - -...-...... .....-........-.-....-..... - -..-..... 4381,172.94 4 41,025.02 422,197.96 Total------..-....---- .. ---------------- ...------------ 766,405.66 111,950.32 878,355.98 1 Date of first appropriation Mar. 3, 1881. 2 Date of first appropriation June 18, 1878. 3 Date of first appropriation Aug. 14, 1876. 4 Maintenance work prior to project of 1890 included in column "New work." Present project.-The project now in force was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for an appro- priation of $40,000 per year, to be applied, following in general the methods which had been carried on under the previous project, to maintenance of 3-foot depth during ordinary summer low water up to Milledgeville and Macon and to the gradual increase on channel depth up to 4 feet so far as practicable without sacrificing the mainte- nance work. (H. Doc. No. 443, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) These methods are the removal of rock shoals, snags, logs, overhanging trees, and other obstructions; the closing of incipient cut-offs; the revetting of caving banks; and the use of spur dikes and training walls. The width of channel was not specified, but it should vary from 60 to 100 feet, according to locality. There are included under the project 487 miles of waterway. Operations and results priorto the fiscal year.-Since the beginning of the improvement a navigable steamboat channel has been main- tained by the removal of snags, stumps, logs, wrecks, overhanging trees, and other obstructions. Channel depths have been increased by the excavation of rock shoals, contraction works, bank protection, closure of incipient cut-offs, and dredging. A 3-foot channel at ordi- nary summer low water had been secured in the Altamaha and in the Oconee and Ocmulgee to the upper extent of navigation, viz, Dublin and Hawkinsville. Above Dublin the controlling depth of the Oconee was 1 foot, while that of the Ocmulgee above Hawkinsville was 2 feet. The expenditures under the present project, to include June 30, 1914, were as follows: Liver. Original Mainte- Total. work. nance. Altamaha---- ...................................----------------------------------.....$18,017.20 $18,017.20 Oconee ...................... ........................ .. ... $5, 269.28 6, 929. 54 12,198.82 Omulgee . ---------------------------------------------- 25, 910. 83 21,102. 41 47, 013. 24 Total.......---------.............. ............ . 31,180.11 46,049.15 77,229.26 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-All operations were carried on with Government plant and day labor. Three barges, to 606 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. be used jointly by the three rivers of this system, were constructed by day labor during the fiscal year at a cost of $4,119.47. (A) ALTAMAHA RIVER. On the Altamaha the principal operations were carried on in the immediate vicinity of Jack Williams Suck, a cut-off which had been partially closed the preceding fiscal year. This work was continued until July, 1914, when it was stopped on account of lack of funds. Owing to a shoal which developed in the main river immediately below the cut-off, it was necessary at that time to make a gap in the closure dam to enable boats to pass this point. Work at this point was resumed on January 29, 1915, and continued to the end of the fiscal year, at which time the work was about 50 per cent completed. A channel 5 feet deep and 1,115 feet long was dredged in the shoal immediately below the cut-off. Swift Lake Cut-off was partially closed. There was expended in closing cut-offs $8,709.38; for dredg- ing, $1,287.38; as share of this river for the construction of the three barges, $1,996.93; on account of employers' liability act, $524.75, and for contingencies and office expenses $1,381.93, making a total of $13,900.37, all of which was for maintenance. (B) OCONEE RIVER. At Devils Elbow rock shoal 232 feet of channel were improved so as to give a low-water depth of 4 feet at a cost of $2,646.77. The river was cleared of the worst snags for a distance of 136 miles up- stream from the forks, at a cost of $1,861.43. There was expended for contingencies, surveys, and office expenses $738.91, and as the share of this river toward the construction of the three barges, $1,027.07, making a total expenditure for the fiscal year of $6,274.18, of which $2,946.77 was for new work and $3,327.41 was for mainte- nance. (c) OCMULGEE RIVER. At Quinns rock shoal 350 feet of channel were improved, so as to give a low-water depth of 5 feet, at a cost of $792.46. With the ex- cavated material a training wall 125 feet long was constructed to a height of 1 foot above low water without additional cost. The river was cleared of the worst snags from Macon to the forks, a distance of 205 miles, at a cost of $3,289.62. There was expended for surveys, contingencies, and office expenses $405,49, and as the share of this river toward the construction of the three barges $1,095.47, making a total expenditure for the fiscal year of $5,583.04, of which $792.46 was for new work and $4,790.58 for maintenance. Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-The project is of such a nature that the percentage of completion can not be stated. On June 30, 1915, the controlling depth on the Altamaha River at ordinary low water was 3 feet, on the Oconee to Dublin it was 3 feet with 2 feet above, and on the Ocmulgee it was 3 feet from the forks to Hawkins- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 607 ville and 2 feet from that point to Macon. The expenditures on the present project, to include June 30, 1915, have been as follows: River. New work. Mainte- nance. Total. .......................................... ......... Altamaba................ $31,917.57 $31,917.57 Oconee......... ...................... ................ 8,216.05 10,256.95 18,473.00 Ocmulgee.................................................... 26,703.29 25,892.99 52,596.28 ............. Total................ ..................... 34,919.34 68,067.51 102,986.85 Local cooperation.-None. Effect of in-provement.-The effect of the improvement has been to enable navigation to be carried on safely at a stage 3 feet lower than was possible before any work was done and to increase the depth on shoals by about 2 feet. As nearly as can be determined, this has caused a reduction in freight rates of from 25 to 40 per cent. Proposed operations.-The following estimate is submitted to cover proposed operations from July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917: Operation of snag boat Oconee, 12 months--------------------------$12, 000 Operation of snag boat No. 1, 6 months------------------------------2, 400 Operation of derrick boat Sapelo, 10 months---------------- 10, 000 Operation of pipe-line dredge Macon, 6 months----------------------- 6, 600 Construction and maintenance of bank protection and training walls___ 5, 000 Surveys, contingencies, and office expenses---------------------------4, 000 Proportion of cost of depot, etc____ 3, 000 Total-------------------- ---------------------- --- 43, 000 Constant snagging operations are necessary on these three rivers, as they are subject to frequent freshets and the banks are quite heavily wooded. It is proposed to use the derrick boat in closing cut-offs and in removing rock shoals. The operation of the dredge is necessary to improve such sand shoals which will appear in the low-water season. The protection of the caving banks is necessary to prevent the introduction of the material from them into the nav- igable channel to form bars and to prevent the river at these localities from becoming excessively wide, with the accompanying deficiency in depth. With a view to the proper and economical care of floating plant of this district, such as docking, minor repairs, coaling, and the laying up of such portions as are not in use, estimates have been prepared of the cost of the necessary wharf, basins, coaling and storage facilities, land, etc. It is believed that the direct money saving due to the pos- session of these terminals in the price of coal delivered by cars or vessel, the saving due to being able to coal the vessels promptly at any and all times, the increased safety to the plant when tied up, and the ease of making minor repairs and the saving thereby renders it most advisable to provide these necessary adjuncts to the works of this district. The inclusion of estimate for these purposes was au- thorized May 18, 1915, and the estimate is $60,000, of which the equitable proportion for Altamaha River system is $3,000. This amount is added to the amount required for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for other purposes. The total estimate for Altamaha River system is $43,000. 608 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial 8tatistics.-The principal articles of commerce are timber, lumber, staves, fertilizer, oak blocks, and groceries. That for the calendar year 1914 was as follows: Timber. Amount. Value. On the Altamaha: Feet, b. m. Short tons. By boat....------...--------------....------.................-----------------....................----------......... 13,666 $1,177,387 By rafting-...-.................... . .. ...... ........----... .. "44,818,600 89,640 718,976 Total-.......... ....... ...... .......... .... ...... .. 44,818,600 103,306 1,896,363 On the Oconee: By boat...-------------.........----------.........................----------------........................----------------22,542 1,363,650 By rafting.---------...............................................----------------------------------. 7,850,500 15,700 146,326 Total... . .... .-............ . ............ ... -.......... 7,850,500 38,242 1,509,976 On the Ocmulgee: By boat... ..... . .................... . ... ..........- - . .. 15,783 1,386,887 By rafting...... -------------------------------------------.. ..... 6,141,336 12,280 97,758 Total............................. .............. ............. 58,810,436 169,611 4,890,984 Financialsummary. ALTAMAHA RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------------$168, 813. 80 Maintenance------ --. _ ____- -_________ 65, 359. 96 Total -------------------------------------------------- 234, 173. 76 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................................... ............. $4,486.96 . . ... Maintenance.................................... . ........ 6.00 18,062.36 13, 900.37 Total ....-............. . ... ..-........-- . 4,492.96 .062.36 13,900.37 APPROPRI ATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911_ ______________ $6,000.00 July 25, 1912__________ ___------------------ ----------- 9, 775.00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------- 12, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------------------------ 15,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------------- ------ 20, 000.00 -- July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ____________--------- _ 4, 652. 96 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 20, 000. 00 Receipts from sales_________- ____--_________ _ __--- 25. 00 39, 677. 96 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------------13, 900. 37 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--_ _ 25, 777. 59 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-___ 3, 212. 55 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------_ 22, 565. 04 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- (2) 1The sum of $20.10 has been deducted from amount previously reported, being reim- bursements. 2 See consolidated Financialsummary on p. 611. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 609 OCONEE RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: Nt'ew work New work-n,-- ------------------ $224, 634. 97 a i fntea nce Lv.a6 u uu. , .L-----.----%--.------... --- 47, 739. 86 r7A Q9 'lLU a i - 1 O.7) IG'~, at -t. iJ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ... ........... . ............... .... ..... ... $2,753.78 $2,515.50 $2,946.77 6,537.58 ........................ Maintenance .................................. 6,258.11 3,327.41 Total.....................................................9,291.36 8,773.61 6,274.18 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------ $12,000. 00 July 25, 1912------ ---------------------------------- 8,000.00 2Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------- 11, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------------- ---- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________________ 415. 05 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 10,-000. 00 20, 415. 05 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_____ $2,946. 77 For maintenance of improvement ____----___ __ 3,327. 41 6, 274. 18 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 14, 140. 87 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _________________________ - 173.14 July 1, 1915, balance available_-------------------------------13, 967. 73 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___ ___- ____- - (8) OCMULGEE RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $407, 876. 23 Maintenance -------------------------------- --------------- 66,918. 01 Total ------------------------------------------------ '474, 794. 24 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................ $25,247.30 $12, 636.59 $792.46 Maintenance... ....... ....................... ......... 12,101.17 9, 001.24 4,790. 58 Total............................................ 37,348.47 21,637.83 5,583.04 1 The sum of $4 has been deducted from previous reports, being reimbursements. 2 $8,000 reallotted to Altamaha River from original sum of $11,000. * See consolidated Financial summary on p. 611. ' The amount of $12.50 has been deducted from amount previously reported, being reimbursements. 8373 0-ENG 1915-39 610 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27,1911 -------------------------------------------- $12,000.00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- __ 22,225.00 Mar. 4, 1913 129,000.00 .------------------- Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 10,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------- 316.06 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 15, 000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 10, 000. 00 25, 316.06 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement____ -__---__-___ - $792. 46 ' For maintenance of improvement--- ------- ,__- - 4, 790. 58 5, 583.04 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------- 19, 733.02 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------- ------------- 928. 08 July 1, 1915, balance available__-- ------------------------ 18, 804. 94 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------- (2) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ 801,325.00 Maintenance ------------------------------------ _ 180, 017.83 Total ----- ------------------------------------- --- 981,342. 83 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... ......................................... ....... $32,488.04 $15,152.09 $3,739.23 Maintenance.................................................................. 18,644.75 33,321.71 22,018.36 Total......................... ... .. .............. 51,132.79 48,473.80 25,757.59 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------ $30,000.00 July 25, 1912 .--- -------------------------------------- 40,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------- 40,000.00 Oct. 2, 1914---- ----------------- 40,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915------------- ----------------------- -------- 40, 000. 00 1 Of the amount allotted, $29,000, the sum of $4,000 has been reallotted for Altamaha River. 2 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 611. 8The amount of $36.60 has been deducted from amount previously reported, being reimbursements, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 611 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------- $5, 384. 07 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 40, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 40, 000. 00 Receipts from sales- -------- --------------------------- 25. 00 85, 409. 07 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-------------------- $3, 739. 23 For maintenance of improvement------------- 22, 018.36 25, 757. 59 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _------------------ 59, 651. 48 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -------------------- 4, 313. 77 July 1, 1915, balance available -------------------- 55, 337. 71 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance----,-- 143,000.00 10. CLUB AND PLANTATION CREEKS, GA. Location.-This waterway extends from the entrance to Plantation Creek, 2 miles south of Brunswick, Ga., to the mouth of Club Creek, 3 miles east of Brunswick, via the two creeks and a connecting cut, a distance of 4 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 12.) Original condition.-The creeks were not available for commerce before improvement. Previous projects.-None. Presentproject.-The present project (H. Doc. No. 159, 58th Cong., 2d sess.), adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, pro- vides for obtaining, by dredging, a 7-foot channel, 50 feet wide, at an estimated cost of $40,700. No estimate was made for maintenance, but there is needed for this purpose $500 annually. Upon the exhaus- tion of the present available funds this work will become a part of the improvement of the inside water route between Savannah, Ga., and Fernandina, Fla., under the project (H. Doc. No. 1236, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) for the latter work adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. The tidal range is 7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the im- provement was begun under contract February 23, 1911, and com- pleted October 26, 1911, 209,153 cubic yards of material having been dredged. There was expended on original work $37,285.95. The waterway had been maintained by dredging and a small amount of snagging at a cost of $1,937.48 to include June 30, 1914. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-A survey to deter- mine the condition of the channel was made in March. There were no other operations. There was expended during the year $20, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed and being maintained. Shoaling in Turtle or Brunswick River had reduced the controlling depth to 6.2 feet. The total expenditures un- der the project have been $39,243.43 of which $37,285.95 was for new work and $1,957.48 for maintenance. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 612 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Local cooperation.--No local cooperation was required by the proj- ect which, however, made no provision for securing the necessary right of way. A portion of this, which was owned by the city of Brunswick, was donated to the United States. Private individuals who owned the remaining part gave the United States the right to carry the improvement through it. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had no effect on freight rates. It has been of benefit in providing a more sheltered route for small craft between the Altamaha River and Brunswick Harbor, the main object for which the improvement was sought. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds is submitted, as funds now on hand are sufficient for the maintenance which will probably be required from July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 9,419 tons, valued at $33,016, the principal items being lumber, crossties, and oyster shells. There is no record of that for the preceding two years. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work__,---------------- ---------------------- $37, 285. 95 Maintenance ---------------------------- --------- ----- 1, 957. 48 Total------ ------------ --------- -------- 39, 243. 43 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...... . ...... .... .................. ... . $113.............................. Maintenance................ ...... ... ... .-.......... $1,937.48 $20.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914. balance unexpended ---------------------------- $1, 476. 57 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------- ------------------ 20. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 1, 456. 57 11. BRUNSWICK HARBOR, GA. Location.-Brunswick Harbor is 71 miles, by sea, south of Savan- nah Harbor, Ga., and 24 miles, by sea, north of Fernandina Harbor, Fla. It embraces the improved channel across the bar, St. Simons Sound, Brunswick River, East River to the upper limits of the city, and Turtle River to the Southern Railway terminals; also that por- tion of Academy Creek used by shipping interests. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 12.) Original condition.-In its original condition the ruling depth in East River was 9 feet at mean low water, and across the bar the ruling depth was variable; prior to 1879 it appears to have been 17 feet at mean low watter, and this a few years later was reduced to about 13 feet. Previous projects.-The first improvement of Brunswick Harbor was authorized by the river and harbor act of July 4, 1836. Various RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 613 improvements were authorized from time to time prior to the adop- tion of the present project. The total expenditure under all these previous authorizations was $373,465.18 for new work, and $54,414.07 for maintenance, making a total of $427,879.25. There was also expended $270,000 for work done on the outer bar by a private indi- vidual, under direct authorization of Congress by the river and harbor act of July 27, 1892, and subsequent acts of a similar nature. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1818. Present project. The present project (H. Doc. No. 407, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. It provides for creating and maintaining throughout the inner harbor (embracing Turtle River from the Southern Railway terminals to its junction with Brunswick River, and Academy Creek and East River from Aikens Wharf to Brunswick River), and the outer harbor (embracing the outer bar, the navigable channel throughout the entrance to St. Simons Sound, and up Brunswick River to include Brunswick Point Crossing), channels having a depth of 30 feet at mean high water, with widths varying from 150 feet in Academy Creek to 400 feet across the outer bar, to be ac- complished mainly by dredging; the extension of the training wall in East River and the construction of two spur dikes is also author- ized. The estimated cost of the work was $496,650, with a yearly cost of maintenance not exceeding $33,250. The mean tidal range on the bar is 6.6 feet and-at the city of Brunswick it is 7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1912 and the channel was being maintained. A train- ing wall 4,250 feet long, carried to the level of mean high water, and connected with the shore ' at its upper end by a spur 335 feet long, had been constructed and was being maintained in lower East River. Throughout the harbor all shoals had been dredged to the project depth of 30 feet at mean high water and full project width. Subse- quent shoaling had reduced the controlling depth to 27 feet at mean high water. There had been expended on the present project $660,- 594.69, of which $544,003.24 was for original work, and $116,591.45 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The seagoing dredge Savannah removed 148,376 cubic yards of material from the bar channel, 146,323 cubic yards of material from the Brunswick Point Crossing, and 28,411 cubic yards of material from the lower Turtle River Shoal. The seagoing dredge Sumter removed 75,756 cubic yards of material from the bar. The total cost of the dredging was $29,742.73. Mooring dolphins have been constructed under verbal agreement, at the north end of Jekyl Island and connection made to a well at that point so that Government dredges can secure water, at a cost of $150. The tidal study of Academy Creek, with a view of adopting some special method of improvement to prevent the rapid shoaling which takes place, has been continued, and the floating plant which is used in making surveys and inspections has been maintained in good condition. Cost of contingencies was, in- cluding above, $10,074.69. There was expended during the fiscal year nothing for new work and $39,967.42 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--The controlling depth at mean low water and width of improved channels were as follows: Bar, 614 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. depth 23 feet, width 250 feet; Brunswick Point, depth 22.9 feet, width 270 feet; East River, depth 22.4 feet, width 175 feet; Academy Creek, depth 14 feet; Lower Turtle River, depth 22.1 feet, width 250 feet; Upper Turtle River, depth 22.7 feet, width 250 feet. There had been expended on the present project to include June 30, 1915, $544,003.24 for new work and $156,558.87 for maintenance, a total of $700,562.11. Local cooperation.-There has been no direct cooperation. The city of Brunswick has constructed a wharf costing about $1,500, and a concrete landing which cost about $1,000, both of which are open to use by all on equal terms. Effect of improvement.-Before improvement in 1888 the annual commerce of Brunswick Harbor amounted to about 100,000 short tons, valued at $1,700,000. The total amount of commerce for the calendar year 1913, the first year after completion of present project, amounted to 1,009,026 short tons, valued at $58,258,725. The effect of the improvement has been to cause a reduction of ocean-going freight rates on lumber of 25 per cent and on naval stores of 30 per cent. It has also permitted the regular line of coastwise steamers to enter and leave the port regardless of the stage of tide. Proposed operations.-The following estimate, entirely for mainte- nance, is submitted to cover proposed operations from July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917: For operation of one seagoing or other dredge for about five months, $25,000; for extension of jetty about 100 feet, $5,000; for contingencies and office expenses, $3,250; total, $33,250. Experience has shown that the amount for which the estimate is sub- mitted is necessary annually to take care of the constant shoaling. With a view to the proper and economical care of floating plant of this district, such as docking, minor repairs, coaling, and the laying up of such portions as are not in use, estimates have been prepared of the cost of the necessary wharf, basins, coaling and storage facil- ities, land, etc. It is believed that the direct money saving due to the possession of these terminals in the price of coal delivered by cars or vessels, the saving due to being able to coal the vessels promptly at any and all times, the increased safety to the plant when tied up, and the ease of making minor repairs and the saving thereby ren- ders it most advisable to provide these necessary adjuncts to the works of this district. The estimate for these purposes is $60,000, of which the equitable proportion for Brunswick Harbor is $3,000. This amount is added to the amount required for the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1917, for other purposes. The total estimate for Bruns- wick Harbor is $36,250. Comrmercial statistics.-The principal items of commerce are cot- ton, lumber, crossties, naval stores, and general merchandise. The amount and value of the commerce for the last three years has been as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912..... .......................................................... 725,597 45,664,904 1913......... ................................... 1,009, 026 58, 258, 725 1914 1.............8 ........................................ 487,224 38,373,320 1 Commerce seriously affected by war conditions. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 615 Financial summnary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------- ------------ -- $1, 187, 468. 42 Maintenance - ------------------------ 210, 972. 94 Total 1 .398 441 36 Amount expended Amount expended during during fiscal fiscal year ending June year ending June 30. 30. 1913 1913 1914 1914 1915 1915 New work............................ ........................ Maintenance ............................................... $3,846.76 $50,193.93 $39,967.42 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------- -------------------------------- $60, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------- 33, 250. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------- 33, 250. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-....---- --------11 ----- 1111111111 1 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-- 11111111111111 --------------- 30, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- -------------------- 24, 854. 06 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 25, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------------------- 30, 000.00 79, 854. 06 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement_______ _________--- 39,:967. 42 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------- -------- S9,6, 886. 64 405. 72 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ___ July 1, 1915, balance available__------------------- 33, 480. 92 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ ------- 136, 250. 00 12. FANCY BLUFF CREEK, GA. Location.-This waterway extends from South Brunswick River at the mouth of Fancy Bluff Creek, 2 miles west of Brunswick, Ga., up Fancy Bluff Creek to near its headwaters, and thence by a cut 1,200 feet long to the Little Satilla River. It has a length of 4J miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 12.) Original condition.-Originally there was no connection between Fancy Bluff Creek and the Little Satilla River. Prior to the Federal Government undertaking this improvement the county of Glynn, Ga., had made a cut, to about the level of mean low water, connecting them. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project (H. Doc. No. 1342, 62d Cong., 3d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. It provides for obtaining, by dredging, a 4-foot channel 50 feet wide at an estimated cost of $8,000. It was estimated that little or no maintenance would be necessary. However, about $1,000 every three years will be needed for this purpose. The waterway has a length of 4 miles. The mean tidal range is 7.2 feet. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 616 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operationsand results priorto the fiscal year.-A dredged channel 4 feet deep at mean low water and 50 feet wide was finished January 31, 1914, completing the project. Subsequent sloughing and shoaling had reduced the dredged channel to a width of 40 feet, with a con- trolling depth of 3 feet. There had been expended on the present project prior to July 1, 1914, $8,000 for new work and nothing for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-A channel 4 feet deep at mean low water and 70 feet wide was dredged, using Govern- ment plant and day labor, through the shoal portion, 4,350 linear feet of channel being improved. There was expended during the fiscal year $1,194.10 for maintenance and nothing for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted and was being maintained. The controlling depth was 41 feet at mean low water. There had been expended on the present project to include June 30, 1915, $9,194.10, of which $8,000 was for new work and $1,194.10 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Priorto the undertaking of this improvement on the part of the Federal Government Glynn County, Ga., as in- dicated above, had made a cut connecting Fancy Bluff Creek with Little Satilla River, the cost of which was about $2,500. This cut was incorporated in the improvement. Effect of improvement.-Passenger and freight traffic from Little Satilla to Brunswick had been made possible by the original cut and were materially facilitated by the deepening under the present project, which eliminates delays due to waiting on tides. It is be- lieved that rates have been lowered to some extent, but the amount can not be stated. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted to cover proposed operations from July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917, since funds now on hand are sufficient to provide the necessary maintenance to the latter date. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists entirely of mis- cellaneous small-boat traffic. Its amount and value for the last three calendar years has been as follows: Comparative statement. Number Year. Shortn Value. ofpas- sengers. 1912................ ........................................ 1 3,200 $72,000 22, 400 1913......... ........... ............ ... .... ...................... 13,840 86,000 22,400 1914............................. .......................... 13,606 150,692 28,000 1Improvement Decrease due not completed until Jan. 31, 1914. 2 to depression in cross-tie and naval stores market. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------------------$8, 00. 00 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 1, 194. 10 Total ---------------------------------------------------- 9, 194. 10 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................ .......... ....... $8,000.00 8....... .. Maintenance................... ............................................. $1,194.10 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 617 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-----------------------------------$8, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------- --------------------------------- 2,000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 2, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------ --------------------------------- 1,194.10 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----- _----------_---____ July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 805. 90 252. 50 July 1, 1915, balance available___ _------------------------- _553. 40 13. SATILLA RIVER, GA. Location.-This river has its headwaters in southern and south- eastern Georgia, flows in a generally southeasterly direction, and empties into St. Andrews Sound; its length is about 350 miles, of which the lower 167 miles is under improvement. Original condition.-Prior to improvement the river was navi- gated by ocean-going vessels as far as Owens Ferry, 30 miles from the mouth, the controlling depth being from 11 to 13 feet. It was used by river steamers to Burnt Fort, 52 miles from the mouth, the controlling depth being 6 feet. Rafting was carried on as far as Waycross, 166 miles from the mouth. The channels used by river and seagoing vessels were obstructed to a considerable extent by snags. On the upper river there were a large number of snags, logs, and overhanging trees, besides cut-offs requiring closure. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project for the improvement from the mouth to Burnt Fort, a distance of 52 miles, was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for the removal of snags and similar obstructions. It was estimated that the original work would cost $6,000, and that $4,000 would provide maintenance for a few years. (H. Doc. No. 41, 62d Cong., 1st sess.) The mean tidal range is 6.9 feet at the mouth and 3.4 feet at Burnt Fort. The project for the improvement from Burnt Fort up to Waycross was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, and pro- vides for the removal of obstructions and the closing of incipient cut- offs, at a cost of $10,000, and the appropriation of such amounts as should be necessary for maintenance for a few years, until the ad- visability of continuing the project should be determined. (H. Doc. No. 1113, 62d Cong., 3d sess.) The amount needed annually for maintenance can not be esti- mated until longer experience has been had. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The lower 52 miles had been cleared of snags. A nonpropelled snagboat had been built at Waycross and had worked downstream for a distance of 211 miles, clearing the river of snags, logs, and overhanging trees. There had been spent on the present project to include June 30, 1914, $5,856.51 for improvement, and nothing for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The snag boat con- tinued working downstream and cleared by day labor the 92.5 miles of river which had not previously been covered, and closed Maple Suck Cut with logs and snags, at a cost of $3,595.08, which was the total expenditure for the fiscal year, being new work. 618 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The controlling depth to Owens Ferry, 30 miles from the mouth, is from 11 to 13 feet at mean low water; to Burnt Fort, 52 miles above the mouth, it is 6 feet at ordinary summer low water; for 100 miles above Burnt Fort it is about 3 feet; and to Waycross, the upper limit of the improvement, 166 miles above the mouth, it is about 1 foot. The river has been cleared of all the most troublesome obstructions. The project was completed November 27, 1914, for $6,548.41 less than the estimated cost. There had been expended on the present project to include June 30, 1915, $9,451.59 for new work and nothing for maintenance. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement on freight rates can not be stated; it has, however, extended steamboat naviga- tion to the Atlantic Coast Line bridge, 93 miles above the mouth and 37 miles above the upper limit of steamboat navigation before the improvement. The improvement has also made possible the rafting of timber at almost all stages of the river. Proposed operation.-No estimate of funds is submitted for pro- posed operations from July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917, as the funds now on hand are sufficient to provide the probable necessary mainte- nance to the latter date. Commercial statistics.-The commerce on this waterway consists principally of lumber, the remainder being miscellaneous merchan- dise. The amount and value for the last three calendar years has been as follows: Comparative statement. 1912 1913 1914 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Cargoes ............... short tons.. 54,770 $775,550 121,098 $1,742,712 42,049 $618,341 Raftedlumber ......... feet b. m.. 12,000,000 180,000 15,000,000 150,000 9,974,766 178,672 In addition, there have been carried about 1,200 passengers annually. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- ---------------- --------------------- $9, 451. 59 Maintenance ------------------------------------------------ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...... ............................. 673.01 $5,183.50 3,595.08 Maintenance .............. ................................................ ......................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912--------------- ---------------------------- $10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------_---------------- ---------------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------- 14, 143. 49 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act, ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------- 8, 000. 00 6, 143. 49 June 80, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ---------------------------... - - 3, 595. 08 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --------------------------- 2, 548. 41 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 619 14. FERNANDINA HARBOR, FLA., AND CUMBERLAND SOUND, GA. AND FLA. Location.-The harbor entrance is 221 miles, by water, north of the entrance to Jacksonville Harbor, Fla., and 95 miles, by water, south of the entrance to Savannah Harbor, Ga. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 12.) Original condition.-In its original condition the available depth of the entrance varied from 11 to 12.5 feet at mean low water. The point of crossing the bar was subject to great changes in location, moving in a series of years as much as 1 miles. Previous projects.-Prior to the adoption of the present one, projects were adopted by the river and harbor acts of June 14, 1880, and July 13, 1892, both pertaining to the outer bar only. There was expended under these projects $932,500 for new work and nothing for maintenance. Present project.-The river ana harbor act of June 25, 1910, com- bined into one work the improvement of Fernandina Harbor and that of Cumberland Sound, without changing the plans of either improvement, and these, therefore, constitute the present project. The present project for the outer bar (Annual Report for 1896, p. 1289) provides for securing a 19-foot channel at mean low water, by completing the jetties already commenced and by dredging if it should be found expedient. The jetties were to be first constructed to the level of mean low water and then raised until the desired depth of channel should be secured. The estimated cost of the work was $2,350,000. No estimate for maintenance was made. The present project for the inner harbor (H. Doc. No. 388, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. It provides for dredging a channel, with widths varying from 400 to 600 feet and depths from 20 to 24 feet at mean low water, in front of and to a short distance above (southwest of) the city of Fernandina. The estimated first cost of this work was $115,000, with $15,000 at periods of every two or three years for maintenance after completion. The mean tidal range on the bar is 5.9 feet and in the inner harbor is 6 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project for the outer bar was reported completed in 1905, and that for the inner harbor was reported completed July 28, 1908. The channel across the outer bar had been maintained by dredging and by raising and extending the jetties. No work of maintenance had been necessary on the inner harbor. There had been expended on the present project, to include June 30, 1914, $2,685,845.27, of which $2,209,937.99 was for new work and $475,907.28 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no operations during the fiscal year, as none were necessary. There was nothing expended during the year for new work, and for main- tenance $1,916.27, this sum being used for operation and repair of plant used in making inspections and surveys and for office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted. The controlling depth on the bar was 20.5 feet and in the inner harbor it was 20 to 23 feet. There had been expended on the present project up to include June 30, 1915, $2,209,937.99 for new 620 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. work and $477,823.55 for maintenance, a total of $2,687,761.54. The project had been completed for $255,062.01 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It is reported that the effect of the im- provement has been to cause a reduction in freight rates of from 25 to 40 per cent. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, since the funds now on hand are sufficient to provide for probable maintenance to that date. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the last three calendar years has been as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912........... - - - - --.................... . ..... .... . ...................- 570,612 $9,839,571 1913.... .......-....... . . ..............----- - - .- ............. ------- 552,865 9,697,218 1914 ........................................................................... . .424,544 9,230,082 The principal commodities are lumber, crossties, naval stores, phos- phate rock, and fish. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $3, 142, 437. 99 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 477, 823. 55 Total ------------------------------------------ 3, 620, 261. 54 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............. .... .................. ...... ...................... .... Maintenance .............................................. $3,740.65 $37,478.59 $1,916.27 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------------------------------------------- $25,000.00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 15, 000,00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------ 40, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_----------------------------- 29, 165. 63 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement_---------__-______ - - - 1, 916. 27 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---___-----______--------- 27, 249. 36 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ---------------------------- 10. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_ _-.. -___ ______ -___ 27, 239. 36 15. ST. MARYS RIVER, GA. AND FLA. Location.-This river has its source in the Okefenokee Swamp, and flows, first, in a southeasterly direction, and thence due north, thence in a southeasterly direction, and empties into Cumberland a The sum of $3.50 has been deducted from amount previously reported, being sale of blue prints. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 621 Sound, about 3 miles north of Fernandina, Fla. It has a length of about 180 miles, the lower 59 miles being under improvement. Original condition.-Before improvement the controlling depth at mean low water was 13.5 feet to Kings Ferry, 37 miles above the mouth, which was about the upper limit of navigation for seagoing vessels. To the Atlantic Coast Line bridge, 55 miles above the mouth, the upper limit of navigation at the time the improvement was be- gun, it was 6 feet; and to Traders Hill, 59 miles above the mouth, which was the upper limit of steamboat navigation in 1874, and is the upper limit to which improvement has been carried, the con- trolling depth at mean low water was 4 feet. The upper 4 miles were badly obstructed by snags and overhanging trees; below that there were comparatively few obstructions. Rafting of lumber was car- ried on in the lower 70 miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project- The present project (H. Doc. No. 697, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. It provides for securing by dredging a channel 17 feet deep at mean low water, and with a width of 200 feet, from the mouth to Crandall, 12.5 miles, at an estimated cost of $14,450; and to clear the channel of snags to Kings Ferry, 37 miles above the mouth, and as much farther as may be practicable with the sum of $5,000; or a total esti- mated cost of $19,450. The cost of maintenance was to be determined by experience. This so far indicates that there will be needed for this purpose about $5,000 every two years. The mean tidal range is as follows: At the mouth, 5.9 feet, and at the Atlantic Coast Line bridge, 55 miles above the mouth, 1.4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The dredging nec- essary to secure a channel 17 feet deep at low water and 200 feet wide was begun December 12, 1912, and completed June 13, 1913. The river was cleared of snags in the lower 53 miles in May and June, 1913. Due to shoaling, the controlling depth on June 30, 1914, had been reduced to 16 feet. There had been expended on the present project to June 30, 1914, $14,957.84 for new work and nothing for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Snagging opera- tions were carried on over the 6 miles below Traders Hill, which is 59 miles above the mouth, in December, 1914, at a cost of $377.06. There was expended during the fiscal year $730.52 for new work and nothing for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in December, 1914, for $3,761.64 less than the estimated cost. Owing to subsequent shoaling the controlling depth had been reduced to 15.5 feet on June 30, 1915. There had been expended on the present proj- ect to June 30, 1915, $15,688.36 for new work and nothing for main- tenance. 'Local cooperation.-None. The city of St. Marys has a municipal wharf with a frontage of 50 feet. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made it possible for seagoing vessels to complete their cargoes in the river. Formerly vessels after taking on a part of their cargo proceeded to Fernandina or Cumberland Sound, where the remainder of the cargo had to be lightered to complete the loading. The effect of the improvement on freight rates can not be stated. 622 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operatiorns.-No estimate is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, since the funds on hand are sufficient to provide for probable maintenance to that date. Commercial statistics.-The principal articles of commerce . are lumber, crossties, and naval stores, about 70 per cent of which is shipped from St. Marys. The amount and value of the commerce for the last three calendar years has been as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912......... ...... ... ............................................. 38,206 $587,000 53,400 1913---..---...---------.........--..-----....--...........---....------.................-----.....-- 1,627,344 1914.......... ................................................................ 74,038 931,891 Number of passengers, 1914. 11,139. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $15, 688. 36 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................ .. .......... $12,403.00 ....... ... $730.52 Maintenance.. .......... 2,554.84..... 2,554.84 .... .................... Total ........................................ . ....... ..... 14,957.84 ............730.52 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------ --------------------- -------------- $19, 450.00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------ 3, 000.00 ----------- July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------- 4, 492.16 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 3, 000. 00 7, 492.16 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ------------ ---- ------ ---------- 730. 52 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -- _ ___--- - ______________ 6, 761. 64 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ________-___________________ 45. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_______________________________ 6, 716. 64 16. INSIDE WATER ROUTE BETWEEN SAVANNAH, GA., AND FER- NANDINA, FLA. Location.-This waterway connects Savannah, Ga., and Fernan- dina, Fla., via Skidaway Narrows, Creighton Narrows, Little Mud River, Frederica Creek, Jekyl Creek, St. Andrews Sound, and Cum- berland River, a distance of 151 miles. Touching at Darien increases the distance by 8 miles and at Brunswick by 10 miles. The total RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 623 length of waterway under improvement is 8.86 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 12.) Original condition.-The inside water route between Savannah, Ga., and Fernandina, Fla., before any improvement was undertaken, had a controlling depth of about 3 feet at mean low water. At several points this route was not as well sheltered as the present one. Previous projects.-The first improvement of any part of the In- side Water Route was authorized by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. Projects for portions and for the whole route previous to the present project were adopted by the river and harbor acts of August 11, 1888, July 13, 1892, and March 3, 1905. There was expended under the previous projects $194,496.96 for new work and $134,776.21 for maintenance, a total of $329,273.17. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1821. Present project.-The present project (H. Doc. No. 1236, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1912. It provides for obtaining over the main inside route a channel 7 feet deep at mean low water and 150 feet wide by means of dredg- ing, possibly supplemented by the construction of training walls, and for the improvement of auxiliary channels as follows: A 7-foot channel at mean low water at Threemile Cut near Darien, protected channels around St. Simons and St. Andrews Sounds with a mean low-water depth of 3 feet, an 8-foot channel at mean low water to the southern end of Cumberland Island, and the 7-foot channel at Club and Plantation Creeks, which was under construction as a separate work. The mean tidal range is about 7 feet over the greater part of the route, the minimum range being 6.2 feet and the maximum 8 feet. The estimated cost of the improvement was $237,700. This includes the amount necessary to complete the Club and Plantation Creeks improvement, viz, $20,700, which amount was appropriated in the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The estimates should, there- fore, be reduced to $217,000. This included an estimate of $75,000 for partial cost of a dredge to be used on this route and upon the Savannah River below Augusta, Ga., but due to the delay in adopting the project the necessary plant for the Savannah River had already been acquired. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By dredging, supplemented by the construction of training walls and closure dams at a few localities, the full project depth of 7 feet at mean low water had been obtained over the entire main route at one time or another. This included cuts at Skidaway Narrows and Creighton Narrows, which were not formerly portions of the route. The dredged chan- nels had generally been of less than the project width of 150 feet. Subsequent shoaling had reduced the controlling depth to 5.6 feet at Big Mud River and to 5.8 feet at Little Mud River, the two shoal- est channels. The channel at Threemile Cut had been completed and that at Creighton Narrows had been begun. A dredging plant for use on the waterway was in course of construction. There had been expended on the present project to include June 30, 1914, $13,464.80 for new work and nothing for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The dredging at Creighton Narrows was continued, 5,877 linear feet of channel being dredged to a depth of 7 feet at mean low water, with a bottom width 624 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of 75 feet, removing 142,589 cubic yards of material. The main work on the auxiliary channel around St. Andrews Sound was completed, 1,130 feet of channel being dredged to a depth of 4 feet at mean low water, with a bottom width of 75 feet, 41,778 cubic yards of material having been removed. The inner and outer portions of Jekyl Creek were restored to 7 feet at mean low water for a distance of 4,349 feet, with widths of 110 to 150 feet, 34,656 cubic yards of material being removed. The western mouth of Threemile Cut was redredged to a depth of 7 feet at mean low water; 1,880 linear feet of channel was improved, removing 11,144 cubic yards of material. The redredging of Skidaway Narrows was begun. At the end of the fiscal year 2,000 linear feet of channel, 7 feet deep at low water, with a bottom width of 100 feet, requiring the removal of 9,172 cubic yards of material, had been dredged. The above work was all done with Government plant and hired labor, at a cost of $29,898.22. The dredging at Skid- away Narrows was done with the 12-inch pipe-line dredge Creighton, which, with the necessary auxiliary plant, was constructed at the Charleston Navy Yard for this waterway and completed May 31, 1915, at a cost of $62,470.18. The expenditures during the year were $82,121.16, of which $72,870.79 was for new work and $9,250.37 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the end of the fiscal year there were three sections of the main route which had a controlling depth of less than 7 feet, the project depth, viz: Little Mud River, with 6.7 feet as the controlling depth; Big Mud River, with 5.2 feet; and Creighton Narrows, with 3 feet. The project had been about 30 per cent completed, the remaining amount being principally widen- ing existing channels to the project width. There had been expended on the present project to include June 30, 1915, $95,585.96, of which $86,335.59 was for new work and $9,250.37 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-In 1883 the Georgia & Florida Steamboat Co. contributed $5,000 toward making the cut through Romerly Marsh. In 1885, with the approval of the Secretary of War, private parties deposited $22,108.77., which was used in continuing and com- pleting this improvement, the appropriations for the work having been exhausted. These parties were afterwards reimbursed. The rights of way for all cuts through marshland have been furnished free of cost to the United States. Effect of improvement.-The improvement had greatly facilitated the movement of coastwise commerce in vessels of moderate size. It is impossible to state what has been its effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-The following estimate is submitted to cover proposed operations from July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917: For operation of one hydraulic pipe-line dredge ------------------- $30, 000 For contingencies, maintenance, and office expenses______- ________ 5, 000 Wharf property at Savannah ___ _ _ _______________ _ _ _ ____ 5, 000 Total------------------------------------------------ 40, 000 With a view to the proper and economical care of floating plant of this district, such as docking, minor repairs, coaling, and the laying up of such portions as are not in use, estimates have been prepared of the cost of the necessary wharf, basins, coaling and storage facilities, land, etc. It is believed that the direct money RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 625 saving due to the possession of these terminals in the price of coal delivered by cars or vessel, the saving due to being able to coal the vessels promptly at any and all times, the increased safety to the plant when tied up and the ease of making minor repairs and the saving thereby renders it most advisable to provide these necessary adjuncts to the works of this district. The estimate for these pur- poses is $60,000, of which the equitable proportion for inside water route between Savannah, Ga., and Fernandina, Fla., is $5,000. This amount is added to the amount required for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for other purposes. The total estimate for inside water route between Savannah, Ga., and Fernandina, Fla., is $40,000. The operation of the dredge will be necessary to take care of the shoaling which regularly takes place in the dredged channels, and to continue the work of completion of the channel to the project width. Commercial statistics.-Practicallyall the commerce carried upon this waterway is upon detached sections. It consists largely of lumber, timber, crossties, naval stores and miscellaneous merchan- dise. Its amount and value for the last three calendar years has been as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Cargoes. Lumber. Value. Passen- Short tons. Ft. b. m. 1912.......... ............. ..................... 43,462.......... $1,450,041 93,397 .. .... 54, 575,000 1,221,646... .. 1913.............. ............... . ...................... . 87,634 ... . 3,657,375 96,000 . .. 79, 129, 500 1,215, 980 .. 1914... ................................................... 45,715 ..... 3,190,477 .. 53,935,000 851,704 17892 A great number of small launches and yachts, with tonnages rang- ing from 7 to 100 tons, pass over this route to and from the North and Florida points. In addition to the above there were towed through Jekyl Creek 28 vessels, with a gross tonnage of 18,056. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------- ------- $280, 832. 55 Maintenance -------------------------------------------- 144, 026. 58 Total --- _--------_-------------------------------------- 424, 859. 13 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................ Maintenance.......... ..................................... ...$4,068.76 ....... $17,343.05 23,640.48 72, 870.79 9,250.37 Total ................................................... 4,068.76 40,983.53 82,121.16 8373°-ENG 1915-40 626 REPORT OF THE OCHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $0, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------ -------------------------- 40, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------- ----- --------- 100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 126, 560. 20 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------- $72, 870. 79 For maintenance of improvement---- -------- _ 9, 250. 37 82, 121. 16 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ______-_____ -- ____________ 44, 439. 04 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 12, 897. 73 July 1, 1915, balance available ---- -- 31, 541. 31 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-------------------------------------- 86, 250. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------- 140, 000. 00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF MARCH 4, 1913, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Brunswick Harbor,Ga., with a view to securing increased depth of channel. 2. St. Marys River, Ga., with a view to obtaining a depth of 22 feet from deep water at its junction with Cumberland Sound, up said river to the western corporate limits of the city of St. Marys. 3. Savannah River from Savannah to Augusta, Ga., with a view to securing increased depth of channel. 4. Savannah River at and above Augusta, Ga. 5. Cut between Baileys Cut of the Satilla River and the head of Dover Creek, Ga. 6. Ogeechee River, Ga., with a view to its improvement in con- nection with the inland waterway from Savannah, Ga., and Fer- nandina, Fla. 7. Sapelo River, Ga., to public road near Eulonia. 8. Brier Creek, Ga., from its mouth to a point opposite Waynes- boro, in Burke County. 9. White Chimney River, Ga., to a point called "The Neck." 10 JulingtonRiver, Ga., to a point at Lows Bluff. 11. North Sapelo River, Ga. 12. Savannah Harbor, Ga. 13. Savannah River at Augusta, Ga., between the upper lines of the city limits of the city of Augusta and the mouth of Butlers Creek, for the purpose of ascertaining the effect upon navigation of the river of the flood-protection work now being constructed and maintained by local authorities, and to further ascertain the prob- able cost and value of the extension of such work over siUch territory. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 627 IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE JACKSONVILLE, FLA., DISTRICT. This district includes the peninsula of Florida and adjacent keys, from Cumberland Sound on the northeast to the Taylor County line on the northwest. District officer: Maj. W. B. Ladue, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, to Sep- tember 2, 1914, and Col. W. C. Langfitt, Corps of Engineers, since that date. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Channel between St. Johns 12. Kissimmee River, Fla .. ... 660 River and Cumberland 13. Caloosahatchee River, Fla..... 663 Sound, Ga. and Fla........ 627 14. Orange River, Fla............ 667 2. St. Johns River, Fla., Jackson- 15. Charlotte Harbor, Fla......... 669 ville to the ocean...... .... 630 16. Sarasota Bay, Fla............ 672 3. St. Johns River, Fla., opposite 17. Manatee River, Fla........... 674 the city of Jacksonville..... 634 18. Tampa Bay, Fla. ............ 678 4. St. Johns River, Fla., Jackson- 19. Harbor at St. Petersburg, Fla. 680 ville to Palatka............ 636 20. Hillsboro Bay, Fla............ 684 5. St. Johns River, Fla., Palatka 21. Hillsboro River, Fla......... 689 to Lake Harney....... ... 638 22. Clearwater Harbor and Boca 6. Lake Crescent and Dunns Ceiga Bay, Fla ............ 691 Creek, Fla ................ 641 23. Anclote River, Fla ......... 694 7. Oklawaha River, Fla........ 643 24. Crystal River, Fla......... 695 8. Indian River, Fla........... 647 25. Withlacoochee River, Fla..... 697 9. St. Lucie Inlet, Fla........... 650 26. Suwannee River, Fla ....... 701 10. Harbor at Miami (Biscayne 27. Removing the water hyacinth Bay), Fla.................. 652 from navigable waters in the 11. Harbor at Key West, Fla ..... 656 State of Florida_............ 703 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORK IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2435 TO 2480. 1. CHANNEL BETWEEN ST. JOHNS RIVER AND CUMBERLAND SOUND, GA. AND FLA. Location.--This waterway connects the St. Johns River with Cumberland Sound. Leaving the St. Johns River at a point about 6 miles from the sea entrance and 21 miles below Jacksonville, Fla., it runs in a northerly direction, following the general line of Sisters Creek to Fort George River; Fort George River to Gunnisons Cut, an artificial cut connecting with Sawpit Creek; Sawpit Creek to Nassau Sound; Nassau Sound to South Amelia River; South Amelia River to Kingsleys Cut, an artificial cut connecting with Amelia River; and Amelia River to Cumberland Sound, which it enters about 32 miles from the sea entrance to Cumberland Sound and opposite the city of Fernandina, Fla. The total length of the water- way is 29 miles. The improvement covers the entire length of the waterway. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 13.) Originalcondition.-There was no natural navigable channel from the St. Johns River to Cumberland Sound along the route of this waterway. Sisters Creek and Sawpit Creek are tortuous tidal streams, meandering through the salt marsh, obstructed by shoals and by sharp bends, and diminishing rapidly in width and depth as their headwaters are approached. In Nassau Sound, South Amelia 628 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. River, and Amelia River ample depths were originally found, but passage through the system of tidal creeks connecting their upper reaches was impracticable at low water. At high water the entire marsh along the route was overflowed. Previous projects.-The first project for the improvement of this waterway was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of May 23, 1828. By the river and harbor act of June 23, 1874, the proj- ect was revived, but was limited to the stretch between St. Johns River and Nassau Sound, and the work, which had been suspended, was resumed. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1823. The total amount expended on all projects previous to the commence- ment of operations under the existing project was $97,565.55, all of which was for original work and surveys. Present project.-The present project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 898, Sixty-second Con- gress, second session. The project provides for securing and main- taining by dredging a channel with an available depth of 7 feet at mean low water, and a bottom width of 100 feet, from St. Johns River, Fla., to Cumberland Sound, by way of Sisters Creek out of St. Johns River, and following in general the natural waterways, at an estimated cost of $101,000 for first construction, with $1,000 annually for maintenance. The length of the waterway included in the project is 29 miles. The range of tide is 4 feet at the St. Johns River, 5.4 feet at Nassau Sound, 6 feet at Kingsleys Cut, and 6 feet at Cumberland Sound. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the projects of 1828 and 1874 cuts were made through the creeks and marsh at Gunnisons Cut, connecting Sisters Creek with Sawpit Creek, and at Kingsleys Cut, connecting South Amelia River with Amelia River; and channels 40 feet wide and 4 feet deep at low water were dredged through various shoals in the waterways between Nassau Sound and the St. Johns River. The result of this work was a narrow and tor- tuous channel, which at the time of the adoption of the present project had shoaled to a limiting depth of 2 feet, the navigation of which was further impeded by numerous sharp bends. Under the present project this channel was straightened, widened, and deepened by dredging under contract, eliminating many of the sharp bends, and securing a channel 100 feet wide and 7 feet deep at mean low water from the St. Johns River to Gunnisons Cut. At the end of the fiscal year the least depth in the waterway was still 21 feet, and the least width 50 feet, in that part of the waterway not yet dredged. The total expenditure in this work subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects was $47,299.86, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging by con- tract was continued till January 12, 1915, when the contractor re- moved his plant. On account of the slow progress made by the con- tractor the U. S. dredge Major J. C. Mallery was put on the work on December 12, 1914, and dredged until February 17, 1915. when the channel was completed. A total length of 19,576 feet of channel was dredged to a least depth of 7 feet at mean low water, and a bottom width of 100 feet. The cost of the work done by the contractor was RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 629 $14,056.46, and the field cost of the work of the dredge Major J. C. Mallery was $12,378.29. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $53,224.20, all of which was for original work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. In lieu of the crooked and shoal channel formerly existing, there is now an easily navigated waterway 100 feet wide and not less than 7 feet deep at mean low water, through which vessels drawing 11 feet can pass at high tide. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest portion of the waterway is 7 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $100,524.06, all of which was for original work. The project was completed for $217.76 less than the original estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.- It has opened a valuable trade route for logs, lumber, crossties, shellfish, and other low-grade commodities, and forms an important and much used link in the inside route down the coast. Proposed operations.-Thefunds in hand will be sufficient to main- tain the improvement during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916. The additional funds asked for are to provide for its maintenance during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. The following detailed estimate is submitted: Dredging for maintenance, as required_------------------------------ $1, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce on this water- way consisted of fish, logs, lumber, and ties, piling, and oysters. The dredging in progress during the year hindered the passage of boats, and the reduction in commerce for the year is at least partly due to this cause. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 (not reported)"..................... 1913..... . .......................................................... 27,612 $147,850 1914........................ .................................................... 11,253 90,330 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------- ----------------- $198, 089. 61 Maintenance --------------------------------- - ---------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................. Maintenance ............................................... .. . $42.50 ..... ..... $47,257.36 ... ... $53,224.20 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------- $50, 000. 00 Aug, 1, 1914-------------------- --------------- 51, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------ ------ 2, 500. 00 630 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ___ __-__._ ---- --------- $2, 700. 14 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914__ _ 51, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 2, 500. 00 56, 200. 14 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for work of improvement ----------------------------------- 53, 224. 20 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------__-------------- 2, 975. 94 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _____-------__ 258. 18 July 1, 1915, balance available__ ........--------------- 2, 717. 76 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ___________----- 11, 000. 00 2. ST. JOHNS RIVER, FLA., JACKSONVILLE TO THE OCEAN. Location.-This river rises in the extensive swamps south of Lake Washington and Saw Grass Lake, in Brevard County, Fla., and flows northwestwardly and northwardly to Jacksonville, thence eastwardly, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean 495 miles north of Key West and 122 miles south of the mouth of the Savannah River. Its total length from Saw Grass Lake to the mouth is about 280 miles. For purposes of improvement, the river has been divided into four stretches, for each of which a separate report is made. Under the head of "Jacksonville to the Ocean" is described the improvement of the bar at the entrance, and of the channel from the bar to the city of Jacksonville, a distance of 28 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 13.) Original condition.-The general width of the river in this stretch is from 3,000 to 4,000 feet, the least width being about 1,800 feet, and the greatest width of the river proper about 5,000 feet. For part of its course the river widens into old channels and broad la- goons, over which the distance from bank to bank in places is 2 miles or more. For the lower 10 miles it is bordered on one or both sides by the salt marsh. The mouth is obstructed by the usual ocean bar. Before improvement, the channel over the bar was unstable and shift- ing, with a depth varying from time to time, but usually from 5 to 7 feet at mean low water. Between the bar and Jacksonville depths of 20 feet or over were general, but the channel was obstructed by bars and shoal reaches over which the limiting depth was about 12 feet at mean low water. The limiting width of the usable channel was about 150 feet. The head of navigation for steamers is Lake Poinsett, 252 miles above the mouth, but the river is navigable by small boats to Lake Washington, 276 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-The first project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880. A second project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. The amount expended on these projects was $3,994,363.08. In addition the sum of $9,172.83 was ex- pended between 1852 and 1861 in preliminary surveys and investiga- tions and efforts at improvement, and $60,000, appropriated between 1870 and 1878, was expended in surveys and in tentative and experi- mental dredging on the bar with a view to obtaining a 10-foot chan- nel. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1823. The 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTB. 631 total amount expended on all projects, including the preliminary work prior to the commencement of operations under the present project, was $4,063,535.91, of which $3,520,137.39, including $175,- 175.99 for construction of a seagoing dredge, was for original work, and $543,398.52 was for maintenance. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 611, Sixty-first Congress, second session. The project provides for securing and maintaining a chan- nel 30 feet deep at mean low water from Jacksonville to the ocean, following generally the line of the 24-foot channel secured under the previous project, the width to be 300 feet in the straight reaches, in- creasing to as much as 600 feet in the bends and through the jetties, with an anchorage basin opposite Mayport (31 miles from the mouth), 800 feet in width beyond the channel limits. The improvement is to be effected by dredging and rock excavation in the river and dredging between the jetties and on the bar, and by building training walls and shore protection in the river with possibly a cut-off dam in Mill Cove Channel (12- miles from the mouth). The estimated cost of the work proposed is $2,852,000 for first construction, and $60,000 per year for the first five years after completion for maintenance. This does not include the restoration of the jetties to their original sec- tion, which may ultimately be required. The length of the section included in the project is 28 miles. The tidal variation is 5.22 feet at the bar, 4.3 at Mayport, 1.8 at Dames Point (14 miles from the mouth), and 0.8 foot at Jacksonville. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Two converging stone jetties, the north jetty 13,000 feet and the south jetty 10,712 feet long, were built at the mouth of the river and raised .to above mean high water for the greater part of their length, and dredging was done on the bar and between the jetties. This work resulted in securing and fixing a channel with a least depth of 26.7 feet at mean low water over the bar and 27.8 feet between the jetties. Stone training walls and bank protection were built and dredging and rock excavation done in the river between Jacksonville and the mouth, securing a channel not less than 300 feet wide and 30 feet deep at mean low water for a good part of its length and 24 feet deep for the remainder; but shoaling had occurred in Mile Point reach and elsewhere, reducing the available depth at the shoalest point to 22.5 feet at mean low water, with a tidal range of 4 feet. The total ex- penditure in this work, subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects, was $1,843,278.09, of which $1,703,744.13, in- cluding $74,000 for the purchase of a hydraulic river dredge, was for original work and $139,533.96 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fscal year.-Dredging by con- tract was continued in the river between Pilot Town (3 miles above the mouth) and Fulton (81 miles above the mouth), completing the channel in this stretch, except at Mile Point (5 miles above the mouth) and White Shells (7 miles above the mouth), where rock was encountered which prevented full depth being obtained. The cost of the work was $75,215.01. Rock excavation by contract was continued in Trout Creek Cut (20 miles above the mouth), nearly completing this cut for a length of 4,375 feet. This work cost 632 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. $108,621.68. Dredging with the U. S. dredge Major J. C. Mallery and hired labor was done over a total length of 15,900 feet of chan- nel in the vicinity of Jacksonville, completing the channel except where rock was encountered at a depth of about 27 feet. Mainte- nance dredging with the same dredge was done in the completed channel above Fulton, restoring the depth for a length of 1,605 feet and a width of 150 feet. The field cost of this work was $49,095.56. Dredging with U. S. seagoing dredges Key West and Sumter was done in the channel between the jetties for a length of 4,500 feet, increasing the depth and width. The cost of the work done with these dredges was $45,671.65. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $461,493.86, of which $457,765.32 was for original work and $3,728.54 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 80 per cent completed. The jetties have been built to the full length now contemplated, but not to full height at the outer ends. The channel over the outer bar and between the jetties has been fixed in posi- tion, widened, and deepened, but has not yet reached full project depth and width throughout. The Mayport Anchorage has been dredged to a depth of 27 feet. The channel in the river has been fixed and protected by training walls and has been dredged to full project depth and width except in Mile Point, White Shells, Dames Point, Six Mile Creek, and Arlington cuts, where rock was found at from 26 to 30 feet, and in Drummond Creek cut, where no work has been done under the 30-foot project. Shoaling has, however, occurred in parts of the completed channel. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water over the shoalest portion of the im- provement is 24 feet. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $2,304,771.95, of which $2,161,509.45 was for original work and $143,262.50 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None is required by the appropriation act of June 25, 1910. Between 1892 and 1894 Duval County expended $303,206.25 in building training walls and shore protection and dredging between Dames Point and Mile Point to secure an 18-foot channel through this 10-mile stretch. The funds were derived from the sale of county bonds issued for the purpose. The city of Jackson- ville is now building a system of extensive, thoroughly modern municipal terminals, with adequate storage yards, warehouses, han- dling appliances, and rail connections, which will be ready for use about July 1, 1916. The cost is estimated at about $1,500,000. The funds were raised by an issue of city bonds specially authorized for the purpose. Effect of improvement.--The improvement of this river under previous projects has made possible the establishment of regular transportation facilities, resulting in the development of a water- borne commerce in coal, cement, fertilizer, phosphate, lumber, and other commodities amounting to over 2,500,000 tons, valued at over $71,000,000, in 1913, and, in spite of adverse conditions, reaching 2,186,678 tons, valued at $60,718,452, in 1914. It has resulted in establishing favorable freight rates for the port, .and it is believed that but for the improvement the rates would be at least 50 per cent higher than they are. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 633 Proposed operations.-Available funds will be sufficient to pro- vide for removal of rock and overlying material in Mile Point, White Shells, Dames Point, Sixmile Creek, and Arlington Cuts; to defray office and ordinary running expenses until June 30, 1916; to operate the U. S. dredge Major J. C. Mallery in dredging soft material in the river; continuation of improvement and for maintenance until March 31, 1916; and to operate the U. S. dredge Key West in dredging be- tween the jetties and on the bar, for continuation of improvement, until about December 31, 1915. The proposed application of the funds asked for in the estimate for the fiscal year 1917 is as follows: 1. Operation of U. S. hydraulic pipe-line dredge Major J. C. Mallery in dredging for improvement and for maintenance, 12 months, at $7,000 ------------------------------ -------------------------- $84, 000 2. Operation of U. S. seagoing dredge Key West in dredging for im- provement between the jetties and on the outer bar, 12 months, at $3,750 ------------------------------------------------- 45,000 3. Annual repairs to dredges and other plants_-__ __ -_____-__- 40, 000 4. Office expenses, supervision, and contingencies, 12 months, at $3,000_ 36, 000 5. Construction and repair of training walls and shore protection----,70, 000 6. Contingencies ---- ---------------------------------------- 25, 000 Total---------------------------------------300,000 This work will practically complete the present project. Commercial statistics.-- The water-borne commerce for the calen- dar year 1914 amounted to 2,186,678 tons, valued at $60,718,452, con- sisting of coal, cotton, cement, fertilizers, fertilizer material, fruits and vegetables, lumber, naval stores, phosphate, oils, steel and iron products, machinery, and miscellaneous general merchandise. The loss from last year was due to general business depression caused by the war. Comparative statement. Year. Tons Value 1912 ............................................................................................ 2,204,794 $67,877,603 1913. ........................................................................... 2,562,043 71,244,501 1914 ............ ............................................................ 2,186,678 60,718.452 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------- $5, 681, 646. 84 Maintenance---------------------------------------- 686, 661. 02 Total ------------------------------------------ 6, 368, 307. 86 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30 1913 1914 1915 i'ew work.. . ......... ....... .......... .. ......... $591,643.01 $488, 758.85 $457, 765.32 Maintenance ... . .. ............ ......... ..... .......... . 6,112.24 87, 606.54 3,728.54 Total .................... .............................. .. 597,755.25 576,365.39 461,493.86 634 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 __-------------------------------------- ---- 425, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------ -- 00, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 -------------------------------------- 350, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-- ------------------------------------------ 550, 000. 00 June 23, 1913 ------------------ 150, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 -------------------------------------------- 217, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915__--------------------------------------------435, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ 268,889.30 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 217, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 -------- 435, 000. 00 Receipts from sales__---_ _ 166. 26 921, 055. 56 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement________________ $457, 765. 32 For maintenance of improvement-__--------- 3, 728. 54 461, 493. 86 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________ _________ 459, 561.70 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities 7, 701. 55 3--------------- July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts_ ---- -------- --- ----- 13, 271. 74 50, 973. 29 July 1, 1915, balance available_- ---- 408, 588. 41 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion 1270, 000. 00 of existing project- Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for mainte- nQnn AlUJ11:C _ _ _ ___ _____ _____ _ __ ____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - __ ___ 1300, 000. 00 3. ST. JOHNS RIVER, FLA., OPPOSITE THE CITY OF JACKSONVILLE. Location.-Forgeneral description of the St. Johns River see cor- responding paragraph under " St. Johns River, Fla., Jacksonville to the Ocean," page 630. Under the head of " Opposite the city of Jacksonville " is included the stretch from Hogans Creek to the Florida East Coast Railway bridge, in the city of Jacksonville, a distance of 1.2 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 13.) The lower end of the stretch is 27 miles from the mouth of the river. Original condition.-Before improvement a channel not less than 700 feet wide between 24-foot contours, with mid-channel depths of not less than 40 feet, existed through this stretch; but the pierhead line was established some distance shoreward of the channel, and between the channel and the pierhead line there were rock shoals over which the depths were quite generally less than 20 feet, and in places as little as 15 feet at mean low water, which restricted the maneuver- ing area and interfered seriously with access to the piers by vessels able to reach the city by the improved channel to the sea. Previous projects.-None. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARIOR IMPROVEMENTS. 635 Present project.-The present project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, in accordance with plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 663, Fifty-ninth Con- gress, first session, and provides for removing rock and overlying material between the 24-foot curve and the pierhead line on the Jack- sonville side of the river to a depth of 24 feet at mean low water at an estimated cost of $371,500 (increased in 1908 to $586,500), with $1,000 annually for maintenance. The length of the improved section is 6,080 feet. The range of tide is 0.8 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed in January, 1912. The result of the work was to render a depth of 24 feet at mean low water available from deep water to the pierhead line for the entire frontage between Hogans Creek and the railway bridge. The total expenditure for the work was $486,500, of which $473,165.57 was for original work and $13,334.43 was ex- pended in part payment for the inspection boat Captain J. J. Meyler. Nothing has been expended for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done and no expenditures were made. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project is completed. At the end of the year the full depth of 24 feet can be carried to the pierhead line for the full length of the stretch. The total expended under the present project, to June 30, 1915, has been $486,500, none of which was for maintenance. Local cooperation.--None is required by the appropriation acts. The- steamship companies and others owning property along this front have built wharves and dredged slips at which considerable commerce is handled. Effect of improvement.-The work has had no appreciable effect on freight rates. It has directly benefited the commerce of the port by rendering it 'possible for large vessels to reach the piers and wharves. Proposed operations.--None are contemplated for next year, and no estimate of funds is submitted, as it is believed that no maintenance work will be necessary before June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce affected by this improvement for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 1,102,939 tons, valued at $46,049,003, consisting of cotton, cement, coal, fertilizer, fruits, fullers earth, grain, lumber, naval stores, vegetables, and gen- eral merchandise. This commerce is part of the general commerce of the St. Johns River, being that part of the general commerce directly benefited by this improvement. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1914............................................... ........................ 1,102,939 $46,049,003 iNot separately reported prior to 1914. 636 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work__------------------------------------------ $486, 500.00 Maintenance______ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................ ..................... ........ .....----- - ..................... .................................. Maintenance. ..... ... $13,334.43............ ....... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. . 4. ST. JOHNS RIVER, FLA., JACKSONVILLE TO PALATKA. Location.-For general description of the St. Johns River, see corresponding paragraph under " St. Johns River, Fla., Jacksonville to the ocean, page 630. Under the head of " Jacksonville to Palatka" is included the stretch from the city of Jacksonville to Palatka, a distance of 55 miles. The lower end of the stretch is 28 miles from the mouth of the river. Original condition.-The width of the river in this stretch varies from 1 to 3 miles to just below Palatka, where it narrows to one-half mile. The natural depths are in excess of 13 feet, except on four shoals, on which, before improvement, the depths were less than 12 feet at mean low water. These shoals were Tocoi Shoal (36 miles above Jacksonville), with a least depth of 11.1, feet; Racy Point Shoal (41 miles), with a least depth of 9.3 feet; Orange Mills Flats (45 miles), with a least depth of 9.8 feet; and Forresters Point Shoal (51 miles), with a least depth of 11.6 feet. The channel width was indeterminate over the broad, flat shoals. The river is navigable by steamboats to Lake Poinsett, 169 miles above Palatka, and by small boats to Lake Washington, 193 miles above Palatka. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, under the title of "Orange Mills Flats," and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Docu- ment No. 523, Fifty-fifth Congress, second session. The project provides for a channel 200 feet wide and 13 feet deep at mean low water from Jacksonville to Palatka, to be secured by dredging through four shoals at an estimated cost of $120,000, increased in 1906 to $180,000. The length of the section included in the project is 55 miles. The range of tide is 0.8 foot at Jacksonville and 0.9 foot at Palatka. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Cuts 13 feet deep at mean low water were made through the four shoals, where less than 13 feet existed, the width being 200 feet at Tocoi Shoals, Racy Point Shoal, and Orange Mills Flats, and 160 feet at Forresters Point Shoal. Maintenance dredging was done from time to time. The result of this work was a channel between Jacksonville and Palatka, nowhere less than 13 feet deep and 200 feet wide, except at Forresters Point Shoal, where the width is 160 feet. The total expen- diture in this work was $199,367.08, of which $163,477.02 was for original work and $35,890.06 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the year. Expenditures were made for an inspection to RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 637 determine conditions and for repairs to the U. S. dredge Florida to fit her for work on the improvement. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $2,186.77, none of which was for original work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 93 per cent completed. The available depth between Jacksonville and Palatka has been increased from 9.3 to 13 feet at low water. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest portion of the locality under improvement is 13 feet at mean low water. The ruling width is 160 feet. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $201,553.85, of which $163,477.02 was for original work and $38,076.83 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement enables lumber schoon- ers to reach Palatka, where they load with cypress direct for north- ern ports. The cost of transshipment at Jacksonville is thus saved. The existence of the natural waterway has kept freight rates 50 per cent lower than they are in territory which has no water competition. Proposed operations.-Available funds will probably be exhausted about December 31, 1915. With funds asked for it is proposed to complete the improvement and to maintain it until June 30, 1917. The following estimate is submitted: For operation of U. S. dredge Florida, in completing improvement at Forresters Point Shoal, and in maintenance work elsewhere as re- quired, 4 months, at $4,000------------------------------------- $16, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce on this stretch of river for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 141,892 tons, valued at $3,620,415, consisting of cattle, cement, coal, cottonseed meal, crate material, crossties, fertilizer, fish, grain, grapefruit, laths, logs lum- ber, naval stores, pears, potatoes, shingles, vegetables, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 .............................. 206,441 $8,601,264 1913 . .. ..... . ................................. ......................... 145,354 4,822, 843 1914...... ........................................ 141,892 3,620,415 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- $163, 477. 02 Maintenance------------------------------------ 38, 076. 83 Total-------------------------------------------------- 201, 553. 85 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... ...................................... $13,216.97.............. Maintenance.............................................................. $22,110.11 $2,186.77 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912_ ------------------------------ $15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -_-----------___---- 19, 600. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------------ - - _5, -_-_ 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ...... .. . .. _ 10, 000. 00 638 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ $5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 10, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------- 2, 186. 77 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-- -------------------- _ 12, 813. 23 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project_-------------------------- -------------- 14, 500. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------- 116, 000. 00 5. ST. JOHNS RIVER, FLA., PALATKA TO LAKE HARNEY. Location.-For general description of the St. Johns River, see corresponding paragraph under "St. Johns River, Fla., Jackson- ville to to the Ocean," page 630. Under the head of " Palatka to Lake Harney" is included the stretch from the city of Palatka to Lake Harney, a distance of 114.8 miles. The lower end of the stretch is 83 miles from the mouth of the river. • Original condition.-At Palatka the river is about three-quarters of a mile wide. Above Palatka to Lake Monroe (89 miles above Palatka) the widths vary from 130 feet to 2,500 feet. Between Lake Monroe and Lake Harney the width varies from 150 to 600 feet, averaging about 200 feet. In this stretch the river passes through six lakes, the largest of which, Lake Monroe and Lake George, are 44 miles long by 31 miles wide, and 6 miles long by 3 miles wide, respectively. The river becomes more sinuous as its upper reaches are approached. Before improvement, navigation was impeded by shoals at the head of Lake George, known as Volusia Bar, at the foot of Lake Monroe, and elsewhere, as well as by many sharp bends. The minimum usable low-water depth was 3 to 44 feet to Lake Monroe, and 3 feet to Lake Harney. The limiting channel width was 35 to 40 feet. The head of steamboat navigation is Lake Poin- sett, 169 miles above Palatka, but the river is navigable by small boats to Lake Washington, 193 miles above Palatka. Previous projects.-The first provision for the improvement of any part of this stretch of river was made by Congress in the river and harbor act of July 14, 1880, under the title of Volusia Bar. A second project was inaugurated by Congress in the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, under the title of Upper St. Johns River. The two projects were combined by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1824. The total amount expended on all projects prior to the commence- ment of operations under the existing project, was $55,533.71, of which $29,695.71 was for original work, and $25,838 was for mainte- nance. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 1111, Sixtieth Congress, second a Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 639 session. The project contemplates securing and maintaining a chan- nel 8 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide from Palatka to Sanford, and 5 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide from Sanford to Lake Harney, at an estimated cost of $129,600, with $6,000 annually for maintenance after completion. The im- provement is to be effected by dredging, making cut-offs at sharp bends, and some modifications in the jetties at Volusia Bar. The length of the section included in the project is 114.8 miles. The mean tidal variation is 0.9 foot at Palatka and is perceptible in Little Lake George (22 miles above Palatka). In the upper river the variation due to freshets is from 2 to 7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--Two converging jetties were built at Volusia Bar, channels were dredged through shoals, cut-offs made at several troublesome bends, and snags, logs, and other obstructions removed. The result of this work was a good, easily navigated, and well-cleared channel, having a least depth of 7 feet between Palatka and Sanford, and a least depth of 5 feet between Sanford and Lake Harney, and a general width of about 100 feet. The total expenditure in this work, subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects, was $129,448.61, of which $112,537.83 was for original work and $16,910.78 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the year. Expenditures were made for an inspection to determine conditions, and for repairs to the dredge Florida to fit her for work on the improvement. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $2,326.56, none of which was for original work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 90 per cent completed. The available depth between Palatka and Sanford has been increased from 31 or 4 feet to 7 feet, and between Sanford and Lake Harney from 3 feet to 5 feet, but shoaling has occurred, and maintenance work is now required at Volusia Bar and elsewhere. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest portion of the locality under improvement is 7 feet between Palatka and San- ford and 51 feet between Sanford and Lake Harney. The ruling width is 60 feet. The total expenditure under the present project to Jufie 30, 1915, has been $131,775.17, of which $112,537.83 was for original work and $19,237.34 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.--The improvement has made navigation in this stretch much more easy, certain, and expeditious, and has enabled larger boats, with greater carrying capacity, to be used between Jack- sonville and Sanford. The existence of the water route through the upper St. Johns River has been a factor in the development of the country and has kept freight rates 50 per cent lower than they are in territoiry without water competition. Proposed operations.-Available funds will probably be exhausted about March 31, 1916. With the funds asked for it is proposed to complete the improvement and to maintain it until June 30, 1917. The following estimate is submitted: For operation of U. S. dredge Florida in completing improvement at Volusia Bar and in maintenance work elsewhere as required, four months, at $4,000 ---------------------------------------- $16, 000 640 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce on this stretch of river for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 163,209 tons, valued at $3,058,117, consisting of cement, citrous fruits, coal, cottonseed meal, crate material, fertilizer, grain and hay, groceries, ice, logs, lumber, naval stores, vegetables, and general merchandise. The re- duction in commerce as compared with last year's total was due mainly to reduction in shipments of lumber, naval stores, and citrous fruits. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912... .......................................... 212,121 $4,858,338 1913............................................................................. 174,045 3,549,662 1914.............................................................................. 163,209 3,058,117 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------- -------------------------------------- $142, 233. 54 Maintenance ------------------------------------- 45, 075. 34 Total----------------------------------------------- 187, 308. 88 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................... ..... $36,393.20 1$14,089.21.......... Maintenance .... ....................................... ....... . 16,910.78 $2,326.56 ................................. Total............ 36,393.20 130,999.99 2,326. 56 1 Expenditure for 1914, reduced by $0.83, account overpayment in 1914, refunded in 1915, increasing balance as reported of $155.01, to $155.84. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------- $30, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------ 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------- ------------------------- 42, 200. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-- ------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ .-. ___.-- - ___-____-___ 2155. 84 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 10,000. 00 15, 155. 84 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement_____________ - _ __________ __2, 326. 56 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_---- ... ------------ __... 12, 829. 28 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project_---------------------------- ___ -- 12, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_ *16, 000. 00 1 Increased by $4,695.71, act 1884, for Upper St. Johns River. 2 Expenditure for 1914, reduced by $0.83, account overpayment in 1914, refunded in 1915, increasing balance as reported of $155.01, to $155.84. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1,1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 641 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------------- $6, 473, 857. 40 Maintenance ---------------------------------- _ 769, 913.19 Total ----------------------------------------------- 7, 243, 670. 59 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... .. ............................. $654,587.61 1$502,848.06 ....... $457,765.32 Maintenance .... ...................... .......... ....... 6,112. 24 126, 627.43 8, 241.87 Total.................... ... ........................... 660,699.85 1629,475.49 466, 007.19 1 Expenditure for 1914, reduced by $0.83, account overpayment in 1914, refunded in 1915, increasing balance as reported cf $269,044.31 to $269,045.14. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------$455, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 .- 340, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912------------------------------------------------- 350, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- 11, 800. 00 June 23, 1913-------------------------------------------------150, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914__--------------------------------------------------_ 227, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------ 455, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________ ._____ ______ -2269, 045. 14 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 227, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 455, 000. 00 Receipts from sales___ __-----------__ - 166. 26 951, 211. 40 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement____________________ _ $457, 765. 32 For maintenance of improvement__--------- 8,241. 87 466, 007. 19 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 485, 204. 21 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ______- _______ 37, 701. 55 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 13, 271. 74 50, 973. 29 July 1, 1915, balance available_ _____---------___________- _ 434, 230. 92 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existng project__-------------------------------------------- 3291, 500. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance- .-- 332, 000. 00 3 6. LAKE CRESCENT AND DUNNS CREEK, FLA. Location.--Lake Crescent lies in the northeastern part of the penin- sula of Florida. Dunns Creek, the outlet of the lake, leaves the lake at its northern end and flows in a northwesterly direction, emptying 1 Increased by $4,695.71, expenditures from appropriation made by act of 1884 for Upper St. Johns River. 2 Expenditure for 1914, reduced by $0.83, account overpayment in 1914, refunded in 1915, 8 increasing balance as reported of $269,044.31, to $269,045.14. Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373o-ENG 1915-----41 642 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. into the St. Johns River 71 miles above Palatka. The total length of the creek is 81 miles. The project includes the full length of Dunns Creek and the bar in the lake opposite the entrance, a total length of 9.6 miles. Original condition.-Lake Crescent is about 14 miles long and from 1 to 3 miles wide, the average width being about 24 miles. Dunns Creek is from 150 to 600 feet wide, averaging about 300 feet. In the greater portion of the lake and creek the natural depths are in excess of 12 feet. Before improvement navigation was obstructed by two sharp bends in the creek and by a broad shoal at the northern end of the lake, opposite the entrance to the creek. The minimum usable depth-was about 6 feet at low water over the shoal in the lake. The minimum channel width was about 100 feet. The head of navigation may be taken to be on Haw Creek, a tributary of Lake Crescent, about 27 miles from the mouth of Dunns Creek. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 1320, Sixty-second Congress, third session. The project provides for securing and maintaining an avail- able channel depth of 8 feet and a channel width of 100 feet from the St. Johns River to Crescent City, including three cut-offs in Dunns Creek, at an estimated cost of $25,000 for construction and $1,000 annually for maintenance. The improvement is to be effected by dredging. The length of the waterway included in the project is 151 miles. Tidal influence is barely perceptible in the creek. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging was be- gun on the shoal in the lake and a cut 55 feet wide and one-third the full length was made. The available depth was not inicreased by this work. The total expenditure was $5,993.32, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The cut through the shoal in the lake, 3,640 feet long, was completed to the full project width and depth. The work was done by hired labor with the U. S. dredge Florida, at a total cost of $2,673.75. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $4,282.93, all of which was for original work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 25 per cent completed. A channel of the full depth and width contemplated by the project has been secured, but the proposed cut-offs have not yet been made. For the boats now navigating the waterway the facilities already provided are sufficient, but larger boats might have difficulty in passing the sharp bends. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest portion of the locality under improvement is 8 feet at mean low stage. The ruling width is 100 feet. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $10,276.25, all of which was for original work. Local cooperation.--The river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, adopting the project imposes the condition that no part of the money appropriated for the work shall be expended for the purchase of the right of way. Local interests have made efforts to secure the rights of way necessary for the cut-offs, with a view to deeding them to the United States without charge, but some difficulties were encountered, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 643 and no report of the successful termination of the negotiations has as yet been received. As the construction of the cut-offs is not essen- tial to the use of the stream by the boats now running, it is not antici- pated that the matter will be pressed. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has enabled good-sized freight boats to load to full capacity in the trade between Crescent City and Jacksonville, and has enabled the tonnage handled to be materially increased. The improvement has had no apparent effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-Available funds are believed to be sufficient to do any work that will be required before the end of the fiscal year 1917 and no estimate of funds is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce for the calen- dar year 1914 amounted to 19,407 tons, valued at $251,739, consisting of cottonseed meal, fertilizer, grain, grapefruit and oranges, logs, lumber, potatoes, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912... ........................................................................... 10,077 $711,193 1913............ ................................................. 16,900 703,447 1914...... ...... ..................................... ..... 19,407 251,739 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_------------------------------------------------ $10, 276. 25 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...............................................$5,993.32 $4,282.93 Maintenance.......................................... ...................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913 ------------- --- $25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 19, 006. 68 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ----------------------------- 4, 282. 93 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------14, 723. 75 7. OKLAWAHA RIVER, FLA. Location.-This river has its source in the system of large lakes in the central part of the peninsula of Florida and flows in a general northerly direction, then eastwardly, emptying into the St. Johns River 22 miles above Palatka. Its length from the mouth to Lake Griffin is 86 miles. The extreme head of the system may be taken as Lake Apopka, 120 miles above the mouth of the river. The section under improvement extends from the mouth to Leesburg, at the head of Lake Griffin, a distance of 94 miles. Original condition.-The river is generally narrow and crooked and flows for a good part of its course through cypress swamps. 644 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Silver Springs Run, a large tributary with a constant flow several times as great as the low-water discharge of the river above, enters about 53 miles above the mouth. Before improvement the river was much obstructed by logs, snags, overhanging trees, accumulations of drift, and aquatic vegetation, and navigation was further impeded by numerous sharp bends and narrow places. The minimum usable low-water depth was about 3.5 to 4 feet from the mouth to Silver Springs Run and about 2 feet to Leesburg, but on account of the accidental obstructions these depths could not be utilized. The width varied from 22 to 175 feet. Leesburg, at the head of Lake Griffin, 94 miles above the mouth, is generally regarded as the head of naviga- tion, but light-draft launches can pass through the lakes and the connecting creeks and canals to Lake Apopka, 120 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-The first provision for improvement of the river was made by an act of Congress approved February 24, 1835. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1825. The amount expended on all projects prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $3,911.95, all of which was for original work. Present project.-The improvement under the present project was inaugurated by Congress in the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and is based on report printed in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889, pages 1360-1364. A detailed plan for the work was approved by the Chief of Engineers June 23, 1891. It provided for clearing the channel from Lake Griffin to the mouth by removing snags, overhanging trees, and floating obstructions, with a view to obtaining a navigable depth of about 4 feet at low stages. The cost of the proposed work was estimated in 1892 at $26,000, with $1,000 annually for mainte- nance. The project was modified by Congress in the river and har- bor act of March 2, 1907, to provide for removing obstructions and deepening the channel to 6 feet at mean low water from the mouth to and including Silver Springs Run, a distance of 62 miles, at an esti- mated additional cost of $15,000, and $600 annually for maintenance, the improvement to Leesburg under the existing project being ex- pressly continued. . The modification is based on report printed in House Document No. 782, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session. By the river and harbor acts of June 25, 1910, and July 25, 1912, the project was further modified to provide that such portion of available funds as may be necessary for the purpose may be used for the main- tenance of the levels in the lakes at the head of the river, especially Lake Griffin, or in such further improvement of the stream as may be recommended by the Chief of Engineers. The length of the sec- tion included in the project is 94 miles in the river and 9 miles in Silver Springs Run. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A large number of logs, snags, overhanging trees and other obstructions were removed. Excessively sharp bends were eased or eliminated by cut-offs, nar- row places were widened, and shoals removed by dredging between the mouth of the river and Lake Griffin, and a dam was built across an old river bed. Maintenance work, embracing removal of logs and snags brought into the improved channel by freshets or dropped from RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 645 rafts, clearing away new growths of overhanging trees and floating obstructions, and redredging shoals was done from time to time. The result was a well-cleared channel 6 feet deep for the first 32 miles above the mouth, a practicable channel 4 feet deep at ordinary low stages to the head of Silver Springs Run, 62 miles from the mouth, and a channel with a usable depth of about 2 feet to Leesburg. The total expenditure in this work subsequent to that reported under the head of previous projects was $67,045.86, of which $33,531.32 was for original, work, and $33,514.54 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging in the river above the mouth of Silver Springs Run was done with a leased dredge. A continuous channel 4 feet deep was opened through 4 miles of the river, at a field cost of $3,903.12. Logs, snags, and over- hanging trees were removed by hired labor with United States plant between the mouth of the river and the head of Silver Springs Run, and a cut 35 feet wide and 5 feet deep was blasted through a rock shoal near Orange Creek (21 miles) at a cost of $674.95. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $7,111.38, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is believed to be about 70 per cent completed, but as logs and snags are annually car- ried into the channel, and the overhanging trees and other obstruc- tions are of constant growth, and the shoals continually reform, a large amount of annual maintenance work is necessary, and much of the river must be worked over year after year. A considerable im- provement has, however, been effected, and there is now a fairly well- cleared channel approximately 6 feet deep at ordinary stages for the first 32 miles above the mouth, and a practicable channel from 5 to 5 feet deep at ordinary stages to the head of Silver Springs Run 62 miles above the mouth. The channel between Silver Springs Run and Leesburg, 94 miles above the mouth, has shoaled and become obstructed with water plants, and not more than 2 to 2- feet can be carried over this part of the river. At the end of the fiscal year the river stands at an unusually low stage, and the maximum draft that can be carried to Silver Springs is about 42 feet. The total expendi- ture under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $74,157.24, of which $33,531.32 was for original work, and $40,625.92 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.--None is required by the appropriation acts. The city of Leesburg has dug a canal 2,500 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 5 feet deep from Lake Griffin to a point within easy reach of the business portion of the city, and a similar canal 2,200 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 6 feet deep from Lake Harris, with the object of en- abling boats to land near the mercantile and shipping section. Lake Dora has been connected with Lake Eustis by a canal 1 miles long, 25 feet wide, and 3 feet deep, dug by private enterprise at a cost of about $15,000. This canal enables small boats to pass from Lake Eustis to Lake Dora. In 1911 the owners of a basin of muck land along the river between Heather Island (60 miles above the mouth) and Moss Bluff (72 miles above the mouth) dug a channel 4.6 miles long and about 6 feet deep and 26 feet wide near the higher land on the east side of the basin and diverted the river into the new channel, cutting off about 6J miles of the old river. The work was done with 64Q REPORT OF THOE CiIEF OF ENGINEES, U. S. ARMY. the object of facilitating the drainage of the basin, but incidentally it has proved, on the whole, of benefit to navigation. The antecedent approval of the work by the Secretary of War was not obtained and the canal therefore exists without authority in law. It is recom- mended that it be legalized, subject to such conditions as are necessary to insure the prevention or correction of any damage to the waterway. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has facilitated the navigation of the river as far as Silver Springs and has shortened the time required for the trip. No effect on freight rates has been observed. Proposed operations.-Available funds will probably be exhausted before March 1, 1916. To keep the river open annual maintenance work is necessary, and for this purpose the following estimate is submitted: Dredging in continuation of improvement and for maintenance, with hired plant, 3 months, at $2,250------------------------------- $6, 750 Operation of snagging party, 4 months, at $750--------------------- 3, 000 Contingencies ------------------------------------------------- 250 10, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce on the river for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 34,430 tons, valued at $248,991, consisting of citrous fruits, hay and grain, logs, naval stores, vegetables, and general merchandise. The tonnage shows an increase over last year, due to the resumption of logging, which under present conditions forms the bulk of the tonnage. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912. ............................... ........................... 102,206 $1, 055, 464 1913............................................................................... 14,622 546,045 1914....... ................................................. ........... 34,420 248,991 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------- $7, 443. 27 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 40, 625. 92 Total---------- ---------------------------------- 78, 069. 19 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................. Maintenance. .. ...... . ............. .......... . ....... .... ............ ... ............... $8,942.67 10,586.83 ...$7,111.38 Total.......... ...... ......... ..... .......................... 19,52.50 7,111.38 1 Increased by $3,911.95, expended in 1835 from appropriation made by act of Feb. 24, 1835. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 647 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- $15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------- -11, 664.14 June 80, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---------------------------------------- 7,111. 38 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 4, 552.76 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing,project----------- ----------------------------- , 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 80, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-.------ 10, 000. 00 8. INDIAN RIVER, FLA. ZLoation.-Indian River is one of the series of shallow tidal lagoons and sounds on the east coast of the peninsula of Florida, between the mainland and the keys bordering the coast. It extends from about 25 miles north of Cape Canavaral to Jupiter Inlet and con- nects with the ocean at several points. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 14.) Its total length is about 140 miles. The section covered by the present project extends from Goat Creek to Jupiter Inlet, a distance of about 77 miles, but previous projects have included improvement at other points. Originalcondition.-The average width of the waterway is about 1 miles, narrowing as Jupiter Inlet is approached. Through Jupiter Narrows, near the inlet, the least width is 75 feet. Before improve- ment the channel in the section between Goat Creek and Jupiter Inlet was obstructed by numerous shoals, over which the depth varied from 2 to 4 feet at low water. The minimum usable low- water depth was 2 feet, and the minimum usable width of channel was 30 feet. When the improvement of this section was undertaken by the United States, there existed a continuous channel with a least depth of 5 feet at mean low water and a width of 50 feet, formed by the dredging operations of the Florida Coast Line Canal & Trans- portation Co. under charter from the State. The river is navigable for its entire length. Previous projects.-The first project, providing for connecting Indian River with Mosquito Lagoon, was adopted by an act of June 15, 1844. A project for dredging a channel through Negro Cut to Indian River Inlet was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, and in the deficiency act of February 26, 1896, provision was made for opening Jupiter Inlet for the passage of boats and small vessels. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1825. The amount expended on all projects other than the existing project, including expenditures on other projects subsequent to the commence- ment of operations under the existing project, was $38,994.94, of E xclusive of therbalance unexpended July 1, 10915. 648 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. which $4,994.94 was for the canal connecting Indian River with Mosquito Lagoon, $32,500 was for opening and protecting the chan- nel through Negro Cut, and $1,500 was for opening Jupiter Inlet. All of this expenditure was for original work. Present project.-The present project, contemplating the improve- ment of the river between Goat Creek and Jupiter Inlet, was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, and is based on report printed in House Document No. 168, Fifty-first Con- gress, second session. The plan presented contemplates widening the cuts dredged by the Florida Coast Line Canal & Transportation Co. and making new cuts where necessary to provide a continuous chan- nel between Goat Creek and Jupiter Inlet, 5 feet deep at mean low water and at least 75 feet wide in the straight reaches, with as much greater width in the turns as may be required. The estimated cost was $44,000. Under date of July 11, 1911, on account of additional work required in the vicinity of St. Lucie Inlet, the estimated cost was increased to $64,000. The length of the section covered by the project is about 77 miles. The mean'tidal variation is about 2 feet in the vicinity of the inlets. Elsewhere tidal effect is negligible, but the water surface is raised or lowered as much as 3 feet by the action of the wind. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The cuts made by the canal company were redredged and widened, making a continuous channel not less than 5 feet deep at mean low water and 75 feet wide between Goat Creek and St. Lucie Inlet, a distance of 59 miles, and 50 feet wide between St. Lucie Inlet and Jupiter Inlet, a distance of 18 miles. The channel in the vicinity of St. Lucie Inlet was unstable and constantly obstructed by shifting sands, to such an extent that the attempt to maintain it was abandoned and a new route, consisting of a canal 7,450 feet long through the mangrove swamps between Great Pocket and Pecks Lake, was adopted in 1911, entailing an in- crease of $20,000 in the estimated cost of the improvement. This canal was dredged 35 feet wide and 5 feet deep at mean low water. A considerable amount of maintenance dredging was done from time to time. The total expenditure in this work, exclusive of that reported under the head of Previous projects, was $96,531.72, of which $34,613.42 was for original work and $61,918.30 was for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-Dredging for main- tenance was begun with the U. S. dredge Florida in the entrance to Great Pocket just below St. Lucie Inlet on May 27, 1915. At the end of the fiscal year a cut 6 feet deep and 5,097 feet long had been dredged through the shoal at the entrance to Great Pocket, 80 feet wide for a length of 1,097 feet and 55 feet wide for the rest of its length. The cost of this work was $6,161.94. The amount ex- pended during the fiscal year was $6,574.04, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 60 per cent completed. A continuous channel has been formed from Goat Creek to Jupiter Inlet, with a least depth of 5 feet and a least width of 75 feet north of St. Lucie Inlet, and of 35 feet between St. Lucie Inlet and Jupiter Inlet. Shoaling has reduced the available depth in the vicinity of St. Lucie Inlet and between that point and Jupiter Inlet. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 649 over the shoalest portion of the improvement is 5 feet between Goat Creek and St. Lucie-Inlet, and 4 feet between St. Lucie Inlet and Jupiter Inlet. The total expenditure under the present project, to June 30, 1915, has been $103,105.76, of which $34,613.42 was for original work and $68,492.34 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Before the improvement was undertaken by the United States the Florida Coast Line Canal & Transportation Co., under charter from the State, had dredged cuts through 23 shoals between Goat Creek and Jupiter Inlet, making a continuous channel not less than 50 feet wide and 5 feet deep at low water. This work was part of a continuous canal from the St. Johns River to Biscayne Bay constructed by the company. The river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, adopting the project imposed the condition that no part of the money appropriated should be expended until the Florida Coast Line Canal & Transportation Co. should surrender and relinquish to the United States all the rights and privileges which it then held along the route under its State charter. The canal company formally relinquished its rights to the United States on March 31, 1894, and the deed was pronounced satisfactory by the Attorney General on April 12, 1894. The work done by the canal company thus became part of the improvement since prosecuted by the United States. Effect of improvement.-Indian River forms part of a continuous inland waterway, partly natural and partly artificial, extending along the east coast of Florida from Cumberland Sound to Biscayne Bay. The improvement enables small craft to ply up and down the coast without incurring the dangers of the outside passage. It is used to some extent by commercial boats carrying freight to and from the towns along the river and to a very large extent by yachts and pleasure craft. Proposed operations.-Available funds will probably be expended before June 30, 1916, in restoring the channel and widening below Pecks Lake. With funds now asked for it is proposed to widen the canal between Great Pocket and Pecks Lake. The following de- tailed estimate is submitted: For operating U. S. dredge Florida in widening the canal between Great Pocket and Pecks Lake, 4 months, at $4,000 16, 000 $---------------- For operating U. S. dredge Florida in dredging for maintenance as re- quired, 1 month, at $4,000----------------------------------- 4, 000 Total ------------------------------------------------ 20, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce on this river during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 41,348 tons, valued at $2,465,331, consisting of fish, fruits, grains and hay, groceries, ice, oils, shell, vegetables, and general merchandise. The increase over last year, both in tonnage and in value, is due to the steady growth of the community. The river is also much used as an inside route be- tween the North and southern Florida points. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 ..................................... . ...... .. .. ............ ................. 21,745 $1,112,119 1913. .............................................................. 28,119 1,488,270 1914 ................................................................ ............... 41,348 2,465,331 BREPORT OF THE O IEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial nanary. Amount expended on all projects to June '30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $73,608. 36 Maintenance---- ------------------------------------------68, 492. 34 Total - ------------------------------------------- 142, 100.70 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................................$55.3.......................... $55.30... Maitenance................................................. .............. 21, 944.70 $6,674.04 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913 ------------------------------------------- $22, 000.:00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 10,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 10,000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 10, 000.00 20, 000.00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-_..-.-- -- --- 6, 574. 04 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---- ------------- 13, 425. 96 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--..... ---------- __ -- 4, 200. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_.............---------------- 9,'225.-96 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----------------- ------------------------ 15, 500.-00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 80, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance . .... '20, 000. 00 9. ST. LUCIE INLET, FLA. Location.-St. Lucie Inlet is an opening from the Atlantic Ocean into Indian River, on the east coast of Florida, about 235 miles south of the mouth of the St. Johns River and 100 miles north of 'Miami, Fla. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 14.) The projected improvement covers the bar at the entrance, and the river within the entrance, to a basin in rear of Sewalls Point, a distance-of about 3 miles. Originalcondition.--The inlet is the result of an artificial cut made by local residents in 1892 through the low sand ridge separating the Indian River from the ocean. The cut was made 30 feet wide and 5 feet deep, but it rapidly widened until in 1908 it was over one-half mile in width. The entrance is shallow and obstructed by shifting sand bars and shoals. A narrow, crooked, and shifting channel having an available depth varying generally from 5 to 6 feet meanders through the entrance. A reef of soft rock extends across the front of the inlet, with its top surface about 9 or 10 feet below mean low water. Inside the inlet there are numerous shifting Includes $87,494.94, expended on previous work-Negro and Haulover Cuts. sBrelusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND hIARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 651 sand bars and flats, sometimes bare at low water. Through these a channel of considerable but varying width and from 6 to 8 or 10 feet deep extends to a pocket in the St. Lucie River, which enters the Indian River just opposite the inlet. The fresh-water flow from the St. Lucie River is a preponderating influence in keeping the inlet open. The maximum draft that can be carried into the inlet varies from 4 to 6 feet at mean low water. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, and is based on the recommenda- tion of the Chief of Engineers in his report printed in House Document No. 675, Sixty-second Congress, second session. It con- templates the expenditure of about $300,000 for excavating a cut of 18 feet center depth across the obstructing rock and the ocean bar, and was recommended by the Chief of Engineers as a prelimi- nary step to securing later a channel 18 feet deep and at least 200 feet wide from the ocean to Sewalls Point, as described in House Document No. 1312, Sixtieth Congress, second session, at a cost possi- bly much less than the original estimate of $1,460,000. The length of the section covered by the present project is about 1.5 miles. The tidal variation is 2 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Proposals for dredging and rock excavation were invited, but all bids were re- jected as excessive. Attempts were made to hire a suitable dredge, but no acceptable offer was received. The amount expended was $72.92, for expenses of preparing specifications and advertising for pro- posals. No improvement in conditions was effected. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Plans and specifica- tions for a powerful dredge, specially adapted to the work at this locality, and at the harbor of Miami (Biscayne Bay) were prepared. No actual work of improvement was done. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $13.05, for expenses of an examination of the locality. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-No work of improvement has been done under the project. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the locality covered by the project is from 41 to 5 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the present project, to June 30, 1915, has been $85.97, all of which is chargeable to new work. Local cooperation.--None is required by the appropriation act. Local interests plan to build wharves and terminals as soon as the improvement becomes available. Effect of improvement.-None. Proposedoperations.-Proposalswill be opened early in November, 1915, which will provide as alternate propositions (a) the construc- tion of a dredge of a type suitable for this work; (b) the rental of a dredging plant for prosecuting the work; and (c) for the excava- tion of the channel on the usual unit-price basis. The available funds are insufficient to provide for the work beyond the end of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, .under either one of the foregoing propositions, and in order that the work may be prosecuted and the results contemplated by the project obtained in a reasonable time, the balance of the estimated cost, $200,000, should be appropriated. 652 . REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-Thereis no water-borne commerce through the inlet at the present time. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ...----------------------------------------- $85. 97 Maintenance --------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................ ............ 72.92 $13.05 Maintenance ................................................. .... .... .......... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913---------- ------------------------------- $100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--- -------------------------- 99, 927. 08 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement------------------------------------------- 13. 05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _ ---------- __ ----- _ 99, 914. 03 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------------------------200, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement- ____- 1200,000.00 10. HARBOR AT MIAMI (BISCAYNE BAY), FLA. Location.-Biscayne Bay is a large, shallow, salt water sound lying between the Florida Keys and the mainland on the east coast of Florida, near the southern extremity of the peninsula. The city of Miami is situated on the west side of the bay, about midway between the head of the bay and its principal entrance at Cape Florida. Miami is about 335 miles south of the mouth of the St. Johns River and 160 miles north and east of Key West. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 14 and 15.) Originalcondition.-Biscayne Bay is about 36 miles long and from 3 to 7 miles wide. Over about half the area of the bay the general depths are not over 6 feet, and over the remaining area they average not more than 10 feet. Before improvement about 10 feet of water could be carried into the bay at Cape Florida and about 7 feet to the mouth of the Miami River. The channels were narrow and bordered by shoals. When the improvement of the bay was under- taken by the United States a channel had been dug by the Florida East Coast Railway Co. through the Cape Florida entrance and up the bay to Miami, through which 11 feet could be carried over the bar and 12 feet up the bay to the city. The bay is navigable over its entire area. Previous projects.-By the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, provision was made for a special survey and preparation of a project for the improvement of Biscayne Bay. The first project for im- provement was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. This project was modified in the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended Jply 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 653 page 1826. The amount expended on the survey and this project, with its modification, prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project, was $565,402.11, of which $4,965.51 was for the survey, $548,483.27 was for original work of improvement, and $11,- 953.33 was for maintenance. Present project.-The present project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and is based on 'plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 554, Sixty-second Congress, second session. The project contemplates the excavation of an en- trance channel 300 feet wide and 20 feet deep from the ocean to the bay, through the cut made under the previous project, and of a refuge basin 1,200 feet long, 400 feet wide, and 18 feet deep near the inner end of this cut, and the probable extension of the jetties about 500 feet. The estimated cost of the work was $400,000, including the cost of constructing a powerful dredge for use in the rock excavation. The length of the section covered by the project is about 7,000 feet. The tidal variation is 2.2 feet at the entrance and about 1.5 feet in the bay. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the first project and its modifications two jetties were built at the entrance, the shore on the north side of the cut was protected by a shore revet- ment, and a channel was dredged through the rock and sand 18 to 20 feet deep and 110 feet wide for 2,410 feet, and 85 feet wide for the remainder of its length. This channel, however, rapidly shoaled, and the result of the work was a usable depth not greater than 7 or 8 feet. Moreover, the channel was too narrow for safe navigation. No field work was done on the present project prior to this fiscal year. The total expenditure subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects was $324.07, all of which was for incidentals chargeable to the work of improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done and no expenditures were made. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Pending the city's compliance with the conditions of the appropriation act, nothing has been done under the present project. The jetties are in good condition, and the cut through the island remains open. The channel to the sea has shoaled over the outer half of its length. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel is about 7 feet at mean low water. The cut is not used by vessels, except small launches and fishing boats, others using the old entrance at Cape Florida. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $324.07, all of which is chargeable to original work. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, adopting the first project for the improvement of Biscayne Bay, provided that the Florida East Coast Railway Co. should construct at its own expense a basin 1,600 feet long and 500 feet wide adjacent to the wharves at Miami and a channel across the bay from such basin to the east side of a basin to be dredged by the United States at some convenient place near the entrance, this channel to be not less than 85 nor more than 100 feet in width, as the Secretary of War might determine, said basin and channel to be open to the free and unobstructed use of the public. The act provided further that before any part of the appropriation should be expended the said 654 REPORT OF THE CHIF~ OF ENGINEBRS, U. S. ARMY. railway company should enter into a contract with the United States for the performance of its part of the work and for securing in its portion of the channel and in the basin adjacent to the wharves practicable depths at least as great as are secured in the portion of the channel to be built by the United States and for maintaining for a period of three years after the 18-foot channel to be constructed by the Government shall have been obtained an equal depth in the basin and the channel across the bay. The contract was also required to contain certain provisions for the use of the railway wharves and other facilities by all shippers at reasonable rates and qn just and reasonable conditions. A contract containing the required stipulations was entered into on October 15, 1902, between the Secretary of War, on behalf of the United States, and the Florida East Coast Railway Co. Between March, 1903, and January, 1906, the railway company dredged the channel across the bay to a width of 100 to 120 feet and to a least depth of 10 feet at mean low water and constructed a basin in front of its wharves at Miami 1,000 feet long and 500 feet wide, with an available depth of 10 feet or over. The amount expended by the railway company in this work was about $103,201.50. The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, adopting the present project,. provided that no work shall be done by the United-States on said project until the Secretary of War is satisfied that the por- tion of the work contemplated to be done by the Florida East Coast Railway Co. will be promptly completed, nor until the Secretary of War is satisfied that suitable terminal facilities will be provided by local interests, as contemplated by the project document. By the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, the first of these conditions was amended to provide that nothing in the act shall be construed as relieving the said Florida East Coast Railway Co. from the obli- gation of complying with the terms of its contract heretofore en- tered into with the United States. The railway company declined to do any further work in the channel across the bay, and suit to enforce specific performance of the contract was instituted. The case was tried in July, 1914, and was decided adversely to the United States. In compliance with the condition that local interests shall provide suitable terminal facilities, the city of Miami has adopted a plan for piers and terminals and for a channel 100 feet wide and 18 feet deep across the bay from these terminals to the inner end of the Govern- ment cut. This plan was accepted by the Secretary of War on April 26, 1915. The city has also purchased the land and secured the riparian rights necessary to the execution of the plan, and has issued and sold bonds to cover a portion of the cost. A bond issue to pro- vide the remainder of the funds needed will probably be authorized at an early date. It is anticipated that the city will be able to give the required assurance to the Secretary of War within a short time. The estimated cost of the work contemplated by the city's plan is about $500,000, and it will probably be completed within a year. The funds will be raised from the sale of bonds issued for the purpose. Before the improvement of Biscayne Bay was undertaken by the United States the Florida East Coast Railway Co. and the Penin- sula & Occidental Steamship Co. dredged at their own expense a RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 6.55 channel 9 feet deep from the Cape Florida entrance to the railway wharves in the Miami River. Later, this channel was made 12 feet deep at the entrance and up the bay to the new railway wharves on the bay front. This channel has been redredged from time to time, and is the channel now used by vessels. The cost of the work was about $150,000. Effect of improvement.-The project in its incomplete state has had no, effect on freight rates, and has afforded no direct benefit to commerce. Proposed operations.-As the city has not as yet fully complied with the conditions as to local cooperation, no estimate of funds is submitted. Comm ercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce of the harbor at Miami for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 122;789 tons, valued at $38,197,136, consisting of citrous fruits, cement, fish, grain and hay, groceries, hardware, lumber, muck, oils, rock, sand, and general mer- chandise.. None of this commerce used the channel under improve- ment by the United States. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 .......----......................-------------------------------....------...------....-------------------------............................. 148,862 $3,849758 1918 ...... ........................................................... ...... 123,850 2,946,808 1914.. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . ......... . . . .. . . . .. ....... -122,789 3,197,186 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ............ _ 1$553, 772.85 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 11, 953. 33 Total----------------- -------------------------- 565, 726. 18 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New ork...................... ............................ $27072 $53.35. ......... ..... Maintenance..................................... ....... . .......... ............. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------------ $100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------ 100, 000. 00 Receipts from sales------------------------------------- 1.00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------- 00, 001. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----------------------------------------- 300, 000. 00 1 Includes $4,965.51 from appropriation of $5,000, act Mar. 3, 1899, for survey of Bis- cayne Bay, Fla. sExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 656 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 11. HARBOR AT KEY WEST, FLA. Location.-Key West is located on the island of Key West, near the western end of the Florida Keys. It is about 516 statute miles from Jacksonville, 644 statute miles from New Orleans, and 220 miles south of the entrance to Tampa Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 16.) Original condition.-The harbor proper lies in front of the town, protected on the eastern side by the island and on the other sides by submerged reefs and sand flats. It has a length of about 2 miles and a width of about one-quarter mile. The general depth is about 28 feet in the lower part of the harbor, diminishing to about 22 feet in the upper part. Southwest of the harbor proper there is a large anchorage area protected by the reef and having depths of from 30 to 45 feet. The entrance referred to in the earlier appropriation acts enters the harbor from the north, over the sand flats, and is known as the Northwest Passage. There are four other principal entrances from the south and west, through the coral reefs, known as the southeast channel, the main ship channel, the southwest channel, and the west channel, besides several minor channels. All the chan- nels through the reef are somewhat obstructed by coral heads. Only the northwest channel and the main ship channel have been improved by the United States. Before improvement the entrance to the northwest channel was obstructed by a bar over which the minimum usable depth was 10.5 feet at mean low water. The main ship chan- nel had a minimum usable depth of 29 feet, but the coral heads made it difficult for deep-draft vessels to enter. The minimum depth through the other channels is 22 feet in the southeast channel, 25 feet in the southwest channel, and 30 feet in the west channel, b.ut they are all more or less obstructed by coral heads and reefs. A draft of 26 feet could be taken into the harbor by way of the main ship or the west channels. Previous projects.-The improvement of the Northwest Entrance was inaugurated by Congress in the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. A special. survey, with a view to preparation of plans for future work, was ordered in the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1827. The amount expended on all projects, prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project, was $27,500, of which $25,000 was for original work and $2,500 was for the special survey ordered by the act of 1886. Present project.-Furtherimprovement of the entrance was con- ditionally ordered by Congress in the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, and the project may be taken as definitely adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890. It is based on plans presented in House Document No. 39, Fifty-first Congress, first ses- sion (printed also in Annual Report for 1890, pp. 1581-1596). The project contemplates a channel through the northwest entrance 17 feet deep at mean low water, to be secured by the construction of a stone jetty along the submerged reef on the northeastern side of the channel, with possibly a second jetty on the west side of the channel, the effect of the jetties to be supplemented by dredging if found necessary. The estimated cost of the northeast jetty was $500,000. No formal estimate of cost for the other work suggested has been made. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 657 On March 24, 1897, authority was given by the Chief of Engineers for beginning the construction of the west jetty, and in the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, specific provision for dredging on the bar was made. The project was modified by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, which provided for continuing improvement and for maintenance by dredging and work on jetties or by constructing training walls, in the discretion of the Secretary of War. It was decided to spend $125,000 in raising the east jetty and the balance of the available funds in dredging or jetty work. The project was further modified by Congress in the act of May 28, 1908, which authorized the expenditure of $5,000 from the appro- priation of March 2, 1907, in the removal of certain reefs (known as coral heads) from the main ship channel. This modification was based on report made by Lieut. Col. Lansing H. Beach, Corps of Engineers, to the Secretary of War on February 1, 1908. The sum of $2,274.44 was expended in this work. The project was again modified by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, which provided for deepening and widening the main ship channel at the entrance and at Triangle Shoals, so as to afford a channel 30 feet deep and 300 feet wide, and removing shoals in the anchorage, in accordance with report submitted in House Document No. 706, Sixty-second Congress, second session, at an estimated cost of $48,000. The length of the northwest channel is 81 miles. The length of the main ship channel is 54 miles. The mean tidal variation is 2.6 feet in the northwest channel and 1.4 feet in the main ship channel and in the harbor. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-At the northwest channel the east jetty was built to a height of 3 feet above mean low water for a length of 5,642 feet and to a height of 5 feet below mean low water for a further length of 5,712 feet. The west jetty was built to a height of from 3 to 5 feet below mean low water for a length of 6,450 feet. A channel 17 feet deep at mean low water was dredged through the bar and a channel 18 feet deep through the shoals south of the bar, and these channels were maintained In the main ship channel coral heads and reefs were removed, giving a clear depth of 30 feet at mean low water for a width of 200 feet and 29 feet for a width of 300 feet, and a coral reef in the anchorage basin having only 22 feet of water over it was removed to a clear depth of 30 feet. The total expenditure in this work, subsequent to that reported under Previous projects, was $734,031.36, of which $627,498.96 was for original work, $78,784.81 was for maintenance in the northwest channel, and $27,747.59 was for original work in the main ship channel. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Removal of coral heads in the main ship channel was completed. A total of 8,400 square yards of shoals was removed to a clear depth of 30 feet, verified by a wire drag. All shoals showing less than 30 feet were removed for a distance of 150 feet on each side of the channel range from the sea to Whitehead Spit. The cost of this work was $4,076.68. No work was done in the northwest entrance. The amount expended 8373°--ENG 1915--42 658 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF EITGINEERS, U. S. ARMIY. during the fiscal year was $6,126.08, of which $5,911.08 was for origi- nal work and $215 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project for the main ship channel and the anchorage is completed, at a total cost of $31,384.23, which is $16,615.77 less than the estimate. At the northwest channel about 60 per cent of the jetty work at one time contemplated has been done and the channel has been dredged 17 feet deep and of sufficient width. Since the last dredging was done, in 1912, the chan- nel has maintained itself well and further work on the jetties is not immediately contemplated. The channel through the northwest en- trance has been deepened from 10.5 feet to 18 feet at mean low water and the main ship channel has been cleared of all obstructions to a full depth of 30 feet for a width of 300 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the locality under im- provement is 18 feet at mean low water through the northwest chan- nel and 30 feet through the main ship channel. The least width of the 18-foot channel through the northwest channel is about 200 feet and the width for 17-foot depth is 250 feet. The channel has deep- ened somewhat during the year, the general depths being 19 to 21 feet, with a least depth of 18.3. The total expenditure under the present project and its modifications to June 30, 1915, has been $740,157.44, of which $627,498.96 was for original work and $78,- 999.81 was for maintenance in the northwest channel and $33,658.67 was for original work in the main ship channel. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement of the northwest pas- sage affords a safe route from Gulf ports to Key West and by way of the main ship channel to the Atlantic, enabling vessels drawing 17 feet or less to avoid the longer and more dangerous passage through the Straits of Florida. The improvement of the main ship channel has made it safe to navigate by day or night for vessels drawing less than 30 feet. The improved facilities have benefited the commerce of the port and are of great value to the smaller vessels of the United States Navy, enabling them to reach the naval station at Key West without difficulty or danger. The improvement has had little direct effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-Available funds are believed to be sufficient to maintain the improvement until June 30, 1917, and no estimate of funds is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce of Key West Harbor for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 655,407 tons, valued at $13,434,175, consisting of cattle, cement, cigars, coal, fertilizer, fish, fruit, groceries and canned goods, hay, grain, hardware, ice, lumber, meats and meat products, oil, sponges, stone, tobacco leaf, vegetables, water, and general merchandise. The tonnage shows an increase of more than 40 per cent over 1913, due largely to heavy shipments of stone and fresh water. The value, however, is less than last year, due largely to reduction in cigar shipments by water. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 ..................................... 554,107 $17,918,905 1913 ............................................................. 458 780 18, 440 661 1914................................... ....... ............................. 65 407 13,434 175 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 659 Financialsummary. NORTHWEST ENTRANCE CHANNEL. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------- ---------- $654, 998. 96 Maintenance-------------------------------- -------- 78, 999. 81 Total----------------- ---------------------------- 733, 998. 77 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................. ............. -- Maintenance......... .................................................... ...... .... .. $215.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------------------------___------ $15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913- ---------------- -------------------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------31, 495. 26 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act, ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 11, 495. 26 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------- 215. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ________________-__-- __ 11, 280. 26 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ________________________-__ 278. 12 July 1, 1915, balance available_______________________ _____ 11, 002. 14 MAIN SHIP CHANNEL. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- -------------------------------------- 33, 658. 67 Maintenance--------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................... ........................... $13,920.05 $11,553.10 $5,911.08 Maintenance............ ............... ..... ............ .................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912_ -- --------------- ----------------------- $48,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______-------------- ------- 22, 526. 85 Receipts from sales------------------------ -------------- 57. 00 22, 583. 85 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915--------------- --------------------- 15,000. 00 7, 583. 85 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement _____---------- ----------------------------___ 5, 911.08 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------.------ 1, 672. 77 660 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--- ---------- --------------------------- $688, 657. 63 ---- Maintenance_ _--_-------------- - 78, 999. 81 Total------------------------------------------ 767, 657. 44 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 0. 1913 1914 1915 New work............. ...... ..... ........................ $13,920.05 $11, 553.10 $5,911.08 Maintenance.... ............................. .... .........- .. ...... ... ....... 215.00 Total....................................................... 13,920.05 11,553.10 6,126.08 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------- $63, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------- ---------- - 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________________ __ __ 54, 022. 11 Receipts from sales ------------------------------------------ 57.00 54, 079.11 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915_ ------------------------------------- 35, 000. 00 19, 079. 11 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-------------------- $5, 911. 08 For maintenance of improvement_ - -- -__ _ 215. 00 6, 126. 08 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_------- ___ -___-_____- 12, 953. 03 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___________- ____________ 278. 12 July 1, 1915, balance available-----------------_ -------------- 12, 674. 91 12. KISSIMMEE RIVER, FLA. Location.-This river now has its source in Tohopekaliga Lake, in the central part of the peninsula of Florida, and flows in a south- easterly direction, emptying into Lake Okechobee. Its total length, including several large lakes through which it flows, is about 137 miles. The section covered by the project extends from the town of Kissimmee, at the head of Tohopekaliga Lake, to Fort Bassenger, a distance of 991 miles. The distance from Fort Bassenger to the mouth of the river is 371 miles. Original condition.--In its normal condition the Kissimmee River was an extremely sinuous and rather sluggish stream, varying in width from 50 to 100 feet, and having a general depth of from 2 to 5 feet at ordinary low stages, though in places much greater depths are found. Originally the river had its source in Lake Kissimmee, but many years ago canals were dug, primarily for drainage pur- poses, connecting Lakes Kissimmee, Cypress, Hatcheneha, and Tohopekaliga, thus extending the waterway to the latter lake. In the lakes the natural depth is from 10 to 12 feet. Before improve- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 661 ment the river was obstructed by sand bars over which the ruling depth was 2 feet at ordinary low stages, falling to as little as 1 foot or less at extreme low stages. Navigation was also obstructed by snags and by the many sharp bends. Some of the latter had been eliminated by cut-offs made at private expense before the improve- ment of the stream was undertaken by the United States. The head of navigation is at the town of Kissimmee, 137 miles above the mouth. The length of the navigable portion is 137 miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 176, Fifty-seventh Con- gress, first session. The project contemplates securing a channel width of 30 feet and depth of 3 feet at ordinary low stage in the Kissimmee River, including the connecting canals and lakes, from the town of Kissimmee to Fort Bassenger and also in Istokpoga Creek, a small tributary entering the Kissimmee 101 miles above Fort Bas- senger, at an estimated cost of $24,220.90, the estimate, however, be- ing based on a channel width of but 25 feet in Istokpoga Creek. The improvement is to be effected by dredging through shoals, removing snags and overhanging trees, and building dams and training walls to close subsidiary channels and concentrate the flow in the main chan- nel. The length of the section included in the project is 991 miles in the Kissimmee River, the lakes, and the canals, and 9.4 miles in Istokpoga Creek. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Channelsof project dimensions were dredged through obstructive shoals, snags, and over- hanging trees were removed, and sheet pile bulkheads and brush and pile dams were built where necessary to confine and direct the flow. The result of this work was a channel of the full project dimensions from Kissimmee to Fort Bassenger, but shoaling subsequently took place, and at the end of the year the limiting depth over the shoalest part of the improvement was 2 feet. The total expenditure in this work was $30,852, of which $23,479.18 was for original work, and $7,372.82 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Logs and snags were removed from the Kissimmee River over a length of about 25 miles, and from Istokpoga Creek, clearing its full length of 9.4 miles. About 200 linear feet of old bulkhead in the river near Lake Kissim- mee was replaced by new construction. This work was done by hired labor, at a total field cost of $532.51. The sum of $1,000 was applied in part payment for the U. S. dredge Sarasota and her outfit. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $1,414.16, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1909, but the channel has shoaled. The waterway, including Istok- poga Creek, has been cleared of snags and accidental obstructions, and the channel has been confined and controlled, rendering the nat- ural depth fully available. Unusually low-water stages for the past several years have hindered navigation at times. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the waterway under improvement is 2 feet at ordinary low stage. The total ex- 662 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. penditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $32,- 266.16, of which $23,479.18 was for original work and $8,786.98 was for maintenance. The project was completed for $741.72 less than the original estimate. Local cooperation.-None is required by the appropriation acts. The canals connecting the lakes, though dug primarily for another purpose, extended navigation to the upper lakes, and form a useful and important part of the present waterway. Local residents have dredged cut-offs through several of the worst bends, and have re- moved obstructions from the stream at their own expense. In the prosecution of its plans for the drainage and reclamation of the Everglades the State of Florida has lowered the level of Lake Oke- chobee about 4 feet. Permit for this work was issued by the Secre- tary of War on May 29, 1912, subject to the condition, among others, that the State shall construct a lock and movable dam at a site to be selected near the mouth of the Kissimmee River, of such height as to maintain the present water level in the lower Kissimmee, and dredge a channel in the river from the lake to the lock and dam, such as to compensate for the lowering of the lake surface; or do such other work as may be recommended by the Chief of Engineers and approved by the Secretary of War in order to coordinate the im- provement of this river in the interest of navigation with the State's scheme of drainage operations. The State has, as yet, made no move toward complying with this condition. Effect of improvement.-A practicable waterway from the Gulf of Mexico, by way of the Caloosahatchee River, Lake Okechobee, and the Kissimmee River, a total length of 250 miles, has been opened into the heart of a fertile agricultural district, and a means of com- munication provided for a large territory heretofore beyond the reach of railroads. The improvement has had the effect of lowering cost of transportation by enabling boats to run with greater regularity. Proposed operations.-Furthermaintenance work is needed, but available funds are not sufficient to undertake operations of any im- portance, and they will accordingly be held until further funds are made available. The following estimate for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is submitted: For maintenance, by dredging, snagging, and repair of bulkheads, as required------------------------------------------------------- 3,000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce on the river for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 36,902 tons, valued at $828,890, consisting of cattle, citrous fruits, crate material, fertilizer, fish, hides and skins, logs, lumber, naval stores, vegetables, and general merchan- dise. The great decrease in commerce for 1914 was due chiefly to the interruption of navigation by the unusually low stages in the river. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 ...................... ............................. .......... 71,950 $2,930,500 1913......... ................ . .......... ............................... 85,550 3, 558,400 1914.............. .... ...... ....... ............... ....................................... 36,902 828,890 IIIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMEINTS. 663 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-- ------------------------------------------ $23, 479. 18 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 8, 786. 98 Total ---------- --------------------------------- 32, 266. 16 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................... ............ ........... .............. Maintenance................................................ $512.62 ............... $1,414.16 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- $2, 000. 00 Receipts from sales----------- 1. 65 6------------------------ 2, 061. 65 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------- --- 1, 414. 16 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 647. 49 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 180. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------------------- 467. 49 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ------------------ 13, 000. 00 13. CALOOSAHATCHEE RIVER, FLA. Location.-This river now has its source in Lake Okechobee, in the southern part of the peninsula of Florida, and flows in a general southwesterly direction, emptying into San Carlos Bay, an arm of the Gulf of Mexico about 20 miles southeast of the entrance to Char- lotte Harbor and 90 miles southeast of the entrance to Tampa Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 16.) Its total length from Lake Okechobee to the mouth is about 84 miles. The section under improvement extends from the Gulf of Mexico to Fort Thomp- son, a distance of 61 miles. Originalcondition.-Forthe lower 17 miles the river has the char- acteristics of a tidal estuary from one-half mile to 1 miles in width. The entrance and the lower part of the estuary are obstructed by oyster bars, over which the ruling depth before improvement was 54 feet at low water. At the head of the estuary there is a broad shoal flat, on which the ruling depth before improvement was 31 feet. Above, after passing numerous islands, the river narrows and be- comes winding, the sinuosity increasing as the head of the river is approached. In this part of the river a least depth of 4 feet was found before improvement as far as Fort Thompson, but navigation was badly obstructed by snags, overhanging trees, and bowlders, and some extremely sharp bends. Originally there was no well-defined low-water connection with Lake Okechobee; but many years ago canals were dug, primarily for drainage purposes, connecting the river through Lake Hicpochee with Lake Okechobee, and it is now 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 664 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. .ARMY. considered as having its source in the latter lake. Before improve- ment the minimum usable depth was 5 feet from the mouth to Fort Myers (15 miles) and 31 feet to Fort Thompson (61 miles). The head of steamboat navigation is now Labelle, 59 miles above the mouth, though under favorable conditions the river is navigable by small boats for its entire length, to Lake Okechobee (84 miles). Previous projects.-The first project for the improvement of the river, providing for its improvement from the mouth to Fort Myers, was adopted in 1882. This project was modified in 1887 by extending operations to Fort Thompson, and again modified in 1888. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1828. The amount expended on all projects prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $44,193.72, of which $27,449.76 was for original work and $16,743.96 was for maintenance. Present project.-The present project for the lower river was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and is based on report printed in Rivers and Harbors Committee Document No. 8, Sixty-first Congress, second session. The project provides for securing and maintaining a channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep over the bar at the entrance, below Puntarasa, and 100 feet wide and 10 feet deep thence to Fort Myers, with a turning basin at that point, at an estimated cost of $119,000 for construction and $2,000 annually for maintenance. The improvement is to be effected by dredging. The length of the section included in the project is 20 miles. The present project for the upper river was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, and provides for remov- ing obstructions and straightening and deepening the channel at Beautiful Islands with a view to securing a channel depth of 4 feet from Fort Myers to Fort Thompson, a distance of about 45 miles, at an estimated cost of $11,000, which was later increased to $13,647 (see Annual Report for 1887, p. 1236, and for 1889, p. 1338). The tidal variation is 1.6 feet at the entrance and the same at Fort Myers. Tidal effect is perceptible at Labelle during low stages of the upper river. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Snags, sunken logs, bowlders, and overhanging trees were removed from the river be- tween Fort Myers and Fort Thompson, and a channel 5 feet deep and of sufficient width for navigation was dredged through the shoal at Beautiful Islands and protected by a dike built of piles and brush covered with material dredged from the shoal. The result of this work was a good navigable channel not less than 4 feet deep from Fort Myers to Fort Thompson, a distance of 43 miles. A channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water was dredged from the 12-foot contour in the Gulf to Puntarasa at the mouth of the river, a distance of 3.2 miles, and thence 100 feet wide and 10 feet deep at low water through obstructing shoals to Fort Myers. The result was a channel of project dimensions from the Gulf to Fort Myers, a distance of 20 miles. Maintenance work, consisting of dredging and snagging, was done in the river between Fort Myers and Fort Thompson from time to time. The total expenditure in this work subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects was $131,024.92, of which $119,502.89 was for original work RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 665 under the present project and $11,522.03 was for maintenance of the improvement in the upper river. Owing to the lowering of the water surface of Lake Okechobee in connection with the operations of the State for the drainage and reclamation of the Everglades, the water supply in the upper river has been very much lessened, and at the end of the preceding year the maximum draft that could be carried to Labelle (59 miles) was 2 feet, while navigation above Labelle was virtually suspended. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Under an allot- ment from the emergency fund channels 3.5 feet deep were dredged through shoals between Labelle and a point 6.3 miles below Labelle, and a large number of snags were removed with a leased dredge. The total field cost of this work was $7,270.50. This work enabled the boats regularly using the river to reach Labelle and to serve the district between Labelle and Fort Myers during the shipping season. The amount expended during the fiscal year, including $1,000 applied to part payment for the U. S. dredge Sarasota, was $9,224.27, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in January, 1913. The depth over the bar at the entrance has been in- creased from 51 feet to 12 feet, and a channel of adequate dimensions for the vessels entering the river has been dredged to Fort Myers. The river from Fort Myers to Fort Thompson has been cleared of ob- structions and made available for boats suited to the trade, and a water route has been opened by way of the Caloosahatchee River, Lake Okechobee, and the Kissimmee River to the center of the State, a distance of 250 miles. At present, however, this route is inter- rupted by the lack of water in the Caloosahatchee River between Labelle and the lake. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement is 12 feet at mean low water from the Gulf of Mexico to Puntarasa and 10 feet to Fort Myers, 4.7 feet from Fort Myers to Fort Denaud (35 miles), and 2.8 feet to Labelle. Above Labelle navigation is practically suspended. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $119,502.89, all of which was for original work. Local cooperation.-None is required by _the appropriation acts. The canals connecting the river with Lake Okechobee, through Lake Hicpochee, together with the removal of a rock ledge at Fort Thomp- son and four cut-offs below that point, though dug primarily for another purpose, have incidentally opened up a valuable waterway into the interior of the State, and form a useful and important part of the present waterway. In the prosecution of its plans for the drainage and reclamation of the Everglades the State of Florida has lowered the level of Lake Okechobee about 4 feet. Permit for this work was issued by the Secretary of War on May 29, 1912, sub- ject to the condition, among others, that the State shall dredge a channel not less than 40 feet wide in the Caloosahatchee River from Lake Okechobee to Labelle, the bottom of the channel at the lake to be at elevation 11 (5 feet below the lowest lake level proposed) and to grad- ually slope to elevation 1 at Labelle or do such other work as may be recommended by the Chief of Engineers 'and approved by the Secre- tary of War in order to coordinate the improvement of the river in the interests of navigation with the State's scheme of drainage oper- 666 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF EN1GIEERS, 1t. S. ARMY. ations. As yet the State has done no actual work in compliance with this condition, but a contract has been made by the State for the necessary dredging, and it is expected that the actual work will begin soon after July 1. The State has also awarded a contract for the construction of a lock with wing walls at the head of the Caloosa- hatchee River, with a view to the further improvement of this water- way and its approach from the lake. The proposed dimensions of the lock are 30 feet wide, 130 feet long, with upper sill at elevation 8 and lower sill at elevation 6, and its completion is fixed for December 1, 1916. The cost of this work is estimated at $42,500. Effect of improvement.-The improvement at the entrance and in the lower river has made it possible for coastwise vessels of moderate draft to reach Fort Myers, and regular service is maintained between that point and Tampa, Punta Gorda, and Key West. The improve- ment of the upper river has made regular service possible between Fort Myers and the several towns and many fruit farms on the river. As no railroads enter this territory these settlements are dependent on the river for the transport of their supplies and produce. For- merly the river served as the outlet for the important fishing industry on Lake Okechobee, but with the decrease in depth in the upper river, followed by the entry of the Florida East Coast Railway into the Lake Okechobee country from the north, this movement has ceased. Proposed operations.-Available funds are believed to be sufficient to do such maintenance work as will be necessary during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916. Such work will be required annually, and the following estimate for the fiscal year 1917 is submitted: Operating the U. S. dredge Sarasota and U. S. snag boat Kissimmee, for maintenance in upper river 1 months, at $2,000 per month_---------_ $3, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce on the river for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 79,107 tons, valued at $1,917,494, consisting of cattle, citrous fruits, crate material, fertilizer, fish, hogs, logs, lumber, naval stores, rope, shell, vegetables, and general mer- chandise. The decrease in commerce for 1914 was due to the inter- ruption of navigation in the upper river by the unusually low stages. With the completion of the controlling works at the head of the river it is anticipated that this commerce will improve. The com- merce on the lower river shows an increase over last year. Of this, about 59,950 tons, valued at $1,102,418, pertained to the river below Fort Myers. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 ............................................ ............. 109,200 .................... $4,370,000 1913........................................................................ 112,593 3,119,950 1914.............................................................................. 79,107 1,917,494 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------- --- $146, 952. 65 Maintenance--- _--_ _----------______ 37, 490. 26 Total--------------------------------- - 184, 442. 91 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 667 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .............................................. 6,834.26 ................... Maintenance............ ................................ 2, 892. 33 $2, 322.37 $9,224. 27 Total....................... .................... 9,726.59 2,322.37 9,224.27 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------------- $5, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913----------- ------------------------------ 12,000.00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------- ------------------- 2,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________--__-____---_____ 11, 282.41 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 2, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 5, 000. 00 18, 282. 41 Deduction on account of balance of emergency allotment returned to Treasury --------------------------------------------------- 1, 527. 00 16, 755. 41 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------ --------------------------------- 9, 224. 27 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______----------------- ____7, 531. 14 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities______--------------------- 1, 025. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available___ ------------------- 6, 506. 14 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------ 13,000. 00 14. ORANGE RIVER, FLA. Location.-This river rises in the northern part of Lee County, in the southwestern part of the peninsula of Florida, and flows in a general northwesterly direction, emptying into the Caloosahatchee River about 6 miles above Fort Myers. Its total length is some- what over 6 miles. The section under improvement extends from the mouth to Buckingham, a distance of 5.7 miles. Original condition.-Before improvement the river was obstructed by snags and overhanging trees and by nine shoals, all of small ex- tent, consisting of sand and mud, with some bowlders and loose rock. The limiting depth over the shoals was 21 feet, though elsewhere depths of from 6 to 21 feet were found. The width of the stream was about 90 feet at its mouth and 50 feet at Buckingham. The usable width of the available channel was about 30 feet. The head of navigation is the iron bridge at Buckingham, 5.7 miles above the mouth. The length of the navigable portion of the river is 5.7 miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, and is based on plans and esti- 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 668 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. mates printed in House Document No. 318, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. The project provides for securing and maintaining a con- tinuous channel with a navigable depth of 4 feet at mean low water and a width of 50 feet from the mouth to the head of navigation, the improvement to be effected by dredging and the removal of snags and overhanging trees, at an estimated cost of $2,500, with $500 per year, or $1,000 every two years, for maintenance. The length of the section included in the project is 5.7 miles. The tidal range is a little less than 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Snags and, over- hanging trees were removed and cuts were dredged through ob- structive shoals, making a continuous channel not less than 4 feet deep at mean low water, 50 feet wide for the lower 2.7 miles, and 40 feet wide in the upper 3 miles, where the banks limit the width to about 40 feet. Maintenance dredging and snagging were done from time to time. The total expenditure in this work was $6,350, of which $2,000 was for original work and $4,350 was for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-Dredging for main- tenance with hired plant was done between the mouth and the head of navigation, restoring the channel to full project depth for the full length of the improved section, 5.7 miles. The field cost of this work was $634.58. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $750, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is practically though not technically completed. A good navigable channel, 4 feet deep at low water and of a width as great as is permitted by the dis- tance between the natural banks, exists from the mouth of the river to the head of navigation. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest portion of the improvement is 4 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $7,100, of which $2,000 was for original work and $5,100 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement affords an economical and convenient avenue of transportation for supplies and produce of the tributary territory and has contributed largely to the develop- ment of the country along its banks. The traffic is handled by steam- ers and small boats by way of the Caloosahatchee River to Fort Myers. Proposed operations.-No funds are now available for this im- provement. Past experience shows that maintenance work will prob- ably be required before the end of the fiscal year 1917, and the follow- ing estimate is submitted: For operation of dredge and snagboat, when required, for maintenance of project width and depth ---------------------------------- $1, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce of the river for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 4,100 tons, valued at $130,000 consisting of citrous fruits, crate material, fertilizer, and general mer- chandise. The decrease was due largely to the depression in the market prices for citrous fruits. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 669 Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 .... ........................................................ 9,930 $473,400 1913 ....... ...... ..................................................... 13,196 513,140 1914.. ............................................................. 4,100 130,000 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--- ---------------------------------------- $2, 000. 00 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 5, 100. 00 Total ---------------------------------------------- 7, 100. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........................................................................ Maintenance................................. ....... ...... $250.00 $750.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------- ----------------- $1,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------- ------------ --- 750. 00 July 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-------------- ----------------------------- 750.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_-------------------------- 1, 000. 00 15. CHARLOTTE HARBOR, FLA. Location.-Charlotte Harbor is a large bay on the west coast of Florida. The entrance is 70 miles south of the entrance to Tampa Bay and 150 miles north of Key West. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 16.) Original condition.-From the entrance the harbor extends in an easterly direction about 11 miles, then northwardly about 11 miles. Pease Creek enters at the head of the harbor. About 2 miles up Pease Creek is located the town of Punta Gorda. The general width of the harbor is 5 to 52 miles. The total area is about 111 square miles. The natural depths vary from 5 to 15 feet, with deeper water at the entrance and along the center line. Before improvement, the minimum usable depth was 19 feet at mean low water at the entrance and 18 to 27 feet in the anchorage inside the entrance. From the anchorage to the mouth of Pease Creek there was a channel 15 feet deep, except at shoals, 6 to 10 miles from the entrance, where the available depth was 9 feet. From the mouth of Pease Creek to the wharves at Punta Gorda the limiting depth was 8 to 10 feet. The head of navigation may be taken as Punta Gorda, 24 miles from the entrance. Previous projects.-The improvement of this harbor from the entrance to Punta Gorda was inaugurated by Congress in the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1828. The amount expended on this project 670 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $100,000, all of which was for original work. Present project.-The present project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 699, Sixty-second Congress, second session. The project provides for securing and maintaining an available channel 300 feet wide and 24 feet deep at mean low water from the Gulf of Mexico to Boca Grande, just inside the en- trance, at an estimated cost of $40,000, with $4,000 annually for maintenance, the improvement to be effected by dredging alone. The length of the section included in the project is 5 miles. The tidal variation is nearly 2 feet at the entrance and 1.4 feet at the wharves at Punta Gorda. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the original project a channel 12 feet deep at mean low water and 200 feet wide was dredged through shoals in the harbor, and 12 feet deep and from 120 to 200 feet wide in Pease Creek to the wharves at Punta Gorda. Under the existing project a channel 24 feet deep at mean low water and 300 feet wide was dredged through the bar at the entrance where 19 feet had previously been found. The total ex- penditure in this work, subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects, was $31,125.55, all of which was for original work. Of this amount, $15,585.04 was expended from Federal funds and $15,540.51 was expended from funds contributed by local in- terests. Operations and results during fiscal year.-There were no opera- tions during the year and no expenditures were made. Conditionat the end of the fiscal year.-The project was completed April 4, 1913. The entrance channel is 300 feet wide and not less than 24 feet deep at mean low water. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest portion of the channel is 24 feet at mean low water. The channel from the entrance to Punta Gorda remains in good condition. The maximum draft that can be carried to the wharves at Punta Gorda is 12 feet. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $31,125.55, all of which was for original work. Of this, $15,585.04 was expended from Federal funds and $15,540.51 was expended from funds contributed by local interests. The project was completed for $8,874.45 less than the original estimate. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, adopting the present project, imposed the condition that local in- terests contribute one-half of the estimated original cost of the pro- posed improvement. The required contribution of $20,000 was de- posited by the Charlotte Harbor & Northern Railway interests with the United States Subtreasury at New York, on October 22, 1912, and became available for expenditure on October 26, 1912. A city dock has been constructed at Punta Gorda, which is open to the public. Effect of improvement.--The improvement of the entrance has enabled deep-draft ships, suited to the phosphate-carrying trade, to enter the harbor and load at the terminals established by the Char- lotte Harbor & Northern Railway Co. at Boca Grande. An export business in this commodity, amounting to nearly 300,000 tons per RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 671 year, has been built up. The improvement of the channel to Punta Gorda was originally undertaken to facilitate the handling of phos- phate out of Pease Creek by barges, but this method of handling is no longer used. The channel to Punta Gorda is now used chiefly by fishing vessels bringing their catch to Punta Gorda for shipment by rail, and by small coastwise vessels and schooners. Formerly a regular line of vessels touched at this port, but this has been dis- continued. The improvement has had no noticeable effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-Available funds are sufficient for any maintenance work likely to be needed before June 30, 1917, and no estimate of funds is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce of the harbor for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 510,163 tons, valued at $3,048,471, consisting of coal, crate material, fish, ice, phosphate, steel rails, sand and shell, vegetables, and oils. The increase in commerce over last year is due chiefly to increased phosphate shipments from the railway terminals at Boca Grande. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912.................... ......................................................... 300,027 $1,541,200 1913 .............................................................................. 310,494 1,828,662 1914 .............................................................................. 510,163 3,048,471 Financial summary. GOVERNMENT FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- $115, 585. 04 Maintenance----------------------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ....................................... $13,986.56 $1,598.48........... Maintenance................... .......................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912--------- $20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ --- -- ----------- 8, 414. 96 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------ ------ 8, 414. 96 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------- -------------------- 15, 540. 51 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .... ...................................... $13,985.57 $1,554.94.............. Maintenance............................................................ 672 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 26, 1912, contributed by local intere.ts--------------------- $20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------- -------- 4, 459. 49 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------- -- 4, 459. 49 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30. 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ 131, 125. 55 Ma intenance--- -- year ending June 30. Amount expended during fiscal 1913 1911 1915 New work................................ ................. $27,972.13 $3,153. 4 .............. Maintenance................................................. ................................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------- ----------------------------- $20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 Oct. 26. 1912, contributed by local interests---------------------- 20. 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------12, 874. 45 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------- ---------------------- 12, 874. 45 16. SARASOTA BAY, FLA. Location.-Sarasota Bay is a shallow sound on the west coast of the peninsula of Florida, separated from the Gulf of Mexico by a chain of low sand keys. At its northern end it connects with the southern extremity of Tampa Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survby chart No. 16.) The improvement includes Little Sarasota Bay, a smaller sound immediately to the southward. Original condition.-Sarasota Bay is about 20 miles long and from one-half mile to 3 miles wide. The natural depth varies from 4 to 13 feet, with deeper channels near the passes connecting the bay with the gulf. Little Sarasota Bay is about 10 miles long and from 300 feet to three-quarters mile wide, with depths varying from 1 to 5 feet. It is connected with Sarasota Bay by a narrow waterway about 3 miles in length, formerly known as "The Mangroves." The entire waterway is obstructed by oyster bars, sand flats, and some bowlders. Before improvement the minimum usable. depth in the channel in Sarasota Bay was 5 feet at mean low water, except in two reaches aggregating 5,400 feet in length, where the depth was from 3.5 to 4.3 feet. In little Sarasota Bay the usable depth was not over 1 or 2 feet, while the channel between the two bays was dry at low water. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project was adopted in part by Congress in the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and is based on plans and estimates presented in report of Capt. W. M. Black, Corps of Engineers, dated November 27,1889 (H. Ex. Doc. No. 61, 51st Cong., 1st sess.). The project presented by Captain Black contemplated a channel 5 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide through Sarasota Bay from Tampa Bay to the town of Sarasota, and 3 feet deep and 75 feet wide from Sarasota to Caseys Pass, at the southern extremity of Little Sarasota Bay, the improvement to be effected by dredging, at an estimated cost of $37,500. Only that part of the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 673 project from Tampa Bay to Sarasota was adopted by the act of September 19, 1890. The estimated cost of the work required was $10,500; increased in September, 1892, to $17,500. By the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, the extension of the improvement to Caseys Pass was authorized. The cost of the entire work was then estimated at $55,000. By the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, the improvement was extended to Venice, about 2 miles east of Caseys Pass, at the head of a small sound called Dona Bay. To cover the new work the estimated cost was increased to $70,000, and in June, 1911, it was again increased to $95,000. The project as modified provides for a channel 100 feet wide and 5 feet deep at mean low water through Sarasota Bay from Tampa Bay to Sarasota and 75 feet wide and 3 feet deep at mean low water through Little Sarasota Bay from Sarasota to Venice. The estimated cost of the work is $95,000. The length of the section included in the project is about 38 miles. The tidal variation is 1.5 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Channels 100 feet wide and 5 feet deep at mean low water were dredged through ob- structing bars and shoals in Sarasota Bay, completing the project channel not less than 100 feet wide and 5 feet deep from Tampa Bay to Sarasota. Channels 3 feet deep at mean low water, and from 18 to 58 feet wide, averaging 50 feet, were dredged through bars and shoals between Sarasota and Venice. The total expenditure in this work was $97,589.20, of which $75,677.87 was for original work and $21,911.33 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no field operations during the year. The expenditures were in part payment for U. S. dredge Sarasota and outfit, and for contingencies. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $7,647.43, all of which is chargeable to work of maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is about 85 per cent completed. Bulkhead cut, at the entrance from Tampa Bay, and Long Bar cut, in Sarasota Bay, remain in good condition, affording the full project depth and width. Longboat cut, in Sarasota Bay, is shoal, affording only 3 feet. This cut, however, is not now in use, but the boats are using the natural channel by way of the upper end of Long Key, in order to touch at landings on the key. In this chan- nel there are scattered bowlders and rocks, which are dangerous, ex- cept to navigators thoroughly familiar with the channel. In Little Sarasota Bay the dredged cuts remain in good condition with an available depth of about 3 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement is 5 feet from Tampa Bay to Sarasota, 3 feet to Caseys Pass, and 3 feet to Venice. The total expenditure under the present project, to June 30, 1915, has been $105,236.63, of which $75,677.87 was for original work and $29,558.76 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None is required by the appropriation act. Local parties have built wharves, some of considerable length, to take advantage of the improvement, and these are commonly open to general use of the community. Effect of improvement.-This improvement has contributed ma- terially to the development of the Sarasota Bay region by making a regular transportation service possible, and by reducing the cost of 0 8373 -ENG 1915-43 674 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. transportation to the markets. Before the railroad entered the territory the water route was the only means of communication with the supply and distribution centers. The entrance of the railroad has lessened the importance of the water route, but its existence has kept freight rates 25 to 50 per cent below what they would probably have been without it. Proposed operations.-Available funds are believed to be suffi- cient to complete the improvement and to maintain it during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916. The following estimate for the.fiscal year 1917 is submitted: For operation of U. S. dredge Sarasota and other plant, for maintenance of improvement-- ---------------------------------------- $2, 500 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce on the water- way during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 10,574 tons, valued at $526,016, consisting of fish, gasoline, ice, lumber, and miscellaneous articles. The extension of the railroad in the Sarasota Bay country has materially affected the volume of boat traffic. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912.......................................................................................... 24,462 $1,309,905 1913..................... ........................................ ............. 17,947 666,930 1914 ................................. ............................................. 10,574 526,016 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------- $75, 677. 87 Maintenance --------------------------------------- 29, 558. 76 Total ----------- ------------------ ------- 105, 236. 63 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................... .... .. .......... .............. $10,117.04 .. .................. Maintenance......................................................... .......... .. .. $7,647.03 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912---------------- ----------------------- $13, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ----------------------------------- 13, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________-----__-___ ___ 27, 453. 55 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------ ----------------------------- 7, 647. 43 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __---1_____ -__---___-- 9, 806. 12 1---- Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_____________--__ 1 2, 500. 00 17. MANATEE RIVER, FLA. Location.-This river rises in the northeastern part of Manatee County, in the western part of the peninsula of Florida, and flows westwardly, emptying into Tampa Bay at its southern end near the 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 675 entrance. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 17.) Its total length is about 50 miles. The section under improvement ex- tends from the mouth to Rye, a distance of 22 miles. Original condition.-For the first 12 miles above the mouth the river is a tidal estuary from one-half mile to 1 mile in width. From the head of this estuary to Rye the width decreases from about 600 feet to about 80 feet. The entrance is obstructed by sand flats and bars. Before improvement the depth over the bar at the entrance was from 7 to 8 feet at mean low water. Inside the estuary the general depths varied from 7 to 20 feet to as little as 3 feet near the upper end. Above the estuary the depths ranged from 1 to 14 feet. The limiting depths were 7 to 8 feet over the bar; 6 to 7 feet to Palmetto, 7 miles above the mouth; 3 to 5 feet to Manatee, 84 miles above the mouth; and 1 feet to Rye, 22 miles above the mouth. The head of navigation is the bridge at Mitchelsville, 2 miles above Rye, and the length of the navigable portion is 24 miles. Previous projects.-The first project providing for a channel 100 feet wide and 13 feet deep over the bar, and up the estuary as far as Shaws and McNeills Points, was inaugurated in the river and harbor act of August 2. 1882. A modification of this project provid- ing for an 8-foot channel to Rocky Bluff (later limited to Manatee), was approved by the Secretary of War on December 15, 1886. A further modification, providing for a cut-off into Terra Ceia Bay, ,was adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 3, 1896. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1829. The amount expended on all projects prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $69,350.80, of which $53,707.60 was for original work and $15,643.20 was for maintenance. Present project.-The present project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 117, Fifty-eighth Congress, second session. The project contemplates the continuance of the im- provement of the river under the project then in force and its exten- sion to provide a channel 100 feet wide and 9 feet deep from Mc- Neills Point to Rocky Bluff, a distance of 8 miles, and 75 feet wide and 4 feet deep from Rocky Bluff to Rye (Brownings Landing), a distance of 101 miles. The former projects, thus continued in force, provide for a channel 100 feet wide and 13 feet deep from Tampa Bay to McNeills Point, a distance of 41 miles, and for a cut-off 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep from the river into Terra Ceia Bay, a dis- tance of 0.66 mile. The plane of reference is mean low water in the lower river and mean low stage in the upper, nontidal portion. The improvement is to be effected by dredging obstructing shoals. The estimated cost of the new work proposed was $53,710, and the total cost of the improvement, including the old projects continued, was estimated, in 1905, at $140,052. No approved estimate of cost of maintenance has been made, but maintenance is now estimated at $5,000 per annum. The length of the section included in the project is 22 miles in the river and 0.66 mile in the Terra Ceia cut-off. The tidal variation is 1.6 feet at the entrance, 1.3 feet at Rocky Bluff (111 miles above the mouth), and is perceptible at Rye (22 miles above the mouth) at times of low water in the upper river. The variation in water surface in the upper river due to freshets is about 3 feet. 676 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-In 1883-4 a narrow cut 121 feet deep was made across the bar at the entrance, but this cut was obliterated within a few years. In subsequent years channels were dredged through shoals in the estuary and in the upper river, obstructions were removed and cut-offs made in the river, and a turning basin dredged at the upper end of the work, and the cut-off into Terra Ceia Bay was completed. The result of this work was to obtain a channel not less than 100 feet wide and 9 feet deep from Tampa Bay to Rocky Bluff and 75 feet wide and 4 feet deep to Rye, and a channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep from the Manatee River to Terra Ceia Bay, thus completing the project, except for the chan- nel through the bar at the mouth of the river. Maintenance dredging was done from time to time in the river and in Terra Ceia cut-off, but further shoaling had occurred, reducing available depths to about 8 feet at mean low water over the bar and 5 feet in the cut-off, with a rise of tide of about 1.6 feet, and about 1 feet to Rye. The total expenditure in this work subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects was $80,710, of which $41,870 was for original work and $38,840 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-An examination of the river from Tampa Bay to Bradentown was made. Dredging for maintenance was done with the U. S. dredge Florida and U. S. dredge Sarasotabetween Rocky Bluff and Rye, a distance of 10 miles, restoring the channel to a least depth of from 4.5 to 5.5 feet and least width of 60 to 75 feet. Shoaling in the Terra Ceia Cut-off was removed with the U. S. Dredge Sarasota, restoring the full depth and width through a length of 1,730 feet of the cut. The cost of the above work was $4,419.56. Dredging on the bar, with a view to the completion of the project channel, was begun with the U. S. dredge Barnard, and 1,935 feet of the cut were dredged to 14 feet, at a total field cost of $5,399.40. The sum of $6,000 was applied in part payment for the U. S. dredge Sarasota. The total expended during the year was $11,894.22, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 85 per cent completed. All channels contemplated by the project, except the channel through the bar at the mouth, have been dredged to full project dimensions, but shoaling has occurred, particularly in the upper river. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement is 8 feet at mean low water to Bradentown, 8 feet to Rocky Bluff, and 4.5 feet at mean low stage to Rye. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project, including that on the earlier projects merged in the present project, to June 30, 1915, has been $161,955.02, of which $95,577.60 was for original work and $66,377.42 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None is required by the appropriation act adopting the project. Wharves have been built at the towns and landings along the river, which are open to the public on reasonable terms. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made possible the establishment of daily boat service between lower Manatee River points and St. Petersburg and Tampa, and the improvement to Rye gives an outlet to the products of the upper valley. The establish- ment of water competition has probably kept freight rates consider- ably below what they would have been without such competition. A RIVER AND 11ARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 677 further development of water traffic is expected to follow the comple- tion of the channel through the bar. Proposed operations.-Fundsnow available are expected to be suf- ficient to complete the channel through the bar and to maintain project depths in the river until June 30, 1916. With the funds asked for in the estimate for the fiscal year 1917 it is proposed to dredge for maintenance during the year, as may be found necessary to maintain project depth. The following estimate is submitted: For operation of U. S. dredge Sarasota, 3 months at $1,500---_------ $4, 500 Contingencies ---------------------------------------- 500 Total---- --------------------- ----------------------- 5, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce for the calen- dar year 1914 was 34,057 tons, valued at $1,289,316, consisting of celery, fullers' earth, logs, naval stores, oranges, sand, vegetables, wood, and miscellaneous articles. The commerce of the upper river shows an increase over last year, but that of the lower river shows a decrease, the railroad taking an increased part of the business. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912. ............. .............................. 63,810 $3,650,490 1913 ............ .... ............... .... ...... .............. ........... 44,620 1,877,880 1914.............. .................................................................... .... 34,057 1,289,316 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------$95, 577. 60 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 66, 377. 42 Total-------------------------------------------- 161, 955. 02 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................ ................. Maintenance.......... . .. 894.22... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912---------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-- ---------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------- ----------------- --------------- 35, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 35, 000. 00 45, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------ 11, 894. 22 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 33, 105. 78 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ---------------------------- 7, 766. 67 July 1, 1915, balance available .------------------------------ 25, 339. 11 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ------ --- ------- 15, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 678 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 18. TAMPA BAY, FLA. Location.-Tampa Bay is a large arm of the Gulf of Mexico on the west coast of the peninsula of Florida. The entrance is about 220 miles north of Key West and about 360 miles from Mobile and 512 miles from New Orleans. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey charts Nos. 16 and 17.) Originalcondition.-Fromthe entrance the bay extends in a north- easterly direction about 25 miles to its head at Gadsdens Point. Here the bay is divided by the Gadsden Peninsula into two arms, the eastern being called Hillsboro Bay and the western Old Tampa Bay. The width of the bay varies from 7 to 10 miles. The general depth along its central portion varies from 21 to 36 feet, the width be- tween 18-foot contours being from a little less than 1 mile to 3 miles. There are two main entrances from the Gulf of Mexico-the north channel, five-eighths of a mile wide between 18-foot contours, and having depths ranging from 22 to 96 feet, and the southwest chan- nel, one-quarter of a mile wide between 18-foot contours, with depths of from 191 to 24 feet. Near its head, south of Gadsdens Point, there is a large anchorage area, with depths ranging from 21 to 371 feet. Before improvement a draft of 20 to 21 feet could be carried at mean low water from the Gulf of Mexico to the deep water below Gadsdens Point and 15 feet over the shoals at the entrance to Old Tampa Bay. The bay is navigable to its head at Gadsdens Point, 25 miles from the entrance. Previous projects.-The first project, contemplating deepening the bar and channel from the bar to Tampa, was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880. Work under this project was confined to what is now called Hillsboro Bay and the mouth of Hillsboro River. A modification of this project, contemplating the improvement of the bay from the outer bar to Mangrove or Bushy Point, at the entrance to Old Tampa Bay, was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. For scope of pre- vious projects, see Appendix, page 1829. The amount expended on these projects prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $130,000, of which $50,000 was expended in Old Tampa Bay and $80,000 in Hillsboro Bay and the mouth of Hills- boro River. All of this expenditure was for original work. Present project.-The present project is to secure a channel from the Gulf of Mexico to Port Tampa 26 feet deep at mean low water and of sufficient width, but designed to be 500 feet wide across the bar and 300 feet wide in the bay. The length of the section included in the project, measured along the channel line, is 35 miles. The mean tidal variation is 1.5 feet at the bar and 2 feet at Port Tampa. This project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and was based on plans and estimates for a 30-foot channel printed in House Document No. 52, Fifty-fifth Congress, third session. The project provides for securing a channel depth of 27 feet from the Gulf of Mexico to Port Tampa, of a width of 500 feet across the bar and 300 feet in the bay. No estimate of cost for a 27-foot channel had been submitted, but the limit of cost was fixed by the appropriation act at $750,000, and a project for the expendi- ture of this amount in dredging first to 24 feet at mean low water RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 679 and subsequently increasing the depth to 27 feet was approved by the Secretary of War on April 10, 1899. This project was modified by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, which authorized the Secretary of War to expend the balance remaining to the credit of the improvement with a view to securing a channel depth of 26 feet with sufficient width, provided that no part of said balance on hand should be expended unless the dock company or companies owning docks, wharves, or terminals at Tampa Bay should, by valid contract, agree that the wharfage charges at such terminals should be submitted to the Secretary of War and be subject to his approval: A schedule of such wharfage charges was submitted to the Secretary of War and was approved by him on October 26, 1906. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel across the bar was dredged 26 feet deep at mean low water and 200 feet wide. Channels through shoals in the bay were dredged 26 feet deep and 300 feet wide. The result was a channel from the Gulf of Mexico to Port Tampa not less than 26 feet deep at mean low water, with a least width of 175 feet. Shoaling having occurred, reducing the available depth to 24.4 feet, maintenance dredging was done, re- storing the channel to full depth and its former width. The total expenditure in this work subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects was $659,090.47, of which $607,460.81 was for original work and $51,629.66 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done and no expenditures were made. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project wgs reported completed in 1911, though several of the cuts were not made the full width contemplated by the original project. The work has resulted in securing a channel 26 feet deep at mean low water with a least width of 200 feet, an increase of from 5 or 6 feet in depth over that existing at the time of the adoption of the present project. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement is 25 feet. Shoaling at the sides of the cuts has reduced the available width to about 175 feet. The total expenditure under the present project, to June 30, 1915, has been $659,090.47, of which $607,460.81 was for original work and $51,629.66 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.--The improvement, by enabling deep-draft vessels to reach Port Tampa, and, by way of Hillsboro Bay, to reach the city of Tampa, has created a port and developed a water- borne commerce in coal, phosphate, lumber, cement, and other com- modities, amounting in 1913 to nearly 2,500,000 tons, valued at over $50,000,000. Proposed operations.-Available funds are believed to be sufficient to maintain the improvement until the end of the fiscal year 1916. Progressive shoaling is to be anticipated, and the following estimate for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is submitted: For maintenance dredging with United States plant, as required-------- $6,000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce of Tampa Bay for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 2,083,674 tons, valued at $36,034,985, consisting of brick, cement, coal, cigars, fertilizer, fish, 680 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. fruits, grain, ice, lumber, oils, phosphate, provisions, shell, tobacco leaf, vegetables, and miscellaneous general merchandise. Of this, 863,444 tons, valued at $12,314,752, consisting principally of phos- phate, coal, oils, tobacco, and general merchandise, was handled at the railroad terminals at Port Tampa, on Old Tampa Bay, and the remainder pertains to Hillsboro Bay and is reported also under that head. The decrease from 1914 tonnage is due almost entirely to decreased shipments at Port Tampa, caused by the interference of the European war with phosphate shipments and the consequent closing of many of the phosphate mines. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912................................ ............................. 2,455,000 140,000,000 1913...... .......... ....... ...... ................................... 2,483,867 50,480,832 1914 ............................................................ 2,083,674 36,034,985 1 Estimated. Data received this year indicates that the tonnage and valuation for 1912, as given in the Annual Report for 1913, page 2079, were too high, and that there was an increase in commerce in 1913, as compared with 1912, instead of a decrease as the figures previously reported would indicate. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $737, 460. 81 Maintenance--------- -- ------------------------ 51, 629. 66 Total__ ---------------------------------------- 789, 090. 47 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ....................................................................... Maintenance ................................................. $9,874.99 $14,043.32.............. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- $9, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 9, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 _,----------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ______________ ___ 6, 933. 99 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 6, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__------------ -- - - - 12, 933. 99 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_______________- - -26, 000. 00 19. HARBOR AT ST. PETERSBURG, FLA. Location.-St. Petersburg is situated on the west shore of Tampa Bay, about 17 miles from Egmont Light, 21 miles from Tampa, and 8* miles from Port Tampa. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 16 and 17.) The "harbor " under improvement by the United States is an artificial basin within the shore line, there being no natural harbor at this point. 1Includes $80,000 expended in Hillsboro Bay and River. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 681 Original condition.-The water front of St. Petersburg faces di- rectly east upon Tampa Bay. The depth in the bay increases gradu- ally, reaching 12 feet about one-half mile and 18 feet about 1 mile off shore. From the northeast 18 feet can be carried from Tampa, Port Tampa, or the Gulf of Mexico, to within about a mile of the city front, and 12 feet to within half a mile. A swash channel, with an available depth of 12.1 feet, leads south from the city front toward the lower part of Tampa Bay. Two wharves, one owned by the At- lantic Coast Line Railroad Co., the other by the St. Petersburg & Gulf Traction Co., extend into the bay, the former reaching the 12- foot contour, and the latter reaching a 9-foot depth. As there is no natural protection from the bay, which is about 10 miles wide oppo- site the city, wave action is troublesome during easterly winds, par- ticularly when the wind is northeast, when it has a fetch of 15 miles. To secure a protected harbor of sufficient depth, without resorting to a breakwater, or to unduly long and costly wharf construction, local interests in 1911 undertook to excavate a basin within the shore line south of the town, with an approach channel leading directly out to the 15-foot contour in the bay. The basin, called "Bayboro Harbor" was made 1,360 feet long, 450 feet wide, and 14 feet deep, and the channel was dredged 120 feet wide and 13 feet deep. When the survey of the locality was made, with a view to its improvement by the United States, the basin had shoaled generally to 10 feet or less, with a least depth of 4 feet; and the channel had narrowed to 75 feet, with a least depth of 9 feet at mean low water. When work began further shoaling had occurred, and not more than 3 feet could be carried into the basin at mean low water through a narrow channel. Vessels drawing 8 to 11 feet could reach the wharves on the city front, but could not conveniently use them during easterly storms. Previous projects.-None. Present project. -The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 512, Sixty-second Congress, second session. The project provides for widening and deepening the chan- nel leading into Bayboro Harbor, so as to secure and maintain an available depth of 10 feet at mean low water, with a width of 200 feet at the outer end, gradually widening to about 285 feet at the shore line as defined by the eastern side of First Street; and protect- ing the channel by a stone jetty along the south side, all at an esti- mated cost of $32,000, with $1,500 annually for maintenance. On May 1, 1915, the estimated cost of this work was increased to $47,000. The necessity for this increase arises in part from shoaling in the channel since the surveys and estimates were made, and in part from the fact that the jetty will require more stone than originally estimated. The length of the dredged channel proposed by the proj- ect is about 2,900 feet, and the length of the jetty about 1,000 feet. The mean tidal range is 1.84 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Correspondence was had with the local authorities with a view to perfecting arrange- ments for the local cooperation required by the appropriation act. On June 15, 1914, the Secretary of War accepted as satisfactory the evidence submitted by local interests to show compliance with these 682 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. requirements, and directed that the work of improvement be under- taken. No field work was done before the end of the year, and no expenditures were made. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged to a depth of 10 to 11 feet at mean low water, and to the width required by the project from the 10-foot contour in the bay to the eastern side of First Street, a distance of 3,527 feet. This work was done with the U. S. dredge Florida, at a total field cost of $18,669.18. The construction of the stone jetty on the south side of the channel was begun, and at the end of the year the jetty was com- pleted, except capping, for a length of 650 feet from the shore end, and partially built for 50 feet farther. The stone was purchased by contract and placed by hired labor with Government and hired plant. The total field cost of this work was $6,002.95. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $29,668.28, all of which was for original work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 75 per cent completed. The channel has been dredged to full project di- mensions, and the jetty is sufficiently advanced to afford considerable protection. Shoaling has occurred in the channel, from both sides, and it is not improbable that a second jetty may ultimately prove necessary. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement is 9.2 feet at mean low water. The ruling width is 150 feet. The total expenditure under the present project, to June 30, 1915, has been $29,668.28, all of which was for original work. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, adopting the project, made its adoption subject to the conditions set forth in the document, which are as follows: Provided, That before the improvement is begun satisfactory assurances will be given the Secretary of War that local interests will do all necessary work inside the shore end of the jetty, including the widening of the basin 175 feet and rounding off the corner at the entrance, and the maintenance of the basin to a depth of 10 feet at mean low water: And provided further, That the city frontage will be moved northward and the land along Salt Creek reserved for future enlargements, all substantially as proposed in the letter of December 15, 1911, from the city of St. Petersburg and print accompanying the same, the exact lines to be determined by the Chief of Engineers. In compliance with these conditions the city purchased the neces- sary additional frontage on the east side of the basin and the water lot lying to the east and north of the dredged channel, and adopted a plan for present and future development thereon; purchased a right of way for a municipally owned railroad to reach its property; and entered into contract for dredging the basin and the approach channel inside the eastern side of First Street. The lines and plans for future development were approved by the Chief of Engineers on May 15, 1913, and by the Secretary of War on May 16, 1913. Evi- dence of the purchase of the land and the adoption of the plan, with a bond guaranteeing its execution, were submitted to the Secretary of War and approved by him on June 15, 1914, as constituting satis- factory assurances that the required work will be done. At the end of the fiscal year the necessary dredging in the basin and approach channel was nearly completed, and a part of the widening had been RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 683 done. Work on the municipal wharf on the basin was begun in May, 1915, and was well advanced at the end of the year. The work under construction by the city will cost about $43,000, and will be finished about September 15. The funds were derived from the sale of city bonds. The initial work on the basin, which forms the basis of the project, was done by a local corporation, at its own expense, at a cost of about $90,000. This work antedated the adoption of the present project. Effect of improvement.--In its incomplete state, the improvement has, as yet, been of little benefit to commerce, although the amount of traffic handled in the basin has increased somewhat. It is the intention of the city to encourage the transfer of all commercial water traffic to Bayboro as soon as the work there is completed, re- serving the city front for pleasure boats. The improvement has had no effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-Fundsavailable for construction work will be exhausted about July 20, 1915. Funds available for maintenance will be sufficient to maintain the improvement until the end of the fiscal year 1916. The following estimate for the year ending June 30, 1917, is submitted: For purchase and placing of stone for completion of jetty---------- $13, 000 For maintenance----------- -- -------------------------- 1, 500 Total _-- ------------------------------------- 14, 500 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce of St. Peters- burg for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 25,780 tons, valued at $1,067,050, consisting of fish, gasoline, ice, shell, and general mer- chandise. Of this not more than 3,950 tons was handled at Bayboro Harbor. The increase over last year is due to a large tonnage of shell. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 ................................................................................ .................. 13,542 $299,740 1913 .................................................... ........................... 24,572 1,273,300 1914 .............................................................................. 25,780 1,067,050 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_------------------ -------------------------- $29, 668. 28 Maintenance----------------------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............................................................................... $29,668.28 Maintenance.................................. ....... ........... ............ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------$32, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------___ 1, 500.00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------------- ------- --- 1, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------ 1, 500. 00 684 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---- ----------------- $33, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 1, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 1, 500. 00 36, 500. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement---------------------------------------------29, 668. 28 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ... ___----------- - 6, 831. 72 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__________________----$658. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts.--- 3, 100. 00 3, 758.00 July 1, 1915, balance available_ .__..- -- _____________--__ 3, 073. 72 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------------------------------- 13, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance.._------- 14, 500. 00 20. HILLSBORO BAY, FLA. Location.-HillsboroBay is the eastern of the two arms into which Tampa Bay is divided, at its head, by the Gadsden Peninsula. The entrance is 25 miles from Egmont Light at the entrance to Tampa Bay. The city of Tampa is located at its head. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 17.) Original condition.-Hillsboro Bay is about 9 miles long and 44 miles wide. The natural depth varies from about 14 feet at the en- trance to 16 or 18 feet through the central portion, diminishing to 5 or 6 feet near its head, where the Hillsboro River enters the bay. Before improvement, vessels drawing 12 feet could enter the bay at low water, but the minimum usable depth in the upper part of the bay was 5 feet at mean low water in a narrow, curving channel lead- ing to the mouth of the Hillsboro River, on which Tampa is located. The head of navigation on the bay is now the harbor of Tampa at the head of the bay. Previous projects.-A project for deepening the channel to the city of Tampa was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, under the title of " Improving Tampa Bay." A second project, contemplating a 12-foot channel to the wharf at Tampa, in the Hillsboro River, was adopted in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. A third project, contemplating a 20-foot channel to the mouth of the Hillsboro River, was adopted in the river and har- bor act of March 3, 1905. For scope of previous projects, see Ap- pendix, page 1830. The amount expended on all projects prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $740,- 157.70, of which $723,050.46 was for original work and $17,107.24 was for maintenance. In addition, $80,000 was spent for original work, which was appropriated under the title of " Improving Tampa Bay " and " Improving harbor at Tampa Bay," and is included in the expenditures reported for Tampa Bay. The total expenditure above reported includes $96,832.91 expended in Hillsboro River under the project of March 3, 1899. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and is based on plans and estimates 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 685 printed in House Document No. 634, Sixty-first Congress, second session. The project contemplates securing and maintaining a chan- nel 200 feet wide and 24 feet deep at mean low water from Tampa Bay to the turning basin at the mouth of Hillsboro River, following the line of the 20-foot channel secured under a previous project; thence eastwardly 300 feet wide and 24 feet deep to the mouth of the Ybor Estuary and northwardly up the estuary to Ybor City; and. a channel 200 feet wide and 24 feet deep from the mouth of the estuary southwardly through Sparkman Bay and the Tampa Northern Chan- nel to the main channel. The improvement is to be effected by dredging and rock excavation, and the estimated cost was $1,750,000 for construction and $20,000 per year for maintenance for the first five years after completion and $10,000 per year thereafter. The ag- gregate length of the channels included in the project is 13.3 miles. The mean tidal variation is 1.5 feet at the entrance to the bay and 2.2 feet at Tampa. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel through the bay to the turning basin was dredged to a depth of 24 feet at mean low water for a width of 150 feet, part of the channel being made the full 200 feet wide. Hendry & Knight Channel, from the turning basin toward the mouth of the estuary, was dredged to its full width of 300 feet and to depths of from 20 to 24 feet, the presence of rock preventing the attaining of full depth throughout. Soft material overlying rock in Ybor Estuary, Sparkman Bay, and Tampa Northern Channels was removed, the limiting depths obtained being 15 feet in Ybor Channel and 10 feet in Sparkman Bay and Tampa Northern Channels. The full widths of 300 feet in Ybor Channel and 200 feet in Sparkman Bay and Tampa Northern Chan- nels were obtained. The total expenditure in this work, subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects, was $689,434.77, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The main channel was widened to full width of 200 feet for 17,750 feet of its length, the remaining 35,550 feet having previously been made full width. Maintenance dredging was done in the main channel, restoring the full depth of 24 feet for a length of 29,150 feet. This work was done by hired labor with the U. S. dredge Barnard at a total cost of $54,967.92, of which $28,079.68 was for widening the cut, in comple- tion of contract with J. C. Titzell, left undone when the contractor ,removed his plant in May, 1914. The Hillsboro turning basin was completed to full depth of 24 feet at mean low water over its entire area of 61,800 square yards. Hendry and Knight Channel was com- pleted to full depth of 24 feet and full width of 300 feet from the turning basin to the Seaboard Air Line Railway bridge, a distance of 2,000 feet, and all rock was removed to a depth of 24 feet for the rest of its length to the Ybor Estuary, a distance of 2,600 feet. The basin at the mouth of the estuary was dredged to full depth of 24 feet over about one-fifth of its area. This work was done by contract at a cost of $231,975.15. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $440,037.61, of which $385,907.08 was for original work and $54,130.53 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 70 per cent completed. The main channel and the turning basin and the 686 IEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF BNGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. lower half of the Hendry and Knight Channel are completed, and the upper part of the Hendry and Knight Channel and the Ybor turning basin are completed to full depth over part of their area. Soft material overlying rock has been removed from the other chan- nels embraced in the project, securing full width and depths of from 10 to 24 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement is 24 feet through the main channel and the turning basin and the lower part of the Hendry and Knight Channel, 20 feet through the upper part of the Hendry and Knight Channel, 17 feet in the Ybor turning basin, 15 feet in the Ybor Channel, and 10 feet through the Spark- man Bay and Tampa Northern Channel. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $1,129,472.38, of which $1,075,341.85 was for original work and $54,130.53 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, adopting the project, made its adoption subject to the conditions set forth in the document, which were as follows: That no expenditure be made on that part of the harbor between the new turning basin and Ybor City until the Secretary of War is assured that the local municipality will construct wharves or slips having an available length not less than 1,400 feet, which shall be open for the use of the general public under reasonable regulations and charges, and also that the municipality has obtained such control of the property for at least 700 feet on each side of the proposed Tbor Channel throughout its length as will insure its use primarily in the interest of general commerce, on equal terms to all; and that all wharfage charges and regulations shall be reasonable and fully controlled by the municipal authorities and subject to the approval of the Secretary of War. In compliance with these conditions the city purchased 1,400 feet of frontage on the Ybor Estuary Channel, and secured an instru- ment executed by the property owners on both sides of the Ybor Channel, for its entire length, granting to the city the right to ex- ercise over the property for 700 feet on each side of the estuary for its entire length, such control as may be necessary to insure its use in the manner contemplated by the act. These papers, with a bond guaranteeing the performance of the city's obligations, were accepted by the Secretary of War on April 18, 1911, as sufficient assurance that the conditions would be met. Subsequently, the city adopted a plan for the development of the estuary zone within the limits of municipal control, and for rail and highway connection with the city and with all railroads entering the city. The plan of development proposed was approved by the Secretary of War on August 8, 1913, subject to the condition that the city authorities will in due time submit wharfage charges and regulations for the approval of the Secretary of War. Owing to the incomplete condition of the im- provement, the wharfage charges and regulations have not yet been determined, and no actual work of construction under the approved plan of development has yet been done, except the construction by the city of a timber bulkhead along the face of its property on the estuary. The plans for the city's terminals are not yet fully worked out, but the cost of the work contemplated, including the purchase of land, construction of a municipal railway, and construction of wharves and slips, will probably be over $225,000. The funds will be derived RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 687 from the sale of city bonds issued for the purpose and from special tax levies. After the completion of the 20-foot project a 20-foot channel, 300 feet wide and about 3,000 feet long, was dredged by private capital eastward along the water front from the turning basin. This work was completed in 1909 at a cost of about $95,000. While undertaken primarily as a commercial enterprise, this channel has been of great value in the development of the port, affording, as it does, the only available wharfage space for deep-draft vessels, except the Seaboard Air Line Railway terminals on Seddon Island and the Tampa North- ern Railway terminals on Hookers Point. This channel, known as the Hendry and Knight Channel, was adopted as part of the present 24-foot project, and is now under improvement by the United States. In 1907 the Tampa Northern Railroad Co. dredged a 20-foot chan- nel 100 feet wide and 2,600 feet long from the main channel to their terminals on Hookers Point. Like the Hendry and Knight Channel, this was primarily a private enterprise; but the outer 50 feet of this channel for its entire length, like the Hendry and Knight Channel, was adopted as a part of the 24-foot project and is now under improvement by the United States. Effect of improvement.-The improvement, in connection with the improvement of Tampa Bay, has created a deep-water port and has provided an outlet for the immense phosphate and lumber resources of central Florida. Its execution has resulted in the building up of a commerce in these and other commodities amounting in 1913 to 1,319,283 tons, valued at $36,941,311, and in 1914 to 1,318,749 tons, valued at $33,812,025. It has made Tampa the receiving and dis- tributing center for a large area and has contributed largely to the development of this part of the State. It has lowered freight rates probably 40 per cent. Proposed operations.-It is anticipated that available funds will be sufficient to carry on the work of improvement during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916. The following estimate for the fiscal year 1917 is submitted: 1. Continuation of work of removing rock and overlying material by contract --------------------------------------------- $300, 000 2. Operations of U. S. dredge Barnard in dredging for maintenance, 5 months, at $8,500---------- ---- -- 42, 500 3. Annual repairs to U. S. dredge Barnard and other plant ---------- 12, 500 4. Office expenses, supervision, and inspection, 12 months, at $2,500___ 30, 000 5. Care of plant and contingencies----------------------------- 5, 000 Total--------------------------------------- ----- 390, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce for Hillsboro Bay for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 1,318,749 tons, valued at $33,812,025, consisting of brick, cement, coal, cigars, fertilizer, fish, flour, fruits, fullers' earth, grain, iron pipe, ice, lumber, naval stores, oils, phosphate, sand and shell, steel rails, sugar, vegetables, and gen- eral merchandise. Notwithstanding the cessation of foreign phos- phate shipments due to the European war the tonnage is about the same as for 1913. 688 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Year. I Tons. Value. 1912............... ........ ..... ..... 1,280,000 ......................................... 1$36,000,000 1913........................................................................................... 1,319,283 36,941,311 1914.......................................................... 1,318,749 33,812,025 1 Estimated. Data secured this year indicates that the tonnage and valuation for 1912, as given in the annual report for 1913, p. 2081, were too high, and that there was an increase in commerce in 1913, as com- pared with 1912, instead of a decrease, as the figures previously reported would indicate. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work$---------------------------------------------$1, 798, 392. 31 Maintenance---- ---------------------------------------- 71, 237. 77 Total ----------------------------------------------- 1, 869, 630. 08 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ... ......................................... 170, 984.40 $197, 698. 43 $385, 907.08 Maintenance ......................................... ......... ................ 54,130.53 Total ...................................................... 170,984.40 197,698.43 440,037.61 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------ $300, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------- 250, 000.00 Aug. 24, 1912 ---------------- 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------- --- 200, 000. 00 June 23, 1913-------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------------ 120, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____ 660, 868.67 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 _-------------------------------------------------- 120, 000. 00 Receipts from sales__ __ _ _ _ _ _ 1, 434. 90 782, 303. 57 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_____--- $385,907. 08 For maintenance of improvement---------- 54, 130. 53 440, 037. 61 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______ 342, 265.96 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__---------- 56, 916. 61 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ---- ------------------------ 268, 021. 12 324, 937. 73 July 1, 1915, balance available -- - . _ 17, 328. 23 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------- 8 335, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for mainte- nance ------------------------------------------------- 8390, 000. 00 1 Reduced by $22.43, refundment, previously carried as receipts. 2Includes $96,832.91, expended in Hillsboro River. a Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 689 21. HILLSBORO RIVER, FLA. Location.-This river rises in the western part of the peninsula of Florida and flows in a southwesterly direction, emptying into the upper end of Hillsboro Bay at Tampa. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 17.) Its total length is about 36 miles. The section included in the project extends from the mouth to just below the Lafayette Street Bridge in the city of Tampa, a distance of 2,400 feet. Original condition.-Before improvement the entrance to the river from Hillsboro Bay was narrow and winding and obstructed by bars. The limiting depth over the bar at the entrance was about 5 feet at mean low water. At the mouth of the river there was a ledge of rock with 7 feet of water over it. Above this the depth gradually increased to 12 or 14 feet a short distance above the site of the Lafayette Street Bridge. From this point to Sulphur Springs (8 miles) good depths are general, but the limiting depth over the shoals is about 6 feet. Above Sulphur Springs the river shoals rapidly to 3 feet at the Tampa Electric Co.'s dam (10 miles above the mouth), which is the head of navigation. The width of the river from the mouth to a short distance above the Lafayette Street Bridge is about 400 feet. Thence to Sulphur Springs the average width is 125 feet, and from Sulphur Springs to the dam about 100 feet. Previous projects.-Before the adoption of the present project the improvement of the Hillsboro River formed part of the projects for improving Tampa and Hillsboro Bays. The first project, covering work in the river, was adopted in 1880. A second project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1831. The funds applied to work under these projects were appropriated under the titles of " Improving Tampa Bay" and "Improving Hillsboro Bay" and the expenditures are reported under those heads. Present project.-The first appropriation for "Improving Hills- boro River" was made by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. As no specific project was adopted by that act it was decided to apply the funds to the maintenance of work done in the river under the Hillsboro Bay project of March 3, 1899, which, so far as it applied to the river, was completed in 1905. The present project is, therefore, to maintain a channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water in the Hillsboro River from a point 100 feet south of the Lafayette Street Bridge to the mouth of the river, where it joins the dredged channel in Hillsboro Bay. The improvement is based on plans printed in House Document No. 545, Fifty-fifth Congress, second session. The length of the section covered by the project is 2,400 feet. The mean tidal variation is 2.2 feet at the mouth of the river and 0.8 foot at the dam, 10 miles above the mouth. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the earlier projects for improving Hillsboro Bay a channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean low water was dredged in the river from a point 100 feet south of the Lafayette Street Bridge to the mouth of the river, where it meets the 24-foot channel dredged under the present Hillsboro Bay project. This work involved a large amount of rock excavation in the river. The cost of this work was $96,832.91, which 0 8373 -E 115-44 690 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. is included in the total expenditure reported under Hillsboro Bay, the funds having been appropriated under that head. Maintenance dredging was done in this channel, as required, with funds appro- priated by the act of July 25, 1910. The total expenditure, after the adoption of the present project, was $8,082.50, all of which was for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-Maintenance dredg- ing, with a hired dredge, was done in the river between its mouth and a point 100 feet below the bridge and the channel was restored to its full depth of 12 feet at mean low water and width of 200 feet for its full length of 2 200 feet. The field cost of this work was $6,904.53. The sum of 2,193.03 was expended in part payment for the U. S. dredge Sarasota and her outfit. The amount expended dur- ing the fiscal year was $9,310.53, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is a continuing one. The channel has been maintained and now has its full depth of 12 feet over its full length and width. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water over the shoalest portion of the improvement is 12 feet. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $17,393.03, all of which was for maintenance. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-When the improvement of the Hillsboro River was begun the only wharves at Tampa were in the river, and the improvement made it possible for the coastwise vessels then in use to reach the city. With the advent of deeper draft vessels the greater part of the coastwise trade has been transferred to the deeper channels constituting the harbor of Tampa, but the bay and local trade, which has greatly increased, is handled entirely in the river. The improved channel offers valuable facilities for this trade, which is carried on in vessels drawing less than 12 feet. Numerous indus- trial establishments, shipyards, and similar enterprises located on the river are advantageously served by the improved channel. The improvement has had a marked effect in lowering and keeping down freight rates in the bay territory, the lowering being estimated at 20 per cent. Proposed operations.-Available funds are believed to be suffi- cient for such maintenance work as is likely to be required before the end of the fiscal year 1916._ For the fiscal year 1917 the following estimate is submitted: Dredging for maintenance with United States plant, as needed---------- $6, 500 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce on the Hills- boro River for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 278,81.2 tons, valued at $3,856,392, consisting of vegetables, wood, and general merchandise. Most of the business is between Tampa and St. Peters- burg, Manatee River and Sarasota Bay points. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 (not reported). 1913...... .. ...... ............................................ 244,120 $5,171,797 1914.............................. ............... 278,812 3,856,392 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 691 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work Maintenance ------------- -------------- ------ $17, 393. 03 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. ................................................................ Maintenance ...... ..................................... .... . $82.50 $9,310.53 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _______________________ $16, 917. 50 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1914----------- .6, ---- -- _ 500. 00 10, 417. 50 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement______-------------- - -- 9, 310. 53 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_________________________ __ 1, 106. 97 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ________________________-- - 806. 97 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------------ 300. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------------6, 500. 00 22. CHANNEL FROM CLEARWATER HARBOR THROUGH BOCA CEIGA BAY TO TAMPA BAY, FLA. Location.-ClearwaterHarbor and Boca Ceiga Bay are sounds on the west coast of the peninsula of Florida, north of Tampa Bay, sepa- rated from the Gulf of Mexico by a chain of low sand keys. With "The Narrows," which connects them, they form a coastal waterway from Tampa Bay to St. Josephs Sound. (See U. S. Coast and Geo- detic Survey chart No. 17.) Original condition.-Boca Ceiga Bay, the more southerly of the two, connects at its southern extremity with the lower part of Tampa Bay. It is from one-half to 3 miles wide and about 14 miles long, with natural depths varying from 1 to 31 feet, but generally about 5 to 9 feet, except in the deep channels near the passes. "The Nar- rows" is about 4 miles long and from 300 feet to a quarter of a mile in width, with depths varying from one-half foot to 6 feet or more. Clearwater Harbor is about 8 miles long and from one-half mile to 1 miles wide, with general depths of from 2 to 4 or 5 feet, except near the passes, where depths as great as 20 feet are found. Before improvement the minimum usable depth through the waterway com- posed of Clearwater Harbor, The Narrows, and Boca Ceiga Bay was 3 feet in Clearwater Harbor, one-half foot or less in The Narrows, and about 4 feet in Boca Ceiga Bay. The channels were narrow and tortuous, winding between extensive sand flats. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 692 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Previous projects.-None. Present projects.-The present project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and is based on plans and -The estimates printed in House Document No. 1190, Sixtieth Congress, second session. project contemplates securing and maintaining a channel 50 feet wide and 5 feet deep at mean low water from Clear- water Harbor to Boca Ceiga Bay and through the upper part of said bay, thence 100 feet wide and 7 feet deep at mean low water to Tampa Bay, at an estimated cost of $59,000 for original work and $3,000 annually for maintenance, the improvement to be effected by dredg- ing. Rock being encountered, the estimated cost was increased to $79,000 in 1912, and again to $90,500 in 1914. The length of the waterway included in the project is about 26 miles. The tidal varia- tion is about 1.8 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Channels were dredged to full project dimensions through shoals in Clearwater Harbor and the upper part of The Narrows and in Boca Ceiga Bay, except at the entrance to Tampa Bay, where the natural depth was but a few inches less than 7 feet. Through the lower part of The Narrows the channel was made full width of 50 feet, but full depth was not attained. The limiting depth through this section was 3.4 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure in this work was $79,756.24, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Rock and other material were removed from The Narrows, where full depth had not previously been obtained, thus completing the channel from Clear- water Harbor to Boca Ceiga Bay. A least depth of 5 feet at mean low water was obtained. Soft material that had shoaled into the cut previously made was also removed, restoring the cut to full depth. This work was done by hired labor with hired plant. The total field cost was $6,200.31. The amount expended during the year was $11,648.31, of which $6,565.62 was for original work and $5,082.69 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 96 per cent completed. There is an available channel of full width and not less than 5 feet deep at mean low water from Clearwater Harbor to Tampa Bay. Some maintenance work is needed, and the cut at the entrance of Boca Ceiga Bay is still to be dredged. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water over the shoalest portion of the locality under improvement is 5 feet. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $91,404.55, of which $86,321.86 was for original work and $5,082.69 was for main- tenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has opened up a safe, inside route between Tampa and points on Clearwater Harbor, St. Josephs Sound, and Anclote anchorage, including Anclote Harbor, and has shortened the distance from Tampa to Clearwater from 72 miles by the outside route, which is often dangerous for small boats, to 54 miles by the protected inside route. The channel is already con- siderably used by boats drawing 5 feet or less, and a great increase in its use, with a material increase in the commerce handled, is antici- pated. No effect on freight rates has been observed. I1VER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 693 Proposed operations.-Available funds will be sufficient to main- tain the channel until the end of the fiscal year 1916. The following estimate for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is submitted: For annual maintenance, operation of U. S. dredge Sarasota, 2 months, at $1,500------------------- ------------------------------ $3, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce of the water- way for the calendar year 1914, amounted to 6,414 tons, valued at $429,323, consisting of fish, ice, and general merchandise. Since the opening of the channel through The Narrows, boats are taking ad- vantage of the short route, and a further growth in the commerce is anticipated. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 (None obtained). 1913 ........................................................................... 3,550 $179,000 1914 ............................................................................ 6,414 429,323 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------ ------------------- ----------------- $86, 321. 86 Maintenance------------------------------------------ 5, 082. 69 Total-- --------------------------------------- 91, 404. 55 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ....................................................... $72.80 $20,683.44 $6,565.62 Maintenance ............. .. . .... ...... 5, 082.69 5026...... Total..... ............................................... 72.80 20,683.44 11,648.31 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- $20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_---------------------------------------------3, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------- -------------------------------- 12, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-- --------------------------------- ------ 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 2, 243. 76 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 12, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 3, 000. 00 17, 243. 76 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement- -___--____ ___- $6, 565. 62 For maintenance of improvement ____________ 5, 082. 69 11, 648. 31 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 5, 595. 45 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities __......____....-___ -__1, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-_--- 4, 595. 45 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ---------- 3, 000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 694 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 23. ANCLOTE RIVER, FLA. Location.-This river rises in the western part of the peninsula of Florida, and flows northwestwardly, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico about 38 miles north of the entrance to Tampa Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 17.) Its total length is about 20 miles. The section under improvement extends from the mouth to the county bridge at Tarpon Springs, a distance of 3.6 miles. Original condition.-From its headwaters to Tarpon Springs the river is crooked, varying in width from 60 to 150 feet, and in depth from 1 to 6 feet. From Tarpon Springs to the mouth the river has the characteristics of an estuary. Before improvement the en- trance and the estuary were obstructed by sand bars and shoals, and the channel was narrow and tortuous, with depths varying from 2 to 14 feet at low water. The limiting depth was about 21 feet, but the channel was so winding as to be impracticable. The head of naviga- tion for vessels of any size is the county bridge at Tarpon Springs, but small launches run and logging has been carried on for about 15 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 200, Fifty-fifth Congress, second session. The project contemplates securing a channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low water from Anclote Anchorage in the Gulf of Mexico to Sponge Harbor inside the river, and thence 4 feet deep at mean low water to the county bridge at Tarpon Springs, to be obtained by dredging through the shoals, at an estimated cost of $51,500. The length of the section included in the project is about 44 miles. The tidal variation is about 1.5 feet at the entrance and 2 feet at Tarpon Springs. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel of the full dimensions contemplated by the project had been dredged from the anchorage to Tarpon Springs, but shoaling had occurred reduc- ing the limiting depth to 5 feet at low water to Sponge Harbor, and 3 feet to Tarpon Springs. The total expenditure in this work was $56,500, of which $51,651.50 was for original work and $4,848.50 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the year. The balance of $225 remaining available at the beginning of the year was expended in part payment for the U. S. dredge Sarasota. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, but maintenance work is now needed where the completed channel has shoaled. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water over the shoalest part of the improvement is 5.3 feet to Sponge Harbor, and 3.5 feet to the county bridge at Tarpon Springs. The total expenditure under the present project, to June 30, 1915, has been $56,725, of which $51,651.50 was for original work and $5,073.50 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has resulted in making Tarpon Springs the headquarters for the sponging fleet on the west RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 695 coast, and the most important sponge market in the United States. Freight rates have been reduced approximately 20 per cent. Proposed operations.-Funds now available will be sufficient for necessary maintenance work during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916. The additional funds asked for are to maintain the improve- ment during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. The following estimate is submitted: For operating U. S. dredge Sarasota, 2 months-----------------------$3, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 14,095 tons, valued at $1,051,250, consisting of fertilizer, fish and oysters, logs and lumber, ship chandlery, and general merchandise. The decrease from the tonnage of 1913 is due to the falling off in shipments of logs and lumber. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912.................................................................................................. 35,100 $1,039,375 1913 .............................................................................. 22,730 1,381,700 1914 .............................................................................. 14, 095 1, 051, 250 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work __-------------------------------------------------- $51, 651. 50 Maintenance ----------------------------------------------- 5, 073. 50 Total ---------------------------------------------------- 56, 725. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......_........................................-........ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------- -------------------- 225. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 5, 000. 00 5, 225. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------------- 225. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- ---- 5, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------------- 13, 000. 00 24. CRYSTAL RIVER, FLA. Location.-This river rises in the western part of the peninsula of Florida, and flows in a westerly direction, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico about 90 miles north of the entrance to Tampa Bay. (See 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 696 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 17.) Its total length is about 7 miles. The section under improvement extends from the bar at the mouth to the town of Crystal River, a distance of about 7 miles. Originalcondition.-The river is a tidal estuary, varying in width from 300 to 700 feet. Before improvement, the depth in the river was generally 10 feet or over, with a least depth of 7.4 feet, except at the entrance and immediately in front of the town of Crystal River. The entrance was obstructed by oyster bars, rock reefs, and sand shoals through which there was a narrow and tortuous channel with a least depth of 2.5 feet at mean low water. Near the town a least depth of 2.7 feet at mean low water was found. The head of navigation is at the town of Crystal River, 7 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Document No. 386, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. The project provides for a channel 60 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low water from the Gulf of Mexico to the town of Crystal River, to be obtained by dredging and rock exca- vation, at an estimated cost of $84,647.46. The length of the section included in the project is 9 miles. The tidal variation is 1.5 feet at the mouth, and 2.3 feet at the town of Crystal River. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel of the full dimensions contemplated by the project was dredged through the bars and reefs to the town, excepting in the approach to the railroad wharf at the town, where the channel was made 45 feet wide and from 5.5 to 6 feet deep at mean low water. Shoaling occurs in the completed channel, and at the end of last year the limiting depth had been reduced to 4 feet at mean low water. The total expenditure in this work was $30,431.72, of which $25,206.72 was for original work and $5,225 was for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-Maintenancedredg- ing was done with the U. S. dredge Florida in the channel at the en- trance, restoring the project width and depth over a length of 3,321 feet. A total of 14,015 cubic yards of sand and shell was removed at a cost of $2,000. The sum of $2,000 was applied in part payment for the U. S. dredge Sarasota. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is practically com- pleted, though a small amount of rock excavation would be required to obtain full width through the reef near the town, and shoaling has occurred in this part of the channel, which it was not possible to remove with funds available during the year. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water over the shoalest part of the improvement is 6 feet at the entrance and 4 feet over the shoal at the town of Crystal River. The total expenditure under the present project, to June 30, 1915, has been $34,431.72, of which $25,206.72 was for original work and $9,225 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had no apparent effect on freight rates, and no great amount of commerce has de- veloped. The improvement is principally used by small local fishing boats and for rafting of logs. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 697 Proposedoperations.-No operations are proposed, and no estimate of funds is submitted. The channel in its present condition is suffi- cient to meet the requirements of the small commerce that now makes use of it. Commercial statistics.-The waterborne commerce for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 2,285 tons, valued at $72,700, consisting of fish and oysters, ice, and logs. The increase over last year's tonnage is in the item of logs. With the recent resumption of operations of the mills, an increase in this traffic is anticipated. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912(not obtained) ......................................................... 1913.................. ...... ....... ............................. ..... 1,240 $40,600 1914.............. ............................. ................ .............. 2,285 72,700 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------- ----------------------- $25, 206. 72 Maintenance ----------------------------------------------- 9, 225. 00 Total-------------------------------------------------- 34, 431. 72 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................................... Maintenance........................................................... . ............ $4.000.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- $2, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------- __ 4,000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement--------------------------------------------- 4, 00. 00 25. WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER, FLA. Location.-This river rises in the central part of the peninsula of Florida and flows in a general northwestwardly and westwardly direc- tion, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico about 20 miles southeast of Cedar Keys, Fla., and 95 miles north of the entrance to Tampa Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 17.) Its total length is about 120 miles. The section now under improvement extends from the 10-foot contour in the Gulf to Port Inglis, just within the entrance to the river, a distance of 4 miles, but prior projects have covered the river from its mouth to Pembertons Ferry, a distance of about 85 miles. Originalcondition.-In its upper reaches the river traverses a series of open lakes and wooded lagoons, generally shallow and of varying width. Before improvement the lakes were obstructed by aquatic vegetation and the channels were narrow and crooked, the width in many places being not over 30 feet. The channels afforded from 2 to 898 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 4 feet of water at low stages, but were obstructed by overhanging trees, sunken logs, and loose rock. From near Stokes Ferry, about 42 miles above the mouth, the river is generally confined to a single channel, which in its original condition was obstructed by loose rock, shoals, and shallows, the narrow, crooked channels between these ob- structions being impassable at low stages. For the lower 9 miles a least depth of 7 to 8 feet was found, but the entrance from the Gulf was narrow and crooked and obstructed by reefs, over which the least depth was from 1 to 3 feet 'at mean low water. The natural depths in the river varied from 1 to 7 or 8 feet, and the available width did not exceed 75 to 150 feet. The head of steamboat naviga- tion is at the county bridge at Istachatta, 76 miles above the mouth, but the river is navigable for small boats to Dobes Hole, about 112 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-The first project for improvement of the river was inaugurated by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 3. 1881. A second project for deepening the channel at the entrance was adopted in the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1832. The amount expended on all projects prior to the commencement of operations under the existing project was $59,700, of which $54,403.62 was for original work and $5,296.38 was in part payment for the U. S. dredge Florida. Present project.-The present project for work at the mouth of the river was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, and is based on plans and estimates printed in House Docu- ment No. 483, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session. The project contemplates securing and maintaining a channel 100 feet wide and 10 feet deep at mean low water from the 10-foot contour in the Gulf to Port Inglis, just within the river entrance, the improvement to be effected by dredging and rock excavation at an estimated cost of $215,400, with $5,000 annually for maintenance. The length of the section included in the project is 4.1 miles. The mean tidal variation is 2.8 feet. The improvement between the mouth and Pembertons Ferry, completed under the projects of 1881 and 1886, is also main- tained as funds are provided from time to time. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Snags, overhang- ing trees, sunken logs, and loose rocks and bowlders and some rock ledges were removed from the upper river, with the result that light draft boats were able to ascend to the head of navigation except at low stages. This work was suspended in 1894, and the river has again become obstructed by logs, snags, and water hyacinths and also by numerous phosphate inclines built by the phosphate mining com- panies. From a little below Panasoffkee Outlet (63 miles above the mouth) to Istachatta (76 miles above the mouth) the river has been kept clear of obstructions and hyacinths .and is regularly used by steamboats and launches. Under permit granted by the Secretary of War, April 16, 1904, the Florida Power Co. has built a power dam across the river 11 miles above the mouth, creating a pool extending nearly to Dunnellon, 24j miles above the mouth. The company is building a lock 134 by 36 feet at the dam, and when this is completed ample depth of water for navigation will exist as far as Dunnellon. This lock is not yet completed, however, and at the end of the year navigation was blocked by the dam. TitVftt ANDE 11ARBO IMPROVEMENTS. The channel at the entrance was dredged for the greater part of its length to project depth of 10 feet for a width of 85 feet. At the beginning of the fiscal year the least depth in the section under im- provement was 9 feet for an available width of 85 feet, with a tidal range of 2.8 feet. The total expenditure in this work subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects was $251,459.56, of which $250,912.29 was for original work and $547.27 was for re- moval of water hyacinths from the upper river under an allotment made October 21, 1913, from the emergency fund. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging by con- tract was continued, removing shoal spots over about 3,900 feet of the channel below Port Inglis, and completing the channel to the project depth of 10 feet for a width of 85 feet. The cost of this work was $4,473. Maintenance dredging with the U. S. dredge Florida was done over about 6,630 feet of the channel, restoring the project depth of 10 feet for the width of 85 feet. About 49,103 cubic yards of soft material were removed at a field cost of $9,005.29. About 2.450 linear feet of training wall was built by hired labor along exposed portions of the channel, using 2,250 cubic yards of rock from the old spoil banks, at a field cost of $1,061.98. The river between Panasoff- kee Outlet (62 miles above the mouth) and Istachatta (76 miles above the mouth) was cleared of water hyacinths at a cost of $622.27. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $21,047.50, of which $4,473 was for original work and $15,952.23, including $5,000 in part payment for the U. S. dredge Sarasota, was for maintenance under the present project and $622.27 was for maintenance of the upper river under the project of 1881. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project is about 85 per cent completed. The channel from Port Inglis to the 10-foot contour in the Gulf has been dredged to the f',ll project depth of 10 feet at mean low water to a least width of 85 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel is 10 feet at low water. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $271,337.52, of which $255,385.29 was for original work and $15,952.23 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None is required by the act of March 2, 1907, adopting the project. Between 1894 and 1902 the Dunnellon Phos- phate Co. dredged a channel through the shoals at the mouth of the river and up the river to Inglis, 9 miles above the mouth, 8 feet or more deep for the greater part of its' length, with a limiting depth of 5.9 feet, removing 161,770 cubic yards of rock and 328,064 cubic yards of sand, at an expenditure of about $200,000. This work, while primarily for the benefit of the company to enable it to ship the prod- uct of its mines, was also of general benefit to navigation, and the channel dug now forms part of the adopted project. The dam of the Florida Power Co., 11 miles above the mouth, extends slack water from the dam to Dunnellon, 241 miles above the mouth, drowning out several bad shoals, and this work will be of considerable benefit to general navigation when the lock is completed. Effect of improvement.-The incomplete improvement of the upper river has had no appreciable effect on freight rates and has been of 700 REPORT OF THE CHIE OF JNGIREERS, it. S. A1tM. but limited benefit to commerce. The improvement from Port Inglis to the Gulf, partly by Federal and partly by private funds, reduced freight rates on phosphate from this territory fully 50 per cent and has opened an outlet for a large tonnage in this commodity. Proposed operations.-Availablefunds will probably be exhausted about June 30, 1916. No work but maintenance is proposed at pres- ent, the existing width of the channel being adequate for immediate needs. The funds asked for are for maintenance as required during the fiscal year 1917. The following estimate is submitted: For operation of U. S. dredge Sarasota, for maintenance ----------- $5, 000 Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce on the river amounted in 1914 to 95,778 tons, valued at $832,045, of which amount 3,700 tons, chiefly citrous fruits and cypress blocks, were carried on the river, and the remainder, consisting of fish and oysters, groceries, iron pyrites, lumber, and phosphate rock, was handled between Inglis and the mouth. The large decrease in commerce for the year was due to the suspension of phosphate shipments in consequence of the Euro- pean war. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912 ................................................... ................. 118,330 $1,394,742 1913 ........... ........................... ..................... 182,716 1,516,483 1914 ................ .. ............ ................................ 95,778 832,045 Financialsum'mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- --------------------------------- $315, 085. 29 Maintenance ----- ------ ------------------ 17, 121. 77 Total---------------------------------------------- 332, 207. 06 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................................... $13,311.09 $16,511.51 $4,473.00 Maintenance.............. . ................... .... ..... ............ 1547.27 16, 574.50 Total........ .......... ... .. .... .............. 13,311.09 117,058.78 21,047.50 1Reduced by $1.50, overpayment in 1914, refunded in 1915. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- $38, 000 00 Mar. 4, 1913-- ...---------------- - ---------- 10, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1.914-----.....---------------------------------------- 10, 000 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__--------------------------- ' 17, 940. 44 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__- 10, 000. 00 27, 940. 44 SIncreased by $1.50, over amount reported in 1914 due to refundment. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 701 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------- $4, 473.00 For maintenance of improvement--------------- 16,574. 50 $21, 047. 50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 6, 892. 94 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------------------------------- 160, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------15, 000. 00 26. SUWANNEE RIVER, FLA. Location.-This river has its source in the Okefenokee Swamp, in the southern part of Georgia, and flows in a general southerly direc- tion, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico about 115 miles north of the entrance to Tampa Bay and 12 miles northwest of Cedar Keys. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 17.) Its total length is about 250 miles. The section under improvement extends from the entrance to Ellaville, a distance of about 135 miles. Original condition.-From its headwaters to Ellaville the stream gradually increases in width from about 75 to 150 feet. Below Ellaville the widths increase from 150 to 500 feet at the passes where the river divides to enter the .Gulf. Before improvement the river was obstructed by soft rock shoals, over which the channel was nar- row and very crooked, with depths of from a few inches to 3 feet. Navigation was also hindered by snags, overhanging trees, and bowlders. In the lower stretches of the river sufficient depths were found, but the entrance was obstructed by sand bars and shell reefs. The minimum usable depth was 3.8 feet at mean low water over the bars at the entrance, 5 feet to Rolands Bluff (75 miles above the mouth), 12 feet at mean low stage to Ellaville (135 miles above the mouth), and about 1 foot from Ellaville to White Springs (172 miles above the mouth). Above White Springs the river was impassable at low stages. The head of navigation for steamers is Ellaville (135 miles above the mouth), but small boats can ascend to White Springs (172 miles above the mouth), and the river can be used for logging and rafting at high stages for some distance above this point. Previous projects.-By act of March 3, 1839, the sum of $15,000 was appropriated for removing obstructions at the mouth of this river and for a survey of the river. The sum of $10,154.02 was expended in this work, none of which was for maintenance. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1832. Present project.-The present project was inaugurated by Congress in the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, and is based on report of examination printed in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1879, page 857. The project contemplates securing a channel of navigable width (subse- quently fixed at 150 feet) and 5 feet deep at mean low water through the shoals at the entrance and up to Rolands Bluff (75 miles above the mouth), and 50 feet wide (subsequently changed to 60 feet) and 4 feet deep at mean low stage from Rolands Bluff to Ellaville (135 miles above the mouth), the improvement to be effected by dredging through shoals, removing snags and loose rock, and constructing SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 702 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. wing dams to close subsidiary channels, and regulate the main chan- nel. By the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, the expendi- ture of part of the appropriation for this work on the inside channel to Cedar Keys was authorized. The estimated cost of the entire work proposed was $55,158. The length of the section included in the project is 135 miles. The tidal variation is 2.4 feet at the entrance. The variation in the water surface in the upper river due to freshets is from 5 to 15 feet or more. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Cuts were dredged through the bars at the mouth, with a least depth of 5 feet and a ruling width of 50 feet, and a channel 6 feet deep and 37 feet wide was dredged through the bars at Derrick Island Gap on the inside channel to Cedar Keys. Rock shoals were blasted and removed from the river between Rolands Bluff and Ellaville, wing dams were built with the broken rock, and the river was cleared of snags, overhang- ing trees and bowlders. The result of this work was a good practi- cable channel at the entrance, not less than 50 feet wide and 5 feet deep at mean low water, 100 feet wide and 5 feet deep to Rolands Bluff, and 30 to 100 feet wide and 4 feet deep at ordinary low stages to within 21 miles of Ellaville, and 371 feet wide and 6 feet deep through the inside channel to Cedar Keys, by way of Derrick Island Gap. At extreme low stages the narrow channels and swift currents seriously impede navigation in the upper part of the improved stretch. The total expenditure on this work, subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects, was $75,736.90, of which $56,263.94 was for original work, $10,000 was expended in part payment for a dredging and snagging plant authorized by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, and $9,472.96 was for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-No work was done and no expenditures were made. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 90 per cent completed. There is a practicable channel not less than 4 feet deep at mean low water from the Gulf of Mexico to about one-half mile above the mouth of the river, thence 100 feet wide, and not less than 5 feet deep at mean low stage to Rolands Bluff (75 miles above the mouth), thence 30 to 100 feet wide and 4 feet deep at mean low stage to within 22 miles of Ellaville (135 miles above the mouth). The available depth on the outer bar may be reduced, however, to as little as 21 feet during prolonged northeast gales. The maximum draft that can be carried at low stages over the shoal- est portion of the improved section is 4 feet. The total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, has been $75,736.90, of which $56,263.94 was for original work, $10,000 was applied to con- struction of a combined dredging and snagging boat, and $9,472.96 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement was of considerable value when the greater part of the work was done, as the river at that time afforded the only means of transportation for the tribu- tary country and carried a large commerce by way of Cedar Keys, the movement of which was greatly facilitated by the improvement made. With the building of railroads into this territory and the consequent changes in routes of traffic, the value and importance of RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 703 the Suwannee River as an avenue of commerce has declined, and it is now but little used by boats. The improvement has had no ascer- tainable effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-Nothing is proposed and no estimate of funds is submitted.. The channel in its present condition is reason- ably adequate for the small commerce now carried, and it is not con- sidered necessary to restore the project depth until the commerce on the river shows a tendency to revive. Commercial statistics.-The water-borne commerce for the cal- endar year 1914 was 10,345 tons, valued at $208,835, consisting of cedar slats, cypress logs, feed, groceries, naval stores, and turpentine stills. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912................ ............... . .......................................... 19,916 $382,226 1913............................................................................... 14,446 296,291 1914 ............................................................................... 10,345 208,835 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------------ 1$76, 417. 96 Maintenance 9, 472. 96 __-------------------------------------- Total__----------------------------------------------- 85. 890. 92 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913. 1914. 1915. New work............................................... ........ 0.00 0. 00 0.00 Maintenance....................... .................. ..... ....... 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total......................................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. 27. REMOVING THE WATER HYACINTH FROM NAVIGABLE WATERS IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA. Location.-The water hyacinth is found in the fresh-water streams and lakes in various parts of the State, and at times become a serious obstruction to navigation on the St. Johns River and its tributaries, the Withlacoochee River and its tributaries, and the Caloosahatchee and Kissimmee River system. Original condition.-The water hyacinth is probably not native in Florida, but is said to have been introduced in Florida waters about 1890. It spread rapidly, and before operations for its removal were begun the rivers affected were not infrequently so blocked with floating masses of the plant that navigation was seriously impeded and the rafting of logs, on which the lumber industry was dependent, was at times entirely stopped. Previous project.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and is based upon a report printed in House Document No. 91, Fifty-fifth Congress, third ses- I Increased by $10,154.02, expended in 1839, 1840, and 1841 from act Mar. 3, 1839. 704 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. sion. The project originally contemplated the destruction of the plants, so far as they constitute an obstruction to commerce, by crushing with a mechanical device installed on a steamer, using log booms to close sloughs and backwaters as an auxiliary means. The cost of equipping a suitable vessel and operating it for one year was estimated at $36,000. The project was modified by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, which authorized the use of any me- chanical, chemical, or other means whatsoever to effect the purpose. The project was again modified by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, which prohibited the use of any chemical process injurious to cattle which may feed upon the plant. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the first plan steps were taken to. design a suitable steamer and crushing plant; but experience with such an outfit in Louisiana having dem- onstrated that the method was too slow and other more expeditious and economical methods having been devised, this plan was dis- carded. The plan of spraying with a chemical solution was then adopted and used with success until the passage of the act of March 3, 1905, which forbade the use of processes injurious to cattle. Ex- periments having shown that any effective chemical spray was inju- rious to cattle feeding on the sprayed plants, the spraying method was abandoned and the plan of breaking up the packs and floating them out with the current, using log booms to confine the plant in waters outside the channel, was adopted. In 1909 a hyacinth ele- vator, consisting of a catamaran scow carrying an inclined conveyer driven by a gasoline engine, was put in service, and this method has since been used with good success. Under these various plans the St. Johns River and its more import- tant tributaries, the Orange River, and portions of the Withlacoo- chee and Kissimmee Rivers were cleared of the hyacinth, so far as it obstructed navigation. New growths of the plant were destroyed in the St. Johns and Withlacoochee Rivers and their tributaries, and obstructions which caused the hyacinth to collect were removed. This work relieved navigation materially on all these streams, par- ticularly on the St. Johns River. The total expenditure in this work, including $1,084.39 expended in the preparation of plans for a suitable vessel and machinery for crushing the plant, was $138,- 203.71, all of which was in the nature of maintenance work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work was in prog- ress in the Withlacoochee River between the power company's dam and Dunnellon, a distance of 131 miles, under written agreement, but nothing was accomplished. The upper Withlacoochee, between Istachatta and Panasoffkee outlet, a distance of 14 miles, which had previously been cleared under an allotment from the emergency fund, having again become obstructed, was again cleared by hired labor at a total cost of $527.95. Portions of the Kissimmee River aggregat- ing 18 miles in length, and 14 miles in Arbuckle Creek, tributary to the Kissimmee, were cleared by hired labor at a cost of $2,006.77. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $3,997.63, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is a continuing one, and the percentage of completion is indeterminate. The St. Johns River and its principal tributaries are now practically free from obstructive hyacinths, and no work has been needed here dur- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 705 ing the fiscal year. In the Withlacoochee River the hyacinth is still troublesome, and a considerable length of the middle and lower por- tion of the river is now blocked. The Kissimmee River is cleared sufficiently for present needs, and no serious trouble is at present experienced on other streams in the State. The total expenditure under the present project, to June 30, 1915, has been $142,201.34, all of which is classed as for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None is required by the appropriation acts. Individuals and transportation companies have done a considerable amount of work at their own expense in clearing the plant and ob- structions which cause it to collect, from portions of the navigable streams in which they were particularly interested. Work of this character has been done on the Withlacoochee, Kissimmee, and other rivers and streams. This work, though done primarily for personal benefit, has inured to the advantage of the public using the streams. The cost of the work is not ascertainable, but in the aggregate it has been considerable. Effect of improvement.-The work done has directly benefited navigation by abating the delays and stoppages formerly experienced, when the growth of the plant was unchecked. It has reduced the uncertainties and cost of water transportation on many streams, but has had no direct effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-Available funds will probably be exhausted by June 30, 1916. The funds asked for will be applied to removing the hyacinth when it collects in masses sufficient to obstruct or hinder navigation, using the hyacinth elevator and other approved methods as circumstances require. The following estimate is submitted: For operation of hyacinth elevators on St. Johns and Withlacoochee Rivers and tributaries-__ ------------------ $5, 000 For removing hyacinth by other means____________ ------- _____--5, 000 Total----------------------------------------------- 10, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce benefited embraces part of that carried on the various streams of the State, but no exact statistics directly pertaining to this work can be given. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------- ---------------- Maintenance --------------------------------------- $142, 201. 34 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................... .. ..... ........... ...................... ............. Maintenance ................................................ $4,940.41 $i6,789.07 $3,997.63 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27 1911-------------------------------------------10, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914_---------------------------------------------5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------- -------------- 5. 000. 00 8373°-ENG 1915-----45 706 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914. balance unexpended___ -__----------- ---- $3. 213. 09 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 5,000. 00 13, 213. 09 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_________________________ _ 3, 997. 63 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______------------------ 9, 215. 46 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _______________250. 00 -------------------------- July 1, 1915, balance available___ _8, 965. 46 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------_ --- 10,000. 00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF JULY 25, 1912, MARCH 4, 1913, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Withlacoochee River, Fla., including channel from Port Inglis to the anchorage in the Gulf of Mexico, and between Stokes Ferry and Panasoffkee. 2. Harbor at Tampa, Fla., with a view to securing increased depth and width in the channel from the Gulf of Mexico through Tampa and Hillsboro Bays to the head of the estuary in the city of Tampa. 3. Miakka River, Fla. 4. Anclote River, Fla., from the county bridge to the head of navigation. 5. Fisheating Creek, Fla. 6. Silver Springs to Ocala, Fla., with the view of constructing a canal. 7. Estero River, Fla. The duty of making the reexamination in accordance with the law for the original examination of rivers and harbors, as provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, with a view to obtaining a report whether the adopted project for St. Lucie Inlet, Fla., shall be modified or the improvement abandoned, has been also assigned to the district engineer officer, and his report will be duly submitted when received. The river and harbor act approved March 4, 1915, contained the following provision: The Secretary of War is authorized to appoint a board of three officers of the Engineer Corps of the United States Army to examine and appraise the value of the work and franchises of the East Coast Canal from the St. Johns River to Key West, Fla., with reference to the desirability of purchasing said canal by the United States and the construction over the route of the said canal of a free and open waterway, having a depth and capacity sufficient for inland navigation. Said board, to the extent that the same can be done from surveys heretofore made under the direction of the War Department, shall also examine and investigate the feasibility for the purpose of such a waterway of any paral- lel route between said points. The said board shall make a report of its work, together with its conclusions upon the probable cost and commercial advantages and military and naval uses of said route or routes, to the Secretary of War, who shall transmit the same to Congress as soon as practicable. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 707 The board of officers has been appointed and are pursuing their investigations under the authority of the above-quoted provision. Their report and conclusions in the matter will be transmitted to Congress when received. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE MONTGOMERY, ALA., DISTRICT. This district includes the eastern portion of the State of Alabama, the western portion of the State of Georgia, and the northwestern portion of the State of Florida. District officer: Maj. Earl I. Brown, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. Lansing H. Beach, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Carratelle Bar and Harbor, 8. St. Andrews Bay, Fla........ 728 Fla.....----....... --......... 707 9. Choctawhatchee River, Fla. 2. Apalachicola Bay, Fla........ 709 and Ala-.....-............ . 731 3. Apalachicola River, Fla., in- 10. Holmes River, Fla., from Ver- eluding the cut-off, Lee non to its mouth ....-..--. -- 733 Slough, and the upper Chi- 11. The narrows in Santa Rosa pola River from Marianna to Sound, Fla................ 735 its mouth-.........-....... 712 12. Blackwater River, Fla....... 737 4. Entrance to St. Josephs Bay, 13. Harbor at Pensacola, Fla...... 738 Fla........................ 718 14. Escambia and Conecuh Rivers, 5. Flint River, Ga.............. 721 Fla. and Ala .............. 741 6. Chattahoochee River, Ga. and 15. Alabama River, Ala.......... 743 Ala......-....-- ........... 724 16. Coosa River, Ga. and Ala ... 746 7. Channel from Apalachicola 17. Operating and care of locks and River to St. Andrews Bay, dams on Coosa River, Ga. Fla........................ 727 and Ala..................... 752 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2481 TO 2524. 1. CARRABELLE BAR AND HARBOR, FLA. Location.-Carrabelle Bar is located on the coast of northwest Florida in the pass known as East Pass, connecting St. Georges Sound with the Gulf of Mexico and lying between St. Georges Island and Dog Island. Carrabelle Harbor comprises that portion of the Carrabelle River lying in front of the town of Carrabelle and ex- tending thence to St. Georges Sound. The bar is about 180 miles east of the entrance to Pensacola Harbor. The distance from Carra- belle to East Pass is 6 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 182.) Originalcondition.-There was a bar approximately 6,000 feet wide at the entrance to Carrabelle Harbor which had a minimum low- water depth over it of 41 feet. The navigable channel was about 300 feet wide. The size of the harbor is approximately 2 square miles. East Pass, comprising Carrabelle Bar, originally had limiting low- water depths of 17 feet on the outer bar and 15.5 feet in the inner bar in the Sound with a navigable width of 800 feet. Dog Island anchorage inside East Pass has an area of 4 square miles, with depths of 24 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for Carrabelle Bar and Harbor, Fla., was adopted by act of June 3, 1896. It was modified and extended by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. Under 708 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. this project the sum .of $50,258.83 was expended, of which $39,095.38 was for improvement and $11,163.45 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1833. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel across the bar at East Pass 150 feet wide and 201 feet deep at- mean low water; thence a channel 100 feet wide and 18 feet deep to a point opposite the beacon situated about 1,000 feet up the river from its mouth, with a suitable turning basin; thence 100 feet wide and 10 feet deep to the wharves at Carrabelle. The tidal range on the bar entrance is 1.4 feet; within the harbor the tidal range is 1.6 feet. The channel through East Pass, including the closing of an opening in Dog Island, was authorized by the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902 (see H. Doc. No. 63, 56th Cong., 1st sess.), at an estimated cost of $27,450, the channel to be secured by dredging. No estimate of the cost of maintenance was made. The river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, appropriated $60,000 for con- tinuing improvement, with a view to obtaining a channel by dredging 18 feet deep and 100 feet wide from the 18-foot contour in the outer harbor to a point opposite the beacon situated about 1,000 feet up the river from its mouth, with a suitable turning basin; thence 10 feet deep and 100 feet wide to the wharves at Carrabelle. No estimates of cost or of maintenance were made. The total length of the 10-foot channel is 5,500 feet, of the 18-foot channel 7,000, and of the 201-foot channel 21 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The opening m Dog Island was closed. Dredging by hired labor and Government plant as well as under contract was prosecuted from time to time as funds permitted, resulting in the completion of the project ex- cept the dredging of the turning basin. At the beginning of this fiscal year there was a minimum usable depth of 9 feet in the river, of 16.7 feet between the river and the anchorage, and of 20 feet in East Pass. There has been expended for improvement $78,635.40 and for main- tenance $45,612.03, a total of $124,247.43. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. pipe-line dredge Blackwater began dredging at Carrabelle June 26, 1915, and continued at work until the end of the fiscal year, removing 8,008 cubic yards of material. The amount expended on this work was $2,229.34, for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was 95 per cent completed, the only work remaining to be done being the excavation of the turning basin. The maximum depth in the river channel was 9 feet; between the river and anchorage, 16.7 feet; through East Pass, 19 feet, making the ruling depth throughout the channel 9 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures under the existing, proj- ect have been $78,635.40 for improvement and $47,841.37 for mainte- nance, a total of $126,476.77. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-A substantial reduction in ocean freight rates has been secured due to the increased draft and improved facili- ties for lighterage. Proposed operations.-The balance available will probably be ex- pended in maintenance work by October 31, 1915. It is believed that the improvement will maintain itself without any work during the next fiscal year, hence no funds are asked for. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 709 Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this harbor for the calen- dar year 1914 was 35,480 short tons, valued at $1,172,960. It consisted principally of timber, naval stores, dressed and kiln dried lumber, shingles, fish, oysters, and miscellaneous wares. Commerce is declin- ing and will probably continue to do so. Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912................... ..................... .......................... 52,342 $1,349,422 1913......................... ..................................................... 46,339 1,642,987 1914............................. ................................................. 35,480 1,172,960 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $117,730. 78 Maintenance --------------------------------------- _ _ _ 59, 004.82 Total ------------------------------------------------- 176, 735. 60 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .......................................................... Maintenance ................................................. $16,528.82 $1,109.37 $2,229.34 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915-------------------- ------------------------------ 20, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________________________ 4, 559. 17 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 20, 000. 00 24, 559. 17 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------------- 2, 229. 34 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -- - _____-- - -______-__ 22, 329. 83 July- 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ -- ____ - - _________ -- 3, 405. 20 July 1, 1915, balance available___-- ------------------- ___ 18, 924. 63 2. APALACHICOLA BAY, FLA. Location.-ApalachicolaBay is situated on the coast of northwest Florida 160 miles east of Pensacola Harbor, just east of Cape San Blas. It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by St. Georges Island, and communicates with it by West Pass. Apalachicola River flows into the bay on its northern side at the town of Apalachi- cola. The town of Apalachicola is about 15 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 183.) Original condition.-At the mouth of Apalachicola River, between the inner harbor and the 3-fathom anchorage area in the bay, there existed a bar of some 7,000 feet in width between the 8-foot contours, with a minimum depth of 3.5 feet. The anchorage area along the 710 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. northern shore of St. Georges Island comprising 41 square miles had a depth of 18 feet or more to which access was had through West Pass with a controlling depth of 13 feet. The depth over Bulkhead Shoals separating Apalachicola Bay from St. Georges Sound was less than 4 feet. Link Channel, connecting the anchorage ground and West Pass, had a minimum depth of 16 feet. Previous projects.-Priorto the adoption of any definite project of record the sum of $18,700 was expended during the period from 1833 to 1839. The results of the expenditure are unknown. The original project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act approved June 14, 1880, based on House Document No. 241, Forty- second Congress, second session. The project of 1880 was amended by approval of the Chief of Engineers on May 20, 1891, to include dredging a channel across the Bulkhead Shoals. Under the project as amended the sum of $154,000 was expended. The river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, further amended and extended the project, based on House Document No. 129, Fifty-fourth Congress, second session. The total expended on this project was $130,679.26, making a total expenditure of $303,379.26, of which $134,613.50 was for new work and $168,765.76 for maintenance. (Does not include $650.29 expended on surveys at East Pass.) For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1833. Present project.-The existing project adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, provides for a channel across the bar at the mouth of the Apalachicola River not less than 100 feet wide by 10 feet deep at mean low water and a channel not less than 150 feet wide and 18 feet deep through Link Channel and West Pass to the Gulf of Mexico, at an estimated cost of $85,000, with $17,500 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 422, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) The tidal variation at West Pass is 2 feet, at the town of Apalachicola at the mouth of the river it is 2 feet. The project is to be obtained by dredging. The length of the 10-foot channel to be dredged is 7,000 feet, of the 18-foot channel in Link Channel, 5,000 feet, and at West Pass, 5,280 feet. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-A timber bulkhead 6,900 feet in length was constructed to protect the 10-foot channel at the mouth of Apalachicola River. The 18-foot channel through Link Channel and West Pass had been 70 per cent completed, and a channel 100 feet wide by 10 feet deep across the bar at the mouth of the Apalachicola River had been entirely completed. At the end of the prior fiscal year the bulkhead had deteriorated some from the ravages of the teredo and other marine borers. The channel at the mouth of the river had shoaled to 7 feet in depth, Link Channel to 17 feet, and West Pass to 12 feet. The bulkhead channel remained in good condition. The cost of the work of improvement was $81,- 494.30, and of maintenance $74,140.08, a total of $155,634.38. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year work has consisted of dredging for maintenance by the U. S. pipe-line dredge Blackwater, operated by hired labor, resulting in opening a channel 100 feet wide and 10 feet deep from the river to the bay. There were removed 224,587 cubic yards of sand and mud at a field cost of $15,531.50. Between July 31, 1914, and November 9, 1914, the plant was laid up for lack of funds. The total amount expended during the year was $18,898.53 for maintenance. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 7i11 Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 80 per cent com- pleted. A maximum draft of 9 feet for a width of 100 feet can be carried from the town of Apalachicola to the Link Channel, through Link Channel 16 feet, and thence through West Pass to the Gulf of Mexico 12 feet. The bulkhead channel remained in good condition. The expenditures on the existing project were $81,494.30 for improve- ment and $93,038.61 for maintenance, a total of $174,532.91. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement at the mouth of Apa- lachicola River has greatly increased facilities for the commerce of this port and has resulted in a substantial reduction in freight rates to and from Apalachicola. The small amount of work accomplished on Link Channel and West Pass has had no commercial effect. Proposed operations.-Funds now available will be expended about March 31, 1916. Experience shows that the channel at the mouth of the river must be dredged annually. Funds requested herein will be expended thereon for maintenance as follows: Operating U. S. pipe-line dredge Blackwater, three months___------- $15, 000 Repairs to timber bulkhead---____- _____ -- __ ___ 5, 000 Total------- ------------ ---------------------- 20,000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for 1914 consisted princi- pally of timber, naval stores, grain, hay and feed, dressed and kiln- dried lumber, etc., amounting to 29,775 short tons, valued at $1,749,- 822. Regular steamer lines operate between Apalachicola and other near-by ports and between Apalachicola and Carrabelle. Most of the timber for export is towed on lighters to East Pass, near Car- rabelle, and loaded on ocean-going vessels. Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912................ ............................................ 38,735 $2,331,084 1913.................. ............................................ 42,900 2,027,901 1914. ... ....... . .. ............................................. 29,775 1,749,822 Adverse financial conditions are mostly responsible for the large decrease in commerce, which is probably temporary. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $216, 107. 80 Maintenance -- --- -------------------------------- 261, 804. 37 Total ------------------------------------------- - 477, 912. 17 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................... ....................................... Maintenance .. ...... ..................... .... .... 14, 891.03 405. 46' $9, $18, 898. 3 712 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 Mar. .4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_________________------------- 6, 686. 36 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct 2, 1914___ 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 25, 000. 00 46, 686. 36 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------- 18, 898. 53 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- _______---------- ---------- 27, 787. 83 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917 for maintenance of improvement-_- -- _-_- 000.-00 -_____------20, 3. APALACHICOLA RIVER, FLA., INCLUDING THE CUT-OFF, LEE SLOUGH, LOWER CHIPOLA RIVER, AND UPPER CHIPOLA RIVER FROM MARIANNA TO ITS MOUTH. (A) APALACHICOLA RIVER, THE CUT-OFF, LEE SLOUGH, AND LOWER CHIPOLA RIVER. Location.-Apalachicola River is formed at the southwest corner of the State of Georgia by the junction of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, which have their sources in northern and central Georgia. From the junction the river flows southerly through the State of Florida for a distance of 106 miles, and empties into Apala- chicola Bay. The entire river is comprised in the project for im- provement, which also includes a cut-off in Chipola River, Lee Slough, and lower Chipola River. The cut-off leaves the river 42 miles above its mouth and is 1* miles long; Lee Slough is 61 miles long, and lower Chipola River is 81 miles long, entering the Apalachicola River 25 miles above its mouth. Original condition.-The available depth throughout the entire river was originally 6 feet, except where obstructed by snags and sunken logs, and the width varied from 150 to 300 yards. The Con- federate authorities obstructed the river at a point 35 miles above its mouth causing the river to break through by a channel known as Moccasin Slough into the River Styx, the latter being a tributary entering the Apalachicola River a few miles below the Confederate obstructions. Moccasin Slough was very narrow and tortuous, and much obstructed by logs, snags, etc. The cut-off, Lee Slough, and lower Chipola River were badly obstructed by logs, snags, trees, etc., and were very narrow and tortuous, although more than 5 feet deep. Previous projects.-Prior to the adoption of any definite project of record, the sum of $13,000 was expended between 1828 and 1831. Presentproject.-The existing project provides for securing a chan- nel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep at low water in the Apalachicola River and widening and straightening Moccasin Slough and the El- bows; also for a channel 60 feet wide and 5 feet deep through the cut- off, Lee Slough, and lower Chipola River. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 713 The work to be done in the main river was authorized by the river and harbor act approved June 23, 1874 (see H. Doc. No. 241, 42d Cong., 2d sess.; Annual Report for 1873, p. 698), at an estimated cost of $80,333. The scope of the improvement was extended to include the cut-off by the act approved March 3, 1879, and to include Lee Slough by the act of September 19, 1890. The river and harbor act approved June 13, 1892, finally extended the project to its present scope by authorizing the inclusion of a channel 60 feet wide and 5 feet deep through the cut-off, Lee Slough, and lower Chipola River (see Annual Report of the Chief of Engi- neers for 1889, p. 1416), at an estimated cost of $7,500. No estimates for maintenance were made. The work was to be accomplished by dredging where necessary, and snagging, including the removal of overhanging trees. The entire river is included in the project. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The expenditures made have resulted in the improvement of Moccasin Slough suffi- ciently for easy navigation and the maintenance of the river reason- ably free from snags and other obstructions. An available depth of 6 feet was secured in Apalachicola River except at Blountstown bar, where the depth is now but 5 feet. A channel 60 feet wide and 5 feet deep has been secured in the cut-off, Lee Slough, and lower Chipola River. but it is too tortuous for easy navigation. All work was done by hired labor and government plant. The expenditures were $69,- 600.70 for improvement, and $53,019.73 for maintenance, a total of $122,620.43. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The only work done on the Apalachicola River was to make a survey at Blounts- town bar with a view to the preparation of detailed plans for its im- provement, at a cost of $1,864 for maintenance. In the cut-off, Lee Slough, and lower Chipola River snagging was carried on by the snagboat Flint at a cost of $2,113.80 between July 1, 1914, and August 18, 1914, under emergency allotment of June 19, 1914. The total ex- penditures for the fiscal year were $3,977.80 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 97 per cent completed. A channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep everywhere exists in the main river, except at Blountstown bar, where the avail- able depth is only 5 feet at low water. A channel 60 feet wide and 5 feet deep everywhere exists in the cut-off, Lee Slough, and lower Chipola River, but it is too tortuous for easy navigation. All channels are reasonably free from logs, snags, and similar obstruc- tions. The expenditures for this work have been: For improvement, $69,600.70; for maintenance, $56,997.53, a total of $126,598.23. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement is essential to a large section of the State of Florida, which has no other means for trans- portation of necessary supplies. Its effect in the matter of reducing freight rates extends far into Georgia and Alabama. River rates are lower than the corresponding rail rates. Proposed operations.-The funds now available will be expended by March 31, 1916. Funds estimated for will be applied to mainte- nance by the necessary yearly snagging. The total amount esti- mated to be required for the year ending June 30, 1917, for operating one snagboat six months is $7,500. 714 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, IU. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this stream consists prin- cipally of cotton, naval stores, hardware, groceries, general mer- chandise, logs, and timber. Two steamer lines are in regular opera- tion over this stream. For the year 1914 the commerce on this stream consisted of 122,097 short tons, valued at $12,954.540. Comparative statement. Year. Short Value. 1912.................................. ........................... 143,503 $13,215,737 1913.. .......................................................................... 153,732 13,498,409 1914 .. ...... ...................... ......... 122,097 12,954,540 The decrease is only temporary and will disappear upon return of normal financial conditions in this section. (B) UPPER CHIPOLA RIVER, FLA., FROM MARIANNA TO ITS MOUTH. Location.-The Chipola River rises in Jackson County, Fla., and flows in a general southerly direction through the northwestern por- tion of the State of Florida for a distance of about 125 miles and unites with the Apalachicola River. That portion of the river be- tween 65 and 85 miles below Marianna broadens out to a wide sheet of water filled with cypress trees called the Dead Lakes. The sec- tion of the river now under improvement extends from Marianna, Fla., downstream to the foot of the Dead Lakes, for a distance of about 85 miles. The section to which the improvement has generally been confined comprises that portion of the river between Look and Tremble Shoals, about 20 miles below Marianna, and the foot of the Dead Lakes, about 65 miles. This point is 15 miles above the mouth of Lower Chipola River. Original condition.-The Dead Lakes have always been navigable for boats drawing 4 to 5 feet of water, but the channel through these lakes was very tortuous and indistinct. Above the Dead Lakes the channel as far as Look and Tremble Shoals was somewhat tortuous and obstructed by sand bars and rock shoals. At Look and Trem- ble Shoals, about 45 miles above the Dead Lakes, there is a fall of 5 feet in a distance of 40 feet over rock bottom, and from this point to Marianna, a distance of about 20 miles, the river is very badly obstructed by rock shoals. Over the navigable section the maximum usable depth at mean low water was less than 2 feet. The width of channel is about 50 feet. Look and Tremble Shoals is the head of navigation, although barges have occasionally been sent down from Marianna. Rafting of timber has been carried on to some extent for a few miles above Marianna. At the mouth of the Dead Lakes there is a channel, called the cut-off, connecting with Apalachicola River. The remainder of the Chipola River, from the mouth of the Dead Lakes to its original junction with the Apalachicola River, is under improvement in connection with the project for improving Apalachi- cola River. Previousproject.-None. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 715 Presentproject.-The present project provides for securing a chan- nel 3 feet deep and 60 feet wide from Marianna to the foot of the Dead Lakes by rock excavation and snagging at an estimated cost of $41,000, exclusive of the cost of the necessary plant, which it was stated would comprise one snagboat, drilling barge, and dump scow. This project was authorized by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899. (See Annual Report for 1889, p. 1416.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Priorto the fiscal year work has consisted in dredging and straightening the channel in the Dead Lakes and in clearing the snags and overhanging trees from the river between the Dead Lakes and Look and Tremble Shoal. A small amount of rock excavation in the portion between Look and Tremble Shoals and Marianna and of dredging at Sister Island and at the outlet to the Dead Lakes was also accomplished. This resulted in a navigable channel 3 feet deep the year round between the mouth of the Dead Lakes and Look and Tremble Shoals except at Sister Island, where a depth of only 21 feet was secured. The amount ex- pended prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $21,171.71 for work of improvement and $9,209.11 for work of maintenance, a total of $30,380.82. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The dredges Au- tauga and Upatoi and the snag boat Flint operated on this improve- ment. The channel at the foot of the Dead Lakes has been straight- ened and deepened to the project width and depth, the obstructing snags and trees have been removed from the channel through the Dead Lakes, and the project width and depth obtained in the chan- nel above the Dead Lakes, Red Bug Island, Maynards Cut, and Sister Island. The cost of the work was as follows: Dredging 72,785 cubic yards, at 9 cents, $6,850.44; snagging 5,888 obstructions, at 87 cents, $5,227.41. The total expenditures for the year were $9,599.53, for new work. A length of about 40 miles of the river has been worked over during the year, the work being conducted by Government plant .operated by hired labor. The project width and depth of channel has been obtained over the section of the river covered by these operations. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 75 per cent completed at the end of the fiscal year. The project depth is available throughout the improvement from the foot of the Dead Lakes to Look and Tremble Shoals, and the project width is available, except at Maynards Cut and Sister Island. The maximum draft that could be carried over the entire improvement at the end of the fiscal year at mean low water was 3 feet. The total expenditure under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year was $30,771.24 for im- provement and $9,209.11 for maintenance, a total of $39,980.35. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement between the foot of the Dead Lakes and Look and Tremble Shoals is essential to a section of the State which is not provided with other means of transportation. It supplies many turpentine stills along the river which offer occu- pation for the sparse population. No benefit has been derived from the expenditure above Look and Tremble Shoals. 716 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMIIY. Proposed operations.-Fundsnow available for this stream will be expended by October 31, 1915. The funds requested will be applied to maintenance purposes for the annual snagging operations, as fol- lows: For operating the snag boat Flint three months, at $1,500 per month, $4,500. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this stream consists prin- cipally of naval stores, timber, grain, fertilizers, lumber, groceries, and general merchandise, and for the section of the river from the mouth to Braxtons Landing is reported as being 7,337 short tons, valued at $352,205, for the calendar year 1914. One steamer makes regular trips over this stream to Braxtons Landing, 6 miles below Look and Tremble Shoals. Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................. .. . .............. ............................. 6,289 $318,168 1913................................................................10,006 319,792 1914................... .. ......... ......................................... 7,337 352,205 Financialsummary. APALACHICOLA RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------- -------------------------- $53, 324. 92 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 6, 993. 16 Total---------------------------------------------- 60, 318. 08 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................................. Maintenance. .................. ...................... $3,583.36 $1,37947 ............. .......... .. $1,864.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ---------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------- --------------------------------------- 9, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 15. 77 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 9, 000. 00 14, 015. 77 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement----------------------- ------------------- 1, 864. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____ ----- __-- ___-_ _ 12, 151. 77 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-..... (1) 1 See consolidated Financialsummary on p. 718. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 717 CUT-OFF, LEE SLOUGH, AND LOWER CHIPOLA RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work, -------------------------------------- $29, 275. 78 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 50, 004.37 Total ---------------------------------- 79,280. 15 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................... $4,025.80... Maintenance .................................................... $3,998.33 82 113ii80 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912---- ------------------------------------- $4, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------ -------------------------------------- 9, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____-----__________ 2, 113. 80 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 9, 000. 00 16, 113. 80 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for mainte- nance of improvement----- ------------------------------ 2, 113. 80 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- ------------------- 14, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------- (1) UPPER CHIPOLA RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: * New work....------ -------------------------------- 30, 771. 24 Maintenance---------- ------------------------------- 9, 209. 11 Total ----------- ------------------------------- 39, 980. 35 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................ .. ............... $4,441.56 $9,599.53 Maintenance ...................................... ......... .$2,687.09......... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912--- ----------------------------------------------- _ 5,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 2,000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------- ------------------------------------------ 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915_..-.. __-_______--_ 12, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____-- - - -________-119.18 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 12, 000. 00 17, 119. 18 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 718. 718 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement-____________________---_______ $9, 599. 53 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____----------- ------------ 7, 519. 65 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 3, 237. 81 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------- - 4, 281. 84 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------- ---------------------------- Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June '6, 120. 00 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance (-------- ) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------- ----------------------------------- 113, 371. 94 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 66, 206. 64 Total----------------------------------------- --- 179, 578. 58 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............... ..... .......................... $12,050.72 $1, 379. 47 9,599.53 Maintenance..... ........... ................... ........ ........ ........ 6,685.42 3,977.80 Total.......... ............ ............. 12,050.72 8,064.89 13,577.33 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------- ---------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 12, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_ --------------------------------- 9, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------------15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------ ------------------------ 30, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------- ------------ 2, 248. 75 Amourit allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 15,000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 30, 000. 00 47, 248. 75 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement--- ----------------- $9, 599. 53 For maintenance of improvement--- 3, 977. 80 13, 577. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___--- --- - -_____-_ --- 33, 671. 42 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ----------- ___-__ _- 3, 237. 81 July 1, 1915, balance available _____ ___-_____-___-_ 30, 433. 61 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-------- --------------------------------- 16, 120. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance _____ 112, 000. 00 4. ENTRANCE TO ST. JOSEPHS BAY, FLA. Location.-St. Josephs Bay is situated in the northwest portion of the State of Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico, about 115 miles east of Pensacola Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 184.) 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 See consolidated Financial summary on this page. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 719 Original condition.-The harbor has an area of about 50 square miles, with depths varying from 30 to 36 feet. The entrance to the harbor had a depth over the bar of about 19 feet, with varying widths averaging about 2,000 feet. The length of the bar on the channel line was about 7,330 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, provides for a channel 24 feet deep and 300 feet wide over the bar, at an estimated cost of $40,000. There was no estimate given for maintenance of this improvement. (See H. Doc. No. 660, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) The tidal variation in this harbor is about 1.4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The U. S. sea- going dredge Caucus operated on this improvement from time to time as her duties permitted, and completed the project on January 6, 1914. The amount expended was $39,781.07 for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Funds expended were for outstanding liabilities incurred during the previous fiscal year and for inspection purposes. The amount so expended was $248.52. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The approved project is com- pleted. The project width and depth of channel have maintained themselves and were available at the end of the present fiscal year. The results of the improvement have been an increase in the avail- able depth across the bar of 5 feet, which renders the improvement available for ocean-going steamers of about 25 feet draft at high stages of the tide. The total expenditure under the adopted project to date is $40,029.59, all for improvement. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, authorizing this improvement, provided that the sum of $20,000 should be contributed by private parties. This sum was contributed and has been expended in the prosecution of the improvement. The expenditure of these funds for this purpose was approved by the Secretary of War on December 21, 1912. Effect of improvement.-The completion of the project has facili- tated the shipping of timber from Port St. Joe, which is located on this bay, and several mills have been erected on the railroad having its terminus on the bay, in order that advantage might be taken of the facilities thus given for the shipment of timber. Since the com- pletion of the improvement financial conditions have been such that most of the mills have ceased to operate. The effect on freight rates other than for timber is small. Proposed operations.-No further operations on this improvement are contemplated. It is thought that the project depth and width will be maintained Ly natural causes during the coming fiscal year without any further expenditure thereon. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this port is principally lumber and timber for export, and for the calendar year 1914 it is reported as 11,287 short tons, valued at $102,266. Adverse financial conditions and the temporary cessation of the lumber export trade account for the small volume. 720 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Year.Sho tons. Value. 1912.......................................................................................................... 48,157 $555,214 1913. ............................................ .............. ...................... 52,594 524,768 1914............................................................................................. 11,287 102,266 The cessation of export of timber caused the great decrease in commerce. Financial summary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-- ----------------------------------------- $20, 048. 17 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ....................................................................... $19,982.40 $65.77 Maintenance............................................... .................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------- ---- --- -------------------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 10, 017. 60 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915--- ---------------------------------- 9, 500. 00 517. 60 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement -------------------------------------- 65. 77 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 451. 83 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- 19, 981. 42 Maintenance---------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................. $5,295. 56 $14,503.11 $182.75 Maintenance............................................................. CONTRIBUTIONS. Contributed by local interests---- --------------------------- 20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____ -------------------------------- 201. 33 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ___- -__ ---- ------------------------- 182. 75 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------- --------- ------ - 18. 58 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 721 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work____ _________,_ $40, 029. 59 Maintenance------------------------------------------ $40, 029.59 Maintenrnce Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........... ..................... ......... ..... 5,295.56 $34, 485.51 $248.52 Maintenance....... ......................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_------------------------------- __-- 10, 000. 00 Contributed --------------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 10, 218. 93 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 -- _--..-_---------_ _ ____ 500. 00 -9, 718. 93 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ----------------------------------------------- 248. 52 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_--- -- _--------------------- 470. 41 5. FLINT RIVER, GA. Location.-The Flint River rises in the central part of Georgia and flows in a general southwesterly direction, its mouth being in the southwest corner of Georgia, where it unites with the Chattahoochee River and forms the Apalachicola River. It is estimated to have a length of 286 miles. The section under improvement extends from Montezuma, Ga., to the mouth, a distance of 180 miles. Original condition.-The river was navigable at low water from its mouth to Bainbridge, a distance of 30 miles, for boats drawing 3 feet. The channel, however, was narrow and obstructed by snags and overhanging trees. Above Bainbridge the river was not navi- gable at low stages of water, due to obstructions of sand and rock shoals, loose rock, and bowlders, snags, logs, and overhanging trees, although boats occasionally ascend to Albany, 103 miles from the mouth, at higher stages. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel 100 feet wide and 3 feet deep at extreme low water from the mouth of the river to Albany and a channel for light-draft steamers at mod- erate stages of water from Albany to Montezuma. The improvement of the section from the mouth of the river to Albany was authorized by the river and harbor act approved June 14, 1880 (see Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1873, p. 707), at an estimated cost of $184,862. The project contemplated securing a channel of the dimensions stated by dredging, rock exca- vation, building contraction works, and removal of overhanging timber. 8373 0 --ENG 1915 -46 722 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The extension of the project to Montezuma was authorized by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880 (see Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1879, p. 818), at an estimated cost of $15,000, to be secured by rock excavation and the removal of logs, snags, over- hanging trees, and cutting through rock reefs and deepening sand bars by contraction works. No estimates of cost of maintenance were made. Most of the work to be done below Albany is comprised between miles 10 and 53 below that city. Most of the work above it is com- prised in the first 18 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work has con- sisted principally of rock excavation and dredging at Blue Springs Shoals, Goat Island, Fergusons Shoals, Sister Islands, Teacup Shoals, Hell Gate, Ropewalk, Maple Chute, and other localities, resulting in a navigable channel of 3 feet throughout the entire year to Bainbridge and throughout most of the year from Albany to the mouth. Above Albany the channel for light-draft steamers at mod- erately high stages has been secured according to the project, but owing to the cessation of navigation has not been maintained. Prior to the fiscal year there was expended $339,320.48 for improvement and $24,123.61 for maintenance, making a total of $363,444.09. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Plant on this im- provement was occupied in doing emergency work from Teacup Shoals to Albany from November 4 to December 1, 1914. It was laid up on account of high water from December 1, 1914, to April 1, 1915, when work was resumed at Albany Shoals. Work was completed at this locality and the channel cleared of snags and bowlders to Blue Spring Shoal, where work was in progress at the end of the fiscal year. There was removed 9,538 cubic yards of rock and 168 obstructions. A survey was made also of the principal shoals from Albany to Tea- cup Shoals. The expenditures for the fiscal year were $4,919.49 for improvement and $4,035.68 for maintenance, a total of $8,955.17. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project is 93 per cent completed. Increased depths have been secured at all shoals where work has been undertaken and a navigable depth of 3 feet is available all the year around, except at Fergusons Shoals, Teacup Shoal, Sycamore, Maple Chute, Bull Sluice, Ropewalk, Mingo Island, Red Bluff, and Sister Islands. The channel is tortuous and narrow at other points and the current is in some places too swift for easy navigation. Over the shoals named about 30 inches at extreme low water is the minimum usable depth. Total expenditures on this project was $344,239.97 for improvement and $28,159.29 for mainte- nance, a total of $372,399.26. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of February 5, 1905, provided for the erection of a dam for the development of water power at Porters Shoals, on the Flint River. The authority was allowed to lapse by reason of noncompliance with the terms of the act. Effect of improvement.-The effect on freight rates is to cause a considerable reduction in same, especially at Bainbridge and vicinity. The effect has not yet been felt at Albany, but a continuation of the improvement so as to provide all-the-year-round navigation to that point will affect the large territory for which Albany is a distributing point. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 723 Proposed operations.-The funds on hand will be expended prior to June 30, 1916. Funds requested will be expended for rock excava- tion, dredging, building wing and submerged dams at Fergusons, Teacup, Sycamore, Ropewalk, Maple Chute Shoals, and other points where funds may permit, at a cost estimated as follows: Operating dredge Albany, 1 year---- ----------------- $25, 000 Operating drilling barge, 1 year________------------------- 10, 000 Operating dredge Upatoi, 6 months----------------------------- 18, 000 Operating snag boat Flint, 6 months --------- -------------------- 6, 000 Surveys ------------------------------------------- --------- 1, 000 Total ------------------------------------------------ 60, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists principally of cot- ton, naval stores, provisions, general merchandise, logs, timber, gro- ceries, and fertilizers. During the year 1914 it consisted of 37,537 short tons, valued at $2,351,113. A line of steamers operates regu- larly between Bainbridge, Ga., and Apalachicola, Fla. Another steamer operates between Bainbridge and Newton occasionally and a third one makes occasional trips between Albany and Newton. As the improvement progresses these boats will be enabled to operate at lower stage of water. Comparative statement. Year. shrt Value. 1912......... ................ .......... ................................................... .. 26,633 $1,599,335 1913................................................................................ 33,594 2,176,541 1914.................................. ................................ 37537 2,351,113 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $344, 239. 97 Maintenance----------- -------- ------------------ 28, 159. 29 Total --------------------------------------------- 372, 399. 26 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............ ........... .............................. $11,343.22 $12,000.00 $4,919.49 Maintenance........ ............... ......................... 4,500.00 2,149,13 4,035.68 Total.................. .......................... 15,843.22 14,149.13 8,955.17 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------ ------------------------------------- $7, 500.00 July 25, 1912------------ -------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914_---------------------------------------------------18, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------- 40, 000. 00 724 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- $55. 91 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 18, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 40, 000. 00 58, 055. 91 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_- - ------------- $4, 919. 49 For maintenance of improvement ---------------- 4, 035. 68 8, 955. 17 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------- 49, 100. 74 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 7, 913. 71 July 1, 1915, balance available_-___------------ --------- 41, 187. 03 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------- 60, 000. 00 6. CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER, GA. AND ALA. Location.-ChattahoocheeRiver rises in the northeastern part of the State of Georgia and flows in a southwesterly direction as far as West Point, Ga.; thence in a general southerly direction until it joins with the Flint River at the southwest corner of the State of Georgia, forming the Apalachicola River. Its length is approximately 418 miles. The length of the section under improvement is 163 miles from the city of Columbus to the mouth of the river. Original condition.-Before improvement began, boats drawing 22 inches were able to reach Columbus, Ga., for about 9 months of the year. Navigation, however, was difficult and dangerous during the daylight and impossible at night, due to the large accumulation of logs, snags, and overhanging trees, and to sand, rock, and marl shoals, which obstructed the channel. The average width of the navigable channel was about 200 feet at Columbus, 300 feet at Eufaula, and 500 feet at the mouth. Columbus, Ga., was the head of navigation. Previous projects.--The river and harbor act approved July 13, 1892, adopted a project for the improvement of that portion of the river above Columbus included between West Point and Franklin, Ga. (see H. Doc. No. 17, 46th Cong., 2d sess.), at an estimated cost of $100,000. After an expenditure of $19,719.22 on this improvement it was abandoned pursuant to a recommendation contained in report printed in House Document No. 111, Fifty-sixth Congress, second session. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1834. Present project.-The present project for the improvement of this stream was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 23, 1874, and provides for a low-water channel, 100 feet wide and 4 feet deep, from Columbus, Ga., to the mouth of the river, to be obtained by the re- moval of logs, snags, and overhanging trees, by cutting through rock and marl shoals, by scouring out sand bars, by work of contrac- tion, and by shore protection. The original estimate from Columbus to Eufaula, 63 miles, was $876,185; from Eufaula to the mouth, 100 miles, $145,247. No estimate was made for maintenance of this work. The project is based partially on House Document No. 241, Forty- second Congress, second session, and partially on report printed in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1872, page 584, and 1873, page 699. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 725 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Open channel work consisting of jetties, dikes, and training walls, supplemented by dredging, has been prosecuted near Columbus, at Jennies Island, Woolfolks Bar, Fitzsimmons Bend, Euchee Reach, Bull Creek Reach, and other points almost continuously for a distance of 32 miles from Columbus, and thence at intervals for 31 miles more to Eufaula, Ala. Below Eufaula some regulating works have been constructed, but reliance has generally been placed on dredging. A 4-foot depth has been obtained at ordinary low water below Columbus, Ga. However, in extreme low water, such as occurs generally every year, barely 3 feet can be depended upon. In addition thereto snagging operations have been carried on. Prior to this fiscal year there were expended below Columbus for improvement $735,818.24 and for maintenance $381,620.75, a total of $1,117,438.99. Of this amount, $19,719.22 was expended under the project of 1892. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year work has been continued on a general survey of the river, the plant has been overhauled and put in good condition, works of con- traction have been constructed at Neals Landing and at Kings Rock, the jetties and training wall at Indian Mound have been repaired, and dredging done at and near Columbus. Expenditures for the year were $45,660.09, of which $37,977.80 was for improvement and $7,682.29 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 90 per cent completed. The net result in the way of increased depths ob- tained in the 60 miles next below Columbus is about 10 inches and in the remainder of the stream about 1 foot. The project width has been obtained except at Jennies Island Shoal. Total expenditures to date are $773,796.04 for improvement and $389,303.04 for maintenance, making a total of $1,163,099.08. Local cooperation.-Although no conditions as to local cooperation have been imposed by Congress, the city of Columbus has constructed a municipal wharf from its own funds. The cost is unknown. Effect of improvement.-The improvement of this river has re- sulted in giving Columbus and all other points on the river equitable water rates on the railways, which are a material reduction from the rates to all other points not served by the river. The absolute amount of reduction can not be stated, but the effect is very favorable to Columbus, Eufaula, and other river points accessible by rail. Proposed operations.-Fundsnow available will be expended by June, 30, 1916. Funds requested below will be expended for improve- ment and maintenance as follows: Operating snag boat Chattahoochee eight months______ __ _____ $10, 000 Operating towboat Columbus one year --------------------------- 15, 000 Operating snag boat Flint eight months - 000 -10,1__________________ Operating dredge Blackwater eight months______________________ 40, 000 Operating dredge Muscogee one year___________________________ 25, 000 Operating dredge Upatoi six months----------------------------10, 000 Brush gang, one year .....---------- ----------------------------- 10, 000 Total --- ---------- ------------------------------- 120, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this stream consists prin- cipally of cotton, cotton seed, fertilizers, grain, naval stores, provi- sions, hardware, and general merchandise, reported for 1914 to be 93,442 short tons, valued at $10,103,756. The decrease from last year 726 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. is believed to be due to adverse financial conditions as affecting the cotton crop of the South, and is only temporary. A line of steamers operates regularly between Columbus and Apalachicola, Fla. One steamer operates occasionally between the mouth of the river and Alaga, Ala. Comparative,statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912............ ......... .......... ... ......... .... ....................... 100,122 $11,742,547 1913 .................... ...................................................... 107,238 11,951,481 1914 ................ ....... ........ ................. ........................ 93,442 10,103,756 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work $773, 796. 04 ------------------------------------------ Maintenance ------------------------------------ - 389, 303.04 Total ------------------- ----------------------- , 163, 099. 08 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................ ............. $21,979.25 $44,980.42 $37, 977.80 Maintenance ..................... ....... ...... 32, 725. 53 30, 000. 00 7,682. 29 Total................ ....................... 54,704.78 74,980.42 45,660.09 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 . $75, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- - -- -- - - - - - - - - 50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_ 85, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914__ 65, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915_ 75, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _ 491. 79 Amount allotted from river and harbor act, approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 65, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act, approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 75, 000. 00 Sept. 18, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913_ 5, 000. 00 145, 491. 79 Deduction on account of balance returned to Treasury from emer- gency allotment___-_____- 2, 496. 50 142, 995. 29 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement _____________- -___ $37, 977. 80 For maintenance of improvement---------------- 7, 682. 29 45 660. 09 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 97, 335. 20 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-- --------------------- 15, 062. 60 July 1, 1915, balance available..------------------------------- 82, 272. 60 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------------------- 228, 015. 21 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June '30,1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance--_----- 1120, 000. 00 SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 727 7. CHANNEL FROM APALACHICOLA RIVER TO ST. ANDREWS BAY, FLA. Location.--This waterway, partly natural and partly artificial, is approximately 361 miles in length and extends from a point 6 miles above the mouth of the Apalachicola River in a northwesterly direction to St. Andrews Bay, Fla. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 184.) Original condition.-Jackson River with an average depth of 8 feet, comprises the first 44 miles; thence 44 miles of the route of this canal lay in Lake Wimico, with a ruling depth of 24 feet; thence for 81 miles up Searcy Creek, with a natural depth of 4 to 12 feet; thence another section of about 10 miles passes through the low ground connecting Searcy and Wetappo Creeks, comprising stretches of swamp and dry land with no available depth. Next comes Wetappo Creek, with a natural depth of 6 feet for 54 miles; then East Bay, which is an arm of St. Andrews Bay, with a ruling depth of 34 feet for 3 miles, to a depth of 6 feet in St. Andrews Bay. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project is to provide a channel 5 feet deep and 65 feet wide from Apalachicola River to St. Andrews Bay by way of Lake Wimico, Searcy Creek, and the south prong of Wetappo Creek. It was authorized by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910 (see H. Doc. No. 670, 61st Cong., 2d sess.), at an estimated cost of $450,000, and of $10,000 annually for mainte- nance. Dredging was required over a distance of about 30 miles, the depth of cutting ranging from 1 foot to 18 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging both by hired labor, operating Government plant, and by contract has been prosecuted at each end of the improvement, resulting in the removal of 865,745 cubic yards of material by contract and 2,409,506 cubic yards by Government plant at a cost of $420,813.88, completing 168,960 lineal feet of canal to about the project dimensions. There remained 8,750 lineal feet to complete the work, comprising about 1,000,000 cubic yards of material to be removed. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The remaining por- tion of swamp land was cut through and certain portions of the canal were redredged to dispose of the material which had run into the channel from the sides due to the excessive rains, the large per cent of sand contained in the soil, and to the banks of spoil not having hardened sufficiently to provide a stable retaining wall. The work was completed June 15, 1915, by the removal during the fiscal year of 53,006 cubic yards by the contractor working from July 1, 1914, to August 10, 1914, at a cost of $5,642.30, and of 1,271,716 cubic yards by Government plant operated by hired labor, at a cost of $66,296.62, and working from February 27 to June 15, 1915. The total expenditures for the year were $85,116.13, all for improvement. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was entirely com- pleted, and the project width and depth fully available for naviga- tion, the minimum usable depth probably being 54 feet. The total number of cubic yards of material removed was 812,751 by contract and 2,921,497 cubic yards by Government plant. The total cost of the improvement was $510,580.46, making an average cost of about 728 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 13.5 cents per cubic yard. All expenditures were for improvement. The total expenditures were $505,930.01, all for improvement. Local cooperation. -None. Effect of improvement.-Navigation has just commenced over this waterway and it is yet too early to ascertain what results will follow. Proposed operations.-Funds on hand will be used to remove snags, overhanging trees, and other obstructions in the waterway. Funds now available will be expended prior to June 30, 1916. As deterioration will undoubtedly take place, due to sandy banks, the funds asked for will be expended for maintenance, as follows: Operating one pipe-line dredge, two months----- $10, 000 Commercial statistics.-The canal had not been completed at the end of the year 1914, hence no statistics can be given. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------------$505, 930. 01 Maintenance___ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. ............................................... $84,880.90 $169, 099.97 $85, 116.13 Maintenance.... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ----------------------------------------- $150, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 70, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-- ---------------------------------------- 130, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 _ ----------------------------------------- ---- 65, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------ - 29, 186. 12 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 65, 000. 00 Receipts from sales_ -----------------.--- 30. 00 94, 216. 12 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement --------------------------------------------- 85, 116. 13 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 9, 099. 99 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities - ------------- 4, 649. 45 July 1, 1915, balance available_ __-------- ---------------- 4, 450. 54 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---- --------- _ ---- 10, 000 8. ST. ANDREWS BAY, FLA. Location.-This bay is located on the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, in the State of Florida, 110 miles east of the entrance to. Pensacola Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 184.) 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 7.29 Original condition.--Prior to its improvement there were two entrances to this harbor, one known as East Pass and one known as West Pass. East Pass was the deeper of the two and had an average depth of about 11 feet with a width of approximately 300 feet. West Pass had an available depth of about 7 feet with a width of 150 feet, all at mean low water. After passing to the inside of the harbor there was a shoal known as Camel Back Shoal, on which the available depth was about 11 feet. From this point to the town of St. Andrew, located on the northern shore of the bay, a distance of about 10 miles, the available depth was from 25 to 35 feet. The area of this harbor is practically 100 square miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project is to secure a channel 22 feet deep and 200 feet wide through East Pass from the Gulf of Mexico to St. Andrews Bay. This project was authorized by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910 (See H. Doc. No. 12, 61st Cong., 1st sess.), at an estimated cost of $203,560 and an estimated annual maintenance of $20,000. The project was to be carried on with the U. S. seagoing dredge Caucus. The length of shoal to be removed on the outer bar through East Pass was about 6,000 feet, and inside the bar a channel of the same dimensions was to be dredged through Camel Back Shoal for a distance of about 10,000 feet. The tidal range is 1.4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work had been carried on by the U. S. seagoing dredge Caucus, both on the outer bar and Camel Back Shoal, resulting in the completion of the project on March 6, 1914, at a cost of $203,304.73, which was the total amount which had been expended up to the end of the prior fiscal year, all for new work. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The seagoing dredge Caucus was returned to this improvement on February 6, 1915, for the purpose of dredging for maintenance. The dredge has worked continuously from that date until the end of the fiscal year, removing 500,470 cubic yards, at a cost of $0.048 per cubic yard. The improve- ment is now in good shape, the project width and depth having been restored. Expenditures for the year amounted to $158.22 for im- provement and $33,684.74 for maintenance, a total of $33,842.96. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is completed and the project width and depth existed at the end of the fiscal year. The channel has shifted its location, however, to some extent, so that it is not straight. The maximum depth that existed at the end of the fiscal year through the channel at mean low water was 23 feet. The total expenditures under the adopted project for new work have been $203,560, and for maintenance $33,684.74, a total of $237.244.74. Local cooperation.-None. Proposed operations.-No estimate for additional funds is sub- mitted, as the funds on hand are believed to be sufficient to provide for such maintenance work as may be necessary prior to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-There has been built up since the comple- tion of this improvement quite a large traffic in the export of timber and timber products to foreign countries. The prospects are that this business will increase and continue as long as timber is available 730 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. for cutting in this section of the State. A coastwise business between this and other points on the west Florida coast has been established and will probably continue to increase. The completion of the canal connecting the Apalachicola River system with this harbor should result in increased importance to this port. The commerce of this harbor consists principally of lumber, naval stores, and miscellaneous merchandise. For the calendar year 1914 it consisted of 115,991 short tons, valued at $2,219,380. Comparative statement. Year. tons.rt Value. 1912.......................... ...............- ................ 76,562 $1,011,508 1913.................................................................................................. 116,622 1,837,351 1914........... ......... .. .. ...................................... 115,991 2,219,380 Financialsu'mmary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------- ------------------------------- $203, 560. 00 Maintenance. ------------------- 33, 587. 69 Total_-------------- ---------------------------- 237, 147. 69 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ..................................................... 71,448.55 $23, 231.70 $158. 22 Maintenance .......... ........ ... .......................... ...... .- ........ 33,684.74 Total..................... .. ............................... 71,448.55 23,231.70 33,842.96 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911 ----------------------------------------- $128,560.00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------- ------------------------ 36, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915- ----- ---------- ----------------- 25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------ ------------------- 255. 27 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 36, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 25, 000. 00 61, 255. 27 June 30, 1915, amount expended'during fiscal year: For works of improvement ---- __--_--- ----- $158. 22 For maintenance of improvement----- - - - -_ 33, 684. 74 33, 842. 96 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 27, 412. 31 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ....... ---__ ___---- 8, 552. 85 July 1, 1915, balance available ---- . ------------------- 18, 859. 46 1 Increased $97.05 over the amount reported in 1914 due to a Treasury settlement of that amount. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 731 9. CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER, FLA. AND ALA. Location.-The Choctawhatchee River rises ifn the southeastern part of the State of Alabama and flows in a southerly direction through Alabama and Florida into the Choctawhatchee Bay, 64 miles east of Pensacola Bay. Its total length is about 200 miles. The section of the river now under improvement extends from Newton, Ala., downstream 140 miles to the mouth. Original condition.---his river was impassable during low water for a distance of some 10 miles below Newton, due to marl reefs and fish-trap dams. The remaining 130 miles of the river to the mouth was greatly obstructed by snags, logs, and overhanging trees and by sand and gravel bars. It was navigable at low-water stages for boats of about 2 feet draft to Geneva, Ala., 96 miles from the mouth, and only at high stages to Newton. Previous projects.-Work was carried on over this river as far back as 1833, but no record exists of the results accomplished. The expenditures amounted to $12,876.62. The river and harbor act approved June 14, 1880, authorized the first work between Geneva and Newton. There was expended on this project $24,513.86. The total expenditures prior to those on the present project were $37,390.48. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1834. Present project.-The present project provides for the maintenance of a navigable channel at low water from the mouth to Newton, Ala., including Cypress Top Outlet. The improvement of that portion of the stream between the mouth of the river and Geneva, Ala., was authorized by the river and har- bor act approved June 23, 1874 (see S. Doc. No. 63, 42d Cong., 2d sess.), at an estimated cost of $34,330 for the removal of obstructions to navigation by snagging. The river and harbor act approved July 5, 1884, directed that a portion of the funds therein provided be expended between Geneva and Newton, Ala., to make that part of said river navigable at low- water stages. No estimate of this modification was made until later, when one of $57,125, to obtain such a channel by removal of hard blue-clay obstructions and rock excavation, together with snagging, was submitted. (See Annual Report for 1889, p. 1423.) The river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, added the improvement of Cypress Top Outlet, one of the mouths of the stream, to the proj- ect. No provision was made for maintenance in any of these esti- mates. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed by Government plant operated by hired labor, a channel 40 feet wide and 3 feet deep being secured through the marl shoals below Newton, and a channel 75 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low water being dredged through the Cypress Top Outlet at the mouth of the river. The river was cleared of snags and other ob- structions from time to time. This work was not permanent, how- ever, as the river became very much obstructed again between the mouth of Holmes River and Newton, being impassable during low water for even light-draft boats. The average depth for a distance of about 22 miles above Geneva was only 1.4 feet; from Geneva to the mouth of the Holmes River, about 2 feet; and from the mouth 732 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of the Holmes River to the mouth of the Choctawhatchee River, about 27jmiles, a good navigable depth of 4 feet at mean low water was obtained. The'head of navigation was Geneva, Ala. Expendi- tures under the existing project were $134,494.02 for improvement and $61,244.42 for maintenance, a total of $195,738.44. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Four snag boats, the Choctawhatchee, Escambia, Geneva, and Conecuh, have been operated during 8 months of this year. Work began 27 miles above the mouth and has continued upstream to Newton. Many snags had to be passed over during the winter high-water stages, but the snag boats are now on their way down to remove these. There were removed 10,369 obstructions, 1,618 cubic yards of rock, and 313 cords of brush. The expenditures were $19,390.22, all for maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project has been completed. The river is in good condition from its mouth 27 miles to the mouth of the Holmes River. From that point to Geneva, 96 miles above the mouth, the worst obstructions have been removed, but the river is yet in bad condition. From Geneva to Pates Landing, 124 miles above the mouth, the river is in poor condition, but from this point to Newton it is fairly good. The total expenditures under the existing project have been $134,494.02 for improvement and $80,- 634.64 for maintenance, a total of $215,128.66. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement on freight rates was beneficial as long as the improvement was maintained in good condition. At present, in connection with the Holmes River, it affords transportation to a large section of Florida without other means. Its restoration to good condition will probably result in the lowering of freight rates by rail to Geneva. Proposed operations.-Probableoperations for the next year will consist in continuing work of maintenance by dredging and snag- ging and in the construction of contraction works and making sur- veys where necessary. The funds now available will be expended by March 31, 1916. It is proposed to expend funds requested for main- tenance work as follows: Operating snag boats Choctawhatchee, Geneva, Escambia, and Conecuh for 1 year- ------------------------------------------- $30, 000 Commercial statistics.-The present commerce comprises princi- pally that en route to Holmes River points, and consists principally of naval stores, general merchandise, cotton, fertilizers, provisions, and hardware. For 1914 there were carried 25,440 short tons, valued at $919,688. The decrease from last year is due mainly to the tem- porary cessation of the naval stores and lumber industries. Comparative statement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 733 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------$171, 884. 50 Maintenance ------------------------ -- --- 80, 634. 64 Total------------ ------------------------------- 252, 519.14 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........ ............................. .. . . . . . . ............ Maintenance............................................. .. $7,756.34 $10,659.64 $19, 390.22 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------------$5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------------- 8, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------- ----- 9, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------- ------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------ 10, 700. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 79. 20 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 20, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 10, 700. 00 Transferred from Escambia and Conecuh Rivers----------------- 4, 800. 00 Transferred froni entrance to St. Josephs Bay, Fla --------------- 9, 500. 00 45, 079. 20 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------------19, 390. 22 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 25, 688. 98 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 3, 576. 24 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------------22, 112. 74 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------------ -- 30, 000. 00 10. HOLMES RIVER, FLA. Location.-The Holmes River rises in the southern portion of the State of Alabama, flows in a general southwesterly direction for about 160 miles, and empties into the Choctawhatchee River at a point 272 miles above the mouth of that stream. The section of the river under improvement extends from its mouth to Vernon, Fla., a distance of 25 miles. Original condition. This stream was originally badly obstructed by snags, sunken logs, fallen timber, and overhanging trees, and was available for navigation only by small craft and barges for occasional trips from the mouth to Vernon. The minimum usable low-water depth was about 32 feet. Vernon was the head of navigation by boats, although rafting was carried on as far up as the Louisville & Nashville Railway Bridge, about 50 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.--None. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 734 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Present project.-The present project provides for securing a navigable channel from the mouth to Vernon, Fla., by the removal of logs, snags, and overhanging trees. It was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888 (see Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1882, p. 1308), at an estimated cost of $5,000. No estimate of maintenance was made. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed by the use of Government plant operated by hired labor, a navigable channel being secured. No increased depth has been obtained, but boats suited to the narrow and tortuous channel and drawing 31 to 4 feet experience no great difficulties on this stream. Expenditures prior to the fiscal year were $8,562.05 for improvement and $14,288.34 for maintenance, a total of $22,850.39. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Expenditures dur- ing the fiscal year amounting to $942.24 were for outstanding lia- libities, office expenses, and care of plant, chargeable as maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The.project is completed and the stream is in fairly good condition, no obstructions being reported. The available channel is about 31 feet deep and 60 feet wide at low water. The total expenditures have been $23,792.63, of which $8,562.05 was for improvement and $1,230.58 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-There are no railroads through the sec- tion supplied by this stream, it being the only means of transporting supplies to a fairly populous and prosperous community. The im- provement has brought about an increase of traffic in the last few years, several steamers now being engaged in a growing trade be- tween Vernon and Pensacola. Proposed operations.-Proposed operations for the next fiscal year will be snagging for maintenance from Vernon to the mouth. Funds now available will be expended by March 31, 1916. A small amount of snagging is needed usually each year. Funds requested below will be expended in maintenance, as follows: Operating one snag boat for 2 months------------------------------- $2, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this stream consists of naval stores, logs, cotton, fertilizer, provisions, and general mer- chandise, reported in 1914 to consist of 13,284 short tons, valued at $691,988. The decrease from last year is due principally to failure of timber and naval stores operators to continue production during the year, due to adverse markets. Comparative statement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 735 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------- ------------------------ $8, 562. 05 Maintenance ------------------------------- ------ 15, 230. 58 Total ----------------------------------------- 23, 792. 63 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................ ......................... .... Maintenance ........ .................................... 31,008.99 $1,029.10 $942.24 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------------------- $1, 000. 00 July 25, 1912- - ----------- ------- 2, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------ ---------------- 2, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------- ___ ________ 2, 652. 21 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_.. 5, 000. 00 7, 652. 21 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---------------------------- ------ 942. 24 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 6, 709. 97 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- 2, 000. 00 11. THE NARROWS IN SANTA ROSA SOUND, FLA. Location.-This body of water is a sound of about 34 miles in length with an area of approximately 46 square miles, lying between the mainland and Santa Rosa Island, the outlet at one end being Pensacola Bay and at the other Choctawhatchee Bay, Fla. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 186.) Originalcondition.-Thereexisted a general depth of 6 feet through this sound except through the narrows at the end nearest Choc- tawhatchee Bay, where at several places a limiting depth of 4.5 feet was found. There was also a shoal of about the same depth at the en- trance to the sound from Choctawhatchee Bay and navigation was limited to that depth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for securing by dredging a channel 6 feet deep and 100 feet wide through the nar- rows. The project was authorized by the river and harbor act ap- proved June 25, 1910, at an estimated cost of $24,000. (See H. Doc. No. 565, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) No estimate was made for maintenance. There is a tidal range of 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed by Government plant operated by hired labor, and a navi- gable channel of 6 feet was obtained throughout the entire route, SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 736 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. although a small amount of shoaling has taken place since completion, reducing the minimum usable depth to 5 feet. The cost of improve- ment was $22,525.86, and of maintenance $659.68, a total of $23,185.54. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done, the expenditures, amounting to $355.83, being for outstanding liabili- ties of the previous year and for office expenses, and charged as maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, but the shoaling which has taken place limits the navigable channel depth to 51 feet. Total expenditures under the existing project are $22,525.86 for improvement, and $1,015.51 for maintenance, a total of $23,541.37. The project was completed for $1,474.14 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-With the increased depth afforded by the completion of this project greater draft vessels could pass between Pensacola and points to the east on Choctawhatchee Bay and tribu- taries. This however does not materially affect railway freight rates. The traffic seems to be steadily increasing, except for a setback during the past year. Proposed operations.-Fundsavailable will be sufficient to restore the full depth. No funds will be needed during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists principally of naval stores, lumber, timber, grain, hay, provisions, general merchandise, and fertilizers. It was reported in 1914 to amount to 49,645 short tons, valued at $2,054,839. The decrease is due to the temporary ces- sation of activity by the naval stores and timber producers. Comparative statement. Year. tons. VShort alue. 1912 ................... .................................. ....................... 50,932 $2,065,444 1913........ ... ................ ................... ... .......... 85,132 3,193,523 1914............................................................................... 49,645 2,054,839 Financial sum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------- ----------------- ------ $22, 525. 86 Maintenance------------------------------------- 1, 015. 51 Total--------------------------- ----------------- 23, 541. 37 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................... ........................... ...................... Maintenance............................................... ............. $659.68 $355.83 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914-_ _-_- _ --------------------------- $5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915,_-_ ------------------------------ 5, 000. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 737 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_----___--_.-.. ------- -__ $814. 46 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 10, 814. 46 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------ 355. 83 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----.-- 10, 458. 63 _------------------ July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities- - _------- _--_-------__-- 8. 56 July 1, 1915, balance available__------------------------------ 10, 450. 07 12. BLACKWATER RIVER, FLA. Location.-This river rises in the southern-central portion of the State of Alabama and flows in a south-southwesterly direction through the State of Florida, emptying into an arm of Pensacola Bay. Its total length is 45 miles, of which that portion from Milton, Fla., downstream to its mouth, 10 miles, including Blackwater and Upper East Bays, comprises the portion under improvement. Original condition.-The channel up to Milton had a depth of 8 feet with varying widths: Above Milton the stream is navigable for a distance of 13 miles for boats drawing less than 3 feet, above which rafting has been carried on as far as 25 miles above Milton. Previous projects.-The original project for this improvement was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899. The total amount expended under this project was $5,000. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1834. Present project.-The existing project, authorized by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905, is to provide a channel 9 feet deep and 100 feet wide from Milton to the mouth (see H. Doc. No. 193, 58th Cong., 2d sess.), to be secured by dredging through shoals and obstructing sand ridges at an estimated cost of $15,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was partially completed, the project depth and width of 9 feet and 100 feet, respectively, having been obtained over all but a small portion of the improvement where there was a least depth of 82 feet at mean low water. The depth obtained is still available. The work was ac- complished by Government plant operated by hired labor at a cost of $32,466.68 for improvement and $7,533.32 for maintenance, a total of $40,000. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done and no expenditures were made. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 95 per cent com- pleted. The channel was practically unchanged, a least navigable depth of 81 feet being available. The total expenditures on the exist- ing project are $32,466.68 for improvement and $7,533.32 for main- tenance, making a total of $40,000. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.--The effect of this improvement on freight rates is insignificant. Several large sawmills are located on this stream. Timber and lumber are thus enabled to be shipped to Pen- sacola for export at some less expense than by rail. Proposed operations.-Funds available will be used to complete the project, and will be expended by June 30, 1916. It is proposed 8373 0 -EN 1915--47 738 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. to use funds requested below in removing the obstructing timber and logs as follows: Operating one snagboat, 5 months-- ------------------------- $5, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce during the last year amounted to 136,917 short tons, valued at $2,130,039. It consisted principally of fertilizers, fruit, grain, hay and feed, general mer- chandise, groceries, lumber, timber, and naval stores. Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912...... ........... -.... ............ ........................... 123,124 $2,508,022 1913............ ........... ...................... .......................... . ........ 125,940 2,176,079 1914.................................----.........................136,917 2,130,039 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work__-- ------------------------ ---- -- $37, 466. 68 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 7, 533. 32 Total ------------------------------------------- 45, 000. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................................... ........ .... $162.90 ...................... Maintenance............................................ ....... .............. .............. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915------------ - -------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-........... ---- -_ '5, 000. 00 13. HARBOR AT PENSACOLA, FLA. Location.-The harbor of Pensacola is situated within the State of Florida on the north shore of the Gulf of Mexico, about 40 miles by water east of Mobile Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey chart No. 186.) Original condition.-The available depth across the inner bar at the entrance to this harbor previous to work of improvement was 19.5 feet, the width of the channel being contracted by the movement of what is known as Middle Ground Shoal to the southward. The chan- nel was also obstructed by wrecks and the western shore line in the vicinity of Fort McRee was rapidly eroding, almost the whole of old Fort McRee being washed away before the erosion was stopped. The area of this harbor is 64 square miles, of which 25 square miles are more than 30 feet deep. The tidal range is 1.4 feet. &Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 739 Previous projects.-The original project for improving the harbor by removal of wrecks was authorized by the river and harbor act approved June 18, 1878. The original project was subsequently amended and modified by the river and harbor acts approved July 13, 1892, August 18, 1894, and March 3, 1899. Under this project and its modifications there was expended $721,338.21, of which $594,688.55 was for improvement and $126,649.66 for maintenance. (For scope of previous projects see Appendix, p. 1835.) Present project.--The present project provides for dredging a channel 30 feet deep and 500 feet wide from the Gulf of Mexico to the dock line at the east end of the city of Pensacola. This project was authorized by the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, which also provided that $150,000 might be used in constructing a seagoing suction dredge. No estimate of cost of this project nor of maintenance was made. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All obstructing wrecks were removed from the channel. Two groins-one 360 feet long and the other 220 feet long-were completed in 1890 to maintain the shore line in the vicinity of Fort McRee. In 1895 the U. S. sea- going dredge Gedney opened a channel with a width of 120 feet and a depth of 24 feet at mean low water, with a length of about 10,000 feet, across Caucus Shoal. The U. S. dredge Caucus was built and commenced; work in 1905 upon the present project, completing it during the fiscal year 1914. Under the existing project there were expended $351,893.06 for improvement and $250,424.58 for mainte- nance, a total of $602,317.64. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The dredge Caucus worked about eight days on the improvement at the first of the fiscal year cleaning up and putting the channel in good condition, resulting in the removal of 18,985 cubic yards of sand. The remain- ing expenditures were for liabilities incurred during the preceding year for repairs to plant and for maintenance of the dredge Caucus when not engaged on other work. Total expenditures for the year amounted to $33,162.30, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The groins constructed at Fort McRee are holding the shore line so that further erosion has not occurred. There is a channel 500 feet wide and 31 feet deep from the outer entrance to the docks at Pensacola. The total cost of the present project has been $351,893.06 for improvement and $283,- 586.88 for maintenance, making a total cost of $635,479.94. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation on this improvement. The city of Pensacola, however, has just voted for a bond issue of $400,000 for funds with which to construct a municipal wharf and belt railway serving the entire harbor water front. The bonds have not yet been sold. Effect of improvement.-The completion of the channel has given greatly increased facilities to the shipping of Pensacola. Rates to Pensacola in general are on a parity with those of Mobile. The capacity of vessels visiting this port is becoming greater on account of the deeper draft available. Proposed operations.--No operations are contemplated for the next fiscal year unless the necessity for dredging should develop. Funds now available will probably be expended in care of plant 740 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. prior to June 30, 1916. Funds requested below will be expended for maintenance purposes, as follows: Caring for dredge Caucus when laid up (probably 9 months)-------- $15, 000 Operating dredge Caucus 3 months ___--------------------------__ 15, 000 Total-------------------------------------------30,000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this port has suffered greatly during the past year from local financial difficulties and from the depressing effect of the European war on the particular classes of commercial products handled here. The timber and naval stores business, which is usually the predominant one, has been prac- tically annihilated temporarily. For the past year the commerce consisted principally of iron and steel rails, fertilizer material, lum- ber, timber, naval stores, and bunker coal. It amounted to 1,164,502 short tons, valued at $22,819,119. Comparative statement. Year. _Short tons. Value. 1912............................................................................------1,271,979 $34,668,478 1913....................... ...... .. ............................ ...... 1,475,050 36,573,434 1914.................................................................. ........ 1,164,502 22,819,119 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------- $946, 581.61 Maintenance ----------- ------------------------- 410,236. 54 Total 356, 818. 15 1----------------------------------, Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .............................................................. .... $17,647.83 Maintenance........................................................ $2,125.73 5,000.00 $33,162.30 Total........................................................ 125. 125.73 22 4. 22,647.83 33,162.30 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ----- ------------------------------------- $25,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915--- ------------------------------------------ 25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------------33, 092.43 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_- 25, 000. 00 Receipts from sales------------------- -------------------------- 441. 20 58, 533. 63 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement. ------------------------------------- 33, 162. 30 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --------- 25, 371. 33 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 144. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------- --------------- 25, 227. 33 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement- _______ - _- -___, 30, 000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 741 14. ESCAMBIA AND CONECUH RIVERS, FLA. AND ALA. Location.-This is a single stream rising in central Alabama, below Union Springs, and flowing in a southwesterly direction to the Florida State line; thence southerly through Florida to Escambia Bay, an arm of Pensacola Bay, at a point 23 miles from the entrance. In the State of Alabama the stream is approximately 235 miles long and is known as Conecuh River, and in Florida, 651 miles, is known as Escambia River. The section now under improvement extends from the mouth of the Escambia to Patsaliga Creek, on the Conecuh, a distance of 147 miles. Original condition.-Prior to improvement the Conecuh River was impassable for boats and could be navigated by rafts only at stages of 4 and 5 feet. The Escambia River was navigable, except at extreme low water, for boats drawing 5 feet as high as the State line, but was badly obstructed by logs, snags, and overhanging trees. The mouth of the river was also obstructed by a bar, over which the least depth prior to improvement was about 2 feet. The width of the navigable channel was about 100 feet. Previous projects.-The sum of $5,000, appropriated in 1833 " for the Escambia River only," was expended, but there is no record of the matter other than of the appropriation. The river and harbor act of August 2, 1882, adopted the original project for the improve- ment of Conecuh River. This project was modified by act of March 2, 1907. The total expenditure prior to adoption of present project was $71,175. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1837. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel 150 feet wide and 5 feet deep at mean low water through the bar at the mouth of the river and a navigable channel from the mouth of the Escambia River to Patsaliga Creek. That portion of the project including the channel at the mouth of the Escambia River was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880. (See Annual Report for 1879, p. 852.) The channel at the mouth of river was to be obtained by dredging and the remainder of the work was to consist of the removal of certain obstructions to navigation and to construct dikes, wing dams, and shore protection. to obtain 5 feet to the State line, at an estimated cost of $25,000. That portion of the project relating to the Conecuh River was authorized by act of Congress approved March 2, 1907 (see H. Doc. No. 159, 59th Cong., 1st sess.), at an estimated cost of $31,000, the work to consist of removing snags, closing cut-offs, and constructing wing dams. No. estimates for maintenance were made. Operations and results prior to the fisca- year.-Work of dredging at the mouth of Escambia River was undertaken and completed to the project depth. The work of removing snags, logs, overhanging trees, etc., was then begun and has been prosecuted since, resulting in the completion of the project. There had been expended to the close of the fiscal year under the existing project on the Conecuh River $36,345.27, of which $30,682.81 was for improvement and $5,662.46 for maintenance; and on the Escambia River $85,338, of which $16,478.45 was for improvement and $68,859.55 for mainte- 742 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. nance, a total for the entire project of $121,683.27, of which $47,161.26 was for new work and $74,522.01 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the fiscal year. Expenditures made were for outstanding lia- bilities and for maintenance and care of plant, amounting to $59.86. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Some deterioration of the channel has taken place and a small amount of timber is obstructing the channel at the mouth of the river. Total expenditures under present project are $47,161.26 for improvement and $74,581.87 for maintenance, a total of $121,743.13. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The only effect that the improvement has resulted in has been to facilitate the removal of timber in rafts, and the timber industry is rapidly approaching extinction. Proposed operations.-No estimate for additional funds is sub- mitted, as there appears to be no necessity for additional work prior to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-Commerce on this stream for the calendar year 1914 is reported as 70,912 short tons, valued at $709,120, con- sisting principally of rafted timber. The following tabulation will show the commerce for the years 1912, 1913, and 1914: Comparative statement. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------- ----------------------- $118, 336. 26 Maintenance 4, 581.87 7------------------------------ Total ------ ------------------------ 192, 918. 13 APPROPRIATIONS. LFor last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---- ---------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_ -------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ------------------------- 8, 8,000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------- ------ --------------------------- 5, 000. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 743 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_----------- ____ $145. 60 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914- 5, 000. 00 5, 145. 60 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------- 4, 800.00 345. 60 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-------------------------------------------- 59. 86 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ - _---____-____-__285. 74 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ 5. 00 _._.._--_------------------ July 1, 1915, balance available_ ____----------------------- 280. 74 15. ALABAMA RIVER, ALA. Location.-The Alabama River is formed 222 miles above Mont- gomery by the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, both of which have their sources in the State of Georgia. From the junction of the rivers named it flows in a southwesterly direction through the State of Alabama for a distance of 3152 miles and unites with the Tombigbee River to form the Mobile River 44 miles above the city of Mobile. The section of the river now under improvement extends from the mouth of the river at its junction with the Tombigbee to Wetumpka, Ala., on the Coosa River 6 miles above its junction with the Tallapoosa River, a distance of 322 miles. Original condition.-The Alabama River has always been naviga- ble for light-draft boats throughout its entire length of 3152 miles. Navigation was, however, badly obstructed by logs, trees, and gravel shoals at many places over which the minimum usable depth at low water was about 2 feet. The width of the navigable channel varied from 100 feet in several restricted localities to 500 and 600 feet in others. Its average width at the junction with the Tallapoosa River was about 400 feet and at the mouth of the river about 700 feet. Wetumpka on the Coosa River is the head of navigation. Previous projects.-The river and harbor act of June 18, 1878, adopted the original project for the improvement of this stream. The project was modified and extended by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892. The total amount expended under this project was $419,445.69, of which $400,420.57 was for improvement and $19,025.12 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1837. Present project.-The present project provides for securing from Wetumpka, Ala., on the Coosa River, to the mouth of the Alabama a channel 4 feet deep at extreme low water and 200 feet wide, to be obtained by open channel work and the removal of snags and obstruc- tions. That portion of the project included between Montgomery and the mouth of the river was authorized by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905 (see H. Doc. No. 219, 58th Cong., 3d sess.), at a cost originally estimated at $650,000, with $50,000 annually for main- tenance. The project, including the Alabama and Coosa Rivers between Montgomery and Wetumpka, was authorized by the river and harbor 744 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. act of June 25, 1910 (see H. Doc. No. 1089, 60th Cong., 2d sess.), at an estimated cost of $36,000. No estimate for maintenance was made. Work is required over a length of river about 300 miles long at ob- structing shoals, usually consisting of gravel bars. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Open-channelwork has been prosecuted continuously whenever funds permitted since the adoption of the project. Work has in general been confined to the gravel shoals which obstruct the river and has consisted of dredg- ing for improvement and maintenance and of contraction works, comprising brush and rock jetties, and training walls. At the close of the prior fiscal year there had been expended under the present project on the river $353,540.56 for improvement and $367,354.94 for maintenance, a total of $720,895.50. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, work has consisted of dredging at Dun- cans Bar, Washington Bar, Manacks Bar, Merritts Bar, and Hadnots Bar, and the construction of wing dams and training walls at the same localities. Surveys have been made of localities at which work is proposed and a continuous survey has been made from Montgom- ery to 30 miles below. The plant pertaining to the work was also cared for, repaired, and overhauled and put in good condition. All work done, except care of plant, was new work and was accomplished by day labor. The expenditure during the year was $50,049.88 for new work and $8,204.89 for maintenance, making a total of $58,254.77. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Open-channel work was about 60 per cent completed at the end of the fiscal year. As a result of the improvement navigation is practicable between the mouth of the river and Montgomery, Ala., for the entire year for boats not ex- ceeding 4 feet in draft, except for stages of water of less than minus 2 feet on the Montgomery gauge, which stages do not occur except in rare instances. No navigation exists between Montgomery and We- tumpka, and no work has been done under the new project for the improvement of that section of the river. The depth at Youngs Bar, 3 feet at extreme low water, now controls navigation between the mouth of the river and Selma, Ala. The total expenditure under the project was $403,590.44 for improvement and $375,559.83 for mainte- nance, making a total of $779,150.27. Local cooperation.--No requirements for local cooperation in con- nection with this improvement have been imposed by Congress. The city of Montgomery has constructed a municipal wharf at a cost of $10,000, which is available for public use at this port. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the river is to maintain effective water competition with the railroads as far as Selma, Ala., and to a certain extent to Montgomery. The full effect of water transportation is not felt at Montgomery, because of the failure of the boats to make good use of the means provided for navigation and of the merchants of Montgomery to patronize the boats. Water rates control most of the shipments to and from the country con- tiguous to the river below Montgomery. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to continue open-channel work, including dredging and contraction works, in the shoals between Montgomery and the mouth of the river, and especially between Montgomery and Selma, and to maintain work already completed. Funds now available will probably be expended by RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 745 March 31, 1916, and the funds asked for below will be expended principally for improvement, as follows: Maintenance and operation: Hydraulic dredge Pettus .--------------------------------- $25, 000 Towboat Alabama_____------------- -------------- 15, 000 Snag boat Win. J. Twining--------------------------- 1.5, 000 Construction of 1,000 feet of jetties, at $3.50 per foot-------------- 35, 000 Superintendence and contingencies-- ---------------------------- 10, 000 Total-------------- ----------------------- --------- 100, 000 Commercial statistics.-Two steamers operate regularly between Mobile and Selma, one of which also operates as far as Montgomery. The commerce on this stream for the calendar year 1914 was 112,345 short tons, valued at $4,329,007. Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912................................. ............ ..................... .. 139,846 $7,195,848 1913.......................................................................... 153,295 6,141,808 1914............................................................................ 112,345 4,329,007 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------- -------------------------- $804, 011. 01 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 394, 584. 95 Total ------------------------------------------- 1, 198, 595. 96 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........ ..................................... $26, 063.36 $27, 328.47 $50, 049.88 Maintenance. ............................................. 39,000.00 76,265.37 8,204.89 Total .. ............ ................... 65,063.36 ......... 103,593.84 58,254.77 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $75, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------- 75, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------- 100, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------ 75, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------- ------------ ------ 23, 859. 44 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 _ 50, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 75, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-------------------- ----------------- 95. 00 148, 954. 44 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year : For works of improvement------------------ $50,049. 88 For maintenance of improvement --------- 204. 89 ,----- 58,254. 77 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------ 90, 699. 67 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------------ -- 10, 060.00 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 80, 639. 67 746 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------- _ _----------------- $222, 800. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance.... 100, 000. 00 16. COOSA RIVER, GA. AND ALA. Location.-The Coosa River is formed at Rome, Ga., by the junction of the Oostanaula and Etowah Rivers, which have their sources in northern Georgia. From Rome it flows in a southwesterly direction through northwestern Georgia and eastern Alabama for a distance of 282 miles and unites with the Tallapoosa River to form the Alabama River. The section of the river now under improve- ment extends from Rome, Ga., downstream for a distance of 165 miles to Dam No. 5. The lower end of the improvement is 117 miles from the mouth of the river. Original condition.-From the mouth of the river at its junction with the Tallapoosa to Wetumpka, Ala., a distance of about 11 miles formerly, but now 61 miles, due to a new connection between the streams, the river is navigable at all times; from Wetumpka to Greensport, Ala., a distance of 143 miles, the river was navigable only at high water and in comparatively level stretches between rock shoals and rapids; and from Greensport to Rome, Ga., a distance of 128 miles, the river has always been navigable for light-draft boats. For the navigable section the minimum usable' depth at low water was about 2 feet, except at Horseleg Shoal, near Rome, Ga., where the depth was about 1 foot. The width of the navigable channel was about 100 feet. Rome, Ga., was the head of navigation on the Coosa River, although the Oostanaula River, one of its tributaries, is navigable to Carters, Ga. Previous projects.-The act of August 14, 1876, adopted the orig- inal project for the improvement of this stream, which was modi- fied and extended by the act of September 19, 1890. The total ex- pended under this project was $966,806.38. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1837. Present project.-The present project provides for securing from Rome, Ga., to Dam No. 5, Ala., a channel 4 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide, to be obtained by open-channel work and the construction of locks and dams, one to be located at Mayos Bar, 7.5 miles below Rome, and four locks and dams and one dam with- out lock between Greensport and Riverside, Ala. The lock and dam at Mayos Bar was authorized by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910 (see H. Doc. No. 1115, 60th Cong., 2d sess.), at a cost originally estimated at $241,039, but since increased to $281,039. The lock in Dam No. 4 was authorized by act of June 25, 1910, which act also authorized Dam No. 5 (see H. Doc. No. 1421, 60th Cong., 2d sess.), at an estimated cost of $282,000 for Lock No. 4, and $134,000 for Dam No. 5. The estimate for Dam No. 5 has proved inadequate, however, and has since been increased to $196,000. The open-channel work and Locks and Dams Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and Dam No. 4 form a part of the plan of improvement adopted by the river and harbor act of August 14, 1876, for that section of the river betweeh Rome and the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad bridge Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 747 (later known as the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad and now as the Selma-Rome branch of the Southern Railway) near Wil- sonville, Ala. The estimates for this work were $180,000 for work between Rome and Gadsden near Rome (see Annual Report for 1875, pt. 2, p. 661) and of $470,668 for work between Greensport and said bridge (see Annual Report for 1872, p. 536). These estimates do not cover a reach of comparatively good river between Gadsden and Greensport, a distance of 211 miles. This plan of improvement contemplated a channel width of only 80 feet and 8 locks and dams, with available lock dimensions of 40 feet clear width and 175 feet clear length.- The channel width was increased to 100 feet and the available lock dimensions increased to 52 feet width and 280 feet length by a modification of this project for the improvement of the entire river from Rome, Ga., to We- tumpka, Ala., 11 miles above the mouth, adopted in the river and harbor acts of September 19, 1890, and June 13, 1892. (See H. Doc. No. 94, 51st Cong., 1st sess.) Only Dam No. 4 and Lock No. 31 were constructed under this enlarged project, which has been considered as definitely abandoned following a report of January 9, 1905 (see H. Doc. No. 219, 58th Cong., 3d sess.), unfavorable to further work on either project except by the construction of Lock No. 4 and Dam No. 5, specifically authorized by the act of June 25, 1910, as indicated above. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Open-channel work has been prosecuted at Horseleg Shoal near Rome, Ga., Cop- peras Bluff, Chicken Shoal, Mill Shoal, Leota Shoal, Lonnergans Reef, Box Shoal, and other points between Rome, Ga., and Dam No. 4. Locks Nos. 1, 2, and 3 have been constructed and put in com- mission. Dam No. 4 has been constructed and maintained. Lock in Dam No. 4 was practically completed, and the construction of Dam No. 5 was in progress. A lock and dam at Mayos Bar, 7 miles from Rome, Ga., had also been completed. Near Wetumpka, Ala., Lock No. 31 was completed except for operating mechanism, valves, and gates. No work was done on'the dam to this lock. A portion of the channel between No. 31 and proposed No. 30 next above it was cleared, surveys were made, and plans prepared for Nos. 9 and 10, but no work done prior to the abandonment of this project. There had been expended on the upper section of the river prior to the fiscal year $1,126,755.92 for improvement and $99,097.62 for main- tenance, making a total of $1,225,853.54. Operations and.results during fiscal year.-During the year at the lock and dam at Mayos Bar a levee and drainage ditch were con- structed; the lock in Dam No. 4 and an extension of Dam No. 4 to join with the lock were practically completed, except for a slight ex- tension of the guard pier, a small amount of dredging near the en- trance to the lock, and some back filling; and the construction of Dam No. 5 was continued. Dredging was done at Chicken Shoal by the U. S. dredge Attalla, operated by hired labor, and a survey was made extending from Rome, Ga., to near Mayos Bar. The plant pertaining to this work was also cared for, repaired, overhauled, and placed in condition for work. A system of dikes and training walls was laid out at Chicken Shoal and construction begun. All work done except care of plant was new work and accomplished by day p748 REPORT OF THE OIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. labor. The expenditures during the year were $147,244.23 for new work and $11,564.18 for maintenance, making a total of $158,808.41. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Open-channel work was 30 per cent completed at the end of the fiscal year; lock and dam at ayos Bar completed; construction of drainage ditch and levee at Mayos Bar completed; Locks Nos. 1, 2, and 3, completed; lock in Dam No. 4, 99 per cent completed; and Dam No. 5, 40 per cent com- pleted. The open-channel work at Chicken Shoal was 20 per cent completed. As a result of the improvement, navigation is now prac- ticable between Rome, Ga., and Dam No. 4 for the entire year for boats not exceeding 3 feet draft. The depth at Chicken Shoal now controls navigation between Rome, Ga., and Gadsden, Ala. The total expenditure under the project was $1,274,000.15 for improve- ment and $110,661.80 for maintenance, making a total of $1,384,- 661.95. The location of the locks and their horizontal dimensions available at low water are as follows: Location Dimensions in Depth. and the clear. D dosancsLit.Date Lock. distance Lift. ofcom- Cost. Rome, WidthLengthUp.per Lower pletion. Ga. Width. Length. sil. si. Miles. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Mayos Bar..-----------.. ----.....--...... --..... 7.5 40 177 6.40 5.00 12.00 1914 $279,443.30 No. 1 (near Greensport)........ 129.0 40 175 3.41 3.25 5.33 1890 106,173.96 No. 2........................ 132.0 40 175 5.40 5.20 5.57 1890 159,166.00 No. 3.......................... 133.5 40 175 5.15 4.00 12.00 1890 110,744.47 No. 4.......................... 154.5 52 280 7.00 7.60 18.00 1914 644,151.11 No. 5 ......................... 165.0 .. .. --....- ...- - . 14.00 (2) 3196,000.00 No. 31 (near Wetumpka)..... 271. 0 52 322 8.00 8.00 14.70 (5) 348,018.05 1 This lift is now 15 feet. It will be reduced to 8 feet upon completion of Dam No. 5, and again increased to 11 feet upon raising of Dam No. 4 by the Ragland Water Power Co. 2 Unfinished. a Dam onily; estimated cost. 4 Dam not built. a Work abandoned. Local cooperation.-The act of Congress approved March 4, 1907, granted a franchise to the Alabama Power Co. to construct a dam or power purposes on the Coosa River at the location of Lock and Dam No. 12, 231 miles below Rome, Ga., as set forth in survey made in compliance with the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1903. This dam was completed in accordance with the approved plans on March 4, 1914. The river and harbor act of February 27, 1904, granted a franchise to the Ragland Water Power Co. authorizing them to raise Dam No. 4 an additional 3 feet to provide for the devel- opment of water power with the understanding that the work done should be done under the supervision of the United States and in coordination with the improvement of the Coosa River under the present project. No work has yet been done under this authority. An act approved May 9, 1906, authorized any riparian owner having authority therefor under the laws of the State of Alabama to erect a dam or dams across the Coosa River at such points at or near Lock No. 2 as they might elect for the purpose of generating water power. A permit pursuant to this authority was granted the Coosa River Electric Power Co. to construct a dam at this point, but the authority granted this company has been allowed to lapse by reason of non- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 749 compliance with the provisions of the act referred to and of the laws of the State of Alabama. A successor to this company has recently been organized known as the Peoples' Hydro-Electric Power Co., which has made application for authority to construct a dam at this location under the provisions of the act. At Rome, Ga., a wharf has been constructed by the local steamboat company, the cost of which is unknown. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has resulted in reduc- tions in railroad freight rates between points on the river and between Rome and Gadsden of not less than 50 per cent. Water rates control all shipments to and from the country contiguous to the river. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to continue open channel work including dredging, rock excavation, and the construction of jetties and dikes in the shoals between Rome and Greensport and also be- tween Locks. Nos. 3 and 4, to complete Lock No. 4 and Dam No. 5, and to maintain work already completed. Funds now available will be expended prior to June 30, 1916. The funds requested will be expended as follows: Lock in Dam No. 4: Dredging at entrance________________________________ $15, 000 Back fill behind land wall, 12,000 cubic yards ______ __ 10, 000 Complete guard pier-------5, 000 $30, 000 General maintenance (Rome, Ga., to Dam No. 4) : Operating towboat Leota ---------------------------- 15, 000 Operating dredge Attalla_ ______ ___------___ 15, 000 Jetties between Copperas Bluff and Chicken Shoal, 6,000 linear feet, at $3 per linear foot _______________________ 18, 000 Rock excavation, same reach, 10,000 cubic yards---------- 10, 000 Surveys ------------------------------------- -- 10, 000 68, 000 Total ----------------------- ------------------- 98, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce on this stream for the calen- dar year 1914 consisted principally of fertilizers, general merchan- dise, timber products, and groceries. It amounted to 28,751 short tons valued at $1,517,978. The decrease from last year is probably permanent. Only one boat is operating on this improvement and that is not proving a paying investment. Comparative statement. Year. Value. 1912.... .................................................................. 52,342 $1,349,422 1913....... ....... 46,339 [ 1,642,987 1914 ................ ..... ....... ........................................ 28,751 1,517,978 Financialsummary. BETWEEN ROME, GA., AND LOCK NO. 4, ALA. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------- $1, 114, 274. 09 Maintenance ---------- ---- _-- 104, 856. 18 Total __---_----- _1, 219, 130. 27 750 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................... ........ ............ $21,380.83 $11,359.23 Maintenance ............ ...... .............................. 21,449.11 ............ 5,758.56 Total............. .......................... :.... 21,449.11 21,380. 83 17,117.79 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912--- ---- -------------------------------- $20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------- ----------------------- 25,000.00 Mar.4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 50,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -_________-____ ___________ 30, 360.91 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 50,000.00 80, 360. 91 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ________---- _____- $11, 359. 23 For maintenance of improvement __.-- ..---- _. 5,758. 56 17, 117. 79 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ -------- - - -___________ 63,243.12 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_. ------------------- _ 5, 379. 61 July 1, 1915, balance available_-- -------- ___-__ ______-__ 57, 863. 51 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance ------- 68, 000.00 LOCK AND DAM AT MAYOS BAR, GA. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $273, 637.68 Maintenance __________--------------------_______ ___ 5, 805.62 Total -------------------------------------------- 279, 443.30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....................... ......... ......... ...... $74,455.37 $46,015.18 $3,814.05 Maintenance...... ............................... ....... 5, 805. 62 Total................................ ................... 74,455.37 46,015.18 9,619.67 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911__--------------- ---------------------------- $121, 039.00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------30, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914------ ---------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----___ -- 1, 215.37 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 10, 000.00 11,215.37 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 751 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-------------------- $3, 814.05 For maintenance of improvement--------------- 5, 805. 62 $9, 619. 67 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------1, 595. 70 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------- 363. 46 July 1, 1915, balance available------------- -------------... 1, 232. 24 LOCK NO. 4 AND DAM NO. 5. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915 New work----------------------------------------- $447, 951.10 MoC~nI -nn r r\ r+ Amaint enace- -- -- ------- e3 191 1 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................... ............................... $67,238.18 $89, 229.18 $132, 070.95 Maintenance ...................................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911. .- ________ __ - ----- r __ _____________ ____________ 150, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_--------------------------------------------- 124,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913- - -- -- ---- - - --- - --- --- - r______------ ----- - - - 81, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914___ - -- - -- -- - -- -- - ---------- 30, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915__ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 56, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended________ 114, 119. 85 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 30, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved'Mar. 4, 1915__ 56, 000. 00 Receipts from sales -------------------------- __ _ 7.00 200, 126. 85 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement -------------------------------- 132, 070. 95 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____-------------------_--- 68, 055. 90 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_--------------__ -___ -_ 16, 577. 58 July 1, 1915, balance available_---------- -------........ 51, 478.32 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement-..-.....- z 30, 000. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_---------------------------------------- 2, 240, 806. 53 Maintenance------------------------------------------- 110, 661. 80 Total ---------------------- -------------- 2,351, 468.33 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................ ................ $141,693.55$156,625.19 $147,244.23 Maintenance............ ................................... 21,449.11.......... 11,564.18 Total.......................................................... 163,142.66 156,625.19 158,808.41 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 Includes $404,943.66 expended between Wetumpka and the East Teeanessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad bridge. 752 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $271, 039. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- 144, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------ - ----------- 136, 00000 Oct. 2, 1914 --------- ------------------------------------ 40, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------- --------- 106, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------- ____ ____ 145, 696. 13 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 40, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 106, 000. 00 Receipts from sales_ -- __-----_ _________- --- 7. 00 291, 703. 13 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement __..-.------ $147, 244. 23 For maintenance of improvement --------------- 11, 564. 18 158, 808. 41 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------- 132, 894. 72 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_-- ..-.-- __----_____ 22, 320. 65 July 1, 1915, balance available ___ ------------------- 110, 574. 07 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------- 98, 000. 00 17. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON COOSA RIVER, GA. AND ALA. Locks Nos. 1, 2, and 3 were opened to navigation on June 30, 1890, and have been operated continuously since, except during such periods as it was necessary to close them for repairs and for a period of 10 days in February, 1895, when the canal between Locks Nos. 2 and 3 was frozen over. Lock and dam at Mayos Bar, 7 miles below Rome, Ga., was completed and lock opened to navigation September 22, 1913, and operated during the remainder of the year. Lock 4 was opened for navigation in September, 1914. Repairs were made by hired labor and United States plant to Locks 1, 2, 3, and Mayos Bar. The amount expended to the end of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $225,079.71. The expenses of operating and care of Locks Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and at Mayos Bar during the fiscal year have been paid from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided for by section 4 of the act of July 5, 1884, as amended and reenacted by section 6 of the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1909. These expenses amounted to $15,006.89, exclusive of liabilities out- standing on June 30, 1915, of $2,192.34. EXAMINATION AND SURVEY MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1913. Reports dated December 15, 1913, with map, and April 13, 1914, on preliminary examination and survey provided for by the river and 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 753 harbor act of March 4, 1913, of Ochlockonee and Crooked Rivers, Fla., were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were transmitted to Congress and printed in House Document No. 1178, Sixty-third Congress, second session. The improvement of the locality in the manner desired by the United States is not deemed advisable at the present time. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and re- ports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Inland waterway from PensacolaBay, Fla., to Mobile Bay, Ala. 2. Flint River, Ga., from its mouth to Albany. 3. Coosa River, Ga. and Ala., from Rome to the first lock below Gadsden. .. Chattahoochee River, Ga. and Ala. 5. West Pass, Apalachicola, Fla. 6. St. Andrews Bay, Fla., with a view to removing shoals in the north arm. The duty of making the reexamination in accordance with the law for the original examination of rivers and harbors, as provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, with a view to obtaining a report whether the adopted project for Coosa River, Ga. and Ala., shall be modified or the improvement abandoned, has been also assigned to the district engineer officer, and his report will be duly submitted when received. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE MOBILE, ALA., DISTRICT. This district includes the harbors on the Alabama and Mississippi coasts and the rivers of western Alabama and eastern Mississippi. District officer: Lieut. Col. C. Keller, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. Lansing H. Beach, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Mobile Harbor, Ala........... 754 8. Pascagoula Harbor, Miss........ 775 2. Mobile Bar, Ala................ 758 9. Pascagoula, Leaf, and Chicka- 3. Black Warrior, Warrior, and sahay Rivers, Miss ......... 778 Tombigbee Rivers, Ala....... 760 10. Biloxi arbor, Miss.......... 783 4. Tombigbee River, Ala., from 11. Gulfport Harbor and Ship mouth to Demopolis (mainte- Island Pass, Miss............ 785 nance of channel) .......... 766 12. Wolf and Jordan Rivers, Miss.. 789 5. Tombigbee River, from Demop- J3. East Pearl River, Miss........ 791 olis, Ala., to Walkers Bridge, 14. Pearl River, below Rockport, Miss-.....--------------------769 Miss....................... 793 6. Operating and care of locks and 15. Removal of water hyacinths dams on Black Warrior and (East Pearl River, Miss.).... 796 Tombigbee Rivers, Ala....... 772 7. Channel between Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound, Ala. - 773 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT, GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2525 TO 2561. 0 8373 -ENG 1915---48 754 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1. MOBILE HARBOR, ALA. Location.-This harbor is in the southwestern part of the State of Alabama, about 92 miles from Pensacola, Fla., on the east, and about 61 miles from Pascagoula, Miss., on the west. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 188.) Original condition.-The channel originally had minimum usable depths of 5 feet through Choctaw Pass and 8 feet through Dog River Bar at mean low water, and the available draft for purposes of commerce by way of Spanish River, the best route then available, was limited to the latter depth. The width of channel over a depth of 52 feet was about one-half mile. The head of navigation then was .a considerable distance above Mobile in the Alabama and Tom- bigbee Rivers. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted May 20, 1826. The second project was adopted July 11, 1870, the third March 3, 1879, the fourth August 11, 1888, and the fifth March 3, 1899. The sum of $5,545,491.18, which includes $40,563.03 for removing ob- structions, was spent on the original and modified projects prior to the commencement of work under the present project. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, p. 1840. Presentproject.-This provides for the formation of a channel 300 feet wide in Mobile River and 200 feet wide in Mobile Bay with a depth of 27 feet at mean low water. The average range of the tide at the upper end of this channel is about 1.4 feet and at its lower end about 1.1 feet. The dredged channel extends from Chickasaw Creek, about 5 miles above the mouth of Mobile River, to deep water in the lower part of Mobile Bay, a distance of 332 miles. The esti- mated cost of original work under this project is $1,802,548, and its maintenance $100,000 per annum. This project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910. (See H. Doc. No. 657, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The act of June 13, 1902, made the removal of sunken obstructions part of the maintenance of Mobile Harbor. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel had been dredged to its full project depth and width throughout except about 1,500 feet in, Mobile, River, where a width of only 140 feet had been made. Mobile River was kept clear of sunken obstructions. The expenditures had been for original work, $1,431,924.48; for maintenance dredging, $144,363.45; and for removing obstructions (maintenance work), $18,341.36; a total of $1,594,629.29. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-All new work done was by contract and resulted in the completion of the project on July 18, 1914. All work was in Mobile River, where 102,255.6 cubic yards were removed from a length of 1,665 feet, and to a width of 140 feet, the total cost being $13,395.48. In addition to this amount, $33,806.74 was expended in payment for contract work during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, and for retained percentages. The channel was also maintained during the year, all such work being done by day labor with United States plant. A length of 10,174 feet in Mobile River was dredged to, a width of 243 feet, and of 101,302 feet in Mobile Bay to a width of 200 feet, 393,726 cubic yards being removed in the river and 3,911,162.4 cubic yards in the bay. The RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 755 expenditures on this work, including surveys, upkeep of plant, and office expenses, amounted to $99,243.22. The snag boat Demopolis removed 709 obstructions from the Mobile River Channel, thereby clearing a length of 4,590 feet at a total cost of $4,095.61. Other expenditures amounting to $31,700.81 were made for han- dling logs for United States shipyard at Pascagoula, Miss., handling heavy parts for dredges, part cost of construction of marine ways, and of purchase and installation of plant at United States shipyard at Pascagoula, Miss., handling timbers and miscellaneous work around United States reservation at Mobile, Ala., caring for property at Pascagoula, Miss., and Mobile, Ala., part cost of upkeep and repair of plant previously used on the work, operation of two automatic tide gauges in Mobile Bay, and repairs to the dredge Charleston. The total expenditures during the year were $182,241.86, of which $47,202.22 was for new work and $135,039.64 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted and is being maintained to its full width and depth through- out. A maximum mean low water draft of 27 feet can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel. Total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, are as follows: For new work, $1,479,126.70, and for maintenance (including $22,436.97 for remov- ing sunken obstructions), $297,744.45; a total of $1,776,871.15. The cost of completing the project, including $144,363.45 for main- tenance dredging during its progress, was $179,057.85 less than the approved estimate of $1,802,548. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law. The city of Mobile has expended the following amounts in the construction of a public wharf, a bulkhead, a steel shed, and in dredging necessary to produce 27 feet of water between its wharf and the United States dredged channel: Cost of wharf and bulkhead and repairs to same, $29,526; cost of shed and repairs to same, $61,641; and cost of dredg- ing in front of wharf, $60,094. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been to give Mobile a reduction in rail freight rates between this port and Atlantic seaports and, by admitting a larger class of steamers, to reduce insurance and water freight rates upon shipments between Mobile and other ports. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be' exhausted by June 30, 1916. The dredged channel shoals at the rate of about 4,910,000 cubic yards per annum. Snags, logs, and sunken obstructions accumulate in the river channel. The former work requires the attention of a hydraulic dredge; the latter the services of a snag boat for a considerable portion of the time. The estimated cost of work required during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is as follows: Operation of one hydraulic pipe-line dredge one year, including surveys, repairs, and upkeep of plant, and office expenses--------------- $100, 000 Operation of snag boat five months, including upkeep of plant, super- vision, and office work -- ---------------------------------- 10, 000 Cost of construction of a new pipe line for hydraulic pipe-line dredge_ 25, 000 Total----------- ------------------------------- 135, 000 756 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The total commerce for Mobile Harbor during the past three years, including bunker coal and river ship- ments, is given below: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.............................................................................. 2,210,486 $63,493,612 1913 ......................................................................... 2,212,805 61,368,688 1914............................................................................ 2,392,442 58,085,903 The commerce during 1914 consisted principally of cotton and cotton products, lumber and timber, breadstuffs, sisal grass, bananas, and refined and crude oils, and it would have been considerably more but for the interference with trade caused by the European war and the consequent depression in business. During the year 1914 the Chamelecon and the Sudden and Christenson steamship lines were established. (See report on Mobile Bar, Ala., following.) Financialsummary. GENERAL IMPROVEMENT. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------- $6, 298, 785.81 Maintenance -- --------------------------------------- 960, 576. 52 Total---------------------- --------------------- 7, 259, 362. 33 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... .... ............................. $473, 408. 27 $140,593. 71 $47,202.22 Maintenance .... ................................... 12, 425.00 131, 938. 45 130, 944.03 Total ... ....... ...................... .................... 485,833.27 272, 532. 16 178,146. 25 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] (See consolidated statement.) July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------- $96, 745. 94 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 60, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 100, 750. 00 Aug. 1, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913__ 10, 000. 00 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------ 100. 00 267, 595. 94 Deduction on account of balance returned to credit of emergencies appropriation-------------------------------------------- 135. 71 267, 460. 23 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ______- -________ $47, 202.22 For maintenance of improvement--- -------- __-- 130, 944.03 178, 146. 25 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_-----------___ __ ____ -- --_ 89, 313. 98 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ---------------------------- 9, 930. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available._ _------________ 79, 383.98 -_____-_ Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ___ __________ (1) 1See consolidated Financial summary on p. 758. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 757 REMOVING OBSTRUCTIONS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work.. -------- Maintenance- $63, 000. 00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] (See consolidated statement.) July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- $1, 595. 61 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 2, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 6, 250. 00 10, 345. 61 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for -maintenance of improvement_--- ----------------------- 4, 095. 61 July 1, 191.5, balance unexpended____________________________ 6, 250. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement(---------------------- CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------- $6, 298, 785. 81 Maintenance --------------------------------------- 1, 023, 576. 52 Total ---------------------- --- 7, 322, 362. 33 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... . ..... -................-. . .... ... $8473,408.27 $140,593.71 $47,202.22 Maintenance----------------------------__.. -. 18,244.39 135,899.72 135,039.64 Total...................................................... 491,652.66 276,493.43 182,241.86 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------ $505, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------ 403, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ------------------ _______________ _____------ 255, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 2, 500. 00 6------------------------------ Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------107, 000. 00 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 758. 758 REPORT41 OV ME. C1I P BNPMGI 10S, . S. A M t. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------- ------------------ $98, 341. 55 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 62, 500.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------- ------------------------ ______ 107, 000. 00 Aug. 1, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Receipts from sale_-_________________ -- ___ 100. 00 277, 941. 55 Deduction on account of balance returned to the credit of emer- gencies appropriation -------------------------------------- 135. 71 277, 805. 84 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ___-___-- -- $47, 202. 22 -___ .For maintenance of improvement -__----__ 135, 039. 64 182, 241. 86 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 95, 563.98 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------------------- 9, 930. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available___ --- ___-_________- 85, 633. 98 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--- -- -__--- 1135, 000. 00 2. MOBILE BAR, ALA. Location.-Mobile Bar is located in the Gulf of Mexico off the en- trance to Mobile Bay, 40 miles from the mouth of Mobile River, 46 miles from Pensacola Bar on the east, and 104 miles from the mouth of the Mississippi River on the west. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 188.) Original condition.-Previous to any work of improvement there was a minimum usable depth of 23 feet at mean low water over a width of about one-half mile. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This was adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, and provides for the formation of a channel 300 feet wide and 30 feet deep at mean low water across Mobile Bar. The average range of the tide is 1.1 feet. The channel is about three- fourths of a mile long between the 30-foot curves north and south of the bar. The estimated cost of original work under this project is $100,000, and its maintenance $20,000 per annum. (See H. Doc. No. 219, 56th Cong., 2d sess.) Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Originalwork un- der the project was completed on March 26, 1914. The expenditure- had been: For original work, $100,000; for maintenance, $133,104.55; total, $233,104.55. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-All work done was in maintaining the improvement, and it was performed by day labor with United States plant. The channel was maintained at its full project dimensions by the removal of 58,418 cubic yards of material, bin measurement, at a total cost, including office expenses, surveys, etc., of $5,291.38. Other expenditures amounting to $3,343.27 were for part of the cost of construction of marine ways at Pascagoula, Miss., and of upkeep and repair of plant previously used on the work. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, RIVER AND IARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 759 The total expenditures during the year were $8,634.65 for mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914. It has been maintained to its project dimensions since. A maximum mean low-water draft of 30 feet can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel on June 30, 1915. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, are: For new work, $100,000; for maintenance, $141,739.20; total, $241,739.20. Local cooperation.--( See preceding report on Mobile Harbor.) Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. The services of the U. S. seagoing dredge Charleston are required for about five months each year to maintain this channel. The cost of operating this dredge, including the nec- essary surveys and office expenses, will be $20,000. Commercial statistics.-Thetotal commerce for Mobile Bar during the past three years, including bunker coal, is given below: Comparative statement. Calendar year 1914: Short tons _____----------------------__ 1, 845, 810 Value ------------------------ ____ __ $49, 890, 573 Statistics for years 1912 and 1913 included in Mobile Harbor reports but not given separately. The commerce during 1914 consisted principally of cotton and cot- ton products, lumber and timber, breadstuffs, sisal grass, bananas, and refined and crude oils. But for the interference with trade caused by the European war and the consequent depression in busi- ness the commerce for 1914 would have been considerably more. During the year 1914 the Chamelecon Steamship Line, from Mobile to Central America, was established with one sailing per week. The Sudden & Christenson Line, between Atlantic coast points and San Francisco via the Panama Canal, made two calls at Mobile. Owing to difficulties caused by the shortage of vessels and the unexpected imposition of a high railroad freight rate on pig iron, vessels of the last-named line have not recently called here. It is reliably stated that sailings will be renewed when the above troubles have been adjusted. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------------- $100, 000. 00 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- __-- 141, 739. 20 Total--------------------------------------------_ 241, 739. 20 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 ------- $1,000.00 $1,000.00.. New work...---------..-------........------------------------.......................... 25,080.97 24,253.27 $8, 634.65 Maintenance--...-....----...--------...----..--...-..-....................------------- Total................. ... ......... .............. .. 26,080.97 25,253.27 8,634.65 760 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------------__ $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912- 10, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 1, 1915-_--------- -- 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 - 10, 000. 00 - Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 10, 000. 00 20,000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement _____________---___---_____-___- 8, 634. 65 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 11, 365. 35 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------------------------- 1, 235. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------------- 10, 130. 35 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- 20, 000. 00 3. BLACK WARRIOR, WARRIOR, AND TOMBIGBEE RIVERS, ALA. Location.-The above names apply to what is virtually a single stream having its source in northern Alabama, flowing in a general southwesterly direction, and uniting with Alabama River to form the Mobile River, 45 miles above Mobile Bay. The total length of the stream from the junction of the Mulberry and Locust Forks to the mouth is 3621 miles. The improvement extends from Sanders Ferry, on the Mulberry Fork of the Black Warrior River, and Nichols Shoals, on the Locust Fork, respectively 36 and 16 miles above their junction, to the mouth. The total length of slack water is 3324 miles from Lock 1, at McGrews Shoals, on the Tombigbee River, to Sanders Ferry, on the Mulberry Fork, with an additional 15 miles on the upper Tombigbee (above Demopolis) and 16 miles on the Locust Fork above its junction with Mulberry Fork. From Lock 1 to the mouth of the Tombigbee, a distance of 66 miles, an open-river channel is maintained. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of Alabama.) Original condition.-Originally the Black Warrior, the name ap- plied to the river from the junction of the Mulberry and Locust Forks to Tuscaloosa, Ala., could be navigated only by rafts at high water; the Warrior River, the portion between Tuscaloosa and Demopolis, Ala., had a minimum low-water depth of 1 foot and width of-60 feet, and steamboats could navigate to Tuscaloosa, 360 miles above Mobile, during but five months in the year; below Demopolis the Tombigbee River had a mean low-water depth of 2 feet and width of 100 feet and could be navigated by steamboats to Demopolis, at the mouth of the Warrior River, about eight months each year. At all ordinary stages navigation was rendered difficult by rock shoals, sand bars, snags, and overhanging timber. Tusca- loosa was practically the head of any really useful navigation. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR fIMPROVEMENT. 761 Previous projects.-Originally this improvement was conducted under three separate appropriations. Prior to that under which operations are now in progress there has been no comprehensive project. The section under improvement was formerly treated as three distinct works, now combined and regarded as a single work. The total amount expended on previous projects is $407,388.30. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1841. Present project.-Except so far as the length of the improvement has been extended, the present project, which is also virtually the original one, has for its object to obtain a channel of 6-foot draft at low water all the year around from Mobile to Sanders Ferry on the Mulberry Fork of the Black Warrior River and to Nichols Shoals on the Locust Fork of the same river by the construction of 17 dams and 18 locks, the extra, lock being at Dam 17 where the lift of 63 feet is equally divided between two locks in tandem. Such dredging and clearing of channels by snagging as might be necessary after the completion of the dams is included in the project. The locks are 320 feet 8 inches to 332 feet long between miter sills and have a clear width of 52 feet with a depth of 6 feet over sills at low water. The length of the section included in the project as finally extended, measured from Mobile to the upper limits of the channel of 6 feet draft, is 4431 miles to Sanders Ferry on the Mulberry Fork and 4231 miles to Nichols Shoals on the Locust Fork. The approved estimate for improvement is $9,497,000. There is no estimate for maintenance. No work under this improvement has been done between the mouth of the Tombigbee River and Mobile. The following references are made to examination or survey re- ports, including project documents, on which the above project is based: Annual reports Congressional documents. of Chief of Engineers. Section covered. Hse or No. Congress. Session. Year. Page. River near Tuscaloosa, Ala. ....... ........ .. ... ............ .............. .......... 1887 1302 River from Daniels 2 Creek to Mulberry and House... 259 Fifty-fourth... First... 1891 1461 Locust Forks. Locks 1, 2, and 3, Warrior and Tombigbee .. .do..... 178 Fifty-sixth.... Second.. 1901 1858 Rivers. Mulberry and 2 Locust Forks of Black War- ... do..... 72 Sixty-second.. First............... rior River. 2 1 Basis of project adopted by Congress. Contains maps. The report of a board of engineer officers recommending a project for slack-water navigation was approved by the Secretary of War April 19, 1887, and the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, merged the individual projects for the Black Warrior, the Warrior, and the Tombigbee (below Demopolis). The extension of the project to its final limits was authorized by an act of Congress approved August 22, 1911. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Thirteen locks and dams had been completed and considerable dredging and clearing of channels had been done in the pools between them. As a result of this work a continuous channel of 5 feet depth had been rendered available from the mouth of the river to Lock 2, about 137 miles, and from Lock 4, at Demopolis, Ala., to Lock 16, about 156 miles. The noncompletion of Locks 2 and 3 at low water interfered with navi- gation between Demopolis and Lock 2 except by vessels of very light draft. Locks and Dams 2, 3, 16, and 17 were under construc- tion and approaching completion. The amount thus spent for original work was $8,020,283.13. In addition, there was spent for maintenance snagging between Demopolis and Tuscaloosa, from funds for original work, the sum of $13,691.24, a total amount of $8,033,974.37. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Locks and Dam 17 were completed under contract. The gates were erected by hired labor and United States plant. The locks and dam are now com- pleted and in operation, and only the amount of damages due to the submergence of lands in the pool above the dam remain to be adjusted and paid for. Dam 16, in which, to facilitate the construc- tion of Dam 17 a number of gaps had been left, has been completed and certain minor work required for the completion of the contract has also been done. The contract is now completed and the lock in commission. Lock and Dam No. 3 have been completed as to essen- tial details and thrown open to navigation, using for the work hired labor and plant belonging to the United States. 'At Lock and Dam 2 work similar to that at Lock and Dam 3 was done under formal con- tract, with such incidental assistance from labor employed by and plant belonging to the United States as the emergencies of the con- tract and its terms justified. The contract has been completed and the lock opened to navigation, leaving a few minor items of work to be done hereafter by hired labor and United States plant. Dredging operations were carried on at 15 localities between Demopolis and Tuscaloosa, 80,608 cubic yards being removed; bars below Demopolis at Smiths Island, Rainwater, Beckleys Bar, Pruitts Woodyard, Pickens, and West Bassetts, respectively, 203, 202, 200, 160, and 91 miles above Mobile, were dredged, 9,855, 6,658, 3,000, 8,338, 17,243, and 3,528 cubic yards, respectively, being removed from the localities in the order named. With the exception of Rainwater Bar, which was of soft rock requiring drilling and blasting, the above yardage consisted principally of sand and gravel. All dredg- ing operations were conducted by hired labor and plant belonging to the United States. Snagging operations by hired labor and United States plant were carried on between Demopolis and Lock 16, a distance of 156 miles, 52,076 obstructions, consisting of logs, snags, and overhanging timber, being removed. The amounts expended dur- ing the fiscal year for each class of work were as follows, all charged to new work: Lock and dam construction, including surveys, $1,051,- 851.60; dredging between locks, including surveys, $37,271.89; snag- ging (original), $14,401.07; and lockhouses, $490; a total of $1,104,014.56. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--This project is about 98 per cent completed. All locks and dams have been completed, and at all localities where dredging was originally required a channel has been obtained for boats of 6-feet draft, though some of these channels still have available widths less than 100 feet. The maximum draft that RI.R AND 11AAR30R IMOPROVgEE . 763 could be carried through the entire length of the improvement at the close of the fiscal year was, at low water, 6 feet, which is the project depth. Excluding outstanding contracts and liabilities the total expenditures under the existing project for original work were, to the close of the year, $9,124,297.69; for maintenance, $13,691.24; a total of $9,137,988.93. Location, dimensions date of completion, and cost of all locks included in this river system. Depth at mean Dis- low Date Cost of Lock tance Nearest town. Dis- Dimensions water Lft. com- locks, dams, No. from tance. (in the clear). over pletion, and Mobile. lower plion. abutments. miter sill. Miles. Miles. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1..... 111 St. Stephens, Ala ........... 3 52 x 281.9 6.5 10 1909 $560,290.02 2..... 182 Pennington, Ala ............ 6 52 x 285 6.5 10 1915 3..... 205 Oakchia, Ala............... 5 52 x 285 6.5 10 1915 .... 4..... 231 Demopolis, Ala ............. 1 52 x 285 6.5 10 1908 479,000.00 5.... 246 Cedarville, Ala............... 5 52 x 285 6.5 10 1908 501,000.00 6.... 267 Sawyerville, Ala ............ 5 52 x 285 6.5 10 1908 443,000.00 7 .... 282 Wedgeworth, Ala ............ 5 52 x 285 6.5 10 1903 225,600.00 8_.... 298 Akron, Ala ................. 3 51.65x285 6.5 10 1903 212, 400. 00 9..... 315 Powers, Ala ............... 4 52 x 285 6.5 10 1902 202, 440.00 10.... 362 Tuscaloosa, Ala .............. 0 52 x 285 6.5 9.86 1895 244,500.00 11.... 262 ..... do...................... 0 52 x 285 6.5 8.50 1895 170,000.00 12 363 .... do... .. 1 52 x 285 6.5 10.50 1895 160, 500.00 13 370 Tidewater, Ala ... .......... 0 52 x 285 6.5 12.14 1905 203, 700.00 14 373 Searles, Ala................. 8 52 x 285 6.5 14 1910 414, 343.89 15.... 380 Kellerman, Ala ............. 6 52 x 285 6.5 14 1910 429, 733.87 16 387 ..... do ......................... 14 52 x 285 6.5 21 1915 17.... 388 ..... do...................... 14 52 x 285 6.5 63 1915 ............ NOTE.--Mouth of Tombigbee River is 45 miles above Mobile, Ala. All locks are in operation, but at Locks 2, 3, 16, and 17 there are some outstanding liabilities. The width of chamber of Lock 8 was reduced from 52 to 51.65 feet by the settlement of lock walls. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.- As the improvement has only recently been made commercially available the effect on freight rates is as yet small. The only rate so far affected is perhaps the local rate on pig iron from the Birmingham district to Mobile, which has been reduced from $2.75 to $1.75 per ton. The coal fields of the Warrior Basin are now open to navigation and it is likely that in the near future, owing to the availability of water transportation, the price of steam coal will be considerably reduced. From October to April the Alabama & New Orleans Transportation Co. operated a fleet of six self-propelling barges, each of approximately 1,000 tons cargo capacity, between coal mines at Lock 13 and New Orleans, La. Dur- ing May and June these barges transported stone from Lock 17 to the mouth of the Mississippi River. One of the largest coal-mining companies in Alabama is now building a fleet for use between its mines at Maxine, on the Locust Fork, and Mobile, and one cargo of 1,000 tons of coal has been shipped. Proposedoperations.-Availablefunds are sufficient for completing the project, and therefore no estimate for additional funds is now submitted. Payment for land flooded at Lock and Dam 17 will doubtless be protracted over several years. All remaining items will be finished before July 1, 1916. 7 64 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The following table shows the tonnage handled on this waterway for the fiscal years 1913, 1914, and 1915 and its value: Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1913 ................................................................................................. 270,848 3,989,723 1914........... ....... ... ............... ................ .................. 361,812 4,696,622 1915............ ............................................. 338,269 3,238,208 The principal commodities carried were logs, staves, manufactured lumber, timber (sawn and hewn, both yellow pine and hardwood), coal, cotton and cotton products, fertilizer, and general merchandise. For detailed description of commercial statistics, see district officer's report under "Operating and care of locks and dams" on these streams. Financialsummary. LOCKS AND DAMS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---__------ ---------- --------------------- $9, 322, 830. 58 M aintenance __ .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .. . ........................................ $704,188.93 $1, 680,598.26 $1,051,851.60 Maintenance................................... ...... ..... .................. ...... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $75, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1911------ --- ----------------------------------- 250, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912__ --------------------------------- 435, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------1, 233, 500, 00 June 23, 1913 ------------------------------------------------ 485, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------711, 695. 06 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------635, 496. 73 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 711, 695. 06 Receipts from sales- ----------------------------- 128. 75 Transferred from lock houses-------------------------------- 2, 880. 78 1, 350, 201. 32 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement -------------------------------- 1, 051, 851. 60 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 298, 349. 72 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 8, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 289, 849. 72 LOCKHOUSES. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------- 52, 119. 22 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... $17,998.99 $8,278.66 $490.00 Maintenance........................... ....... ............................. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 765 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911__---------- ------------------------------- $25, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__________________--------___ 3,370.78 Deduction on account of transfer to locks and dams------------ 2, 880. 78 490.00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ---------------------------------------- 490.00 DREDGING BETWEEN LOCKS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------- ------------------------------ 115,210.82 Maintenance---------------- ---------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .------------------------------------------ $13,628.77 $23,460. 30 $37,271.89 Maintenance................. .................... ........... ................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Aug. 24, 1912------------ ------------------------------ $20,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913 5,000.00 7------------------------------ Oct. 2, 1914---- ----------------------------------------- 18, 304.94 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________________________ 62, 091.07 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 18, 304.94 80, 396.01 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement---------------_________ 37,271.89 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ______________________- _ 43, 124. 12 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 2, 500.00 - -40, July 1, 1915, balance available _______________________--- 614.12 SNAGGING. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------- 41, 525.37 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 13, 691.24 Total -------- --------------------------- 55, 216.61 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ...................................... $8,130.75 $18,993.55 $14,401.07 Maintenance.......... ......................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Aug. 24, 1912------------------------------------------------ $10,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------- 20, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914- -------------------------------- 20, 000.00 766 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __________ ____--------____ $2,875. 70 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 20,000.00 22, 875.70 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------ ------------------------- 14,401.07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__________------------------ _ 8,474.63 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_________ _______ 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------------- 7,974. 63 FISH WAYS. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------- ----------------------- 10,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________________-_________- 10,000.00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ____________- __ _- 10,000.00 CONSOLIDATION. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- 9, 531, 685. 99 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 13, 691. 24 Total------------- ------------------------------ 9, 545, 377. 23 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ... ........ ................................. $743947. 44 $1,731,330. 77 $1, 104,014.56 Maintenance............................... ................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------- $100,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1911- --------- 250, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912------------------------ 465, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------- 1, 338, 500.00 June 23, 1913------------------------ 485, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------------- 750,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------_ 713, 834. 28 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2,1914_ 750, 000. 00 Receipts from sales _________........__ .__________ __ 128. 75 1,463, 963.03 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement _ _______------------ __ - - 1, 104, 014. 56 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 359, 948. 47 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ----------------------- _ 11, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 348, 448. 47 4. TOMBIGBEE RIVER, ALA., FROM MOUTH TO DEMOPOLIS (MAIN- TENANCE OF CHANNEL). Location.-The source of this river is in northeastern Mississippi, its mouth at the point where by confluence with the Alabama it forms the Mobile River, 45 miles from Mobile Bay. Its length is about 503 miles, its flow southerly, and the length of this section from mouth to Demopolis is 185 miles. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of Alabama.) RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 767 Original condition.-Originally the Tombigbee River had a mean low-water depth of 2 feet, a width of 100 feet, and could be navi- gated by steamboats to the mouth of the Warrior River at Demopolis about eight months each year. Previous projects.-The original project for the improvement of this section was adopted in 1871, was modified by project adopted in 1879, which in turn was superseded by project adopted by act of September 19, 1890. This project, which was for canalization, was by act of June 13, 1902, merged with the project for the canalization of the Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tombigbee Rivers, Ala. The amount expended prior to the adoption of the existing project was $249,542.48, of which $199,542.48 was for improvement and $50,000 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1842. Present project.-The existing project for the improvement of the Tombigbee River from the mouth to Demopolis, a distance of 185 miles, adopted by river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, contem- plated only the maintenance of the existing channel by the removal of logs, snags, and other obstructions from the stream, and by the repair of dikes. This project, as well as that for lock and dam construction, is based on a survey, report of which is dated December 24, 1889. (See Annual Report for 1890, p. 1719, and H. Doc. No. 156, 51st Cong., 1st sess.) The document contains no maps. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-This section had been cleared of snags and other obstructions and the channel main- tained by tree cutting, dike construction, and dredging, thereby affording all-year navigation for a limiting draft of 3 feet through- out, except during period of extreme low water and a limiting draft of 5 feet from Mobile to Lock 2, a distance of 182 miles. Under the existing project to the end of the last fiscal year $109,949.90 had been expended, all of which was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The snag boats Tombigbee and Vienna were employed on this section of river, the former from July 1 to 11; October 30, 1914, to January 8, 1915; and May 4 to June 30, 1915; the latter from December 1, 1914, to January 8, 1915. Lack of sufficient funds caused a suspension of active opera- tions from July 11 to October 30, 1914, the part of the season most favorable for effective work, and unfavorable river conditions pre- vented snagging operations from January 8 to May 4, 1915. During the time these snag boats were in operation on this section 48,927 obstructions were removed from the bed and banks of the river. The entire section of 185 miles was worked over, but only the most urgent work could be done. Expenditures during the fiscal year amounted to $8,365.84, all of which was for maintenance. Conditions at the end of fiscal year.-This project is one for main- tenance only. On account of the necessity of suspending operations for lack of funds for about three months during the low-water season, this section of river contains more snags and obstructions than usual, rendering navigation more difficult. Due to the completion of the canalization, which includes the part of this section above Lock 1, for which see preceding report on Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tombig- bee Rivers, Ala., the general condition is much improved, and although the channel is narrow and tortuous in places a 6-foot draft for all-year navigation obtains throughout this section. The total 768 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. expenditures under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year were $118,315.74, all for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the project has probably been to reduce to an unknown extent freight rates between Mobile and points on the river below Demopolis, and to afford water rates to a territory in which transportation was formerly difficult during a part of the year. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available at present will be expended in the maintenance of the improvement by June 30, 1916. With the estimate of $35,000 submitted for the prose- cution of work on this section during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, the following operations are proposed: Operation of one United States snag boat ------------------------ $15, 000 Operation of one United States dredge and accessories---------------- 15, 000 Contingencies--------.---------- ----------------------------------- 5, 000 Total----- ------------------- ------------------------ 35, 000 Commercial statistics.-Commerce on this section, consisting prin- cipally of logs, lumber, cotton, fertilizer, staves, coal, and general merchandise, for the calendar years 1912, 1913, and 1914, is as fol- lows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912.............. 152,407 ............................................................. $4,139,011 1913..................................................................................... 178,718 3,139,551 1914.................................................................. ......... 299,975 2,112,351 The increased tonnage on this section during the calendar year 1914 is due principally to larger shipments of logs and the trans- portation of coal by barge from Gilmore, Ala., to Violet, La., and the decrease in valuation during the year is due to the decrease in shipments of cotton. For further information see report under "Operation and care of locks and dams on Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tombigbee Rivers." Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $199, 542. 48 Maintenance ---- --------------------------------- 168, 315. 74 Total---------------- ----- ------------------------ 67, 858. 22 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................-- Maintenance........................ . .......... ............... $11,818.95 $18,710.27 $8,365.84 APPROPRIATIONS. ,[For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------- ----- $15,000.00 July 25, 1912--- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------------- 12, 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 9, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--- ------------------------ --- -- ___ 42, 500. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 769 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----_ -____ _____ __________ $2, 539. 65 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914____ 9, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 42, 500. 00 54, 039. 65 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------------- 8, 365.84 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 45, 673. 81 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities __----- - -__-- -________ 1, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available______________-------------___ 44, 173. 81 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement______________________ 35, 000. 00 5. TOMBIGBEE RIVER, FROM DEMOPOLIS, ALA., TO WALKERS BRIDGE, MISS. Location.-The source of the river is in northeastern Mississippi; its mouth 45 miles from Mobile, Ala., where it unites with the Ala- bama to form Mobile River. Its length above Demopolis is 318 miles, and the flow is southerly. From Demopolis, the lower limit of the improvement, to the mouth is 185 miles. (See U. S. Geological Sur- vey maps of Alabama and Mississippi.) Original condition.-Steamboat navigation was practicable only during high water as far as Aberdeen, 199 miles above Demopolis, the minimum channel at low water being 70 feet wide and 1 foot deep below Columbus, 149 miles above Demopolis, and 50 feet wide and 1 foot deep from Columbus to Aberdeen, 50 miles. The entire section was available for rafting purposes at high water. Previous projects.-Work on the section between Demopolis and Columbus was commenced under project adopted in 1871 and modi- fied by project adopted in 1879. For the section above Columbus there are no previous projects. Prior to the adoption of the existing project $63,382.98 was expended on the section between Demopolis and Columbus, $16,040 being for maintenance and $47,342.98 for new work. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1842. Present project.-The present project for the section from Demop- olis to Columbus, 149 miles, was adopted by river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and provides for securing a channel 6 feet deep at low water by snagging, tree cutting, bank revetment, bar improve- ment, and the construction of locks and dams, at an original cost of $779,400, with $28,500 for maintenance annually. The present project, as adopted by river and harbor acts of 1873 and 1888 for the section of 169 miles from Columbus to Walkers Bridge, provides for securing a high-water channel by the removal of obstructions at an estimated cost of $47,000 and $6,500 annually for maintenance. This part of the improvement was formerly divided into two sections, but later appropriations were made for the work as one improvement. Since 1911 work has been restricted to improvement at and below Aberdeen. The river and harbor act of February 27, 1911, consolidated the improvement from Demopolis 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373"-ENG 1915- 49 770 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. to Walkers Bridge under one head and made one appropriation for this section. Examination or survey reports, including project documents on which the above project is based, are as follows: Annual reports Congressional documents. of Chief of Engineers. Section covered. Senate.or House No. Congress. Session. Year. Page. Demopolis to Columbus (149 miles)......... House... 156 Fifty-first-..... First-.... 1890 1719 Columbus to Fulton (144 miles)..-.......... ....- .. ....... . .... ... . . 1873 548 Fulton to Walkers Bridge (25 miles)- --..-. _. -- _------ - ...- -- . .-... 1882 1312 No maps printed with above reports. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-This section has, with United States plant and hired labor, been repeatedly cleared of snags, overhanging trees, and other obstructions. The improve- ment is not permanent, and the section has to be worked over annu- ally. Under the existing project there had been expended to the end of the last fiscal year $150,307.73 for improvement and $160,448.06 for maintenance, a total of $310,755.79. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Insufficient funds prevented any work except care of plant until November 5, 1914, and unfavorable river conditions prevented work from February 9 to April 30, 1915. During the remainder of the year work of snagging was carried on with United States plant and hired labor. The river was worked over from Demopolis to Columbus, a distance of 149 miles, 45,805 obstructions being removed by U. S. snag boats Vienna and Tombigbee. The limited time available permitted only the most urgent work to be done. The amount expended during the year was $8,885.99, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The proportion of the approved project accomplished from Demopolis to Columbus can not be stated. Since 1902 expenditures have been applied to mainte- nance under existing projects for this entire section. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of this section (which is above Columbus) is 1 foot at mean low water. The total expendi- tures under the existing project are $150,307.73 for improvement and $169,334.05 for maintenance, a total of $319,641.78. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The project is believed to result in lower freight rates between Mobile and points on the Tombigbee above Demopolis, the exact effect being difficult to estimate. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand June 30, 1915, will be exhausted on or before June 30, 1916. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, it is estimated that $15,000 can profitably be expended, it being proposed to operate one snag boat for the maintenance of the channel. Maintenance is necessary for the reason that several boats ply on this section when the stage of river permits, and unless the large quantities of sunken logs and snags brought down by each RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 771 freshet are removed they interfere with and become a menace to navigation. Commercial statistics.--The traffic over this section of river for the calendar years 1912, 1913, and 1914 is as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912........................... ..... -- ............................................ 43,173 $689,135 1913.........................................................................--------------------------------------------------------------- 64,523 876,672 1914 ......................... ............................................. . 29,096 495,140 The principal commodities for the current year consisted of cotton, cotton seed, fertilizer, hardware, logs, staves, and miscellaneous. The decrease in commerce during 1914 is due to general business de- pression. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------- $197, 650. 71 Maintenance ------------------------ ----------------- 185, 374.05 Total---------------- ----------------------------- 383, 024.76 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................... Maintenance................................................ ....... $8,125.28 $14,469.96 .............. $8,885.99 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------- ------------------------ $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------- 8, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-----------------------------------15, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------------- 9, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------ 6, 300.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ ______________ ------------ 951.26 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 9, 000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 6, 300. 00 16, 251.26 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------- 8, 885. 99 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------- 7, 365. 27 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _____- ---- 1, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available--______-------------- ------- 5, 865.27 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------- 15, 000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 772 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 6. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON BLACK WARRIOR AND TOMBIGBEE RIVERS, ALA. Location.-The distance from Mobile of the locks belonging to this improvement are as follows: Lock No.- Miles. Lock No.- Miles. 1-------------------------111 10_-- 362 2-------------------------- 182 11_- 362 3-------------------------- 205 12-------------- - -- 363 4--------------------------231 13_ -- 370 5--------------------------___246 14 ... -- 373 .-- 6---------- 267 15_ __ 380 7 282 16_ 387 8-------------------------- 298 17-------------------------388 9--------------------------___ 315 For further description of this system, see the preceding report on improvement of Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tombigbee Rivers, Ala. Present project.-The operating and care of the entire canalization system, embracing Locks and Dams Nos. 1 to 17, inclusive, of which Lock 17 is in two lifts, is provided for under the general law of July 5, 1884, as amended and reenacted by section 6 of the river and har- bor act of March 3, 1909, and contemplates an all-year navigation with a 6-foot navigable depth over about 349 miles of river measured from Lock 1, which is 111 miles above Mobile. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Thirteen locks had been completed and their operation and care had become a charge under the general law of July 5, 1884, as amended and reenacted by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Dredging out lock approaches, removing obstructions, and general repairs had been carried on. The expenditures amounted to $1,067,023.19. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Locks and Dams Nos. 2, 31 16, and 17 became a charge under this permanent indefinite appropriation on November 1, 1914, September 21, 1914, January 1, 1915, and May 13, 1915, respectively, and were regularly operated and cared for thereafter. Locks and Dams Nos. 1, and 4 to 15, inclusive, were regularly operated and cared for during the entire fiscal year. Locks 4 to 16, inclusive, were unwatered, the gates painted and locks overhauled. Work was carried on by United States plant and hired labor. The expenditures for this work during the fiscal year were $143,176.79. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The 17 locks and dams are completed. The dates on which the operation and care of each be- came a charge under the general law are as follows: Lock No.- Lock No.- 1----------------- Sept. 6, 1908 10-----------------July 1, 1896 2------------------ Nov. 1, 1914 11-----------------July 1, 1896 3----------------- Sept. 21, 1914 12-----------------July 1, 1896 4------------------ Dec. 1, 1908 13----------------- July 4, 1905 5----------------- Sept. 1, 1908 14----------------- Mar. 29, 1910 6------------------ Oct. 1, 1908 15-----------------May 2, 1910 7------------------ Nov. 7, 1903 16------------ ---- Jan. 1, 1915 8----------------- Jan. 1, 1903 17----------------- May 13, 1915 9------------------ Jan. 1, 1903 The total expenditures, not including outstanding liabilities, up to the close of the fiscal year were $1,210,199.88. Although the channel at some of the bars in the pools is still narrow and tortuous RIVER AND 'HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 773 on account of the project not being entirely completed, a navigable draft of 6 feet obtains throughout. Proposed operations.-The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909.. 7. CHANNEL BETWEEN MOBILE BAY AND MISSISSIPPI SOUND, ALA. Location.-This channel is south of the southwestern part of the State of Alabama, and affords passage through the shoal water between Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound. It is about 30 miles south of Mobile, Ala., and about 31 miles east of Pascagoula, Miss. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 189.) Original condition.-Originally this shoal afforded a minimum usable depth of 3 feet at mean low water over a width of 500 feet. Vessels having a greater draft than this used Grants Pass, a private channel about one-fourth mile distant, where there was a depth of about 5 feet over a width of 100 feet. Previous projects.-The act of Congress approved May 23, 1828, appropriated $18,000 for the purpose of forming a channel at this locality. Some work was done with these funds, but there is no record of the amount expended or the results accomplished. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for a channel 100 feet wide at bottom and 10 feet deep at mean low water from curve of 10-foot depth in Mobile Bay to the 8z-foot contour in Mississippi Sound, a distance of about 4 miles, at an estimated cost of $50,000. (H. Doc. No. 967, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) As the mud is soft in Mississippi Sound, a vessel with a draft of 10 feet can go through it. The average range of the tide is 1.2 feet. The cost of maintaining this improvement has been estimated at $10,000 per year. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-With the excep- tion of a few minor shoals and of about 200 feet of channel where there was a width over the project depth of only 40 feet, the channel had been dredged to its full project depth and width. The amount expended for original work to June 30, 1914, was $37,277.84. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No maintenance work was done. Previous to this year all operations under the exist- ing project had been under the formal contract, and comparatively little work remained to be done to complete the contract and the project. Part of this small residue of work was done by the con- tractor in July, 1914, but due to his apparent inability or unwilling- ness to prosecute the work at a satisfactory rate, the contract was, by authority of the Chief of Engineers, on July 10, 1914, terminated without prejudice, and the remaining 5,000 (more or less) cubic yards were removed by the U. S. pipe-line dredge Gulfport. Under the contract a length of 119 feet of channel was dredged to a depth of 11.8 feet and a width of 119 feet, involving the removal of 1,547.1 cubic yards, at a total cost of $243.96. By hired labor the U. S. dredge Gulfport removed 5,004.9 cubic yards, thereby com- pleting 210 feet of channel to a width of 150 feet and a depth of 11.5 feet, at a total cost, including surveys and office expenses, of 774 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. $386.28. Other expenditures were for retained percentages of work done during the previous year and for upkeep of plant, amounting in all to $7,696.51, for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed to a depth of 10 feet over a width of 100 feet. A maximum mean low- water draft of 10 feet can be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the improvement. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, are, for new work, $45,604.59. The project was completed at a cost of $45,604.59, or $4,395.41 less than the original estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of inmprove'ment.-The project results in effecting a saving in freight rates between Mobile, Ala., and New Orleans, La., and intermediate points on the Mississippi coast. A channel 3 or 4 feet deeper than formerly is now available, and vessels no longer pay the toll charged them when passing through Grants Pass. Proposed operations.-The funds available will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. The completed dredged channel shoals at a rate which may prove as great as 100,000 cubic yards annually. Shoals will be removed by day labor with United States plant at an esti- mated cost as follows: Operation of one hydraulic pipe-line dredge one month, including surveys, repairs and upkeep of plant, and office expenses--------- $10, 000 Commercial statistics.-The total commerce for the channel be- tween Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound, Ala., during the past three years is given below: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........ ...... ............................... ............................. 88,007 $874,918 1913......... .. ................................................ 81,076 551,591 1914.......... .... ............................ . ...... ...... ................. ...... 51,098 423,638 The commerce during 1914 consisted principally of coal, lumber and timber, rosin, crossties, and turpentine. The interference with trade caused by the European war and consequent depression in busi- ness conditions are responsible for the comparatively small amount of commerce for the past year. There has been no change in its nature as a result of the improvement, but the opening of the Warrior River coal fields to navigation may reasonably be expected to lead to the development of a steady and growing traffic in coal destined for Mississippi Sound points. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------- ------------------------------ $45, 604. 59 Maintenance.---------- - ---------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... 3.....................................................$7,277.8 $8,326.75 Maintenance....................................................................... RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 775 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ $50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------20,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------32, 722. 16 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915__--_ --------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 12, 722. 16 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement--------------------------------------------------- 8, 326. 75 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------_ _ 4, 395. 41 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- 10, 000. 00 8. PASCAGOULA HARBOR, MISS. Location.-This harbor is in southeastern Mississippi, about 61 miles from Mobile, Ala., on the east, and about 44 miles from Gulf- port, Miss., on the west. It includes the lower 4 miles of Dog River, the lower 6.8 miles of Pascagoula River, and a channel across Mis- sissippi Sound and the outer bar at Horn Island, a total distance of 22.7 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 189.) Originalcondition.-Originallyacross the bar at Horn Island there was a minimum usable depth of 18 feet at mean low water over a width of one-quarter mile, and across the bar at the mouth of Pasca- goula River a mean low-water depth of 3 feet over a width of 1,000 feet. Previous projects.-Appropriations were made for Pascagoula River by the river and harbor acts approved on the following dates: March 2, 1827; May 23, 1828; February 24, 1832. There is no record of the work accomplished. The first project of which any- thing definite is known was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880. Other projects were adopted by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886, and of March 3, 1899, the latter including Dog River. The river and harbor acts of June 13, 1902, and June 25, 1910, modified and extended the latter project. Provisions for im- proving Horn Island Pass was made in the river and harbor acts of August 18, 1894, and June 3, 1896, in conjunction with the im- provement of the channel at the mouth of Pascagoula River. An- other project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. Amount expended on these projects to June 30, 1915, $1,299,- 499.26. (For scope of previous projects see Appendix, p. 1843.) Present project.-This project is a modification of that recom- mended in the report on the survey of Pascagoula River published in House Document No. 682, Sixty-second Congress, second session, for a channel 22 feet deep and 150 feet wide in the Pascagoula River, and 22 feet deep and 225 feet wide in Mississippi Sound, and 25 feet deep and 300 feet wide in Horn Island Pass, at an estimated cost of $383,000 with $50,000 annually for maintenance. In acting on this survey the Board of Engineers and the Chief of Engineers 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 776 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. recommended approval provided that $100,000 be contributed by local interests and that space be provided for suitable wharves, fur- nished both by Moss Point and Pascagoula. As thus modified the project was adopted in the river and harbor act approved March 4, 1913, but under resolution adopted by the Committee on Rivers and Harbors of the House of Representatives on August 15, 1914, before any work had been done, this amended project was examined and modified. As shown in document No. 12 of the above com- mittee, Sixty-third Congress, second session, the project was further amended by waiving the requirement that as a condition precedent to further improvement a contribution of $100,000 be made jointly by Moss Point and Pascagoula, and by limiting the authorized first cost to $283,000, to be expended in securing a through channel of such dimensions as might be obtained by the expenditure of $283,000. This sum was the originally estimated cost to the United States of the work included in the so-called 22-foot project of House Docu- ment No. 682, Sixty-second Congress, second session. As thus amended, the project was adopted by the river and harbor act ap- proved March 4, 1915. The estimated cost of maintenance is not definitely stated, but it should not exceed $50,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The total amount expended on the entire improvement to June 30, 1914, was $1,254,- 009.94, of which $1,081,372.63 was applied to the channel in Pasca- goula and Dog Rivers and $172,637.31 to the channel at Horn Island Pass. Of the amount applied to the Pascagoula and Dog River Channel the sum of $768,279.21 was expended for original work and $313,093.42 for maintenance, and of the amount applied to the Horn Island Pass Channel, $136,162.40 was expended for original work and $36,474.91 for maintenance. As a result of all expendi- tures, on July 1. 1914, a draft of 17 feet could be carried at mean low water through the Pascagoula Channel and 21 feet through Horn Island Pass. Operations and results dursng the fiscal year.-No new work was done. Expenditures were for maintenance of previous projects. During the year shoals were removed from 21,065 linear feet of channel in Mississippi Sound and 2,790 linear feet in Pascagoula River. In. the prosecution of this work 795,495.4 cubic yards of material were removed. In addition to this, from December 23 to 30, 1914, the U. S. dredge Pascagoula removed 8,000 cubic yards of material from the slip for marine ways, and between April 2 and 10, 1915, dredged from Pascagoula River and deposited into this slip 30,988.5 cubic yards of material. All of the above work was done by day labor with United States plant, at a total cost, including up- keep of plant, surveys, and office expenses, of $25,746.19. Other expenditures amounting to $19,743.13 were for the purpose of defray- ing the part of the cost of the following items of work and plan equitably chargeable to this appropriation: The construction of marine ways and the installation of plant at the United States ship- yard at Pascagoula, Miss.; the construction and equipment of the U. S. launch Rettig; and the repair and upkeep of the U. S. dredges Charleston and Gulfport and of other plant previously used on this work. The total expenditures during the year were $45,489.32 for maintenance. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 777 Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-Nothing has been done under the latest project, but, in pursuance of former projects, a maxi- mum mean low-water draft of 17 feet has been maintained over the shoalest part of the channel in the river and sound and a maximum mean low-water draft of 21 feet across the bar at Horn Island, these drafts being now available. No expenditures were made under the latest project, the sum of $45,489.321 being expended during the year for maintaining the previous projects, for construction and upkeep of plant connected with the work, and for surveys, office expenses, etc. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, required local interests to furnish space for public wharves, both at Moss Point and at Pascagoula, 800 feet in length and of such width as may be satisfactory to the Secretary of War. The town of Moss Point has provided a site, but the town of Pascagoula has not com- pleted the final arrangements for securing one. A small municipal wharf has been built at Pascagoula. Miss., by the town of Pascagoula at a cost of $300. Effect of improvement.-The completion and maintenance of pre- vious projects has resulted in the reduction of rail freight rates be- tween this harbor and seaboard cities on the Atlantic coast, and also in affording direct water freight rates on lumber to other ports. Proposed operations.-The funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by November 1, 1915. The dredged channel shoals at the rate of about 800,000 cubic yards per annum. The channel was last redredged to its project limits in March, 1915. Shoals accumu- lating after November 1, 1915, will be removed by day labor and United States plant at an estimated cost as follows: Operation of 1 hydraulic pipe-line dredge 4 months, including sur- veys, repairs, and upkeep of plant, and office expenses ____-_____ $35, 000 Commercial statistics.-The total commerce for Pascagoula Harbor during the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. tons. Amshorunt Value. 1912............. ........ ........ .. ...............- - -................... . ...--- 787,823 $7,426,500 1913 ......- ............ ....................................................... 1,020,938 7,064,738 1914...... ... . ...... ........................................ ...... 604,569 4,557,484 The commerce during 1914 consisted principally of lumber, timber, logs, and crossties. There has been no change in its nature as a result of the improvement. The interference with trade caused by the European war and consequent depression in business conditions are responsible for the comparatively small amount of commerce for the past year. 1 Of this amount, 9 cents is charged to Horn Island Pass, Miss. 778 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work____------------------------------------------ $904, 441.61 Maintenance __ _________________ ________ ____ 395, 057. 65 Total ------------------------ __ 1, 299, 499. 26 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....-- -- ------------------------- ------------------------------ Maintenance ..--..-...---... --..-------...-.-.-----------..-...-------- $28,606.95 $63,818.62 $45,489.32 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------- $4, 000. 00 1912_______________ -_ July 25,July25,191------------------------------------------2000 22, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------- 115, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 58, 123. 96 Receipts from sales 1------------------------- 100. 00 58, 223. 96 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement________- -______________ 45, 489. 32 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------12, 734. 64 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---_____________________- 565. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_ ____--_______-________-___- 12,169. 64 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion project -rojec of exiting of existing ------------------------------------- _____ _ 18,0.0 1283, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------------ 1 35, 000. 00 9. PASCAGOULA, LEAF, AND CHICKASAHAY RIVERS, MISS. Location.-The Leaf and Chickasahay Rivers rise in the eastern central part of Mississippi, form the Pascagoula at their confluence at Merrill, and the latter empties into Mississippi Sound at Pasca- goula. The flow is southerly. The section of the Pascagoula under improvement is 82.1 miles long from the mouth of Dog River, 6.8 miles above the mouth of the Pascagoula River on Mississippi Sound, to the junction of the Leaf and Chickasahay at Merrill, Miss. From the mouth of the Leaf to the mouth of Bowie Creek, near Hattiesburg, 78.8 miles are under improvement, and about 75 miles of the Chickasahay, from its mouth to Bucatunna, are also included in the project. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of Mississippi.) Original condition.-Originally the section of the Pascagoula under improvement was navigable only during high water, the minimum width and depth of channel at mean low water being 60 feet and 1 foot, respectively. Navigation of the Leaf with a minimum width of 100 feet and a minimum depth of 24 feet was impracticable on account of snags, logs, and overhanging timber, and the Chickasahay could be navigated by small rafts only at high water, the minimum channel at mean low water being 50 feet wide and 6 inches deep. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 If the local cooperation conditions are fulfilled, $100,000 will be needed, $65,000 of which will be expended for works of improvement under the 22-foot project. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 779 Previous projects.-The first project for the Pascagoula was adopted in 1880, and also included improvement of the bar at the mouth, described in the preceding report on Pascagoula Harbor. Prior to the existing project $15,000 was expended, all for improve- ment. For the Leaf River there has been no project prior to the existing one. The original project for the Chickasahay was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, which was modified by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. The amount expended on this river prior to the adoption of the existing project was $12,399.73, of which $12,070.90 was for improvement and $328.83 was for main- tenance. The amount expended on all projects prior to the existing one was $27,399.73, of which $27,070.90 was for improvement and $328.83 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appen- dix, page 1845. Present project.-The existing project for the Pascagoula River was adopted by river and harbor act of August 5, 1886, and provides only for the maintenance of the channel by the removal of obstruc- tions from time to time. The river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, made a separate appropriation for this river, limiting the im- provement to the section 82.1 miles long above the Dog or Escatawpa River. Since then it has been considered a separate improvement, and appropriations have been made accordingly. Report of the ex- amination on which the project was originally based is printed in Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1879, page 835. The existing project for the Leaf River was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and provides for making a channel for high-water navigation by the removal of obstructions and overhanging trees at an estimated cost of $25,000 from Bowie Creek to the mouth of the river, a distance of 78.8 miles. For the report of the examination on which this project is based, see Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1889, page 1462. No change has been made in this project, all work now being applied to maintenance. The existing project for the Chickasahay River was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, and provides only for main- taining at an annual cost of $2,500 the channel in the Chickasahay from the mouth to Bucatunna, Miss., about 75 miles, by the removal of logs, snags, and other obstructions. This project is designed to keep the river in navigable condition for rafting at high-water stages, and is based on an examination (see H. Doc. No. 230, 58th Cong., 2d sess., and also Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1904, p. 1855). Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Prior to the fiscal year the Pascagoula River had been cleared of snags and overhang- ing trees and the improvement maintained, $42,429.40 having been expended under the existing project all for maintenance. In the Leaf River, from Bowie Creek to the mouth, a high-water channel had been maintained by the removal of obstructions and overhanging trees, $11,019.04 having been expended under the existing project for new work and $28,319.80 for maintenance, a total of $39,338.84. The Chickasahay River from Bucatunna, Miss., to the mouth had been kept in navigable condition for rafting at high-water stages, $12,850.27 having been expended under the existing project, all of which was for maintenance. No expenditures have been made on the 780 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Chickasahay since June 30, 1913. The expenditures prior to the fiscal year on all three streams was $11,019.04 for new work and $83,599.47 for maintenance, a total of $94,618.51. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. snag boat Escatawpa began snagging on the Pascagoula River at the mouth of Dog River June 6, 1914, and continued working upstream as far as the mouth of Cedar Creek, a distance of 37 miles. On August 31 the boat was laid up on account of insufficient funds. Work was resumed April 22, 1915, and continued upstream to the end of the fiscal year between Cedar Creek and Plum Bluff, a dis- tance of 12 miles. The work was carried on by United States plant and hired labor. The expenditures amounted to $4,275.60, all for maintenance; 13,279 obstructions were removed from the bed and banks of river; and 49 miles of river worked over. Nothing was done on the Leaf River, except that an inspection was made and plant cared for, the expenditure of $1,177.36 being for maintenance of plant. For the Chickasahay River no funds were available. The total expenditures were $5,452.96 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-On the Pascagoula River maximum depths of 7 feet at mean low water from the mouth of Dog River to Dead Lake, 32 miles, and 3 feet above that point, about 50 miles, exist. The channel in places is obstructed by logs and snags, lack of funds having prevented the usual amount of maintenance. Under the existing project the total expenditure to the end of the fiscal year was $46,705, all for maintenance. The Leaf River is, with some difficulty, navigable for small rafts and logs at low water. There is no other navigation. A high-water channel is available for boats of light draft, but navigation is more or less dangerous. The total expenditure under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year was $40,516.20, of which $11,019.04 was for improvement and $29,497.16 for maintenance. The Chickasahay River is navigable for rafts and logs only at a stage of 4 feet or more above low water, and there is no other commerce. The total expenditures under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year was $12,850.27, all for maintenance. The total expenditures for the three streams on the existing project have been $100,071.47, of which $11,019.04 was for new work and $89,052.43 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement of the Pascagoula River is believed to effect a reduction to an unknown extent in freight rates on lumber between Merrill, Miss., and the Gulf coast, but because of the limited commerce the improvement of the Leaf and Chickasahay Rivers has had no apparent effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-The funds now available will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. With the funds estimated as required for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, it is proposed to operate one United States snag boat with barge on the Pascagoula River, at an estimated cost of $17,500, which includes $2,500 for repairs. This work is necessary for the maintenance of the existing channel by the removal of obstructions caused by floods. No operations are proposed on the Leaf or Chickasahay Rivers, those rivers being available for rafting at high water in their present condition, and there being no other navigation. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 781 Commercial statistics.-Commerce on the Pascagoula, Leaf, and Chickasahay Rivers, which consisted principally of logs, timber, piling, crossties, charcoal, rosin, turpentine, and general merchandise, for the last three calendar years is as follows: Comparative statement. River. Calendar Short tons. Valuation. year. 1912 Pascagoula--..--....-----.-------------------------------- ----- 233, 064 $1,498, 500 1913 626, 956 3, 939, 500 1914 308,174 2, 314, 725 1912 161,210 814,450 Leaf..--......----------------------..............------------------------------------... 1913 335, 010 1, 701,000 1914 179, 061 685, 746 -.......-----------------..----------- Chickasahay-..-..--- 1912 --..----...-.....----.. 54,005 283,225 1913 152,255 446,750 1914 66,623 254,616 The decrease in commerce for the year 1914 is principally due to depression in the lumber market. Financial summary. PASCAGOULA RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------- $15, 000.00 Maintenance--- ------- _--------------- ------ 46, 705. 00 Total_________ __________________ __ _ Total---------------------------------------------------- 61, 705.00 61, 705. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................ ............................ ... Maintenance-..__.........--. ---.-------.- . . $536.66 $3,422.50 $4,275.60 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913___ ------ $8, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------- ----- 2, 263. 23 Mar. 4, 1915_ ____-_ - 1 1 1 1 10, 300. 00 11-------------------- July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------- ----- 4, 320. 60 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 2, 263. 23 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 10, 300. 00 Transferred from Leaf River- ---- _----_-------------- 1, 720. 57 18, 604. 40 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- o improvement______ of nance nane imrovmen----------------------------------------4 ____________ 7.6 60 4, 275. July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________-------_ 14, 328. 80 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities________-______----------_ -- 800. 00 -13, July 1, 1915, balance available ________________--------_-- 528. 80 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ ()-------------() 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 783. 782 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. LEAF RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $11, 019. 04 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 29, 497.16 Total __________---------------------------------------------- 40, 516.20 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................ Maintenance ...........................................-.... $286.44 $4,850 20 $1,177.36 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------ $6, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-- -------------------------------- 1,736. 27 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__ ------------------------ 1,161. 16 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 1,736. 77 2, 897. 93 Deduction on account of transfer to Pascagoula River------------- 1, 720. 57 1, 177. 36 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------- 1, 177. 36 CHICKASAHAY RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- 12,070. 90 Maintenance ----------------- ------------------------ 13, 179. 10 Total 25, 250. 00 Total------------------------------------------ 25 250. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............-- ......... ...--- Maintenance------...---..-.. -----.... --.... $75.79 . --...------------------------.......................... ..................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New York ---------------------------------- -- $38, 089. 94 Maintenance -------------------- 89, 381. 26 Total --------------------------------------------- 127, 471.20 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-..................... --................... -- - . ..-- Maintenance............. ................................. $898.89 $8,272.70 $5,452.96 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------- $14, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914____ _ __---------------------------------4, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 10,300.00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 783 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------_________ _ $5, 481. 76 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 4, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 10, 300. 00 19, 781. 76 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------- ____ __ 5, 452. 96 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------- -- 14, 328. 80 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-----------------------------800. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 13, 528. 80 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_____________--------- 117, 500. 00 10. BILOXI HARBOR, MISS. Location.-This harbor is in the southeastern part of the State of Mississippi, about 14 miles east of Gulfport, Miss., and 32 miles west of Pascagoula, Miss. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 190.) Original condition.-Previous to any improvement there was a minimum usable depth of 4 feet at mean low water over a width of about one-quarter of a mile. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. No funds were expended on the original project. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1846. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, and provides for the formation of a channel 8 feet deep at mean low water and 150 feet wide from the 8-foot contour in Mississippi Sound to the pocket of deeper water forming the south water front of the city of Biloxi, Miss. The orig- inal work was estimated to cost $55,000, with maintenance of $5,000 per annum. (See Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1882, p. 1322; also S. Ex. Doc. No. 131, 47th Cong., 1st sess.) The average range of the tide is 14 feet. The dredged channel is about 14 miles long. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged to its full project dimensions from 1887 to 1893. Since the latter year funds have been applied to the maintenance of the im- provement. The expenditures have been: For original work, $44,- 382.27; and for maintenance, $37,793.82; a total of $82,176.09. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The project was maintained by dredging with United States' plant and day labor. The results are as follows: From beacon A to beacon B, a distance of 5,319.7 feet, 81,699.1 cubic yards were dredged, thereby making a channel 10.8 feet deep for a width of 150 feet. The total cost, includ- ing surveys, office expenses, etc., was $2,235.14 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1893. The work has resulted in an increase of 4 feet in depth and in 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 784 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. the formation of a good channel, easy of navigation for the class of vessels involved. A maximum mean low-water draft of 8 feet can be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement on June 30, 1915. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, are as follows: For new work, $44,382.27; and for maintenance, $40,028.96; a total of $84,411.23. The project was completed for $10,617.73 less than the approved estimate of $55,000. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Apparently there has been little effect on freight rates. Commerce has, however, been directly benefited, as larger boats can now land at the wharves at Biloxi, the available draft being twice as much as it was previous to work under the project. Proposed operations.-All funds available June 30, 1915, will be expended on or before January 1, 1916. As the channel, which was last redredged in February and March, 1915, shoals at the rate of about 60,000 cubic yards annually, it will be necessary to do addi- tional dredging during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. The funds herein estimated as needed will be expended in removing shoals by the use of a dredge belonging to the United States, operated by hired labor, as follows: Operation of one hydraulic pipe-line dredge one-half a month, including surveys, repairs, and upkeep of plant, office expenses, etc----------- _ $5, 000 Commercialstatistics.-The total commerce for Biloxi Harbor dur- ing the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............ ................................................. 82,167 775,100 1913 -------------------------------------------------------------- 84,453 1,255,570 1914 ........................................................................ 91,088 1,336,722 The commerce during 1914 consisted principally of fish, oysters, shrimp, laths and shingles, and naval stores. There has been no change in its nature as a result of the improvement. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $44, 382. 27 Maintenance -_--_--- ___------------------------____ 40, 028. 96 Total -------------------------- 84, 411. 23 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 785 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-- --------------- --------------------------- $4,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------- 4, 206.18 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement --- --- --- - 2, 235. 14 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-- --------------------------- 1, 971. 04 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------- ------ 1 5, 000. 00 11. GULFPORT HARBOR AND SHIP ISLAND PASS, MISS. Location.-This improvement is in the southeastern part of the State of Mississippi, about 44 miles from Pascagoula, Miss., on the east, and about 78 miles from New Orleans (via Lake Borgne Canal) on the west. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 190.) Original condition.-Originally no channel existed between the anchorage at Ship Island and Gulfport, Miss. The minimum usable mean low-water depths over the site of the inner channel and anchor- age basin ranged from 2 feet to 19 feet, covering several miles in width, and across Ship Island Bar there was a minimum usable depth at mean low water of 20 feet over a width of about half a mile. Previous projects.-There has been no previous project for Ship Island Pass. The original project for Gulfport Harbor was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. The sum of $522,- 803.93 was spent on this project, of which $166,199.77 was for new work and $356,604.16 was for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1846. Present project.-The present project provides for maintaining the 19-foot depth of the previous project and securing such additional depth as may be obtained by the operation of a Government-owned dredge in the basin at Gulfport and the channel leading therefrom to the anchorage at Ship Island, and for securing a depth of 26 feet at mean low water and 300 feet wide through Ship Island Pass to the Gulf of Mexico. The project for the Gulfport Basin and Channel was adopted by the river and harbor act approved February 27, 1911, in accordance with the report printed in Rivers and Harbors Committee Document No. 2, Sixtieth Congress, first session, which contemplates the pur- chase or construction of a dredge, at a cost of about $200,000, and $75,000 annually for its operation. The project for Ship Island Pass was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, at an estimated cost of $40,000. (H. Doc. No. 120, 55th Cong., 3d sess.) These two localities were at first improved separately, but were joined in a common project by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. The Gulfport Channel is about 7 miles long, the Ship Island Pass Channel about 2 miles long. The average range of tide is about 11 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-As a result of all operations prior to July 1, 1914, there was a mean low-water depth in the Gulfport Channel of 171 feet, in material so soft, however, 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373 0 -ENG 1915--50 786 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. that a draft of 20 feet could be carried through it; and the mean low-water depth in the Ship Island Pass Channel was 241 feet. Prior to July 1, 1914, the following amounts were expended on the present project for these improvements: Gulfport Harbor, for origi- nal work, $20,000, and for maintenance, $336,271.53, a total of $356,- 271.53; Ship Island Pass, for maintenance, $47,931.30, a total for both of $404,202.83. .Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The Gulfport Chan- nel was maintained to a depth of about 20 feet over a width of 225 feet by dredging with United States plant and day labor, with the exception of about 2 miles, where there is a depth of from 17 feet to 19 feet, which will be increased in the early part of the next fiscal year. In this work a length of 37,584.3 feet of the channel was dredged once and 17,105 feet of it twice, 2,696,085.8 cubic yards of material being removed, at a total cost, including surveys, office ex- penses, and repairs, of $32,085.97. No dredging was done in the channel across Ship Island Bar, the expenditure of $3,981.46 being for repair and upkeep of plant previously used on the work, con- struction of plant at United States shipyard at Pascagoula, Miss., and office expenses in connection with same. Other expenditures, amounting to $15,412.06, were made during the year for construction of marine ways and purchase and installation of plant at United States shipyard, Pascagoula, Miss., construction of launch'Rettig and barge P, operation of automatic tide gauge, and repair and upkeep of plant previously used on the work. The expenditures during the year amounted to $51,479.49 for maintenance, of which $47,498.03 was for Gulfport Harbor and $3,981.46 for Ship Island Pass. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At Ship Island Pass the chan- nel has been completed, and there now exists a depth of 231 feet over a width of 300 feet, being an increase of 31 feet in depth over what it was previous to beginning work here. In the Gulfport Hiar- bor Channel there is a depth of 171 feet over a width of 225 feet, and the same depth exists over all but a small area of the basin. The work here has resulted in increasing the depth at the inner end of the improvement 15 feet over what it was originally, but the project is really for maintenance, and deterioration is very rapid. It is impossible to state correctly the degree of completion. On June 30, 1915, a maximum draft at mean low water of 231 feet could be carried through the shoalest part of the Ship Island Pass Chan- nel, and, owing to the soft material forming the bed of the Gulfport Harbor Channel, a maximum draft at mean low water of 20 feet could be carried through the shoalest part of it on June 30, 1915. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, are as follows: Gulfport Harbor, for new work, $20,000; and for maintenance, $383,769.56; a total of $403,769.56; Ship Island Pass, for restoration and maintenance, $51,912.76; a total for both of $455,682.32. The Gulfport Harbor project was complete for $561,910.19 less than the approved estimate of $748,109.96. Local cooperation.-Therehas been none. The Gulf & Ship Island Railroad Co., however, expended about $1,603,594.53 for the forma- tion and maintenance by dredging of the Gulfport Channel and anchorage basin and received from the United States the contract price of $150,000. As Gulfport is its terminus and it owns all the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 787 piers and wharves and the land and approaches on both sides of the basin, this company is the principal beneficiary, not only of this part of the improvement, but also of that at Ship Island Pass. At least 75 per cent of the exports are carried by this road. Effect of improvement.-The project results in affording a reduc- tion in rail freight rates between Gulfport and seaboard cities of the Atlantic coast, and in affording water freight rates from points on the Gulf & Ship Island Railroad to foreign ports. Proposed operations.-The Ship Island Pass Channel shoals at the rate of about 60,000 cubic yards per annum. The Gulfport Harbor Channel and Basin shoal at the rate of about 2,600,000 cubic yards per year. The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, it is in- tended to remove all shoals and if possible to increase the depths with day labor and United States plant at the following estimated costs: Operation of one seagoing dredge 2- months, including surveys, repairs, and upkeep of plant and office expenses, in removing shoals_--------- $7, 000 Operation of one seagoing dredge 1 month, including surveys, repairs, and upkeep of plant and office expenses, in deepening the channel to its project depth ------------------------------------------- 3, 000 Operation of one hydraulic pipe-line dredge 7 months, including surveys, repairs, and upkeep of plant and office expenses, in removing shoals__ 63, 000 Operation of one hydraulic pipe-line dredge 1; months, including surveys, repairs, and upkeep of plant and office expenses, in deepening and widening the channel -------------------------------------- 12, 000 Total-- ---------------------------------------- 85, 000 Commercial statistics.-The total commerce for Gulfport Harbor during the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.............................................................. .................. 634,901 $9,538,295 1913................. .................................. ........... 611,982 7,497,219 1914 . .............................................................. 442,250 4,572,480 The commerce during the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of lumber and timber, crossties, and piling. There was no commerce at Gulfport previous to the improvement. The commerce through Ship Island Pass has very largely increased since the channel was dredged. The interference with trade caused by the European war and consequent depression in business conditions are responsible for the comparatively small amount of commerce for the past year. Financialsummary. GULFPORT HARBOR. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------- $186, 199. 77 Maintenance -------------------- __ --- 740, 373. 72 Total -_ 926, 573. 49 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......... .................................... Maintenance........ ......... ....... .... .... ....... ...... $49,939.05 $1272, 863.23 $47,498.03 1 Includes cost of dredge Gulfport and outfit, ponton pipe line and coal barge, being a total of $200,000, 788 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] (See Consolidated statement.) July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------- -- *1$3, 620. 65 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 25, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 58, 000. 00 Aug. 1, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913_ 10, 000. 00 Damage to dredge Gulfport by steamer Parkwoood------------__ 5, 959.00 102, 579. 65 Deduction on account of unexpended balance returned to credit of emergencies appropriation ____ ___-- --- -__--------- __ 100. 53 102, 479. 12 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement_ - -___ _______----------- 47, 498. 03 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended________- ___-__--- _ _-- -_ 54, 981.'09 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities- ---- __ - - ____--- __-__ 8, 015. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_- ___ ---- -______________-__ 46, 966. 09 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance ------ (2) SHIP ISLAND PASS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ ___ --- --- _______--- 39, 695, 88 Maintenance ------------------------ 51, 912. 76 T ta SULl l ---------------------------- 91, 608.64 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] (See Consolidated statement.) July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--- ------------------------- $4, 068. 70 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914----------- ------------------------------ 5,000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------- 4, 500. 00 13, 568. 70 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for main- tenance of improvement----------------------------------- 3, 981.46 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 9, 587. 24 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-------------- (") 1 The difference of $1.85 from that reported in 1914 is due to a duplicate entry of a collection of an overpayment. 2 See consolidated Financialsummary on p. 789. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 789 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- --------------- -------------------- $225, 895.65 Maintenance --------------------------------------- 792, 286. 48 Total ------ ------------------------------------ 1, 018, 182. 13 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................................. .....-.......---........ Maintenance.......................... ............... 352, 445.09 $300,208.85 $51,479.49 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911- $100, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_ 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 __ 87, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 30, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915- 62, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ____---------------------------- 7, 689. 35 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 30, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------------- 62, 500. 00 Aug. 1, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Ma;. 4, 1913 10, 000. 00 1913-- ----------- ---------------- -------- 10,000.00 Damage to dredge Gulfport by steamer Parkwood-------------- 5, 959.00 116, 148. 35 Deduction on account of balance returned to credit of emergen- cies appropriation ---------------------------------- 100. 53 116, 047. 82 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for main- tenance of improvement------------------------------ 51, 479. 49 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------- 64, 568. 33 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------- 8, 015. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------- 56, 553. 33 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for mainte- nance ------------------------- ----------------- 12. WOLF AND JORDAN RIVERS, MISS. Location.-This improvement is at the mouths of these streams, in Bay St. Louis, an estuary of Mississippi Sound, and lies in the southeastern part of the State of Mississippi, about 24 miles west of Gulfport, Miss. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 190.) 1 Includes cost of dredge Gulfport and outfit, ponton pipe-line and coal barge, being a total of $200,000. SThe difference of $1.85 from that reported in 1914 is due to a duplicate entry of a collection of an overpayment. 3 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 790 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-Previous to improvement there was a mini- mum usable depth at mean low water across the bar at the mouth of Wolf River of 3 feet over a width of about 500 feet, and across the bar at the mouth of Jordan River the minimum usable depth at mean low water was 4 feet over a width of about 400 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of March 2, 1907, and provides for dredging, at a cost of $30,000, with $5,000 per annum for maintenance, at the mouths of these streams, channels 7 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide extending from the 7-foot contour in each stream to the 6-foot contour in Bay St. Louis. (H. Doc. No. 917, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) The average range if the tide is 11 feet. The length of the dredged channel at the mouth of Wolf River is about 1.6 miles and at the mouth of Jordan River about 2 miles. Beyond the 6-foot contour in Bay St. Louis the material is so soft that a draft of 7 feet at mean low water can be carried through it. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1908, since which time funds have been applied to the maintenance of the improvement. Amount expended on existing project for original work, $29,195.19, and for maintenance, $15,779.81; a total of $44,975. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work has been done and no expenditures were made. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted and maintained. An increase of 4 feet in depth at the mouth of Wolf River and 3 feet in depth at the mouth of Jordan River over those naturally existing have resulted. A maximum mean low- water draft of 7 feet may be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement on June 30, 1915. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, are as follows: For new work, $29,195.19, and for maintenance, $15,779.81; a total of $44,975. The project was completed for $804.81 less than the approved estimate of $30,000. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement is believed to have but little effect on freight rates, and the nature of the commerce has not been changed by the improvement. Commerce has been directly benefited, as larger boats can now cross the bars at the mouths of these streams. Proposed operations.-The dredged channels shoal at the rate of about 70,000 cubic yards per annum. They were last redredged to the project limits in April and May, 1914. The balance available will be expended on or before June 30, 1916. The funds recom- mended as a profitable expenditure in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, will be used in the maintenance of the improvement by day labor and the employment of United States plant, as follows: Operation of one hydraulic pipe-line dredge for one-half month, includ- ing surveys, repairs and upkeep of plant, and office expenses -------- $5, 000 RIVER AND IARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 791 Comnmercial statistics.-The total commerce for Wolf and Jordan Rivers for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. . .............................................................. 38,465 $915,271 1913-.=................................................................. 137,547 2,618,622 1914 ........ ................ ......... ................ ................... ...... 36,577 1,018,462 The commerce during 1914 consisted principally of lumber, naval stores, and sawmill machinery. There has been no change in its nature as a result of the improvement. The interference with trade caused by the European war and consequent depression in business conditions are responsible for the comparatively small amount of commerce for the past year. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $29, 195.19 Maintenance-- --------------------------------------- 15, 779. 81 Total -------------------------------------- -_ 44, 975. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................................ Maintenance .. .......................................... $500.00 $9,475.00 .. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------ ------------------------------------ .5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------------------- 6, 250. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 25. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 6, 250. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 6, 275.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-------------------- 5, 000. 00 13. EAST PEARL RIVER, MISS. Location.-This improvement is in Lake Borgne at the entrance to East Pearl River, south of the State of Mississippi and between it and the State of Louisiana. It is about 35 miles west of Gulfport, Miss. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 191.) Original condition.-Previous to any improvement there was a minimum usable depth of about 7 feet at mean low water over a width of about 1,000 feet. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 792 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884. This was modified by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and $27,853.92 was expended in its completion. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1846. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for the restoration at the mouth of East Pearl River of the former project depth of 9 feet at mean low water over a width of 200 feet, thereby connecting the 9-foot contour in Lake Borgne with the same contour in East Pearl River, a distance of about 1.3 miles. The average range of the tide is 14 feet. The original work was estimated to cost $34,000 and the cost of maintenance was estimated at $6,000 per annum. (See H. Doc. No. 328, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--Under the pre- vious project a channel 300 feet wide and 9 feet deep had been com- pleted February 5, 1900, by dredging. Due to lack of funds for maintenance, this channel was suffered to deteriorate. Under the present project a channel 200 feet wide and 9 feet deep was dredged during December, 1910, and January, 1911, at a cost of $8,928.13, since which time funds have been applied to its maintenance by dredging. The total amount expended under the present project was $8,928.13 for original work and $7,050.68 for maintenance, a total of $15,978.81. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. The sum of $3,254.72 expended for maintenance in connection with the operations of the preceding year was applied to payment of out- standing liabilities, office expenses and surveys, upkeep of plant, part cost of marine ways, launch Rettig, and operation of automatic tide gauge at Gulfport, Miss. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed in January, 1911, and has since been maintained. The expenditure of $19,233.53 has resulted in an increase of 2 feet in depth over what it was just prior to work under the project. A maximum mean low- water draft of 9 feet can be carried over the shoalest part of the im- provement on June 30, 1915. The expenditures under the existing project are $8,928.13 for new work and $10,305.40 for maintenance, a total of $19,233.53. The project was completed for $25,071.87 less than the approved estimate of $34,000. The large saving is due to the fact that the original estimate was based on former contract prices at this locality, whereas the work was done by day labor with United States plant. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-No change in the nature of the commerce has resulted from the improvement, and the project has had little effect on freight rates. Commerce has been directly benefited, as larger boats can now cross the bar. Proposedoperations.-The balance available will be expended on or before December 1, 1915. The dredged channel which was last re- dredged to its project dimensions in April, 1914, shoals at the rate of about 50,000 cubic yards per annum. The shoals will be removed by day labor with United States plant at an estimated cost as follows- Operation of one hydraulic pipe-line dredge two-thirds of a month, in- cluding surveys, repairs and upkeep of plant, and office expenses ----- $6, 000 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 793 Commercial statistics.-The total commerce for East Parl River for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..........................................................................--------------------------------------------------------------.... 81,072 927,825 1913...--------------------------------------------------------------................................ 91,925 1,068,552 1914.............--------------------------------------------------------------............................................................. 113,059 1,106,845 The commerce during 1914 consisted principally of lumber and timber, hay and grain, shrimp and oysters. There has been no change in its nature as a result of the improvement. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------- $36, 782. 05 Maintenance____________________________ 10, 305. 40 Maitance--------------------------------------------------10354 Total--------------- ------------------ --- 47, 087. 45 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................... ...................... .. . $0....... .... Maintenance------------------------------------------------------- $7,050.68 83,254.72 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------------- $4, 021.19 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------------- 3, 254.72 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------------- 766. 47 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _________________ 16, 000. 00 14. PEARL RIVER, BELOW ROCKPORT, MISS. Location.-The source of Pearl River is in the north-central part of Mississippi; its mouth is at the Rigolets, which connect Lakes Borgne and Ponchartrain; its length is about 485 miles; and its flow is southerly. The section under improvement extends from its mouth to Rockport, a distance of 246 miles. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of Mississippi.) Original condition.-Prior to improvement the river was navi- gable for light-draft boats only during high water, and even then navigation was difficult and hazardous. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project adopted by river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, provided for forming a channel of navigable width and 5 feet deep at low water from Jackson to the mouth, a dis- tance of 313 miles, by the removal, at an estimated cost of $95,940, of snags and sunken trees from the river bed and overhanging trees from the banks. (See H. Doc. No. 98, 45th Cong., 3d sess., and Annual Report for 1879, p. 879.) 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 794 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. In 1885, after $71,619.99 had been expended, the project, having been found to be impracticable, was modified so as. to provide a 2-foot channel throughout this section at an estimated cost of $145,940. By act of Congress of April 21, 1900, the construction of a fixed highway bridge across Pearl River at Rockport, 246 miles from the mouth, was legalized, thereby making this point the head of navi- gation for boats of any considerable size, and thus the upper limit of the project. The bridge, however, was washed away in February, 1906. In 1906 it was found necessary again to revise the estimate for improving this section, it being stated that it would cost $100,000, in addition to previous appropriations, to complete the project. Appro- priations, beginning with that of March 2, 1907, have been made on this basis. Appropriations between 1899 and 1907 were applied to the main- tenance of the lower 100 miles of river. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Priorto the fiscal year this section of river had been repeatedly cleared of snags and overhanging trees, but the improvement has not been permanent and the section has to be worked over annually. Under the existing project $144,443.31 for improvement and $130,286.46 for maintenance had been expended to the end of the last fiscal year, a total of $274,729.77. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. snag boat Pearl was employed in snagging on this section from July 1, 1914, to February 2, 1915, and from March 19, 1915, to end of fiscal year. The snag boat received a thorough overhauling from February 3 to March 18, 1915, part of this being made necessary by the sinking of the Pearl after having struck a snag on July 16, 1914. A bank- clearing party was also employed on this section from July 15 to November 30, 1914. This work has resulted in affording at moderate stages a channel for light-draft boats for a distance of 155 miles above the mouth. The work was carried on by United States plant and hired labor, the expenditures during the fiscal year amounting to $18,655.73, all for maintenance. There were 26,297 obstructions removed from bed and banks of river, and 178 miles of river worked over. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been about 43 per cent completed. A maximum channel of 3 feet deep and 50 feet wide at mean low water now exists for 145 miles above the mouth of the river, and thence to Columbia, a distance of 10 miles, a maxi- mum mean low-water depth of 1 feet. From Columbia to Monti- cello, 56 miles, the river can on a slight rise be navigated by light- draft boats. Above Monticello the river has never been navigable except at stages of 7 feet or more. The total expenditure under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year is $144,443.31 for im- provement and $148,942.19 for maintenance, a total of $293,385.50. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement of the Pearl River, it is reported, has caused some reduction in freight rates on railroads adjacent to the section improved. Proposed operations.-Availablefunds will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. With the funds estimated as required for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, the following work is proposed: RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 795 Operate 1 United States snag boat and barge-___ ____-_____--$15, 000 Construct 1 snag boat------------------------------ --------- 15, 000 Contingencies -------------- ----- ------------------------- 5, 000 Total ------------------------------------------------ 35, 000 This work is necessary for the maintenance of the existing channel as well as for further improvement. Commercial statistics.-The commerce, which consisted principally of logs, timber, piling, and crossties, for the last three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912-. ---- --------------------------------------------------- 191,173 $1,086,335 .....-............ 1914.............. ..--..--- ............ 111,497 ... ................... 427,688 The decrease in commerce for the year 1914 is principally due to depression in the lumber market. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------$144, 443. 31 Maintenance _______ Maintnanc-------------------------------------- 148, 942. 19 14,92.1 Total -- ---------- 293, 385. 50 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work- -.. ---.. ---. --... - ...... .........---------- ..----------.............. Maintenance------------------.........--.--.-----------------...........-.... $14,391.35 $15,994. 56 $18,655. 73 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $8, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------- 37, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 _-__----- 11,000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________-- -____ ____ 25, 731.62 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 11, 000. 00 36, 731. 62 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-- ------------------------------------- 18, 655. 73 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 18, 075. 89 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 1,250. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------ ----------------- 16, 825. 89 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------- ---- ------------ 160, 685. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-----_ - 135, 000. 00 15. REMOVAL OF WATER HYACINTHS (EAST PEARL RIVER, MISS.). For the purpose of removing water hyacinths from East Pearl River, Miss., there was allotted on April 7, 1915, from the appropria- tion "Maintenance and improvement of existing river and harbor 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 796 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. works (removal of water hyacinths in the States of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas)," act of March 4,1915, the sum of $350. Dur- ing the fiscal year no work was done under this allotment and no expenditures made. Suitable plant for this work will be available early in the coming fiscal year, when operations will be commenced. EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF MARCH 3, 1909, MARCH 4, 1913, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of March 3, 1909, March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Leaf and PascagoulaRivers, Miss., from the mouth of Bowie Creek to the junction of Pascagoulaand Dog Rivers. 2. Mobile Harbor and Bar, Ala., with a view to securing such ad- ditional depth and width of channel as the interests of commerce may require. 3. Bayou La Batre, Ala., with a view to securing a channel connect- ing Bayou La Batre and Pass aux Herons of suitable depth and width. 4. Chickasahay River, Miss., from its mouth to Shubuta. 5. Channel to the Back Bay of Biloxi, Biloxi, Miss. 6. Jordan River, Miss., and connecting waters. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE NEW ORLEANS, LA., DISTRICT. This district embraces the southern part of Louisiana, from Pearl River on the east to Sabine River on the west, and south of Red River, including the Passes of the Mississippi River but excluding the Mis- sissippi River above Head of Passes. District officer, Maj. Edward H. Schulz, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer. Col. Lansing H. Beach, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Southwest Pass, Mississippi 11. Atchafalaya River, Morgan River, La................... 796 City to the Gulf of Mexico, 2. South Pass Channel, Missis- La......................... 829 sippi River, La. (Mainte- 12. Bayou Teche, La.............. 832 nance).................. 801 13. Operating and care of Keystone 3. Examinations and surveys at Lock, Bayou Teche, La..... 835 South Pass, Mississippi 14. Intracoastal Waterway, Frank- River, La................... 804 lin to Mermentau, La....... 836 4. Lake Pontchartrain and Pass 15. Operating and care of Schooner Manchac, La............... 806 Bayou Lock, La ............ 839 5. Bogue Falia, Bayou Manchac, 16. Intracoastal Waterway, Mer- and Amite, Chefuncte and mentau River to Sabine Tickfaw Rivers, La....... 810 River, La., and Tex . . . .. 841 6. Bayou Plaquemine, Grand 17. Bayou Vermilion, Mermentau River and Pigeon Bayous, La. 818 River and Bayou Plaque- 7. Operating and care of Plaque- mine Brule, La..... .... 845 mine Lock, La .......... 821 18. Bayou Queue de Tortue, La... 853 8. Bayou Grossetete, La .. ... 822 19. Calcasieu River and Pass, La. . 855 9. Bayou Lafourche, La......... 824 20. Removing the Water Hyancith, 10. Bayou Terrebonne, La ..... 827 La.......... ......... 859 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT, GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2563 TO 2619. 1. SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, LA. Location.-Southwest Pass is the westernmost of the mouths of the Mississippi River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 797 19.) Its length from Head of Passes to the Gulf of Mexico is 191 miles. It flows in a generally southwest direction. Distance of outer end of pass from New Orleans, La., is 119 statute miles; from Mobile, Ala., 160 statute miles; and from Galveston, Tex., 330 statute miles. Original condition.-Priorto improvement the pass was obstructed by a bar at its mouth, having a depth of only 9 feet, while the remainder of the pass had depths ranging from 26 to 83 feet at mean low water. The length before prolongation by the jetties was 15 miles. The average width of the pass is about 2,000 feet; the nar- rowest section is 1,190 feet, in the fourth mile from its head, and the widest section, 4,950 feet, in the fourteenth mile from its head. Previous projects.--The first improvement of Southwest Pass was undertaken under authority of the river and harbor act of July 4, 1836. Subsequent appropriations were made by the river and har- bor act of March 3, 1837; the river and harbor act of August 30, '1852; the act of July 8, 1856; the river and harbor act of March 2, 1867; and the act of March 3, 1873. The total amount expended prior to the adoption of the present project was $921,043.01. (For scope of improvements contemplated by above acts see Appendix, p. 1847.) Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, provides for securing by dredg- ing a channel throughout Southwest Pass 1,000 feet wide and 35 feet deep at mean low water, at an estimated cost of $6,000,000, and $150,000 per annum for maintenance. The plan of improvement includes the construction of jetties to protect the dredged channel at the mouth of the pass, the closure of minor outlets to the pass itself, and the construction of sills to prevent the enlargement of the outlets to the river above the pass; but the act of 1902 provides that the details of the work may be modified at the discretion of the Secretary of War. (See H. Doc. No. 329, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) By the act of May 28, 1908, dredging in the river at the Head of Passes and as far up as Cubits Gap, a distance of 31 miles, was authorized whenever necessary to secure a depth of 35 feet, with a practicable width; and by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1909, provision was made for increasing the plant by the addition of a larger dredge. These additions to the work were made without prior increase in the estimate of cost. The average variation of water surface due to tides is 16 inches. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The first improve- ments of Southwest Pass were experiments with different methods to create and maintain a deep-water channel at the mouth of the Mississippi River through its passes, and finally resulted in the adop- tion of the present method of improvement, viz, by dredging and the construction of parallel jetties in prolongation of the channel beyond crest of the bar, in addition to certain auxiliary works. The founda- tion of the east jetty had been built for a length of 24,600 feet and the jetty built above high water for a length of 23,900 feet; the foundation of the west jetty had been built for a length of 18,830 feet and the jetty built above high water for a length of 18,400 feet. Both jetties were considered as completed. Mattresses had been added to the sill across the head of Pass a Loutre, a mattress sill placed across Cubits Gap and The Jump, and 11 outlet bayous from the pass to adjacent bays had been closed. The mattress sill built by Mr. Eads across the Head of Pass had been removed, and 798 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 14 spur dikes had been constructed. There had been removed from the channel by dredging with Government plant 25,064,489 cubic yards of sand and mud. In 1905 the yardage to be removed to secure the projected channel amounted to 18,368,175 cubic yards, and June 30, 1914, it amounted to 4,726,670 cubic yards. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $7,006.331.79 for improvement, $23,833.27 for surveys and examinations, and $928,769.81 for main- tenance, a total of $7,958,934.87. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--Dredging: The dredge Benyaurd removed 1,721,809 cubic yards of material from the lower 7 miles of channel and 65,788 cubic yards from the head of Southwest Pass, at a total cost of $91,167.44, and at a unit cost of 5.1 cents per cubic yard, including extraordinary repairs. The dredge New Orleans removed 2,084,343 cubic yards of material from the lower 7 miles of channel, at a, total cost of $102,132.81, and at a unit cost of 4.9 cents, including extraordinary repairs. The total' quantity of material removed by both dredges was 3,871,940 cubic yards. Jetties: There was placed on the outer portion of the jetties 62,556.04 tons of stone covering 17,363 linear feet, at a total cost of $294,865.46. The total cost of maintaining the jetties amounts to $295,165.57. Spur dikes: Work of maintaining spur dikes by filling the dikes with willows and stone to a height of 2 feet above mean high water was carried on, and repairs to crib work of Dikes 4, 5, and 6 were made. The total cost of maintaining the dikes is $37,138.94, or $4.28 per linear foot. Dams in outlet bayous: Dams in the minor bayous were repaired and put in good condition at a cost of $1,533.30. Dams in Joseph and Double Bayous were repaired and maintained at a total cost of $405.68. Buildings and walks: Repairs and care of buildings and walks were carried on at a total cost of $2,506.19. Wharves, floating plant, coaling plant, machine shop, and ice plant were repaired as required during the year at a total cost of $27,- 221.08. Bulkhead for shore protection was completed at a cost of $18,010.44. The expenditures during the year amounted to $8,100.60. The total length of bulkhead is 3,763 linear feet, and the cost per linear foot was $4.79. Filling behind the bulkhead was carried on by the dredge The Ram, and was considered at the end of the year to be about 60 per cent completed. The cost to that time was $11,799.69. A sewer system was installed at a cost of $1,689.84. Fire protection to buildings, etc., was installed, and on June 30 was considered about 95 per cent completed. The total cost to the end of the fiscal year was $3,027.03. Stone for maintaining the spur dikes and dams in the outlets was furnished under contract, 2,784.5 cubic yards having been delivered at a cost of $3.1898 per cubic yard, or a total of $8,881.99. There were delivered under contract 8,345 cords of willows, at $1.37 per cord, or a total cost of $11,038.81. Coal was delivered, under contract, for the dredges Benyaurd and New Orleans, other floating plant, and shore plant, to the amount of 171,934.1 barrels, at a total cost of $61,647.49. Lumber and piling for constructing wooden bulkhead was furnished and delivered at a cost of $6,490.21. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 799 Surveys: Six surveys were made of the lower 7 miles of the chan- nel, and one survey of the main body of the pass from the head to a point 2 miles above Burrwood. There was expended during the year $49,631.37 for improvement and $560,322.10 for maintenance, a total of $609,953.47. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Both jetties are considered as completed. The yardage still required to be removed to secure a 35-foot channel 1,000 feet wide, on June 30, 1915, was 5,737,400 cubic yards. The project is considered 69 per cent completed, based on yardage still to be removed. The available depth of channel is 28 feet. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $7,055,963.16 for im- provement, $23,833.27 for surveys and examinations, $1,489,091.91 for maintenance-a total of $8,568,888.34. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation imposed by law. There is a system of public docks at New Orleans, La., operated by the State board of commissioners for the port of New Orleans, La., involving 27,000 linear feet of wharf; 3,777,166 square feet of wharf area, and 2,558,906 square feet of roof area; total cost, approximately $4,000,000. The State board of commissioners are also building 6 State warehouses, 2 sheds, and 4 wharf sheds for cotton, with terminal trackage to the capacity of 2,500 cars, or suffi- cient to handle a daily movement of 1,000 loaded cars, the above buildings and terminals being built on the east bank of the Missis- sippi River, in New Orleans, La., beginning near Napoleon Avenue and extending upstream about 2,000 feet. The warehouses and sheds have a storage capacity of from 450,000 to 600,000 bales of cotton, which is equivalent to an annual handling capacity of 2,000,000 bales. Cost of above approximately $3,500,000; total area covered, approximately 100 acres. General design of warehouses, sheds, and terminals embodies the latest improvements and developments that have been proven successful in other large ports, one feature of which being the direct loading and unloading from cars to ship's tackle by means of depressed railroad tracks and also tracks on apron of wharf, which allow loading and unloading directly into ships and vice versa. Effect of improvement.-Channel has been increased in depth from 9 to 28 feet over bars at entrance and at Head of Pass respectively, to 28-foot depth, and 30 throughout the pass, at end of the fiscal year. Freight rates have been reduced, and greater cargoes carried, both for domestic and foreign commerce. Proposed operation.-It is expected that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. The following estimate of funds for fiscal year 1917 is submitted in detail: Operation and repairs, dredges New Orleans and Benyaurd and ac- cessories, at $100,000 per annum each_----- __-------------------$200,000 Operation of tug C. Donovan, survey boat Picket, and other floating plant, consisting of barges, floating derrick, and pile driver, 12 months-------------------------- --------------------- 30, 000 Upkeep of shore plant, machinery, shop, refrigerating plant, etc.. 20, 000 Extension to jetties---------------- ------------------------ 500, 000 Maintenance and repairs of existing spur dikes and dams across out- let bayous ---------------------- -30, 000 Superintendence and contingencies --------------------------- 70, 000 Total ---------------------- -- -------------------- 850, 000 800 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. During this period, it is expected to continue work of raising the jetties where they have sunk, and maintain the channel and make considerable progress toward securing a complete 35-foot channel, 1,000 feet wide, in accordance with the project. It is also expected that the work of raising the east jetty, from inner end, for a distance of about 15,700 feet, and the west jetty, from inner end, for a dis- tance of about 7,000 feet, will be completed during this period. It is also expected that the work of raising the east jetty will be done as follows: From 3,800 feet from the shore end to 5,600 feet from the same point, a distance of 1,800 feet, and from 8,700 to 15,700 feet from the shore end, a distance of 7,000 feet. The west jetty will be raised from the shore end for a distance of 7,000 feet. Commercial statistics.--A comparative statement of foreign and domestic receipts and shipments, for the past three years, for the port of New Orleans, La., is as follows: Foreign. Domestic. Total. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. Short tons. Valuation. Short tons. Valuation. 1912........... ............... 4, 273,947 $254,112,010 785,883 $45,338,717 5,059, 830 $299,450,727 1913........................ 5,370, 491 261,176, 635 1, 072, 441 53,905, 897 6, 442, 932 315, 082, 532 1914 .......................... 5,053,060 260,708,811 1,219, 52 50,849,050 6,273,012 311,557,861 The commercial statistics are those for the port of New Orleans, La., and are the same for both South and Southwest Pass improve- ments, there being no certain method of ascertaining the commerce for each pass separately. Based on vessels drawing 25 feet or more, about 13 per cent went through Southwest Pass and 87 per cent through South Pass. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------------- $8, 000, 839. 44 Maintenance 091. 91 1, 48-------------------1489, Total -------------------------------- 9, 489, 931. 35 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..............................................$388,541.58 $121, 165. 91 $49,631.37 Maintenance......................................... 325,361.28 205,743.98 560,322.10 Total....................... ................. 713,902.86 326,909.89 609,953.47 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911___ $450, 000. 00 .July 25, 1912 ------- ------ ------------ 450, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------- 500, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------- -------------------------- 300, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------------- 400, 000. 00 1The sum of $2,409.13 was deducted from the total expended, this amount repre- senting an aggregate of moneys received from other departments of the Government as reimbursements for expenditures made for their account and which have appeared in previous reports. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 801 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------- $498, 747. 80 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 300, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 400, 000.00 Receipts from sales and other sources-------------------___ - 1, 673. 80 1, 200,421. 60 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement______----------- $49, 631.37 For maintenance of improvement --------- 560,322.10 609, 953. 47 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---- __-------__-- July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------- -- _____ 18, 267. 78 590, 468.13 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts--------------------------------------25, 000. 00 43,267.78 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 547, 200. 35 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ____ -_____---- ---------- ___ - Indefinite. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance _--- 1850, 000. 00 2. SOUTH PASS CHANNEL, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, LA. Location.-South Pass Channel is the smallest of the three main outlets of the Mississippi River. Its length, from Head of Passes to the Gulf of Mexico, is about 14 miles, its flow being south 320 east. The entire pass is under improvement. The entrance is 107 miles from New Orleans, La.; 141 statute miles from Mobile, Ala.; 19 statute miles from Southwest Pass, La.; and 349 statute miles from Galveston, Tex. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 19.) Original condition.-Prior to improvement the pass was ob- structed by a bar at its mouth, over which there was a depth of 9 feet of water, and also a bar at its head, over which there was a depth of 13 feet. Between these two bars the channel varied from 27 to 30 feet in depth; width varied from 530 to 850 feet. The length before prolongation was 11J miles. The depths referred to are mean low water. Previous project.-None. For scope of improvements of mouths of the Mississippi River, see Appendix, page 1847. Present project.-The present project was adopted in accordance with river and harbor act of March 3, 1875, amended by acts of June 19, 1878, and March 3, 1879, authorizing James B. Eads and associates to " construct such permanent and sufficient jetties and such auxiliary works as are necessary to create, and permanently main- tain a wide and deep channel between the South Pass of the Missis- sippi River and the Gulf of Mexico." This included securing and maintaining a channel 26 feet deep through the pass and through the jetties at the mouth of the pass, a channel 26 feet in depth and not less than 200 feet width at the bottom, and having through it a central depth of 30 feet without regard to width. The channel was secured through the jetties July 8, 1879, and on that day began the period of 20 years' maintenance. This period ended January 28, 1901, and the contract with Mr. James B. Eads and associates termi- nated. The emergency act of June 6, 1900, provided for maintaining 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373o-ENG 1915----51 802 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMIY. by the United States, after termination of contract with Mr. Eads and associates, the channel secured, and appropriated $100,000 annu- ally for this work. The river and harbor act of May 28, 1908, author- ized use of funds for this improvement to dredge a channel 35 feet deep-no width specified-through shoals in the river between Cubits Gap and Head of Passes. Variation of water surface is from zero at the mouth to 2 feet at the head of the pass, due to stage of the river, and from 1.3 feet at the mouth to 0.9 feet at the head, due to tide. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The foundation of the original east jetty had been built for a length of 12,070 feet, and above high water for a length of 11,720 feet; foundation for inner east jetty for 11,170 feet and above high water 11,170 feet; founda- tion for original west jetty for 7,820 feet and above high water 7,520 feet; foundation inner west jetty for 4,710 feet and above high water 4,710 feet. The jetties were completed July 8, 1879. The upper dam, cut-off dike, west dike, 8 wing dams in Grand Bayou, and 36 wing dams in jetty channels were built. The amounts paid to James B. Eads and associates under the contract were as follows: Securing 20, 22, 25, and 30 foot channels------------------- $5, 250, 000 For maintenance of channel; 20 years, at $100,000 per year-------- 2, 000, 000 For interest on $500,000 retained 10 years, at 5 per cent ------------ 250, 000 For interest on $500,000 retained 20 years, at 5 per cent ------------ 500, 000 ---------- Total__ --------------------------------------- 8, 000, 000 Under maintenance by the United States (which began on Jan. 29, 1901), the jetties and auxiliary works had been kept in repair and additions made to permanent plants. By dredging with Government plant there was removed 3,075,481 cubic yards of material from the pass in addition to that removed by dredges Sabine and Sumter, of which no yardage was kept. The lands bordering the pass, from the head of the pass to the Gulf of Mexico, comprising 6,994 acres, with buildings thereon, were purchased July 8, 1903, for $35,000. Exam- inations and surveys of the pass were carried on from January 1 to June 30, 1902, as part of this work. To June 30, 1914, there was expended for maintenance $1,648,949.84.1 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year 1915 operations consisted of the maintenance of the jetties and auxiliary works, upkeep of all plant employed, construction and sinking of new mattresses and a small amount of dredging. All work was done by hired labor and Government plant. The purchase of cer- tain supplies in quantity was made by contract. Expenditures for maintenance of existing works were distributed as follows: For dikes and bank protection at the head of South Pass, $2,766.78; for jetties and spur dikes near the mouth, $43,844.59; for upkeep of plant employed, $12,407.29 (plus cost of two new barges). During the year 12,000 square yards of new mattresses were con- structed and sunk; of this amount 889 square yards were placed at Head of Passes, cost $1,141.62, and the 11,111 square yards were placed in the jetty channel, cost $13,221.77; total cost, $14,363.39. The Benyaurd dredged 84 hours in the head of South Pass; 37,684 cubic yards of material were removed at a cost of $1,431. The chan- 1The sum of $740.68 deducted, as this amount covers sums reimbursable appearing in previous reports. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 803 nel from river to Gulf was maintained in good condition; the navi- gable depth on June 30, 1915, Was 302 feet. Except for a period of 24 days, the navigable depth throughout the year was 30 feet or more below the actual water surface. A shoal of sand across the head of the pass was very temporary and there were no other shoal- ings serious enough to obstruct the channel. The general shoaling in the pass and the jetty channel is merely a return to normal condi- tions. The jetties and auxiliary works are in effective condition and ihe plant is in good repair. The act of June 13, 1902, authorized the use of any available dredge belonging to the United States to main- tain the South Pass Channel with the utmost efficiency. During the fiscal year there was expended for maintenance $90,391.54.1 Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The improvement is consid- ered completed, and work of maintenance is being carried on. The available depth June 30, 1915, was 322 feet at the outer end of the pass, and 302 feet at head of the pass. The pass generally deepened during the year. The average width between the banks since 1901 has increased 35 feet. The Gulf entrance to the jetty channel improved greatly, due to the effect of the high rivers since 1905, and particu- larly those of 1912 and 1913. The total expenditure to June 30, 1915, under the project was $8,000,000 paid on contract to James B. Eads and associates for improvement and maintenance until January 29, 1901, and $1,739,341.38 since that time for maintenance by the United States. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation imposed by law. For description of the public docks, warehouses, and wharf sheds at New Orleans, La., see report for Southwest Pass, Mississippi River, page 799. Effect of improvement.-Channel has been increased in depth from 9 feet at the mouth and 13 feet at head of the pass to 302 feet through- out the pass at the end of the fiscal year. Freight rates have been reduced and greater cargoes carried, both for coastwise and foreign commerce, permitting larger and deeper draft vessels to enter the harbor at New Orleans, La. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is made, as it is believed the $100,000 annual appropriation, as it becomes available, will be sufficient for carrying on work in ac- cordance with the project. During this period the work of main- taining the channel and upkeep of plant will be continued. Certain revetment work at Head of Passes, repairs to sill across Pass a Loutre, and possibly a mattress sill across South Pass to check undue enlargement of South Pass will be undertaken. Commercial statistics.-The commercial statistics are those for the port of New Orleans, La., and are the same for both South and Southwest Pass improvements, there being no certain method of ascertaining the commerce for each pass separately. (See report on Southwest Pass improvement, p. 800.) Based on vessels drawing 25 feet or more, about 13 per cent went through Southwest Pass and 87 per cent through South Pass. However, it is not to be inferred from this statement that many of the vessels ,which were taken through South Pass could not have been taken through Southwest Pass as well. 1Does not include $1.50 overpayment. 804 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $8, 000, 000. 00 Maintenance _____________________ _______ 1, 739, 341. 38 Total 739, 341. 38 9,----------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 N ew work .................................................. Maintenance.............................................. ............ 175,801.95 ..... ... $134,947.53 .............. $90,391.54 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] June 6, 1900 (per annum) ----------------------------------- $100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _--_--_--- -- - -__________-- 29, 974. 77 Amount appropriated by act approved June 6, 1900 ___________ 100, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 50, 000. 00 Receipts from sales and other sources 11,079. 87 181, 054. 64 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement--- ----------------------------------- 90, 391. 54 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--___--_-- ___ -- _________ 90, 663. 10 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_______________ $9, 083. 59 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ---- --------------------------- -- 25, 600. 00 34, 683. 59 July 1, 1915, balance available__--__---------- ----- 55, 979. 51 3. EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS AT. SOUTH PASS, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, LA. Location.--(See p. 801.) Original condition.--(See p. 801.) Previous project.-None. For scope of improvements of mouths of Mississippi River, see Appendix, page 1847. Present project.-The present project was authorized by the act of March 3, 1875, modified by the acts of August 11, 1888, June 13, 1902, and May 28, 1908, and provides for making examinations and surveys at Head of Passes, throughout the Pass, and of the outer channel in the Gulf of Mexico, and dredging shoals in the river between Cubits Gap and Head of Passes where necessary to secure depth of 35 feet, with practical width. The act of August 11, 1888, appropriated $10,000 annually for this work. The variation of the water surface is from zero at the mouth to 2 feet at the head of the Pass, due to the stage of the river; from 1.3 feet at the mouth to 0.9 foot at the head, due to tide. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Examinations and surveys of the Pass from January 29, 1901, to June 30, 1902, were carried on as part of the South Pass improvement; previous to January 29, 1901, and subsequent to June 30, 1902, as a separate im- provement. Examinations and surveys of the channel and reports of depths of water and widths of channel obtained were made when 1 The sum of $740.68 has been deducted from total expended, this amount representing an aggregate of moneys received from other departments of the Government as reimburse- ment for expenditures made for their account, all of which have appeared in previous reports. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 805 necessary. The amount expended for maintenance to June 30, 1914, was $396,153.17. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the low- water season a complete survey of South Pass, from the origin of the east jetty to Head of Passes Light, was made. The result shows a disappearance of abnormally deep pools which had existed in the preceding year, and a very regular channel exists through the Pass. Examinations were made each month, and more frequently at those localities where shoaling might interfere with the channel. Since February at least two examinations per week were made at Head of Passes, where a large body of heavy sand was moving along the bottom. Complete surveys at Head of Passes and mouth of South Pass were made in June. No unusual conditions were shown. The ruling depth for South Pass varied between 24 feet for a few days in March and 302 feet on June 30, 1915. During 11 months of the year the ruling depth was more than 30 feet. In an equal number of cases the ruling depth was found in the head of South Pass and in the channel beyond the ends of the jetties. Measurement of the discharge through South Pass, Southwest Pass, and Pass a Loutre have been made three times per week since January 12, when the river flood began. The results give the following percentage of dis- charge for the three passes: South Pass, 14 per cent; Southwest Pass, 41 per cent; Pass a Loutre, 45 per cent. The average total discharge through the three passes for the period January 22 to March 1 has been 568,062 cubic feet per second. The maximum total discharge from January 22 to March 1, Carrollton gauge 6 feet, was found to be 848,877 cubic feet per second. Less frequent obser- vations have also been made in the minor outlets from the river. It was also determined that The Jump takes 24 per cent of the total discharge at that point and that Cubits Gap takes 122 per cent. The Pass a Loutre crevasse takes 14.2 per cent of the water that flows into Pass a Loutre. Continuous records of the tides and weather were observed. During the fiscal year there was expended $10,350. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is one of mainte- nance. The ruling depth throughout South Pass varied from 30 feet to 27 feet during the year. On June 30, 1915, the depth was 302 feet. The total amount expended under the present project to June 30, 1915, was $406,503.17 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-There was no local cooperation imposed by law. For information as to the public docks, warehouses, and ter- minals at New Orleans, La., see report for Southwest Pass, Mis- sissippi River, page 799. Effect of improvement.-For information as to increase in depth obtained at South Pass Channel, see report for that improvement, page 803. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is necessary, as it is believed the annual appropriation will be suffi- cient to carry on work in accordance with the project. The funds which become available each year are spent for services in making examinations and surveys required by law, and dredging shoals in the river between Cubits Gap and the Head of Passes, if necessary, and any amount not expended or covered by outstanding liabilities on June 30 each year reverts to the Treasury. 806 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-For statement of receipts and shipments for three years for the port of New Orleans, La., see report of South- west Pass, Mississippi River, page 800. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: Maintenance ------------------- __-__ _- $406, 503. 17 New work-........ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.........--...................--..........----... Maintenance...........................- ---- ............ $11, 490.00 $9,375.00 $10, 350.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] By act June 13, 1902 (annually) -------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-- ----------------------------- 1, 135. 00 Amount appropriated by act approved June 13, 1902 0, 000. 00 1-------------- 11, 135. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------------10, 350. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 785.00 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 785. 00 4. LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN AND PASS MANCHAC, LA. Prior to 1910 these streams were improved under separate appro- priations. The improvements were combined by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. (A) LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN, LA. Location.-Lake Pontchartrain is a body of water in southeastern Louisiana, with a length of 40 miles, a width of 24 miles, and a central depth of 16 feet, decreasing regularly to about 6 feet near shore. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 19.) This body of water is an important link in a system of through transporta- tion routes to and from the bayous tributary to it and to Lake Maure- pas, which are engaged in commerce with New Orleans, La., Biloxi and Pascagoula, Miss., Mobile, Ala., and other points. Original condition.-Prior to improvement it was obstructed by an old United States breakwater near Milneburg (on its south shore) and by partly submerged logs which were scattered over the lake and were dangerous to navigation. The minimum usable depth, from the lake to the Gulf of Mexico, is 5 feet; this shoal of 5 feet is over the Middle Ground in this lake. Previous project.-The river and harbor act of August 30, 1852, appropriated $25,000 for the construction of a harbor on Lake Pont- chartrain, and under this project the breakwater mentioned above was constructed in 1853 and 1855. The amount expended under this RIVER AID HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 807 project was $25,000. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1850. Present project.-The present project, adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for the removal of the old United States breakwater and dangerous deadheads (as partly submerged logs are called), at an estimated cost of $12,000, and $500 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 881, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) The ordinary range of tide is about 10 inches; the extreme high water, due to unusual tide and winds, being about 3 feet above mean low water. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A breakwater, to form a harbor of refuge, was begun in 1853, and a section 1,500 feet long was finished in 1855. The snag boat Pearl, borrowed from the Mobile (Ala.) district, removed the breakwater from Lake Pont- chartrain and the snags and logs from the lake and from the bars at the outlets during the fiscal years 1910 and 1911. The project was completed in 1911. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, under the project was $2,450.79 for improvements and $473.48 for maintenance, making a total expenditure of $2,924.27. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no field operations during the fiscal year. During the fiscal year there was expended $6.70 for the collection of commercial statistics. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The removal of the breakwater and deadheads has resulted in making existing commerce safer. At the end of the year the depth was about 7 feet, excepting shoal at the Middle Grounds, where 5-foot depth could be used. To June 30, 1915, there has been expended on the project $2,450.79 for improvement and $480.18 for maintenance, a total of $2,930.97. Local cooperation.-Thereis no local cooperation imposed by law. In regard to general handling of freight, loading and unloading of vessels is carried on in the new and old basin canals in New Orleans, La., or along different streams leading into Lake Pontchartrain. There are some wharf facilities at Spanish Fort and Milneburg, where a limited amount of freight is handled; however, the bulk of business at these places is passenger traffic. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has resulted in render- ing existing commerce safer and to some extent increasing same. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is made, as it is believed the balance on hand is sufficient for maintenance during that period. Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912................... .. ............................................ 731,818 $4,805,677 1913................. .....-------------------........................................ 663,158 6,159,200 .... ..................................................... 1914 ................... 494,956 4,757,666 The decrease in commerce during the calendar year 1914 is prob- ably attributable to unusual international shipping conditions (es- 808 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. pecially in lumber) caused by the European war, and it is believed under normal conditions an increase- would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of lumber, brick, oysters, charcoal, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------- --- $27, 450. 79 Maintenance _-------------------------------------- 480. 18 Total ------------- --------------------------------- 27, 930. 97 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 Mainte nancew-------------------------------------------- work.................................................... New work $239.10 .. $239..................................................... ............ $473.48 $6.70 Maintenance----------------------------473. 48 $6.70 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----------------------------$2, 575. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-------------------------------------------- 6. 70 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 2, 569. 03 (B) PASS MANCHAC, LA. Location.-Pass Manchac is a tidal pass, or bayou, connecting Lake Maurepas on the west and Lake Pontchartrain on the east. It has a length of about 7 miles and width of about 800 feet; the entire pass is under improvement. (See United States Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey chart No. 19.) Original condition.--Priorto improvement the depth over bar at low water was about 3 feet, which entirely masked the entrance into the pass, extending about 1 mile on either side. Throughout the pass the depths varied from 20 to 30 feet; width approximately 800 feet. The pass was obstructed by sunken logs, etc., on the bars at its outlets, which prevented the full depth of water being utilized by boats navigating it. There were also a number of snags and logs scat- tered throughout the pass. Previous project.-None. Presentproject.-Present project was adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and is based on report submitted in House Docu- ment No. 882, Sixtieth Congress, first session, and provides for remov- ing snags, logs, etc., from the bar at outlet of the pass and throughout the pass, at a total estimated cost of $6,000, with $250 annually for maintenance. Variation of water surface, due to tide, is about 10 inches; due to tide and winds, 1 to 2 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the project the snag boat Pearl, borrowed from the Mobile, Ala., district, re- moved snags and logs from the bar at the outlet and throughout the pass during the fiscal years 1910 and 1911. Amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $1,374.10 for improvement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 809 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no field operations during the fiscal year. There was expended during the fiscal year $15 for maintenance, collection of commercial statistics, and office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, pres- ent work being maintenance. Some snags have accumulated at the mouth of this pass and width reduced. The maximum draft which can be carried over the bars at mouth of the pass is about 7 feet. To June 30, 1915, there was expended under the present project, $1,374.10 for improvement, $15 for maintenance, a total of $1,389.10. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has resulted in some increase in commerce, but the main benefit has been in rendering existing commerce safer for vessels engaged on the Amite River, Bayou Manchac, Tickfaw River and tributaries, and in using this pass to reach their natural market at New Orleans, La. Proposedoperations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is made, as it is believed the balance on hand will be sufficient for the maintenance of the pass during that period. Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912......-----------.. --------------------------------------------- 88,981 $221 707 1913 ... --------------------------------------------------------------- 82,441 2,128,648 1914 -------------------------------------------------------------- 58,496 1,604,032 Decrease in tonnage of shipments and receipts for calendar year 1914 is probably attributable to unusual international shipping (espe- cially in lumber), caused by the European war. However, under normal conditions it is believed an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of lum- ber, brick, oysters, charcoal, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------ $1, 374. 10 Maintenance -- ----- -------- --- -15. 00 Total --- ___-------------- - 1, 389. 10 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 Mew work --------------------------------------------.. .. ....... . 125.00 Maintenance............... --........................... ....... ............. 00 15.------------. APPROPRTATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -_____-__ $1, 625. 90 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement____-____ ___------------- -15. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _--------------------------- 1, 610. 90 81.0 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------- -- ---- --------- $28, 824. 89 Maintenance _--------------------------------------------_ 495. 18 Total___----------- --------------------------------- 29, 320. 07 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......---.--.-.-..-........................-..-----..........-------... $364.00...................... Maintenance................................................. .......... $473.48 $21.70 $------------------------------- APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--_- ______________________ $4, 201.63 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_____-- _________ __--____ ____-_________- 21. 70 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ___-______-- ___-__-_-____-___ 4, 179. 93 5. BOGUE FALIA, BAYOU MANCHAC, AMITE, CHEFUNCTE, AND TICK- FAW RIVERS, LA. Prior to 1902 these streams had been improved under separate ap- propriations. The improvements were combined by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. (A) CHEFUNCTE RIVER AND BOGUE FALIA. Location.-The Chefuncte River and its tributary, Bogue Falia, form an important waterway in southeastern Louisiana, the Che- functe emptying into Lake Pontchartrain on its north shore almost directly opposite the city of New Orleans, a distance of about 312 miles from the head of New Basin, New Orleans, La. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 19.) The portion under im- provement extends from the mouth of the Chefuncte to Covington on Bogue Falia, a distance of 142 miles. Original condition.-Prior to improvement the Chefuncte, from its mouth to Bogue Falia, a distance of about 102 miles, varied in width from 250 to 800 feet and in depth from 15 to 30 feet at low water, and was obstructed by a bar at its mouth over which there was 52 feet at common low tide and fully 1 foot less during northers. The stream was also obstructed by snags, logs, fallen and overhang- ing trees, and several wrecks, and could be navigated only by the smallest schooners. Bogue Falia channel varied in width from 60 to 200 feet and in depth from 4 to 20 feet at low water, and was obstructed by snags, logs, fallen and overhanging trees. To Coving- ton, about 4 miles above its mouth, navigation was practicable only for the smallest schooners and for timber rafts. Steamers could ascend only to a point 2 miles below Covington, La. The remainder of the stream, on account of its tortuous channel and rapid current, was not navigable except for timber rafts. Previous project.-None. The river and harbor act of 1872 appro- priated $6,000 for removal of wreck of gunboat Oregon from the Chefuncte. This work of removal was performed in 1872-73, at a cost of $5,221. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881, based on report dated February 27, 1880, printed in House Executive Document No. 54, Forty-sixth RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 811 Congress, second session, and provides for dredging bar at mouth of the Chefuncte and removal of snags, overhanging trees, etc., to Cov- ington, La., on the Bogue Falia, at an estimated cost of $5,460. In 1884 a breakwater at the mouth of the Chefuncte, extending 820 feet into the lake, was authorized at a cost of $1,500. From an examina- tion made in 1889 (Report of Chief of Engineers 1889, p. 1529) an annual maintenance was recommended at $1,000. Variation in water surface, due to ordinary range of tide, is about 10 inches. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The removal of wreck of the gunboat Oregon from the Chefuncte was performed in 1872. Under the present project obstructions were removed from the Bogue Falia and Chefuncte Rivers in 1884, 1891, 1900, and 1903. The bar at mouth of the Chefuncte and other portions of the stream were dredged from time to time. A pile breakwater was constructed at the mouth of the Chefuncte in 1884 extending 820 feet into the lake for protection of the dredged channel. To June 30, 1914, there was expended, under the present project, $19,342.24 for improve- ment and $16,248.25 for maintenance, a total of $35,590.49. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field work was done during the year. During the fiscal year there was expended $6.70 for maintenance in collection of comrriercial statistics. Condition at end of fiscal year.-Project considered complete, the present work being maintenance. At present a channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low gulf exists over the bar at mouth of the Chefuncte River and in the stream as far as the Bogue Falia. On the Bogue Falia the present channel has a width of 40 feet and depth of 5 feet at mean low gulf except at extreme upper portion at Covington. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $19,342.24 for im- provement and $16,254.95 for maintenance, a total of $35,397.19. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Due to water competition Covington has the advantage of reduced freight on numerous commodities between that point and New Orleans, certain rates being considerably less than to intermediate points having shorter haul. Proposed operations.-It is expected funds on hand June 30, 1915, will be expended by June 30, 1916. The estimate of funds for fiscal year 1917 is for maintenance and is apportioned as follows: Dredging and removing obstructions-------------------------------__ $2, 700 Superintendence, inspection charges---------------------------------- 300 Total---------------------------------------- ---------- 3, 000 Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912------------------.........................................--------------------------------------------418,376 $1,027,363 1913..------------... ------ - ------...... ------------------------------------. 366,323 2,635,000 1914 -------------------------------------------------------------- 326,675 '3,717,283 1 The valuation of logs (the principal item of tonnage) previous to 1914 was estimated too low, which accounts for the large increase in the valution during the calendar year. The decrease in tonnage of shipments and receipts for calendar year 1914 is probably attributable to unusual shipping conditions caused by the European war, and it is believed under normal conditions an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the cal- endar year 1914 consisted principally of lumber, logs, laths, bricks, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. 812 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $19, 342. 24 Maintenance ------------------------------------- 16, 254. 95 Total ---------------------------------------------- 35, 597. 19 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ................................ ............................... Maintenance ................................................ $1,832.93 $1,828.09 $6.70 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-- ------------------------------------------- $3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------ 1, 215.50 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915- - 1, 000. 00 2, 215. 50 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement--------------------------------------------- 6. 70 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--__________ --- ___-______ 2, 208. 80 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ .. ____.________-- (1) (B) TICKFAW RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, LA. Location.-The Tickfaw River and tributaries form a small sys- tem of streams in southeastern Louisiana. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 19.) The headwaters of the Tickfaw rise in extreme southwestern part of Mississippi and flows southerly into Lake Maurepas. It is joined by the Natalbany 2 miles above its mouth and by the Blood 8 miles above its mouth. The Ponchatoula is a tributary of the Natalbany, joining it 4 miles above its junction with the Tickfaw. Section under improvement is Tickfaw, 26 miles; Natalbany, 10 miles; Ponchatoula, 4 miles; the Blood, 4 miles; total, 44 miles. Original condition.-Priorto improvement the head of navigation on the Tickfaw was at a point 16 miles above its mouth, the stream having a depth of 9 feet to that point and width of 100 to 500 feet. A bar tends to form at the mouth of the Tickfaw, over which at low water a depth of only 7 feet existed. Above 16 miles from its mouth the Tickfaw shoaled rapidly and was greatly obstructed with snags, logs, fallen and overhanging trees. The Natalbany was navigable to Springfield, La., 10 miles above its junction with the Tickfaw, 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 818. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 813 and had a depth of 10 feet to this point and widths of 80 to 200 feet. The Blood was navigable for 4 miles above its junction with the Tickfaw, having a depth of 10 feet to this point and width of 80 to 200 feet. The Ponchatoula was navigable for 4 miles above its junction with the Natalbany, having a depth of 10 feet and over, width of 80 to 150 feet. All of these streams were obstructed prior to improvement with snags, logs, fallen and overhanging trees from their mouths to their heads of navigation, but considerable commerce existed and at time of first examination and survey, in 1879, there were three to four schooners per week navigating these waters, besides rafting of considerable timber. Previous project.--None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by river and harbor act of 1881, and is based on report dated February 27, 1880 (Annual Report for 1880, p. 1182), and provides for removal of ob- structions on the Tickfaw River for 26 miles above its mouth, on the Blood River to the head of navigation, about 4 miles, and on the Natalbany and Ponchatoula Rivers, 151 miles, at estimated cost of $10,230. Annual estimate of cost for maintenance and channel dimensions not specified. Variations of water surface are about 9 feet in upper portion of these streams and 1 to 3 feet at mouth of the Tickfaw River. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The Tickfaw River was cleared of obstructions in 1882 and 1884, the Blood, Poncha- toula, and Natalbany Rivers in 1886 and 1887, the project then being considered completed. Work of maintenance has been carried on by removal of obstructions every two or three years. Expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $8,115.49 for improvement and $16,128.71 for maintenance, making a total of $24,244.20. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-There were no field operations during the fiscal year. There was expended during the fiscal year $52.38 for inspection, supervision, and collection of com- mercial statistics. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is considered com- pleted, present work being maintenance. There is a 200-foot chan- nel, with center depth of 7 feet (mean low gulf) over the bar in Lake Maurepas. Head of navigation on the Tickfaw at present is at a point 26 miles above its mouth. On the Natalbany the head of navi- gation is 10 miles above its mouth, on the Blood 4 miles above its mouth, and on the Ponchatoula River 4 miles above its mouth. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $8,115.49 for improvement and $16,181.09 for maintenance, a total of $24,296.58. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-There is no effect on freight rates from the improvement, as there are no railroads adjacent to the navigable portions of these streams, but the general navigability has been much improved, channels widened and deepened, and much larger boats are able to navigate same with safety. Proposed operations.-Maintenancewill be carried on; inspections and collection of commercial statistics will also be carried on. It 814 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. is expected that funds available will be expended by June 30, 1916. Estimate of funds for fiscal year 1917 are apportioned as follows: Removing obstructions, etc---------------------------- $1, 800 Superintendence, inspection, and supervision __________-----_____-__ 200 Total ---------------- 2, 000 Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years are as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912.....................................................................---------------------------------------------------------- 120,437 $1,027,363 1913-----...............-------------..-......------------------------------------------............................................ 121,314 2,227,763 1914.......................................................................--------------------------------------------------------------- 87,105 1,387,496 Decrease in commerce during calendar year is probably attributable to unusual lumber conditions, and it is believed under normal condi- tions an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of lumber, logs, shingles, laths, feed, rice, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work 8, 115. 49 $------------------ Maintenance ----------------------------------------------- 16, 181. 09 Total -- -------- - _---------------_-- 24, 296. 58 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................... ........... ............. ... .. .............. Maintenance.......---...................................-------------------. $2.70 $2,084.04 $52.38 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- $2, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------------_ 1, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------__ 1, 913. 26 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 .__ 1, 000. 00 2, 913. 26 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------------- 52. 38 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------_ __ 2, 860. 88 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-------------------------- (1 ) (c) AMITE RIVER AND BAYOU MANCHAC, LA. Location.-The Amite River and its tributary, Bayou Manchac, lie in southeastern Louisiana, the Amite flowing into Lake Maurepas on its western shore; Bayou Manchac joins the Amite River from the west about 37 miles above its mouth. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic " 1 See consolidated Financialsummary on p. 818. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 815 Survey chart No. 19 for Amite River.) The section under improve- ment is Amite River for 42 miles above its mouth and Bayou Man- chac for 11 miles, including the bars at the mouth of both streams. Original condition.-From Lake Maurepas to Bayou Manchac the Amite River is a tide-water stream, with widths of from 200 to 300 feet, depths 10 to 30 feet, excepting at mouth, where bar exists over which there existed a depth of 5 to 6 feet at low water. Prior to improvement this section was obstructed with snags, fallen and over- hanging trees, and logs for 73 miles above Bayou Manchac, with widths of from 100 to 200 feet and depths of from 2 to 15 feet at low water. From its mouth to Hope Villa, a distance of about 7 miles, Bayou Manchac has widths of from 100 to 200 feet and depths of from 8 to 15 feet, excepting at its mouth in the Amite, where a bar exists over which there was originally a depth of 4 to 5 feet at low water. This section was slightly obstructed. Above Hope Villa the bayou is navigable for 4 miles only, as the upper bayou goes dry in low water and is obstructed with snags, fallen and overhanging trees, and other obstructions. Prior to improvement some naviga- tion existed on the lower Amite and Bayou Manchac, a small steamer making regular trips to Hope Villa on the Manchac. Previous.project.-None. Present project.-Present project was adopted in 1880, and is based on report dated February 27, 1880, printed in House Executive Document No. 54, Forty-sixth Congress, second session, and contem- plates removal of obstructions from the Amite River from its mouth to a point about 73.5 miles above Bayou Manchac, a total distance of 110.5 miles above its mouth, at an estimated cost of $23,760. In 1888 the improvement of Bayou Manchac was added, in accordance with report dated June 27, 1882, printed in Annual Report for 1882, page 1415, providing for removal of obstructions from the mouth of Bayou Manchac to .a point about 11 miles upstream, at an estimated cost of $731.25. In 1883 the project was modified to omit from improve- ment that portion of the Amite above Bayou Manchac, and in 1889 the improvement of the Amite for a distance of 5 miles above Bayou Manchac was again added. The dredging of a turning basin for boats at Wards Creek, on the Manchac, was authorized in 1892. In 1902 the project was modified to provide for redredging the channel through the bar at the mouth of the Amite 8 feet deep (mean low Gulf) and as wide as available funds would permit. In 1905 the project was modified for dredging the bar at the mouth of Bayou Manchac to the same depth. Project as modified to date provides for the removal of obstructions and dredging Amite River and Bayou Manchac for the accommodation of navigation, together with con- struction of a turning basin near the mouth of Wards Creek, under which work is now being prosecuted, in the Amite River only, to a point 5 miles above the mouth of Bayou Manchac, and in the Man- chac up to the turning basin, with a view of affording a depth of 8 feet, and of such width throughout as can be provided with avail- able funds. Annual estimate of cost of maintenance and channel dimensions not specified. Variation of water surface in the Manchac and upper Amite is 6 to 12 feet, due to floods; lower Amite 2 to 3 feet, due to tide and wind. 816 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-Work of improvement was carried on under the project in the Amite between 1881 and 1884, and in 1890 and 1891 a turning basin was dredged in the Manchac. In 1899 and 1900 channels were dredged through bars at mouth of both streams, obstructions being removed from time to time as they re-formed. To June 30, 1914, there was expended the sum of $24,900.82 for improvement, $35,856.08 for maintenance, a total of $60,756.90. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge The Ram worked on this improvement in dredging a channel 6 feet by 60 feet over the bar at the mouth of the Manchac into Amite River, removing 4,200 cubic yards of material, dredging 740 linear feet of channel, removing 64 snags and trees therefrom, at a total cost of $1,565. Superintendence, inspection, and collection of commercial statistics were carried on during the year. During the fiscal year there was expended $1,607.28 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is considered completed, present work being for maintenance. Improvements have resulted in removal of obstructions to navigation and in increased depths over bars. The length of navigable portions of both streams has been increased. Condition is good, excepting the upper 5 miles of the Amite above the Manchac; this portion has very little com- merce and has fallen into disuse with snags and overhanging trees. The maximum draft that can pass over the bar in Lake Maurepas, at mouth of the Amite, is 6 feet at mean low gulf, and the maximum draft over bar in Amite River, at mouth of the Manchac, is 6 feet mean low gulf. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $24,900.82 for improvement, $37,463.36 for maintenance, a total of $62,364.18. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-There is no definite data as to the effect of the improvement on freight rates, as the territory adjacent to navigable portions of these streams is practically without rail- roads. However, the improvement has resulted in a safer and better means of water transportation on both streams, serving a territory practically not reached by any railroads. Proposed operations.-The balance on hand June 30, 1915, will be expended by June 30, 1916. The estimate for the fiscal year 1917 is for maintenance and is apportioned as follows: Dredging and removing other obstructions 2, 700 $------------------------ Superintendence and inspection ------------------------------------ 300 Total __ Total---------------------------------------------------300 3, 000 Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons Valuation. 1912..... ---............ ---- --------... 47,476 $940,563 1913------------ --- -----------------------------------------------... 46,608 1,112,105 1914---.-. .............-------------------------------------------------------- 36,079 1,312,272 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 817 Decrease in tonnage of shipments and receipts for the calendar year 1914 is probably attributable to unusual lumber-shipping condi- tions, and it is believed under normal conditions an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of lumber, logs, shingles, laths, cordwood, and miscellaneous merchan- dise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------- $24, 900. 82 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 37, 463. 36 Total--- --------------------------------------- 62, 364. 18 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... ... .... .. ............. Maintenance ................................................. $920.37 $1,009.50 $1,607.28 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- $2, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 3,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended________________________ 1,847. 11 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 3, 000. 00 4, 847. 11 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement _________----------------------- 1,607. 28 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __ - -______ __ 239. 83 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ___------_______ __-----3, -__ ------ -4.63 July 1, 1915 balance available____-------____ ------------ _ 3, 235. 20 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___ ------- ()__- (1) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ 52, 358. 55 Maintenance _--------_- -- - ____,_-69, 899. 40 Total ------------------------------------------ Total_, 122 257. 122, 95 257. 95 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... .................................................................... Maintenance................................................. $2,756.00 $4,921.63 $1,666.36 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 818. 0 8373 --ENG 1915---52 818 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------ -------------------------------- $7, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------------- --------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------- __ 4, 975. 87 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 9, 975. 87 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement1,----------------------------------------- 666. 36 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------ ---------------- 8, 309. 51 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_----------___----------- 4. 63 July 1, 1915, balance available_.....-... --------------- 8, 304. 88 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year' ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----- 18, 000. 00 6. BAYOU PLAQUEMINE, GRAND RIVER, AND PIGEON BAYOUS, LA. Location.-Bayou Plaquemine lies in the south-central part of Louisiana, and connects with the Mississippi River by Plaquemine Lock, 112 miles above New Orleans, La. (Vicinity shown on U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) The waterway from Plaquemine to Morgan City, La., consists of Bayou Plaquemine, 10.6 miles; Grand River (one of the channels of the Atchafalaya River), 18 miles; Bay Natchez, 7.5 miles; Little Goddell and Big Goddell, 5.9 miles; Belle River, 9 miles; Bayou Long, 7.3 miles; Flat Lake and Drews Pass to Berwick Bay, 3.2 miles; and thence by the Atchafalaya River to Morgan City, 2.5 miles. Pigeon Bayous con- sist of Pigeon Bayou and its outlet tributary, Little Pigeon Bayou, and connects Grand River and Grand Lake, flowing from the former stream about 15 miles below the mouth of Bayou Plaquemine. The entire waterway from Plaquemine to Morgan City, about 64 miles in length, is included in the project. Pigeon Bayous, with an aggre- gate length of about 20 miles, are also included. General direction is southerly. Original condition.-Prior to 1867 Bayou Plaquemine was an outlet of the Mississippi River, and at high water formed a navigable route between the Mississippi River and the Atchafalaya River and its tributaries. It was obstructed with logs, stumps, and sawmill refuse, and so shoal in places in the first 5 miles of its length as to be dry at low water. Grand River and Pigeon Bayous were much obstructed with stumps, logs, fallen and overhanging trees, rafts, and shoals excepting in one reach of Grand River known as Bay Natchez, where only 4 to 42 feet existed at low water. Flat Lake, at the lower end of Grand River, only carried 4 to 41 feet depth at low water. Previous project.-There was no previous project. Present project.-The present project, adopted by river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, provides for a water route from the lower 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 819 Atchafalaya River to the Mississippi River at Plaquemine, by means of a lock and by dredging and removing obstructions in the water- way of the route; also for securing mouth of the bayou from caving of its banks. The report on which the project is based does not definitely fix dimensions of channel throughout the waterway; esti- mated cost, $1,708,250. (See S. Ex. Doc. No. 121, 49th Cong., 1st sess.) The river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, and subsequent acts authorized use of funds appropriated for this work to the im- provement of Pigeon Bayous. The river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, authorized entering into contract revising cost to $1,740,000; the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, appropriated $100,000 for construction of a dredge and for maintenance. In 1899 the rectify- ing of Bayou Plaquemine, and making a channel from Plaquemine to Morgan City, 125 feet wide, bottom width 95 feet, and 10 feet deep, by dredging and removing snags and other obstructions was author- ized by the Chief of Engineers. Variation of the water surface on Bayou Plaquemine and upper Grand River is 8 to 9 feet, due to flood; lower Grand River and Flat Lake 2 to 5 feet, due to tide and flood. Operationsand results priorto the fiscal year.-The lock was com- pleted in 1909; approaches and fill in 1911; securing mouth against further caving of banks was carried on and maintained. The chan- nel was dredged from Plaquemine to Morgan City in 1910; again in 1911 and 1912, and in 1913 and 1914 to Bayou Plaquemine. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $1,844,035.64 for improve- ment and $89,882.13 for maintenance, a total of $1,933,917.77. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge Delatour removed from channel of bayou 56,600 cubic yards material, at a cost of $4,065.50, and the U. S.. dredge The Ram removed 30,897 cubic yards material, at a cost of $5,003.14. The U. S. dredge Grossetete worked in upper Bay Natchez, removing 650 cubic yards of material and 6 large stumps, at a cost of $209.64. During the fiscal year the sum of $21,319.63 was expended for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The lock at the entrance of the bayou to the Mississippi River is completed; there is a through waterway from the Mississippi River at Plaquemine to Morgan City, La., with depths of 9 feet or more at low water, excepting where shoaling has occurred in Flat Lake, where low water depth is only 6 feet. Pigeon Bayous are navigable at high water, but obstructions prevent their use by boats in low water. The entire waterway is navigable for steamers and other craft. The improvement is con- sidered complete. There was expended to June 30, 1915, for im- provement $1,844,035.64 and for maintenance $111,201.76, a total of $1,955,237.40. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The channel has been increased 4 feet to 6 feet in depth in Flat Lake and 4 feet to 9 feet in depth in other portions of waterway. Effect on freight rates has been very marked. The rates from New Orleans to Morgan City and other points along Bayou Teche, where the railroad touches, are much less than they were previous to the improvement. Proposed operations.-It is expected that funds available June 30, 1915, will be expended by June 30, 1916. The following estimate of 820 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. funds for maintenance for the fiscal year 1917 is apportioned as fol- lows: Dredging 200,000 cubic yards, at 7 cents per cubic yard ____ -___ $15, 000 Removing obstructions ------------------ 3, 000 Inspection, supervision, and contingencies____________---------------------_ 2,000 Total ---------------- --------------------------- 20, 000 During this period, work of removing obstructions from the chan- nel and restoring project depth and width will be carried on. Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. .............. 988, 692 $8,661175 1912. .................................................................... 1913 .... ........... ..... ..... ................................................. 976,701 7,576,795 1914 ..... .. .... .................. .................................... 876,667 1 21,593,942 1' The valuation of logs, the principal item of tonnage, previous to 1914, was estimated entirely too low which accounts for the large increase in valuation during the calendar year 1914. Decrease in tonnage during the calendar year 1914 is probably attributable to unusual international shipping conditions caused by the European war, and it is believed under normal conditions an in- crease would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of fuel oil, logs, lumber, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------- $1, 844, 035. 64 Maintenance ----------- ------------- 111, 201. 76 Total ----------------------------------------- 1, 955, 237. 40 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................... .......................... Maintenance........... .......................................... $9,710.95 $31,269.31 $21,319.63 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------------ $20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----______----- ----------- 36, 030. 36 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Receipts from sales and other sources ------------ _ - -- 78. 01 56, 108. 37 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement______------------ - - - - 21, 319. 63 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __________- __ 34, 788. 74 _ July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_- ...--- -- _ 251. 23 July 1, 1915, balance available_ --- 34, 537. 51 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ ______-__ ' 20, 000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 821 7. OPERATING AND CARE OF PLAQUEMINE LOCK, LA. Location.-Plaquemine Lock connects the Mississippi River with the Atchafalaya River and tributaries by way of Bayou Plaque- mine, 112 miles above New Orleans, La. Original condition.-Prior to construction of the lock continual trouble was experienced where the bayou enters the Mississippi River by reason of caving banks, and during certain seasons of the year the bayou was so shoal as to be dry in places at low water for the first 5 miles of its length. Previous project.-The lock was constructed under the project for improving Bayou Plaquemine, La., adopted by river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. Present project.-The lock was placed in status of finished work on July 1, 1909, and is operated under the indefinite appropriation made by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Since completion the lock has been operated and the grounds kept in good condition. To June 30, 1911, there was expended $97,422.97 for operation and care of lock and grounds. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The regular duties connected with the operation and care of lock, care of buildings and grounds, were carried on. There was removed from the river ap- proach and lock chamber by the dredge The Ram 23,955 cubic yards of material at a cost of $1,413.76. The U. S. dredge Delatour re- moved 13,800 cubic yards of material from the river and bayou ap- proaches at a cost of $1,699.48. A new lock master's dwelling was built; this work was done by hired labor, costing $5,603.38. A steel superstructure to be fastened to gates in cases of extreme high water was designed, bought, and prepared for use. A retaining wall 325 feet in length was erected on top of lock wall to connect with steel superstructure; cost of wall and steel work is $1,813.65. During the fiscal year there was expended $23,092.12. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The lock is located in the town of Plaquemine, La., at the mouth of Bayou Plaquemine, on the Mississippi River, 112 miles above New Orleans, La., and 225 miles from the mouth of the Mississippi River (at Southwest Pass), and 219 miles from South Pass. Available length, 265 feet; clear width, 55 feet; depth over sills at low water, 10 feet. Lift is dependent on stage of the river, varying from zero to 28 feet. Completed June 30, 1909, at a cost of $1,302,006.38. The lock is equipped with power house and office building, two lock masters' dwellings, and several outhouses located on the reservation near the lock. The United States property in vicinity of the lock comprises 19 acres. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $120,515.09 for operation and care of lock and grounds. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The lock, being operated throughout the year, provides a waterway from the Mississippi River through the lock and Plaquemine waterway to the Atchafalaya River and Bayou Teche. As a result freight rates to Morgan City and points on the Teche have been greatly reduced. Proposed operations.-The lock will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite 822 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts passing through the lock during the last three calendar years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912............................................................................. 113,409 $4,764,187 1913 ............................................................................ 81,966 3,947,427 1914 ............................................................................ 55,095 2,802,100 Decrease in commerce during the calendar year 1914 is probably attributable to unusual international shipping conditions, caused by the European war. However, under normal conditions it is be- lieved an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year consisted principally of lumber, sugar, and miscel- laneous merchandise, and the quantity, in short tons, and valuation are as specified above. 8. BAYOU GROSSETETE, LA. Location.-Bayou Grossetete is one of the waterways of the Atcha- falaya River basin, lying between that stream and the Mississippi River. (Vicinity shown on U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Its headwaters are in Pointe Coupee Parish, and it extends in a general southeast direction through that parish and Iberville Parish to Bayou Plaquemine, which it enters about 8 miles from the Missis- sippi River. Its length is about 40 miles; section under improvement extends from its mouth to a point about 5 miles above Maringouin, a distance of about 29 miles from mouth. Original condition.-Prior to improvement navigation for about 23 miles from mouth to 1 mile below Maringouin was hazardous on account of numerous snags, fallen and overhanging trees, and at low water was most difficult on account of several shoals and innumerable obstructions. Near the 23-mile point there was located a sawmill, which used the bayou as a storage pond for logs, blocking off the stream to navigation. From the mouth to the head of proposed im- provement (about 29-mile point) the depth of channel varied from 2 feet to over 10 feet at mean low water, with widths of 40 feet to 100 feet in central and upper portions and over 300 feet near mouth. Previous project.-There was no previous project. Present project.--The present project, adopted by river and harbor act of July 25, 191, provides for improving the stream from its mouth to a point at out 5 miles above Maringouin by removing snags and trees and by dredging a channel 60 feet wide and 5 feet deep at low water, at an estimated cost of $18,000 for improvement and $500 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 348, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) Project not modified since its adoption, but the estimate has been found to be inadequate, and $30,000 has been made available for the work. The variation of water surface is from 2 feet to 8 feet, due to flood conditions. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the project the work of removing principal obstructions was carried on with RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 823 hired plant during the fiscal year 1913. The U. S. dredge Grossetete began operations in 1913 at the 9-mile point and completed channel to the 10.3 mile; numerous logs, sinkers, and other obstructions were removed under informal agreement with a local lumber company. To June 30, 1914, there was expended $17,874.05 for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-A survey of the stream was made in October, 1914. Under informal agreement 468 logs, or 65,331 feet b. m., were removed by a local lumber company. The U. S. dredge Grossetete resumed work on June 15, 1915, at 10 mile+1,500 feet, and at end of the fiscal year was at the 10 mile +2,900 feet, having dredged 1,400 feet of channel, involving the removal of 11,129 cubic yards of material, 14 trees, 164 stumps, and 66 snags. This latter work, as being carried on, will provide a chan- nel 40 feet wide, 5 feet deep at mean low water. During the fiscal year there was expended $788.49 for improvement. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The worst of the obstructions and overhanging trees have been removed; dredging completed from mile 9 to mile 10.55; dredging still required in upper portions of stream, principally near Slack's mill. To June 30, 1915, a channel, based on dimensions of 5 feet deep and 40 feet wide, was considered 60 per cent completed. At low-water stage head of navigation for steamers is 11 miles above the mouth; small launches can navigate to about 5 miles above Maringouin. Available depth is 5 feet for a dis- tance of 10.55 miles from the mouth, and from that point to limit of improvement is 2.5 to 5 feet. To June 30, 1915, there was expended for improvement $18,662.54. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Obstructionswere removed and a channel 5 feet deep was secured 10.55 miles; small boats operated to about 5 miles above Maringouin. Commerce in high-grade freight has in- creased as far as improvement is completed. No change in rail freight rates has thus far been noted. Proposed operations.--Itis expected that the balance on hand will be expended by June 30, 1916. Funds estimated for the fiscal year 1917 will be expended in completing and maintaining a channel 40 feet wide and 5 feet deep, and are apportioned as follows: Removing 22,500 cubic yards of material, at 20 cents per cubic yard,- $4, 500 Superintendence and inspection----------------------------------- 500 Total---------------------- ----------------------------- 5,000 Commercial statistics.--A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912....................................... .............. ....................... 48,630 $350,512 1913....................................................................... .. 195,418 897,820 1914........................................................................... 127, 646 12,565,511 1 Valuation of logs, the principal item of tonnage, was too low for calendar year 1913, which accounts for increase shown during calendar year 1914. Decrease in commerce during calendar year 1914 is probably attributable to unusual shipping conditions; nor- mally, an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year consisted principally of lumber, logs, cordwood, moss, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. 824 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $18, 662. 54 Maintenance .... Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................ $7,084.11 $10,789.94 $788.49 Maintenance............................. ............................ ............. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912_ - _________- - - - - -_ $18, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ----------------------------------------------- 9, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__ __-------------229. 21 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 9, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 3, 000. 00 x12, 229. 21 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ------------------------------ 788. 49 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 11, 440. 72 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ ______-___-_________ _ 105. 83 July 1, 1915, balance available ___------. _..------- 11, 334. 89 -____ Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance --------- 5, 000. 00 9. BAYOU LAFOURCHE, LA. Location.-Priorto 1902 Bayou Lafourche was an outlet of the Mississippi River, its head being at Donaldsonville, 80 miles above New Orleans, La. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 19.) From the Mississippi to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico it has a length of 107 miles with widths varying from 75 to 150 feet. Section under improvement extends from Donaldsonville, at Missis- sippi River, to the mouth, a distance of 107 miles. The general direction of flow is southeast; mouth of the bayou is about 47 statute miles west of Southwest Pass, and about 80 statute miles east of Atchafalaya River at Morgan City. Original condition.-Priorto improvement Bayou Lafourche was obstructed with snags and other obstructions, also sand bars over which at low water there was scarcely 21 feet of water, otherwise the bayou had depths of from 4 to 10 feet at low water. Channel widths varied from 66 feet near its head to 450 feet at junction with the Gulf of Mexico. At high water the entire bayou is navigable for boats, and the entire year for flats and barges. 1 The sum of $365.42 was received during the fiscal year 1915 from sales of logs and erroneously credited to appropriation, the auditor having taken exception to this and directed that this amount be transferred to miscellaneous receipts, and it being in course of adjustment, this amount has not been included in this statement. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 825 Previous project.-Based on report (Annual Report for 1874, p. 765) the project was adopted by river and harbor act of June 13, 1878, modified in 1879 and 1884. Prior to adoption of present project there was expended for this project $29,920.39. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1850. Present project.-The present project was adopted by river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, based on report dated June 11, 1886 (Annual Report for 1886, p. 1266), and provides for construction of a lock at head of the bayou and a channel 75 feet wide and 5 feet deep at extreme low water in the bayou below proposed lock by dredging at an estimated cost of $450,000. That part of this project that contemplates securing the channel by dredging at an estimated cost of $240,000 was adopted by river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. Project was modified in 1896 so as to hold construction of the lock in abeyance and restrict operations to maintenance of low water navigation in the upper part of bayou by dredging. Esti- mated cost $25,000 per annum. Under authority of river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, the joint organization of the Atchafalaya and Lafourche levee boards of the State of Louisiana were authorized to close head of the bayou with a dam for a period of two years and six months pending construction of lock at head of the bayou by the levee boards. River and harbor act of June 13, 1904, extended time three. years, and act of March 2, 1907, extended the time to January 1, 1910. Act of March 4, 1915, extended the time to July 1, 1917. The project as modified to date provides for maintenance of channel at least 75 feet wide by 5 feet deep throughout the bayou at extreme low water. A lock connecting this bayou with the Mississippi River at Donaldsonville is to be constructed by the joint organization of the Atchafalaya and Lafourche levee boards. Variation of water sur- face, due to tide, is 1 to 2 feet in the lower portion and a few inches in the upper. Elevation at the upper end is frequently 1 to 2 feet higher due to water siphoned over the dam from the Mississippi River. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work began in 1888 and continued annually, during the low-water seasons, until 1902, securing a channel 60 feet wide by 3 to 4 feet deep at low water by dredging and removal of obstructions extending 38 to 100 miles below head of the bayou. Plans were prepared by the joint organiza- tion of the Atchafalaya and Lafourche levee boards for construction of the lock, and duly approved by the Secretary of War. It was found that the lock would cost more than was obtainable; therefore the matter was allowed to rest until fall of 1899. Plans were drawn for another lock which it is believed can be built within the resources of the boards. Since 1902 no dredging has been done by the United States, pending construction of the lock or removal of dam at head of the bayou. In 1912 some obstructions were removed, and survey of the entire bayou, from head to mouth, was made for the purpose of locating drainage ditches and placing responsibility for obstructions. Since 1902, dredging has been carried on by local boards. To June 30, 1914, there was expended, under the present project, $220,515.09 for improvement and $14,397.22 for maintenance, a total of $234,- 912.31. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no field operations during the year. Necessary inspections, supervision, and 826 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. collection of commercial statistics were carried on. Dredging was carried on by the joint organization of levee boards. During the year there was expended $147.38 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Present project considered completed and present work consists entirely of maintenance. Depths in the bayou are 44 feet over bar; 42 feet and over for first 51 miles above its mouth; 3 feet to 22 feet over the remainder. To June 30, 1915, there was expended under the present project $220,515.09 for improvements and $14,544.60 for maintenance, a total of $235,059.69. Local cooperation.-River and harbor act of June 13, 1902, au- thorized the Atchafalaya and Lafourche levee boards to close head of the bayou provided they would maintain channel 6 feet deep and 60 feet wide throughout the bayou, and provide and maintain suit- able basins for turning and passing of vessels. The levee boards have maintained a dredge at various times in the bayou, removing from the channel the worst shoals, since closing the bayou conditions have not improved. Effect of improvement.-Effect of improvement on freight rates is not definitely known. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for fiscal year 1917 is made, pending construction of lock or removal of dam from head of -the bayou. Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912.... .. ..................................................... 232,186 $3,051,645 1913.................................. ................................ 295,159 4,094,935 1914... ....... ...... ....... .................................... 335,361 6,261,201 The tonnage for the calendar year consisted principally of lumber, shingles, logs, fuel oil, cane, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity, in short tons, and valuation are as specified above. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------- ----- ------- $250, 435. 48 Maintenance 14, 544. 60 Maintenance------------------------------------------1,546 Total --------------------------------------------- 264, 980. 08 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................ . ... $878.41 Maintenance ................................................ $367.84 $147.38 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------- $2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _______________-______- 2,759. 67 Receipts from sales _________________ --------------- 15. 45 2, 775. 12 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------- 147. 38 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------- -- 2, 627.74 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 827 10. BAYOU TERREBONNE, LA. Location.-Bayou Terrebonne is a small stream in southern Louisiana, flowing in a southerly direction from near Thibodaux, La., 53 miles to Terrebonne Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 19.) Original condition.--Priorto improvement Bayou Terrebonne had depths of from 4 feet to 20 feet at low water, but was obstructed in the upper part by shoals, over which a depth of only 2 feet existed, and some overhanging trees, with widths varying from 40 to 200 feet from Houma, La., to the mouth. That portion, 16 miles long, above Houma is not considered navigable, as in dry season portions of it go entirely dry. Considerable commerce existed on the stream prior to improvement, produce being brought to Houma by water for reshipment by rail. Previous project.-Originalproject of 1880 is based on report sub- mitted in that year (Annual Report for 1880, p. 1179). There was expended under this project the sum of $38,641.10. Under the emer- gency appropriation act of March 3, 1905, allotments aggregating $10,000 were made by the Secretary of War for restoration of usual channel depth and removal of obstructions in Bayou Terrebonne and adjacent waterways. There was expended for this work $8,422.73. Total amount expended prior to adoption of the present project was $47,063.83. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1851. Present project.-Present project adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and contemplates securing a channel in Bayou Terrebonne 6 feet deep at low water and of suitable width from Houma, La., to deep water at estimated cost of $50,000. (See H. Doc. No. 1163, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) The estimated cost was subsequently increased to $75,000. Variation of water surface in the upper portion of the Terrebonne is from 3 to 4 feet, due to floods; in the lower portion from 1 to 3 feet, due to wind and tide. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the project adopted in 1880 work of dredging was carried on from 1880 to 1887, and a channel 4 feet deep at low water secured for 232 miles below Houma, La. A dredge boat was constructed and partly paid for from the appropriation for this work. The amount expended was $38,- 641.10. Under the emergency allotment made in 1909 channels were dredged in Bayou Terrebonne for 4,550 feet; Bush Canal, 5,222 feet; and Bayou Little Caillou, 4,400 feet. Bayou Terrebonne was also cleared of obstructions for a distance of 6,260 feet. The amount expended was $8,422.73. Under the present project, in 1912, permis- sion was obtained from the riparian landowners to deposit the dredged materials upon their lands. Work was commenced Decem- ber 1, 1913, and discontinued May 2, 1914, as all available funds were expended. A channel was dredged for a distance of 5.88 miles and to a width of from 45 to 50 feet and depth of 6 feet, removing 194,910 cubic yards of material at a cost of 102 cents per cubic yard. To June 30, 1914, there was expended under the present project $24,337.54 for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge Delatour began work at the 5.88 mile below Houma, La., and at the end of the year was 14.16 miles below Houma, La. Channel dimen- sions were 50 feet bottom width, 6 feet deep, mean low gulf, excepting 828 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. where width is contracted at bridges. Dredge removed 385,450 cubic yards of material, 641 snags and other obstructions, at a cost of $18,235.19, or 4.7 cents per cubic yard, including removal of logs, etc. During the fiscal year there was expended $20,551.90 for improve- ment, which includes pro rata share of cost of construction of launch Maurepas ($1,497.50), quarter boat Lacassine ($195.18), and Fuel Barge No.2 ($908.71). Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At end of the fiscal year the project was considered 59 per cent completed, work having been car- ried on to 14.16 miles below Houma, to which point a channel 50 feet bottom width and 6 feet deep (mean low gulf) had been obtained excepting where contracted at bridges and through town of Houma. Rest of channel 41 feet mean low gulf. To June 30, 1915, there was expended under the project $44,889.44 for improvement. Local cooperation.--Under the terms of the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, adopting the project, modified by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, the only existing requirement is that none of the appropriation shall be spent in procuring lands needed for additional width. Consent of the riparian land owners has been obtained without cost to the United States. Effect of improvement.-The improvement not being completed, it is difficult to state what effect the improvement may have on freight rates, but there is no doubt that the increased depth will decrease the cost of water transportation on the bayou and probably freight rates to points along the stream where the railroad touches. Proposed operations.-It is expected that the funds on hand June 30, 1915, will be expended by June 30, 1916. Estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is as follows: Maintenance: Removing obstructions and dredging shoal places -- ..------------- 2, 700 Superintendence, inspection, and contingencies-------------------- 300 Total ------------- ---------------------------------- 3, 000 Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912 ........................ .. ...... ............................. 142,498 3,394,987 1913. ....................................... ................... 152,192 4,245,188 1914............................................................................................ 153,195 3,758,014 The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of furs, lumber, fuel oil, cane, sugar, oysters, shrimp, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. Financialsumimary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $91, 953. 27 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............ . ... ... ................... $... $500.00 $23,837.54 $20,551.90 Maintenance...................................... -........... RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 829 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914------------------ ------------------------- $25,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------- ---------------------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_--- ------------------------- 662. 46 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914____ 25, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 15, 000. 00 Receipts from sales__ ----------------------------------- 33.20 40, 695. 66 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement -------------------- ----------------- 20, 551.90 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------- --------------- 20, 143. 76 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -------------------- 2, 897. 43 July 1, 1915, balance available_ __ ------- - 17, 246. 33 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------------------------------- 110, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-___-------------- 1 3, 000. 00 11. ATCHAFALAYA RIVER, FROM MORGAN CITY, LA., TO THE GULF OF MEXICO. Location.-The Atchafalaya River is an outlet of the Mississippi as well as of the Red River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 19.) It begins at Old River, on the northern boundary of Pointe Coupee Parish, rad flows generally south a distance of about 170 miles and empties i=ito Atchafalaya Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico. The section under improvement is from the 20-foot con- tour, 4 miles from the mouth of the Atchafalaya River, to the 20-foot contour in the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of about 154 miles. Original condition.-Priorto improvement a natural channel, 20 feet deep, extended into Atchafalaya Bay for a distance of 4 miles beyond its mouth, but from this point to the 20-foot contour in the Gulf of Mexico there was an available depth of only about 7 feet. Two different channels of 12 feet and 14 feet, respectively, had been dredged through Atchafalaya Bay by private parties in order to give an outlet for a considerable commerce which originates at or near Morgan City. The older (or the 12-foot) channel had greatly deteriorated and was practically abandoned, the outlet being by way of the 14-foot channel in a more southerly direction. The Atchafalaya for 17 miles below Morgan City to its mouth in Atcha- falaya Bay had a width of from 1,500 to 3,000 feet and depth at low water of from 20 to 140 feet. Previous project.-There was no previous project. Presentproject.-The present project, adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, contemplates securing a channel 200 feet wide and 20 feet deep from the 20-foot contour, 4 miles from the mouth of the Atchafalaya River, to the 20-foot contour in the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of about 151.miles, and its maintenance for a period of three years at an estimated cost of $530,000, and $10,000 for inspections, superintendence, etc., by the United States. (See H. Doc. No. 669, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The project has not been modified 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, 830 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. since its adoption. Variation of water surface is 1 to 3 feet, due to tides. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Contract for con- struction and maintenance of the 20-foot channel was entered into on August 27, 1910, with the Atchafalaya Bay Ship Channel Co., of Morgan City, La., the owners of the 14-foot channel, in accordance with authority contained in the act adopting the project. Work of construction was completed and the three-year contract for mainte- nance began on October 14, 1911. The contractors placed a dredge on the work of maintenance whenever the quarterly inspections showed less than 18 feet in the channel as required by the .terms of the contract. To June 30, 1914, there had been expended on the project $501,963.23 for improvement and $6,542.79 for maintenance, making a total of $508,506.02. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The contract work of final maintenance was begun on August 13, 1914, and provided for a channel 20 by 200 feet from a point 4 miles from mouth of Atcha- falaya River to the 20-foot contour in the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of 151 miles, and was completed on November 17, 1914, removing 2,317,996 cubic yards of material. The amount paid the contractor for three years' maintenance was $30,000. The U. S. dredge Gulfport started to work on June 4, 1915, at the 18-foot contour in the Gulf of Mexico and worked inward, cutting an 18-foot cut, and completed at end of fiscal year 22,580 linear feet of channel 18 by 200 feet, removing 881,242 cubic yards of material. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $35,585.47 for maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-Construction of channel and three years' maintenance by contract is completed, and the present work is that of maintenance by the United States. The maximum draft has been increased 7 to 20 feet. The present depth over dredged portion is 18 feet and undredged portion 14 feet. On November 17, 1914, at the close of contract, a through draft of 20 feet and width of 200 feet was available. Length of improved sec- tion 151 miles; head of navigation for this draft is Morgan City. Expenditures to June 30, 1915 were $501,963.23 for improvement, $42,128.26 for maintenance, making a total of $544,091.49. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-The improvement has resulted in enabling deeper draft vessels to enter the Atchafalaya River, and has also resulted in a substantial reduction in freight rates between Morgan City and eastern ports on certain commodities; schooners carry lumber at considerably less than the all rail, or the combined rail and water rates. Proposed operations.-It is expected that the present funds will be expended by August 15, 1915, excepting a small balance which will be retained to permit occasional inspections, which will be ex- pended by June 30, 1916. The following estimate of funds for fiscal year 1917 is submitted in detail: For dredging, in accordance with approved project: 2,500,000 cubic yards at 21 cents per cubic yard______________________________ _ $62, 500 Superintendence, inspection and surveys___________________-------------------___ 7, 500 Total _-------------------------------------- 70, 000 During this time it is expected to maintain the channel at present depth and width. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 831 Commercial statistics.--A comparative statement of shipments and receipts at Morgan City, La., for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912.............. .................................... 799,806 $4,774,832 1913............................................................................. 695,490 4,268,655 1914............................ ................................................ 653,183 113,258,877 1 The valuation of logs, the principal item of tonnage, previous to 1914, was estimated too low, which accounts for increase in valuation during the calendar year 1914. De- crease in commerce during the calendar year 1914 is probably attributable to unusual international shipping conditions caused by the European war, and under normal condi- tions it is believed an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of lumber, fuel oil, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as-specified above. Of the above tonnage the actual tonnage which passes through the Atchafalaya Bay Ship Channel is as follows : Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912........... ...... ... . .......................................... 41,588 $443,432 1913 ......................................................................... 29,427 249,635 1914 ............................................................................ 66,147 1,553,619 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $501, 963. 23 Maintenance __________---_______________ 42, 128. 26 Total --------------------------------------------- 544, 091.49 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............. ........... ................ Maintenance ............................................... $3,686.31 $2,856.48 $35,585.47 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914__-------------------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------ 20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-- __________-________31, 493. 98 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 20, 000. 00 61, 493. 98 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement--------- --------------------------- 35, 585. 47 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___-____________________________ 25, 908. 51 July 1, 1915, outstanding liaoilities__---------------------------- 4, 937. 97 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 20, 970. 54 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement- ---- ' 70, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 832 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 12. BAYOU TECHE, LA. Location.-Bayou Teche has its source in Bayou Courtableau in St. Landry Parish and flows in a southeasterly direction a distance of 125 miles to where it joins the lower Atchafalaya River, about 10 miles above Morgan City, La. Portion under improvement is from its mouth to Arnaudville, La., a distance of 107 miles. (Vicinity shown on U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Originalcondition.-Bayou Teche has widths varying from 50 feet at Arnaudville to 350 feet at its mouth. Being an outlet of Bayou Courtableau, during high water it was formerly navigable to its head, a distance of 125 miles; during low-water season the current is sluggish as Bayou Teche has no tributaries and the only water it receives is from rainfall over a narrow watershed, generally less than 1 mile wide adjacent to the stream. There was a depth of 4 feet at St. Martinville, La., at low water, but the channel was obstructed with logs, snags, fallen and overhanging trees, and wrecks. Previous project.-The first examination of Bayou Teche was un- dertaken under authority of the river and harbor act March 2, 1829. The original project for improvement was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 11, 1870, and appropriations made from time to time thereafter until the adoption of the present project by act of September 19, 1890. The amount expended under previous proj- ects was $45,004.43 for improvement. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1851. Present project.-The present project is based on river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, limiting the expenditure of funds to the improvement of the stream from the mouth to St. Martinville by removing snags and other obstructions and dredging, at an estimated first cost of $7,500 and $1,000 annually for maintenance. (See An- nual Report for 1889, p. 1532.) The river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, modified and extended the improvement, in accordance with report published in House Document No. 527, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session, and provided for a channel 50 feet width and 6 feet depth to Arnaudville, La., by dredging, removal of snags, and over- hanging trees and by construction of a lock at Keystone Plantation and other regulating works. Estimated cost, $111,000, subsequently increased to $275,000. There is variation of the water surface at low water, in the lower part of the stream, due to tide, of approximately 3 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-Under the examina- tion ordered by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1829, a survey was made and estimate of cost ($30,000) for the contemplated im- provement was submitted. Under the original project obstructions were removed from the head to the mouth of the stream in 1871, and from the mouth to St. Martinville in 1872. In 1880 and 1881, from St. Martinville up to Leonville, and in 1885 and 1886, from New Iberia to the head of the bayou. Under the present project, in 1908 a channel was dredged through the bars below New Iberia, and in 1911 through shoals below same place. Lands for lock and dam site, consisting of 12.27 acres, were deeded to the United States and approved by the Attorney General in 1909; expenditures being contingent upon the United States being secured against all RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 833 possible claims for loss or damage resulting from overflow of lands by reason of lock and dam improvement and from draining of Spanish Lake, this requirement was effected and the lock begun, with hired labor, October, 1910, and completed June 30, 1913. Con- trolling gates were constructed in the canal feeder from Spanish Lake, which is used as a reservoir for replenishing the pool. A small dam, on pile foundations, was constructed across Bayou Vermilion at its junction with Bayou Fusilier. The banks above the lock were cleared of all overhanging trees to Arnaudville, La., a distance of 35 miles. To June 30, 1914, there was expended under the present project, $344,683.01 for improvement. $26,871.73 for maintenance; making a total of $371,554.74. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work of dredging a channel under contract, 6 by 60 feet, from 0.14 mile to 3.13 miles below Keystone Lock was carried on. Work was completed April 7, 1915, the contractor removing 148,241 cubic yards of mate- rial. Contract has been entered into for continuation of the dredg- ing, beginning at 3.13 miles below lock and continuing as long as funds last. Contractor's price, 7.8 cents per cubic yard. The launch Maurepas and quarter boat Lacassine were constructed by the force 2 at Keystone Lock; derrick barge No. was repaired and widened. Inspections, examinations, and collection of commercial statistics were carried on during the year. During the year $21,677.73 was expended for new work. Condition at end of the fiscal year.-Lock completed. The im- provement provides for 6-foot navigation to Arnaudville, La., a distance of 107 miles above mouth of the bayou. It is estimated that on June 30, 1915, the work was 95 per cent completed; the remaining work still required consists of dredging above and below dam to secure the 6-foot depth. Total expenditure under the present project to June 30, 1915, was $366,360.74 for improvement, $26,871.73 for maintenance, making a total of $393,232.47. Local cooperation.-Expenditurefor 6-foot navigation to Arnaud- ville, La., was contingent upon all lands necessary for lock and dam purposes (and canal feeders) being deeded to the United States free of cost and upon the United States being secured against all possible claims for loss or damage resulting from the overflow of lands by reason of the lock and dam improvement or from the draining of Spanish Lake. The land for lock and dam site was deeded to the United States in 1909. As to securing the United States from claims for loss or damage from overflow of land, it was impossible to secure bonds in perpetuity, and this requirement, therefore, was effected by the submission of personal bonds amounting to $10,000, covering a period of 10 years, which was approved by the department September 10, 1909. Effect of improvement.-Effect on freight rates was very marked. Rates from New Orleans, La., to point where railroad touches the bayou are considerably less than the nearer points on the same line not on the banks of the stream. This improvement, connecting the Plaquemine waterway and the Mississippi River, gives a through waterway to New Orleans, La. 3 8 73-ENG 1915-53 834 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.-It is expected that available funds will be expended by June 30, 1916. Estimate for fiscal year 1917 is for maintenance and will be expended in dredging shoals and removing obstructions, and is apportioned as follows: Dredging shoals and removing obstructions----------------------- $9, 000 Inspection, superintendence, and contingencies---------------------- 1, 000 Total ------------------------------------------------ 10, 000 Commercial statistics.--A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912................. . .......................... ................................ 613,387 $6,269,404 1913................. ............................................... 615,106 6,334,699 1914............................................. ................ 539,150 12,927,208 1The valuation of logs (the principal item of tonnage) previous to 1914 was estimated too low, which accounts for large increase in valuation during the calendar year. The decrease in tonnage of shipments and receipts during the cal- endar year 1914 is probably due to unusual international shipping conditions caused by the European war, and it is believed under normal conditions an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of logs, lumber, ties, fuel oil, cane, sugar, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--- ------------------- -------------------- $411, 365. 17 Maintenance ----- ------------------------------------ 26, 871. 73 Total------------------------------------------438, 236. 90 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................._............................. $135,160.89 89, 511.99 $21,677.73 Maintenance.................5...........................5,000.00 6,078.69 .......... Total.................... .. ...................... 140,160.89 15,590.68 21,677.73 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- $60, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 0, 000. 00 6------------------------------ Mar. 4, 1913--------------------- ------------------------------ 40, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ------------------------------------------------ 30, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 835 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- $20, 398. 18 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 30, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 10, 000. 00 Receipts from sales__----------------------------- ---- 142.75 60, 540. 93 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ----------------- ---------------------------- 21, 677. 73 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- ..-------------.. --- __ __ 38, 863. 20 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities- ----------- ________________ 133. 45 July 1, 1915, balance available_---------- -- ___--------___ 38, 729. 75 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_____________________ 110, 000. 00 13. OPERATING AND CARE OF KEYSTONE LOCK, BAYOU TECHE, LA. Location.-Keystone Lock is located on Bayou Teche, about 72 miles above its mouth, and creates a pool to Arnaudville, La., about 342 miles above the lock. Original condition.-Priorto the construction of this lock Bayou Teche was navigable to its head only during periods of high water, the current during the low-water season being very sluggish, as the Teche has no tributaries and the only water it receives is from rain- fall over a very narrow watershed, generally less than 1 mile wide, adjacent to the stream. Previous project.-The lock was constructed under project for im- provement of Bayou Teche, La., adopted by river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, in accordance with report printed in House Docu- ment No. 527, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session. Present project.-The lock was placed in status of finished work on July 1, 1913, and is operated under indefinite appropriation made by section 6 of river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Since completion the lock has been operated and the grounds have been kept in proper condition. To June 30, 1914, there was expended $3,165.55 for oper- ation and care of lock, dam, and grounds. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations during the fiscal year consisted of operation of the lock and care of the grounds, lock, dam, and controlling gate in the feeder from Spanish Lake and the dam in Bayou Fusilier. Crest of Keystone Dam was repaired and thoroughly tarred. During the fiscal year there was expended $3,520.13 for the operation and care of the lock, dam, and grounds. Condition at end of fiscal year.-Keystone Lock and Dam, Bayou Teche, La., is located on Bayou Teche, La., about 72 miles above its mouth and 4 miles below St. Martinville. The lock has an avail- able length of 160 feet; clear width, 36 feet; and depth over sill, at low water, of 8 feet. Dam has length of 175 feet in the clear, with crest at -8 feet. Lift, 8 feet above mean gulf. Completed June 30, 1913, at a cost of $257,720.48. This lock consists of partly solid and partly reinforced concrete walls; reinforced concrete floor on pile foundations; it has two sets 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 836 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of timber miter gates, reinforced concrete abutments, timber crib rock-filled dam on pile foundations. The United States property in vicinity of the lock comprises 12.27 acres. The lock is equipped with two lock masters' dwellings and several outhouses located on the reservation. Fusilier Dam and Waste Weir, Bayou Vermilion, La., is located 135 feet from junction of Bayous Fusilier and Bourbeaux, between Bayous Teche and Vermilion, about 5 miles from Arnaudville, La. The dam is 73 feet long, with spillway 28 feet long. Spanish Lake Canal control or feeder gates are located in Spanish Lake Canal, between Bayou Teche and Spanish Lake, about 1 mile from Keystone Lock, La. The dam has a total width of gates of 17 feet, with spillway 23 feet long. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $6,685.68 for operation and care of lock, dam, and grounds. Effect of improvement.-Effect of the improvement has been to materially reduce the freight rates to towns along the bayou; also navigation has been bettered. Proposed operations.-The lock will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-A. comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past two years passing through Keystone Lock is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1913........................ ........................................... 7,098 $38,966 1914..... ....................................... ............... 4,637 39,944 Decrease in commerce passing through the lock in 1914 is probably attributable to unusual international shipping conditions, caused by the European war, and under normal conditions it is believed an in- crease would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of logs, lumber, cane, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. 14. INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY, FRANKLIN TO MERMENTAU, LA. Location.-The waterway extends from Bayou Teche to Mermen- tau River, La., and is a continuation east of the waterway from Sabine River to Mermentau River. (Vicinity shown on U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Teche-Vermilion section: This route begins on west bank of Bayou Teche just below Franklin, La., and extends through what is known as the Hanson Canal for 4.2 miles; thence through Bayous Portage and Bartholomew to Little Bay (the Jaws) 5.5 miles; thence through west Cote Blanche and Vermilion Bays 38.3 miles; making a total distance of 48 miles. Vermilion-Mermentau section: This route extends through Schooner Bayou and Schooner Bayou Canal for 12 miles; thence across White Lake 13.5 miles; thence through dredged canals, con- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 837 necting Turtle, Alligator, and Collicon Lakes, to Grand Lake 6.5 miles; and thence across Grand Lake 12 miles to mouth of Mermen- tau River; making a total distance of 44 miles. The total distance of the combined sections is 92 miles. Original condition.-The water-borne commerce of many small streams of southern Louisiana which flow into the Gulf of Mexico could not reach suitable markets by an all-water route without risk- ing exposure to dangers of open gulf navigation unless inland canals and waterways, connecting these streams with deep-water ports, are constructed. The portion of Louisiana bordering on the gulf is very well adapted to the establishment of such canals and waterways, due to existence of great numbers of lakes and streams, as well as low ele- vation of the land itself. Previous project.-None. Presentproject.--The present project was adopted by act of March 2, 1907, and provides for a waterway from Bayou Teche, at or near Franklin, La., to Mermentau River, having a depth of 5 feet at low water (mean low gulf) and bottom width of 40 feet, with appro- priate side slopes, at an estimated cost of $289,292 and annual cost for maintenance of $20,000. (See H. Doc. No. 640, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) The acts of March 3, 1909, and February 27, 1911, authorized the Secretary of War to make such changes in location of the channel as might be desirable. River and harbor act of July 25, 1912, author- ized the Secretary of War to purchase, as part of this waterway, the so-called Hanson Canal, between Bayou Teche and Cote Blanche Bay, at a cost not to exceed $65,000, to be paid from funds already appropriated. The variation of water surface over the completed portion (Vermilion-Mermentau section) is from 2 to 3 feet, due to wind and tides. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Vermilion-Mer- mentau section: Preliminary surveys for route were made from 1907 to 1909; rights of way, 300 feet wide, from Vermilion Bay to Grand Lake were deeded to the United States free of cost in 1908. Con- struction of this section was commenced September, 1908, and com- pleted September, 1912. A tidal lock in Schooner Bayou (which forms a part of this section) was constructed and placed in status of finished work September, 1912. For improvement, the project was considered approximately 60 per cent completed for the old route. To June 30, 1914, there was expended $158,707.65 for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Teche-Vermilion section: Papers transferring the Hanson Canal to the United States were submitted to the Department of Justice for approval. Excep- tions taken thereto were taken up and are in course of adjustment. Under maintenance, the U. S. dredge Delatourremoved at the mouth of Schooner Bayou, in Vermilion Bay, about 7,595 cubic yards of material, covering a distance of about 1,425 linear feet, at a cost of 11.8 cents per cubic yard. The U. S. dredge Grossetete dredged in Vermilion Bay, at entrance to Schooner Bayou, approximately 2,055 cubic yards of material, covering a distance of about 500 linear feet, at a cost of 10.1 cents per cubic yard. Vermilion-Mermentau section: The spillway dam around Schooner Bayou Lock was constructed at a cost of $8,500. Under maintenance at the entrance to Grand Lake, the U. S. dredge Delatour removed 838 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. about 3,000 cubic yards of material, covering a distance of 810 linear feet, at a cost of 11.6 cents per cubic yard. The U. S. dredge Gros- setete, at east end of Grand Lake, dredged about 1,000 linear feet of channel, and at west end of Collicon Lake about 150 feet of channel; at west end of White Lake about 600 linear feet, removing approxi- mately 7,416 cubic yards of material, at a cost of 10.1 cents per cubic yard. During the fiscal year there was expended $10,019.93 for im- provement, $2,500 for maintenance, a total of $12,519.93. Condition at end of the fiscal year.-Teche-Vermilion section: Papers for transfer of the Hanson Canal to the United States have been prepared and are in the hands of the Department of Justice for approval. Vermilion-Mermentau section: This section has been completed. Tidal lock and spillway dam in Schooner Bayou have been constructed. The project is considered 60 per cent completed on present approved route. To June 30, 1915, there was expended for improvement $168,- 727.58, and $2,500 for maintenance, a total of $171,227.58. Local cooperation.-The project provides that rights of way for the waterway are to be furnished to the United States free of cost. Vermilion-Mermentau section: Rights of way for completed sec- tion from Vermilion Bay to Grand Lake were deeded to the United States in 1908. Effect of the improvement.-A safe route, without exposure to dangers of Gulf navigation, has been provided for vessels operating Vermilion-Mermentau section. The through waterway not being completed, it is not known what effect it will have on freight rates, but the completed portion serves a section heretofore without any means of access to railroads. Proposed operations.-It is expected that funds on hand will be expended by June 30, 1916. Estimate of funds for maintenance of the Vermilion-Mermentau section (completed) during the fiscal year 1917 will be expended by dredging shoals and removing snags and other obstructions whenever necessary. For maintenance: Redredging shoals and other obstructions- ------- __-_____--- ____ $8, 000 Superintendence and inspection charges__ ----------------------- 2, 000 Total--- ---------- -------------------------------- 10, 000 Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912 .................. ..... .... ..... ............- 6,255 $120,618 1913........ ........................................................... 5,912 106,456 3,477 1914................................................................................................. 188,428 Decrease in commerce for the calendar year 1914 is probably due to unusual shipping conditions, and it is believed under normal condi- tions an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the cal- endar year 1914 consisted principally of lumber, coal, furs, hides, fuel oil, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 839' Financial sum m ary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------- ---------------------- $168, 727. 58 Maintenance--------------------- --------------------- 2, 500. 00 Total ------------------------------------------- 171, 227. 58 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... .............................. 56,656.28 $11,923.70 $10,019.93 Maintenance ...................... ................ ........... ............ 2,500.00 Total .......... ....... .. ........................ 56,656.28 11,923.70 12,519.93 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------------- $5,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _______ ______ _______ 143, 124. 25 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 Receipts from sales------------------------------ ------------ 44. 17 148, 168. 42 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement---------------------$10, 019.93 For maintenance of improvement__ ____________-2, 500. 00 12, 519. 93 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__________--__-------------- 135, 648. 49 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ______------------119. 60 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------- ---------------- 135, 528. 89 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement____ ___------------- 10, 000. 00 15. OPERATING AND CARE OF SCHOONER BAYOU LOCK, LA. Location.-The lock is located in the intracoastal waterway in Schooner Bayou, between Vermilion Bay and White Lake, about 35 miles from Abbeville, La., the nearest town. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart 20.) Original condition.-The lock was built to prevent salt water from flowing into White Lake, thus preventing damage to the rice industry in that section. Previous project.-The lock was constructed under the project for improving waterway from Franklin to Mermentau, La., adopted by river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, in accordance with report printed in House Document No. 640, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session. Present project. The lock was placed in status of finished work March 1, 1913, and is now being operated under the indefinite appro- priation made by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Since completion the lock has been operated and the grounds kept in good condition. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 840 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. To June 30, 1914, there was expended $3,610.96 for operation and care of lock, dam, and grounds. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operationsduring the fiscal year have consisted of operation and care of lock and care of buildings and grounds. Numerous minor repairs were made to lock tender Stadia, operating mechanism of gates, lockmaster's house, etc. A spillway dam situated near lock in original bayou was built by Contractor N. G. Scott at a bid price of $8,500. This improvement is being operated and cared for by the Schooner Bayou lockmaster. During the fiscal year there was expended $2,626.19 for operation and care of lock, dam, and grounds. Condition at end of fiscal year.-Schooner Bayou Lock is located in the intracoastal waterway in Schooner Bayou, between Vermilion Bay and White Lake, 35 miles from Abbeville, La., the nearest town. Distance between gates, 300 feet; clear width of gates, 36 feet. No standard lift; salt-water control. Completed lock, February 28, 1913; spillway dam, October 29,1914. Cost of lock, $40,018.10; dam, $8,500. This is a tidal lock and is operated only when the ordinary current in the bayou is reversed. It has two wooden gates, each 40 feet long, turning on horizontal hinges at the bottom, being supported on con- crete walls on pile foundation. The lock is equipped with two lock- masters' dwellings and one outhouse on the reservation. The United States property in vicinity of the lock comprises 2 acres. Dam consists of the platform grillage type, resting on piles which form the substructure for the spillway openings and the frame bracing, block hangers, and walk way, which form the superstructure. The flow of water is controlled by five wooden gates, 12 feet 8 inches wide and 9 feet 11 inches high, hinged at the top onto the top framework of the dam. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $6,237.15 for oper- ation and care of lock, dam, and grounds. Proposed operations.-The lock will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912 (estimated).................................. .................... 5,000 $150,000 1913 (estimated) ........................................ .................... 1, 467 56,210 1914 (estimated).... ............................................... 1,066 108,587 Decrease in commerce passing through the lock for the calendar year 1914 is probably attributable to unusual international shipping conditions caused by the European war. However, under normal conditions it is believed an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of furs, hides, fuel oil, and lumber, and the quantity in short tons and valua- tion are as specified above. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 841 16. INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY, MERMENTAU RIVER TO SABINE RIVER, LA. AND TEX. Location.-This waterway extends from Mermentau River, La., to Sabine River, La. and Tex., is a continuation of the waterway from Franklin to Mermentau, La. (Vicinity shown on U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Mermentau-Calcasieu section.-The inland waterway from Mer- mentau River to Calcasieu River begins at the west bank of the Mer- mentau River about 1 mile above its entrance into Grand Lake. The accepted route then runs in a west-southwesterly direction to the east end of the Lake Misere Canal, passing north of Lake and Bayou Misere. Then Lake Misere Canal is used to about 1 mile from Sweet Lake. It then passes south of Sweet Lake, following edge of lake to Sweet Lake Canal, from which it extends in a northwesterly direc- tion to east end of Calcasieu River. The total distance is 35.6 miles. From the junction with Calcasieu River to the entrance in Calcasieu River of the Calcasieu to Sabine section is about 1.5 miles. Calcasieu-Sabine section.-The dredged canal begins at a point on west bank of Calcasieu River about 20 miles below Lake Charles, La. It then runs a little south of west for 1.41 miles; then about south- west for 0.69 miles; then due west for 20.4 miles to entrance into Sabine River; total length being 22.5 miles. The Sabine entrance is 3 miles below Orange, Tex. The length of this section is 24 miles. The total distance from Mermentau to Sabine is 59.6 miles. Original condition.-The water-borne commerce of many small streams of southern Louisiana which flow into the Gulf of Mexico could not reach suitable markets by an all-water route without risk- ing exposure to dangers of open gulf navigation unless inland canals and waterways connecting these streams with deep-water ports are constructed. The portion of Louisiana bordering on the Gulf is very well adapted to the establishment of such canals and waterways, due to existence of great numbers of lakes and streams, as well as low elevation of the land itself. Previous project.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and contemplates a waterway with a depth of 5 feet at mean low water and bottom width of 40 feet, with proper side slopes, between the rivers named, in accordance with reports submitted in House Document No. 640, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session, and Rivers and Harbors Committee Document No. 3, Sixty-first Congress, second session, at an estimated cost of $390,000 and $20,000 annually for maintenance. River and harbor act of July 25, 1912, provides that the funds may be applied to any modi- fied plan of the waterway that may be recommended by the Chief of Engineers and approved by the Secretary of War. Variation of water surface is from 1 to 3 feet mean low gulf, due to winds and tide. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The Mermentau- Calcasieu section: A partial survey, incidental to the selection of line, was made, and procuring the rights of way was carried on for this section. The Calcasieu-Sabine section: A survey for selection of the line was made; rights of way for this section were obtained and approved by the Attorney General. The work of dredging in 842 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. this section, 22.5 miles long, under contract, began September 1, 1913; on the east (Calcasieu) end to June 30, 1914, 14,000 linear feet of canal was completed, removing approximately 204,716 cubic yards material, and on the west (Sabine) end, 37,000 linear feet of canal completed, removing approximately 485,339 cubic yards material. The dredging of this section was considered 42 per cent completed or the entire project 16.5 per cent completed. To June 30, 1914, $51,551.52 was expended for improvement, and no expenditures were made from the $27,450 contributed funds. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The Mermentau- Calcasieu section: Work of procuring rights of way for route of this section was carried on. Calcasieu-Sabine section: The actual work of dredging was begun on September 1, 1913, and completed June 24, 1915. On the east (Calcasieu) end, during the fiscal year, 27,500 linear feet of canal was completed, removing approximately 374,320 cubic yards of mate- rial; on the west (Sabine) end, 41,558 linear feet completed, remov- ing approximately 641,535 cubic yards of material; total for both ends 13.1 miles, involving 1,015,855 cubic yards material. On June 24, 1915, this section of the canal was completed and opened for traffic between Calcasieu and Sabine Rivers. The entire project is considered 40 per cent completed. During the fiscal year there was expended $61,112.52 for improvement, and $8,037.66 from the $27,- 450 contributed funds, for improvement. Condition at end of the fiscal year.-The Mermenteau-Calcasieu section: Work of procuring rights of way is under way. Calcasieu-Sabine section: There is a completed canal 40 feet bot- tom width and 5-foot depth between the Calcasieu and Sabine Rivers, a distance of 24 miles. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $112,- 664.04 for improvement, and $8,037.66 from the contributed funds, for improvement. Local cooperation.-Report on which the adopted project was based provides that the rights of way shall be furnished free of cost to the United States. Mermentau-Sabine section: The deeds for the rights of way for this section are being secured by the Inland Waterway League of Louisiana and Texas, and it is expected that all deeds will be in hand and forwarded to Department of Justice for approval by January 1, 1916. Calcasieu-Sabine section: The deeds for the rights of way were furnished and approved by the Department of Justice January 15, 1913. The route of canal was changed December 21, 1911, north of the first adopted route, contingent upon the local interests contribut- ing the estimated cost over and above the cost of old route. The amount contributed was $27,450, but the actual amount charged against these funds is $13,266.97, the balance reverting to the con- tributing interests. Effect of the improvement.-A continuous waterway between the Calcasieu and the Sabine Rivers was only completed June 24, 1915; but little commerce has been carried through, and no effect on freight rates has as yet been noticed, but the completed portion serves a large section heretofore without any means of access to railroads. Proposed operations.-It is believed the funds on hand are suf- ficient for completion of the canal in accordance with the project. It RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENT. 843 is expected that the funds will be expended by June 30, 1917. The funds for maintenance of the completed portion will be expended by June 30, 1916; estimate of funds for maintenance for fiscal year 1917 is apportioned as follows: Dredging shoal places and other obstructions in completed portion of waterway --- -------------- ----------- ------- $8, 000 Superintendence, inspection, etc___--------------------------------2, 000 Total ------------------------------------------------ 10, 000 Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past year over the completed portions of the Cal- casieu-Sabine section then under construction is as follows: Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1914................................................................ . 712 $25,387 The commerce is for the portion of the waterway under construc- tion during the year, and represents the part completed. The entire section from Calcasieu to Sabine River not completed until June 24, 1915. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of lumber, rice, fuel oil, live stock, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. Financialsummary. GOVERNMENT FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $112, 664. 04 Maintenance----------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... $1,546.75 $47,295.61 $61,112.52 Maintenance................................... ............... ............. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------ $100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------190, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------ --------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------___ 338, 460. 88 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 Receipts from sales ____--------------- 18. 85 343, 479. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement_____________________________________ 61, 112. 52 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_______________________________ 282, 367. 21 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities____________________________ 10, 797. 64 July 1, 1915, balance available_______________________________ 271, 569. 57 Amount that can be profitably exfended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__ -------------- _ 10, 000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 844 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915, new work______ $8, 037. 66 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, new work ------------------------------------------------- 8, 037. 66 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Contributed --------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Amount contributed____________________________ 115, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ---------------------------------------------- 8, 037. 66 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 6, 962. 34 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_____________________ $936. 85 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts___ 6, 000. 00 6, 936. 85 - - July 1, 1915, balance available __________________-- ___ -__ 25. 49 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ 120, 701. 70 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... .................................... $1,546.75 $47, 295.61 $69, 150.18 Maintenance................................................ .......... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------------ $100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- 190, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915___ --------------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____________________________ 338, 460. 88 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 Amount contributed --------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Receipts from sales_________________________ __________-----18. 85 358, 479. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement__ 150. 18 6------------------------------ July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_______________________________ 289, 329. 55 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___________________ $11, 734. 49 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 6, 000. 00 17, 734. 49 July 1, 1915, balance available __________________________ _ 271, 595. 06 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___-____ -___-___ 2 10, 000. 00 1The sum of $27,450, or as much thereof as necessary, was contributed by local inter- ests, but to end of fiscal year only $15,000 of said amount was drawn upon and placed to credit of Treasurer of the United States for disbursement in the regular manner. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 845 17. BAYOU VERMILION, MERMENTAU RIVER, AND BAYOU PLAQUE- MINE BRUL3E, LA. Prior to 1902 these streams had been improved under separate appropriations. The improvements were combined under river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. (A) CHANNEL, BAY, AND PASSES OF BAYOU VERMILION, LA. Location.-Bayou Vermilion is formed by the junction of Bayous Fusilier and Bourbeaux, in Lafayette Parish, west of Arnaudville, La. It is the first stream in southern Louisiana west of and not connected with the Atchafalaya River. It flows in a general south- southwesterly direction into the western end of Vermilion Bay. It is considered navigable to Lafayette, 501 miles above its mouth, where it is crossed by the fixed bridge of the Morgan's Louisiana & Texas Railroad & Steamship Co., and below this point it has widths vary- ing from 50 to 400 feet, and depths of from 3 to 20 feet at low water. Entire length of the bayou is 71 miles, but the section under improve- ment extends from Lafayette to Vermilion Bay, a distance of 50 miles. Originalcondition.-Priorto improvement it was navigable at its higher stages to a point 49 miles above its mouth, but was obstructed, principally in the upper reaches, with snags, logs, fallen and over- hanging trees, and shoals over which a depth of only 2 feet existed at low water. It was also obstructed by a bar at its mouth over which there was a depth at low tide of only 2 feet. Considerable navigation existed on the bayou by steamers and flatboats prior to the construction of the railroads to Lafayette and Abbeville. Previous project.-None. Present project.- Present project was adopted in 1880 and is based on report dated March 8, 1880, printed in House Executive Document No. 54, Forty-sixth Congress, second session, and provides for the removal of obstructions and for dredging at mouth so as to afford depth of 5 feet at low water as far as the railroad bridge, and also for the closure of one of the passes, at an estimated total cost of $9,900. The modified project is based on report printed in House Executive Document No. 273, Fifty-first Congress, second session, and was adopted in 1892, and provides for a channel 5 feet deep at mean low gulf from Vermilion Bay to the Southern Pacific bridge at Lafayette, by removing obstructions and by dredging, as appro- priations may from time to time be made by law. No approved esti- mates of cost of maintenance. Variation of water surface at mouth, 1 to 3 feet, due to tide and wind; at Lafayette, 8 to 12 feet, due to flood. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-In 1881 obstructions were removed for the first 22 miles below the railroad bridge, and in 1882 and 1883 remainder of bayou was cleared to the mouth and 600 feet of a brush dam partly constructed. In 1882 and 1883 further snagging operations were performed near mouth, and channel in Vermilion Bay was marked with piling. From year to year the obstructions have been removed and shoal places dredged, maintain- ing a channel approximately 5 feet from the mouth to the railroad 846 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. bridge just below Lafayette, the limit of improvement. To June 30, 1914, there was expended $34,900 for improvement and $26,538.53 for maintenance, a total of $61,438.53. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge Delatour-was employed in maintaining the channel 5 feet by 40 feet, chiefly from the mouth up to the forty-first mile point, dredging 1,600 linear feet of shoals and removing 8,009 cubic yards of material and 129 snags, overhanging trees, and other obstructions. The U. S. dredge Grossetete was employed in this work chiefly at the mouth and from the thirty-fourth to the forty-first mile, dredging 8,300 linear feet of shoals and removing approximately 33,355 cubic yards of material and 319 snags, overhanging trees, and other obstructions. Inspections and collection of commercial statistics were carried on. During the year there was expended for maintenance $2,548.57. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Projectis considered complete so far as appropriations for improvement and maintenance have per- mitted and as commerce requires. Length of improvement is 50 miles. Maximum draft that can be carried over bar at mouth of the Bayou Vermilion at mean low gulf is about 5 feet. The depth from mouth to Abbeville varies from 5 to 10 feet; from Abbeville to mile 41, about 5 feet; and from mile 41 to Lafayette, about 3 feet, at mean low gulf. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $34,900 for improvement, $29,087.10 for maintenance, a total of $63,987.10. Local cooperation. None. Effect of improvement.-Navigation has been rendered easier and maximum draft increased. Obstructions were removed over the bars of stream where the most commerce exists. Freight rates have been reduced to certain points along the stream, and other points are con- templating establishing barge service to New Orleans via Vermilion River, Vermilion Bay, Plaquemine Lock, and Mississippi River, in order to decrease present freight rates. Proposed operations.--It is expected funds on hand will be ex- pended by June 30, 1916, in removing bars at mouth and obstructions from stream from time to time when necessary. The estimate for maintenance is apportioned as follows: Dredging shoals and removing obstructions----------------------- $4, 500 Superintendence and inspection charges---.500 Total---- -------------------------------------------- 5, 000 Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows" Comparative statement. Calendar year. Shortons. aluation. 1912...................................................... . 25 687 $283,736 1913 .... .. .... ................................................. 287,670 3...............................5,369 1914. ............................................................. 27,915 282,362 Decrease in commerce for the calendar year 1914 is probably at- tributable to unusual shipping conditions, caused by the European war, and it is believed that under normal conditions an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 847 consisted principally of lumber, brick, shingles, logs, cane, fuel oil, rice, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $34, 900.00 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 29, 087. 10 Total------------------- 63, 987. 10 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................... ......... ..................... Maintenance................................................. $2,517.79 $1,607.85 $2,548.57 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------------- $500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------------------------3, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ___________________-__ 2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------- __ 1, 861.47 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 2, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 2, 000. 00 5, 861.47 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------ 2, 548. 57 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------------3, 312. 90 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------- 80. 71 July 1, 1915, balance available--___------- 3, 232. 19 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------------- (1) (B) MERMENTAU RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, LA. Location.-The Mermentau River lies in southern Louisiana and is formed by the junction of Bayous Des Cannes and Nezpique, 24 miles above the town of Mermentau, La., at crossing of Southern Pacific Railroad. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) It flows in a southwesterly direction for about 71 miles and empties into the Gulf of Mexico, after passing through Lake Arthur, Grand Lake, and Upper and Lower Mud Lakes. It differs from other streams in having several navigable tributaries. Bayou Queue de Tortue joins it from the east about 5 miles above head of Lake Arthur and Bayou Lacassine, flows into Grand Lake from the west, about 4 miles from mouth of upper Mermentau into Grand Lake. The section under improvement is from mouth to junction of Bayou Des Cannes and Bayou Nezpique, Nezpique about 25 miles. miles, and also on Bayou T71 Original condition.--The Mermentau River proper had widths of from 250 feet to 1,000 feet, and low-water depth of 10 feet and over. Through Lake Arthur, which is 6 miles long and averages about 1 1 See consolidated Financialsummary on p. 853. 848 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. mile in width, there was a low-water (mean low gulf) level depth of 7 to 8 feet. Through Grand Lake the channel is about 11 miles long, with available depth of 6 feet, excepting where the river enters the lake, where a bar exists over which there was a depth of 42 feet existing at low water. Through Lower Mud Lake there was an available depth at low water (mean low gulf) of 4 feet, and 41 feet over the bar at mouth of the river in the Gulf of Mexico. The tribu- taries are, as a general rule, extremely crooked, with widths of from 50 to 200 feet and depth of 6 feet and over at low water, and were much obstructed with snags, logs, fallen and overhanging trees. Navigation on these streams extended from 10 to 19 miles above their mouths, and prior to improvement considerable commerce existed on them and the main stream. Previous project.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted in 1892 (Annual Report for 1891, p. 1862), and provides for the securing of natural channel in the Mermentau River and tributaries by removing ob- structions throughout the improvement and the securing of a suitable channel through Lower Mud Lake with dikes to concentrate the action of the current, at an estimated cost of $23,615.25. In 1897 dredging was approved to supplement action of the dikes in Lower Mud Lake. Annual estimate of cost of maintenance, channel dimen- sions, or limits of improvement not specified. Variation of water surface in upper part of Mermentau River and its tributaries is from 8 to 12 feet, due to flood; in lower Mermentau, from 1 to 3 feet, due to tide and winds. Range of tide, 1.5 feet last year. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Obstructions were removed from 20 miles of the Mermentau River above Lake Arthur and 25 miles of Bayou Nezpique in 1892 and 1893. In 1897 and 1898 channels were dredged through two shoals in Lower Mud Lake to an average depth of 8 feet, width 50 feet, and two pile and brush dams, 2,500 feet and 3,000 feet long, respectively, were constructed. In 1899 the channels, for a length of 3,877 feet, were redredged to depth of 61 feet. In 1900 obstructions were removed from Bayou Nezpique for a distance of 25 miles to head of navigation in that stream. Under date of November 12, 1912, by order of the Secretary of War, the dam across Mermentau River, at Grand Chenier, belong- ing to the Rice Irrigation & Improvement Association, was ordered removed by March 15, 1913. Time for removal was extended to March 15, 1914, but the dam has not yet been removed. This matter was referred to the Department of Justice to compel said association to effect said removal, but no action has thus far resulted. A survey of lower Mermentau was made from Grand Lake to Gulf of Mexico. A flood of unusual dimensions occurred in this water- shed during October, 1913, the stage at Grand Chenier reading 3.75 mean low gulf level. To June 30, 1914, there was expended $26,115.25 for improvement and $11,250.52 for maintenance, a total of $37,365.77. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge Delatour was employed dredging shoals in Lower Mud Lake, main- taining channel 5 feet by 50 feet, dredging 1,200 linear feet, remov- ing 5,411 cubic yards material. The quarter boat Lacassine was con- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 849 structed, a prorata share of its cost being paid from this improve- ment. During the fiscal year there was expended $687.21 for main- tenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Project considered complete, present work being maintenance. Improvements have resulted in better channel and increased depths on the Mermentau and Nezpique. The maximum draft that can be carried (at mean low gulf) over the shoals in Lower Mud Lake and over the bar at foot of Grand Lake is 3 to 4'feet. The head of navigation on Nezpique is at a point 25 miles above its mouth on Plaquemine Brule, 19 miles, and on Bayou Queue de Tortue, 14 miles. The available depth through the river excepting over bar as stated is 6 feet. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $26,115.25 for improvement and $11,937.73 for maintenance, a total of $38,052.98. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-On account of location of the town of Mermentau on this waterway it has lower rail rates on certain articles than intermediate points. Proposed operations.-It is estimated available funds will be ex- pended by June 30, 1916. Estimate for fiscal year 1917 is for main- tenance and will be expended in dredging in Lower Mud Lake and for removing snags and other obstructions from the stream, and is appor- tioned as follows: Dredging shoals and removing obstructions-------...---------------- $4, 500 Inspection, superintendence, etc--- ------------------------------- 500 Total---- ------------------------------------------ 5, 000 Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912........ ......... ..... ................................................... 57,291 $759,012 1913................... .......................................................... 34,982 642,448 1914--...----........-------.---------....--....----...................-------------------------------------........... ..... 26,432 548,186 Decrease in commerce during the calendar year 1914 is probably attributable to unusual shipping conditions, and it is believed under normal conditions an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of lumber, shingles, logs, fuel oil, rice, oranges, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------------------- $26, 115. 25 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 11, 937. 73 Total_------------------ ---------------------------- 38, 052. 98 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ...-...... G ............ ........ . ...... ... .. ....... Maintenance .......... ....................................... $40.3 $1,223.47 $687.21 0 8373 -ENG 1915-54 850 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912---------------------------------------------- $500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ----- , 000. 00 1---------------------------- Mar. 4, 1915- ----------------------------- ---------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------- 1, 277. 28 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 1, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 3, 000. 00 5, 277. 28 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__ mprveent---------------------------------------- uf . 687. 21 68.2 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------- - __ 4, 590. 07 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------- (1) (c) BAYOU PLAQUEMINE BRULE, LA. Location.-This stream is a tributary of the Mermentau River, and enters that stream from the east about 5 miles above Mermentau, La. (For vicinity see U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) It rises in the southwestern part of St. Landry Parish and flows in a generally southwesterly direction. It is about 75 miles long. The section under improvement is from mouth to near Crowley, La., a distance of about 19 miles. Original condition.-Prior to improvement the stream was in fairly good condition as regards navigability for about 8 miles; the remaining distance was obstructed by snags, overhanging trees, and drift. With regard to the lower portion width of channel varied from 40 feet in the upper reach to 150 feet near the mouth, with depths of from 4 to 35 feet. On account of the obstructions only small gasoline boats had plied this stream. Previous project.-There was no previous project. Present project.-The present project was adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, in accordance with report in House Docu- ment No. 789, Sixtieth Congress, first session, and provides for re- moval of snags, logs, and other obstructions, to provide a clear chan- nel, with width about 60 feet and depth 6 feet, beginning at the mouth of the bayou and extending upstream to a point near the town of Crowley, La., a distance of about 19 miles, at an estimated cost of $10,000 and $250 annually for maintenance. Variation of water surface is about 6 feet, due to floods. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge Delatour, from July to November, 1911, began work removing ob- structions, and also dredged about 15,900 cubic yards material; hired plant continued the work and removed about 5,187 obstructions con- sisting of snags, logs, and overhanging trees. The U. S. Grossetete, from May 8, 1914, to June 30, 1914, removed 1,165 obstructions con- sisting of snags, fallen and overhanging trees, and also dredged 12,588 cubic yards material. At the end of the year the project was 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 853, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 851 considered about 70 per cent completed. To June 30, 1914, there was expended $20,707.89 for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The dredge Gros- setete removed during the year 2,638 obstructions consisting of snags, fallen and overhanging trees, stumps, etc., and also dredged about 42,663 cubic yards of material, completing the project. After com- pletion of the project hired plant removed approximately 90 large trees, logs, etc., which were carried into the bayou during a storm. During the fiscal year there was expended for improvement $12,- 099.21 and $118.65 for maintenance, a total of $12,217.86. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The present project is con- sidered completed, the present work being maintenance. The mini- mum depth over improved section, which is 19 miles long, is 6 feet mean low gulf. Head of navigation is at mile 19, near the town of Crowley, La. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $32,807.10 for improvement, $118.65 for maintenance, a total of $32,925.75. Local cooperation.-There was no local cooperation imposed by law. The Union Relift Co. furnished right of way to cut-off free of charge to the United States. Effect of the improvement.-Obstructions have been removed, channel deepened, and navigation made possible under the project section, enabling better facilities for transportation of material over the bayou. Proposed operations.-Presentwork is that of maintenance, and it is expected present funds will be expended by June 30, 1916. On account of the thickly wooded character of bank and severe freshets, debris, logs, etc., will continue to fall into the stream and obstruct it for several years. The following estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 for maintenance is apportioned as follows: Removing snags, fallen and overhanging trees-------------------- $2, 700 Superintendence and inspection charges --------------------------- 300 Total_ ------------------------------------------------ 3, 000 Commercial statistics.--A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past two years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1913 ............................................................................ 14,150 $68,850 1914 ............................................................................ 10,650 202,250 No record of commerce kept for 1912 as work was not sufficiently advanced to permit through navigation. Decrease in commerce during the calendar year 1914 is probably attributable to unusual shipping conditions. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of logs, fuel oil, lumber, wood, and miscellaneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. 852 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $32, 807.10 Maintenance_ -------------------------------------------- 118.65 Total --------- ---------------------------------- 32, 925. 75 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work -....-----..........-----------...-.....-----..----....--...----.........--------.....----...... $2,035.41 $10,456.29 $12,099.21 Maintenance......-----..----------......-------...........................---------------.......---.........---------------------............ 118.65 Total................. .......- .... .. ........ ........... 2,035. 41 10, 456. 29 12, 217.86 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------- --------------- ------------ $4, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 191.3------------------------------ ----- 11, 200. 00 Oct. 2, 1914_------------------- 9, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------ ---------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------ ______ 3, 315. 11 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 9, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 3, 000. 00 Receipts from sales and other sources --------------- _---.-- 24. 20 15, 339. 31 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-__-------------- $12, 099. 21 For maintenance of improvement ---------------- 118. 65 12, 217. 86 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__------------ ------------ 3, 121.45 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ---------- _-------- 121. 45 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------- 3, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement- ------------------- (1) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $93, 822. 35 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 41, 143. 48 Total--------------------------------------------- 134, 965. 83 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................$2,035.41 $10,456.29 $12,099.21 Maintenance................................................... 2,558.42 2, 831.32 3, 354.43 Total........... .................................. 4,593.83 13,287.61 15,453.64 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 853. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 853 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912_____________------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------- 16, 200. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------- ------------------------ 12, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------- ----------------------- 8, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 6, 453. 86 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_.. 12, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ Receipts from sales------- ---------------------------------- 8,00000.00 24. 20 26, 478. 06 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement -------------------- $12, 099. 21 For maintenance of-improvement ---------------- 3, 354. 43 15, 453. 64 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___________-- ___________ 11, 024. 42 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities .__________________________ 202.16 July 1, 1915, balance available---__ __ __-- __-------__ 10, 822. 26 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _----------------- 13, 000. 00 18. BAYOU QUEUE DE TORTUE, LA. Location.-Bayou Queue de Tortue is a tributary of the Mermen- tau River, and flows into that stream about 5 miles above the head of Lake Arthur. It rises in the western part of the parish of Lafayette, and flows in a southwesterly and westerly direction between the parishes of Acadia and Vermilion. The stream is about 60 miles long, but the section under improvement (from the mouth to the Southern Pacific bridge) is 14 miles. Original condition.-Prior to improvement the low-water chan- nel, from junction of stream with Mermentau River to point 19.5 miles (measured around bends) above its mouth, where Southern Pacific bridges cross the bayou, had a general depth of 10 feet and over excepting in a few localities where only 6 to 10 feet existed. In some places channel was not more than 50 feet wide, others 100 feet or more. For 11 miles above its mouth stream was but slightly obstructed; above this point, however, snags, fallen and overhanging trees and logs, together with numerous sharp bends, interfered with navigation to a great extent. A tow of five barges, drawing 3 to 4 feet loaded, could be delivered about 13 miles above mouth of the bayou, and this was practically the head of navigation. Stream at low water is very sluggish with no perceptible current; during the rice season, with pumps in operation, there is a current upstream from the Mermentau River. Previous project.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provided for removing obstructions from the mouth of the stream to the Southern Pacific bridge; to dredge 10 cut-offs aggregating 1,765 feet in length, reducing dis- 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 854 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. tance from mouth of bayou to bridge to about 14 miles, at an esti- mated cost of $25,000 and $1,000 annually for maintenance, in ac- cordance with report printed in House Document No. 609, Sixty- first Congress, second session, the necessary rights of way for the- cut-offs to be furnished to the United States free of cost. Variation of water surface is 6 feet, due to rain; 1 to 3 feet, due to tide and winds. No modification of the project has been made since adoption. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The stream has been surveyed from mouth to a point 23.9 miles above, the distance being measured along the bayou. Above this point the stream con- sists of short open stretches of water and straight sections of swamp thickly covered by timber. Work of removing overhanging trees and other obstructions was begun in 1913 by hired plant and was prac- tically completed. Cut-offs Nos. 9 and 10 were cleared to width of 40 feet on each side of proposed dredging, but no dredging will be done until conveyances of the rights of way are received and ap- proved. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $9,387.59 for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Cut-offs Nos. 1, 2, 5, and 6 were cleared to a width of 40 feet on each side of center line of proposed channel; the work involved the removing of 217 overhanging trees at a cost of $533.38. A reconnoissance survey was made for 4 miles above limits of improvement; work has been in progress securing rights of way for the cut-offs as no dredging will be done until papers covering these conveyances have been sub- mitted and accepted by the department. During the fiscal year there was expended $3,761.01 for improvement. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is considered about 36 per cent completed with practically all snagging done, and the remaining work (after the remaining four cut-offs have been cleared) is dredging channel through cut-offs and in the stream from mouth to fourteenth mile, with greater portion from the tenth to fourteenth mile. There are 10 cut-offs to be dredged. Minimum depths over improved portions are 6 feet to 10 feet mean low Gulf level. There are about 62,000 cubic yards of material to be dredged. Total ex- penditures to June 30, 1915, $13,148.60, for improvement. Local cooperation.-The conditions of the appropriation provide that rights of way for the cut-offs be furnished without cost to the United States. Conveyances for rights of way to Cut-offs Nos. 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, and 10 have been furnished but not yet approved; convey- ances for rights of way Nos. 3, 4, 7, and 8 have not yet been fur- nished, but negotiations are now under way toward securing same. It is uncertain as to the date that these can be furnished. Effect of improvement.-A better channel has been secured for boats to reach the pumping plants along the stream. There are a num- ber of these pumping plants, and as oil is the fuel generally used by them this fuel is brought in by tows of barges from the Louisiana oil fields, down the Mermentau River, and up the bayou to destina- tion. However, the work has not yet been completed and full benefits accruing can not yet be estimated. Proposed operations.--It is expected the funds on hand will be suf- ficient to complete the work in accordance with project, and estimate RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 855 of funds for fiscal year 1917 is for maintenance, and is apportioned as follows : Removing overhanging trees and other obstructions ----------------- __ $2, 700 Superintendence, supervision, etc ------------------------------ ______ 300 Total ------------------------------------------ 3, 000 Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of receipts and shipments for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912....................................................................... ...- 6,739 $73,016 1913............................................................................. 7,382 63,125 1914. .... ... ........................ ............................. 6,752 118,670 Decrease in commerce during fiscal year 1914 is attributable to unusual international shipping conditions, superinduced by the Euro- pean war. However, this decrease is so small that under normal conditions it is natural to expect an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of fuel oil, rice, logs, shingles, lumber, wood, and miscellaneous mer- chandise, and the quantity, in short tons, and valuation are as speci- fied above. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $13, 148. 60 Maintenance__ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..........1........................... $1,776.07 $7,611.52 $3, 761.01 Maintenance ..................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- $25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 16, 612. 41 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ---------------------------------------------- 3, 761. 01 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---_--- ____-----------_ _ 12, 851. 40 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 491. 25 July 1, 1915, balance available ----------- ------------------- 12, 360. 15 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement. ----------------- 3, 000. 00 19. CALCASIEU RIVER AND PASS, LA. Location.-Calcasieu River has its source in Vernon Parish, in southwestern Louisiana, and flows in a general southerly direction to the Gulf of Mexico. About 25 miles from the Gulf it debouches into Calcasieu Lake, which lake is about 18 miles long. The connection between the lake and the Gulf, about 7 miles long, is known as Cal- 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 856 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. casieu Pass. The entire length of the stream is about 215 miles, but the portion under improvement extends from the mouth of the pass through Calcasieu Lake up the river to Philips Bluff, a distance of 97 miles. Original condition-River.-The head of navigation on the river in 1881, in accordance with report of examination at that time, was 48 miles above the head of Calcasieu Lake, or 28 miles above the city of Lake Charles, La., although boats occasionally navigate the stream for 12 miles farther. Above Jones Bluff the river was badly ob- structed with snags, sand bars, etc. Timber obstructions existed as far down as Lake Charles. From Calcasieu Lake to the limits of the improvement it originally had an average depth of 10 feet at low water, with width varying from 200 to 600 feet. Above that point there was an average width of about 100 to 150 feet and a depth of 5 feet. Lake.-Lake Calcasieu is 25 miles long, with average width of 4 miles and depth over middle portions, at mean low gulf, of 6 feet. It is very shallow near shore and is obstructed by a bar near its head, where the Calcasieu River enters it, over which a depth of only 5 feet could be carried at low water. A bar with but 32 feet over it also existed in the lower end of the lake where the pass leaves it. Pass.-Calcasieu Pass has an average width of 600 feet and a depth of 12 feet or more at low water, excepting in front of the .mouth in the Gulf, where a bar exists over which there was originally a varying depth of 51 to 61 feet at mean low gulf. Previous project.-The original project for improvement of the Calcasieu was adopted by river and harbor act of June 10, 1872. Subsequent appropriations were made by the river and harbor acts of March 3, 1881, August 2, 1882, July 5, 1884, and August 11, 1888, total appropriations amounting to $56,500. There was expended on this project and modifications prior to the adoption of the present project $46,488.05. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1853. Present project.-The present project was adopted by act of Sep- tember 19, 1890, based on report made in 1886 (Annual Report for 1887, p. 1402), and provides for construction of two converging jetties about 1.5 miles long, of brush and stone, at the Gulf entrance to the pass, and dredging between them, if necessary, to secure a 12-foot channel from the Gulf to the pass to make the pass available as a harbor. Estimated cost, $600,000. No estimate for maintenance. The river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, added to the improvement the dredging of the bars at the head and foot of Calcasieu Lake, the project for which improvement provided for channels 8 feet deep through these bars, no width specified, and revetment of the channel, at an estimated cost of $150,000. No estimate for maintenance. (Annual Report for 1891, p. 1829.) The project for the improve- ment of the river is understood to include the modification of the origi- nal project of 1872, dated May 12, 1881, and is based on report printed in House Executive Document No. 46, Forty-sixth Congress, third session, and provides for the improvement of the river from Philips Bluff to its mouth by removing logs, snags, and overhanging trees, and by dredging. Variation of the water surface is 18 to 20 feet in the upper reaches, 6 to 8 feet in the lower reaches, due to freshets, and 1 to 3 feet at mouth, due to tide and winds. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 857 Operations and results prior to fiscal year-River.-Very little improvement work has been carried on in the river above the lake, which consists in removing snags and obstructions. Lake.-Channels were dredged through the bars in the lower end of the lake at the head of the pass and in the upper end of the lake at the mouth of the river at various times from 1873 to 1888; and from 1886 to 1888 a channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep was dredged and 13,408 linear feet of plank revetment was constructed before this method was abandoned. Under the present project the work on the jetties was commenced in 1892 and carried on under appropriations made until the east jetty reached a length of 8,600 linear feet and the west jetty 3,200 linear feet. The original pro- jected length of these jetties is 9,347 feet and 7,200 feet, respectively. Repairs were made to the jetties as needed. The work on the revet- ment to protect the channels through the bars in the lower end of the lake at the head of the pass was begun in 1892 and 10,000 linear feet of pile and slab revetment was built and completed in 1894. Re- dredging of the bars in the lake at head of the pass and at the mouth of the river was done at various times between 1891 and 1914. To June 30, 1914, there was expended under the present project $449,- 425.58 for improvement and $141,245.341 for maintenance, a total of $590,670.92. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge Delatour dredged in upper end of Calcasieu Lake and covered 3,050 linear feet of shoals, making a cut 50 feet bottom width, 6 feet deep (mean low gulf), involving 8,608 cubic yards material, at a cost of 7.8 cents per cubic yard. A set of logging regulations were prepared for this stream and approved by the department. A survey was made of the cut-off 2- miles below Lake Charles and estimate of cost was made. The available depth over the stream on June 30, 1915, was 4 feet in the upper and 3 feet in the lower ends of Calcasieu Lake; balance of lake, 5 to 6 feet; at jetties, 8 feet; and balance of stream from mouth to Jones Bluff, 8 to 20 feet. Supervision, inspec- tion, and collection of commercial statistics were carried on during the year. During the year there was expended $2,889.08 for mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is considered completed, present work being maintenance. Present depth over bar at mouth of pass is 8 feet; over bar at head of pass, 3 feet. Maxi- mum draft that can be carried from the Gulf of Mexico to Lake Charles is 3 feet at mean low gulf level. Logs are rafted on the river at suitable stages from points 30 to 40 miles above Jones Bluff. Total expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $449,425.58 for improve- ment and $144,134.42 for maintenance, a total of $593,560. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-Certain special rates from New Orleans to Lake Charles and Westlake, La., on the Calcasieu River, are quoted in the tariff of the Morgan's Louisiana & Texas Railroad & Steamship Co. on account of water competition. Beyond this, no appreciable difference in freight rates are known to exist. Proposed operations.--It is expected that the funds available June 30, 1915, will be expended by June 30, 1916. The estimate of funds 145 cents deducted from expenditures due to an overpayment. 858 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. for the fiscal year 1917 is for maintenance, and is apportioned as follows: Dredging shoals and other obstructions ----------------------- $5, 400 Superintendence, inspection and contingencies ____________ _______ 600() Total -------------------------------------------- 6, 000 Commercial statistics.-A comparative statement of shipments and receipts for the past three years is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Valuation. ....... 1912........ .......... 498,291 .................................................. $1,529,934 709,823 1913............................................................................ 1,978,424 1914... ------------------------------------------------------------- 605,594 111,873,509 1The valuation of logs (the principal item of tonnage) previous to 1914 was estimated too low, which accounts for the large increase in valuation during the calendar year. The decrease in commerce for the calendar year 1914 is probably attributable to unusual international shipping conditions, caused by the European war, and it is believed that under normal conditions an increase would have been shown. The tonnage for the cal- endar year 1914 consisted principally of logs, lumber, shingles, brick, rice, and miscel- laneous merchandise, and the quantity in short tons and valuation are as specified above. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work__ $495, 913. 63 Maintenance _________________________-___ 144, 134. 42 Total--------------------------------------------------- 640, 048. 05 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... .................................................... Maintenance... ...--------------------.-.-..------.... $1,264.47 $1, 549.70 $2,889.08 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------------- $3, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ ____________________________ 4, 267. 73 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 3, 000. 00 7,267. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_________________ _____________________ 2, 889. 08 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 4,378. 65 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_____________________ 6, 000. 00 1 An overpayment of 45 cents, which has been included in expenditures in previous re- ports, is now deducted. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 859 20. REMOVING THE WATER HYACINTH-MISSISSIPPI, LOUISIANA, AND TEXAS. The water hyacinth made its appearance in the waters of Louisiana about 1884 and spread with such rapidity that it soon infested all streams where sufficient current does not exist to carry it to salt water. Previous project.-None. Presentproject.-Existingproject for destruction of these plants is based on report printed in House Document No. 91, Fifty-fifth Con- gress, third session, and provides for construction and operation of boats equipped with suitable machinery for removing and crushing the plants and the use of log booms for preventing the plants drift- ing from one stream into another. Estimated cost, $25,000 for boat, $10,000 for operation, and $1,000 for establishment of log booms- total of $36,000. The river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, author- ized use of mechanical, chemical, or other means whatsoever for the extermination of the plant, and under this provision the project was modified so as to destroy the plants by chemical instead of mechanical means. The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, made the appro- priation available to include the removing of water hyacinths from the navigable waters of the State of Mississippi. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--Under the project a boat with suitable machinery for removing and crushing the hyacinth, at a cost of $17,253.17, was secured and operated in 1900 and 1901 in Bayou Plaquemine, removing the plants at an operat- ing cost of 4.9 cents per square yard. A log boom was established at the mouth of Bayou Teche to prevent the hyacinth entering into that stream from the Atchafalaya. In 1902 the crushing was aban- doned and a boat equipped with spraying apparatus was secured. Spraying operations were carried on in 1902 in Bayou Plaquemine and adjacent waters, using the Harvesta chemical compound, a trade article, operating cost per square yard being 0.37 cent. Alterations and repairs to the boat were made in 1904 and spraying operations resumed, using a solution prepared from a formula of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, consisting of arsenic and soda diluted with water preparatory to spraying. A second boat was purchased in 1905 and fitted for spraying the plants, at a cost of $8,903.57, and since that time work of removing the plants by spraying and use of booms and watchmen has been carried on in those streams mostly obstructed or whose commercial importance demands that no obstruc- tions be permitted to form. Amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $195,508.11 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. S. Hyacinth operated in various navigable streams in southern Louisi- ana, where the growth of the water hyacinth tended to obstruct navigation. The principal streams where work was done are as follows: Tickfaw, Natalbany, Ponchatoula, and Blood Rivers; Bayous Barataria, Segnette, Black, Des Allemands, Teche, Lacas- sine, Misere, and Grand; Vermilion River and Lake Des Allemands. Booms were placed in Lake Palourde, at head of Bayou Boeuf, Bayou Des Allemands, and Bayou Long. Booms were maintained 860 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. and operated in conjunction with operation by parish officials and local interests in Bayou Black, Bayou Boeuf, Bayou Chene, Bayou Cocodrie, and Bayou Vermilion, thereby keeping the hyacinth from spreading into the navigable waterways. Derrick barge No. 2 was fitted up as a pile driver, to be used at times for driving log booms. Spraying barge No. 1 was completed this year and will be placed in operation on small streams where the steamer Hyacinth can not be used. In the spraying operations 354,456 gallons of solution were used, consisting of 19,692 pounds arsenic and 19,950 pounds soda, destroying approximately 3,544,560 square yards of hyacinth. The sum of $14,787.64 was expended during the year, which was for maintenance, including supervision, inspection, and pro rata share of cost of widening derrick barge No. 2 ($273.90), and construction of spraying barge No.1 ($791.17). Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-These operations have resulted in removing the worst obstructions from year to year and keeping the most important waterways reasonably free of hyacinth. To June 30, 1915, there was expended $210,295.75 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No reasonable amount of money can hold the water hyacinth in check without the cooperation of local officers and private parties. Plan for such cooperation, whereby the United States has performed the heavier work of removal, established booms and employed boom tenders where necessary, and interested officials and parties have maintained patrols to keep the streams free, was inaugurated during 1912. By this cooperation navigation in Bayous Black, Teche, Vermilion, Des Allemands, and others of the worst obstructed streams of the State has been greatly benefited. Effect of the improvement.-The clearing of the streams of water hyacinths practically makes navigation possible on many streams and in others materially assists in easy navigation. Proposed operations.-It is expected available funds will be ex- pended by June 30, 1916. - Estimate of funds for fiscal year 1917 will be applied to the removal of the water hyacinth in accordance with adopted project, and is apportioned as follows: Operation and care steamer Hyacinth and spraying barge, placing booms and operation of same------------------------------- $17, 000 Supervision and contingencies---------------------------------- 3, 000 Total---------------- ------------------------------ 20, 000 Com/mercial statistics.-Commercialstatistics will show under the various streams on which the boat operates. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------ Maintenance----------------------- ----------------- $210, 295. 75 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 861 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $20, 000. 00 ....... Mar. 4, 1913-- ----- ------ 15, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- . 12, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------- ------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----- ___ ------------- 6, 112. 57 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 12, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 20, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-------------------------- - -_ 3.06 38, 115. 63 Deduction on account of amount withdrawn and reallotted to Mo- bile district ---------------------------------------------- 350. 00 37, 765. 63 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement----------------- - - 14, 787. 64 _--_-- July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_----------------__-__-__ July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -------- __-_-___ 22, 977. 99 875. 29 July 1, 1915, balance available_ _-_ ------------ ___---22, 102. 70 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement __---__________ 120, 000.00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF MARCH 4, 1913, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Bayou Lafourche, La. 2. BaratariaBay, La., and connecting waters. 3. Bayou Plaquemine Brule, with a view to the extension of the improvement. 4. Mermentau River, La. 5. Bayou Foures, Cameron Parish,La. 6. Bayou Lafourche, La., for a lock at the head, with a view to ascertaining whether such lock, either in connection with a new dam or in connection with the dam built by the local levee boards, in pur- suance of authority contained in the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, is necessary for navigation on said bayou; and if so, what part of the cost, if any, should be borne by the United States. 7. Mermentau River, La., with a view to the removal of obstruc- tions to navigation in and near the mouth. 8. Bayous Courtableau,Boeuf, and Cocodrie, La. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 862 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE GALVESTON, TEX., DISTRICT. This district includes all work of improvement on the coast of the State of Texas west of Sabine Pass, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico and the tributary streams, with exception of the Trinity River above its mouth. District officer: Lieut. Col. C. S. Riche, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. Lansing H. Beach, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Galveston Harbor, Tex......... 862 8. Operating and care of Galveston 2. Galveston Channel, Tex....... 865 and Brazos River Canal..... 908 3. Channel from Galveston Harbor 9. Mouth of Brazos River, Tex... 909 to Texas City, Tex........ 867 10. Brazos River, Tex., from Velas- 4. Channel to Port Bolivar, Tex... 870 co to Old Washington....... 911 5. Houston Ship Channel, Tex.... 872 11. Brazos River, Tex., from Old 6. West Galveston Bay Channel; Washington to Waco........ 913 Turtle Bayou; Trinity River; 12. Operating and care of Lock and Anahuac Channel; Oyster Dam No. 1, Brazos River.... 916 Creek; Cedar, Chocolate, and 13. Channel from Pass Cavallo to Bastrop Bayous, Tex., in- Port Lavaca, Tex. .......... 916 cluding mouths of adjacent 14. Port Aransas, Tex............. 917 streams...................... 878 15. Channel from Aransas Pass to 7. Inland Waterway, West Galves- Corpus Christi, Tex.......... 922 ton Bay and Brazos River Canal, channel between Bra- zos River and Matagorda Bay, channel from Aransas Pass to Pass Cavallo, including Guadalupe River, Turtle Cove and channel from Aran- sas 1ass to Corpus Christi, Tex......................... 898 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT, GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2621 TO 2663. 1. GALVESTON HARBOR, TEX. Location.-On the Gulf of Mexico, on the east coast of Texas, 410 miles west of the mouth of the Mississippi River and 188 miles northeast of Aransas Pass, and 313 miles northeast from the Rio Grande. The harbor extends from the Gulf through the pass be- tween the jetties on Galveston Island and Bolivar Peninsula to Bolivar Roads, where it connects with the ship channels to Galveston, Texas City, Houston, and Port Bolivar. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) Original condition.-The entrance was obstructed by two bars, with depth of about 9 feet in the inner and 12 feet on outer bars at mean low tide, with no fixed channel. Only very light-draft vessels entered Galveston, cargoes being lightered to larger vessels anchored in deep water in the Gulf of Mexico beyond the outer bar. Previous projects.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved June 23, 1874. Modified by river and harbor act approved June 14, 1880. Modified and enlarged by river and harbor act approved August 5, 1886. Total expended under previous projects, including repairs made to jetties damaged by storm of 1900, was $8,519,684.42, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 863 of which $8,421,996.57 was for new work and $97,687.85 was for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1854. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, and provided for the exten- sion of the jetties and by dredging to secure a channel 30 feet deep at mean low tide from the Gulf of Mexico to Galveston Channel, a distance of 6 miles. (See H. Doc. No. 340, 59th Cong., 2d sess., as modified by the report of the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors of Jan. 11, 1907, printed in R. and H. Com. Doc. No. 11, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) The tidal variation over the outer bar is 2 feet and over inner bar 1.64 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Stone jetties 5 feet above mean low tide had been built gulfward from Bolivar Peninsula and Galveston Island, a distance of 25,907 and 35,900 linear feet, respectively, and necessary repairs had been made from time to time. The channel had been deepened by dredging and natural scour to a navigable depth of 304 feet at mean low tide over the outer bar, and the inner bar had been entirely removed. The seagoing hopper dredge Galveston had been constructed and operated on this work. A total of $2,774,318.96 had been expended, of which $2,004,- 935.66 was for new work (including the construction of dredge Galveston, $380,435.35) and $769,383.30 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--Repairs were made to the south jetty under contract for a distance of 6,800 feet, closing gaps that were below the mean low-tide level. A total of 11,355 tons of new stone was placed at a cost of $50,037.54, and 1,422 tons of crest blocks was picked up and rebedded in jetty at a cost of $8,460.90. No dredging was done during the year. The sum of $98,037.02 was expended on this project, including outstanding liabil- ities for June, 1914, and omitting the liabilities for June, 1915, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, the depth of 30 feet at mean low tide having been obtained. Stone jet- ties with crest 5 feet above mean low tide have been built gulfward on each side of the pass, the north jetty extending from Bolivar Peninsula a distance of 25,907 feet and south jetty a distance of 35,900 feet from Galveston Island. There exists a navigable chan- nel midway between the jetties 321 feet deep at mean low tide and 800 feet wide, this channel extending from the Gulf to Bolivar Roads and making connection with the ship channels converging there. The lower channel around outer end of south jetty is gradually closing up, having a ruling depth of 304 feet and navigable width of 500 feet between 30-foot contour and the end of the jetty. A total of $2,872,- 355.98 has been expended, of which $2,004,935.66 was for new work and $867,420.32 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-A pile revetment about 1 mile long had been constructed by the city of Galveston in the vicinity of Fort Point in 1869-70, to prevent erosion and direct the current across the inner bar. The available funds for construction of jetties becoming ex- hausted the city of Galveston contributed the sum of $100,000 in May, 1883, to carry on the work of improvement, pending congres- sional appropriations. 864 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Effect of the improvement.-Has afforded a deep-water port on the western side of the Gulf of Mexico, giving an outlet to the prod- ucts of the States west of the Mississippi River and making Galves- ton the second port of the United States in value of imports and ex- ports. Freight rates on all commodities had been decreased until the outbreak of the European war, and consequent shortage of vessels forced the rates up to unusual heights. Proposed operations.-Fundsavailable June 30, 1915, will be ex- hausted about June 30, 1916. It is proposed to maintain the project depth through the channel by operating one United States seagoing dredge and repair of jetties, if necessary, at a cost of $50,000. Commercial statistics.-All the coastwise and foreign commerce for Galveston, Texas City, Port Bolivar, and Houston goes through this channel. The chief articles of export are cotton and cotton products, wheat, copper, lead, and lumber; and of imports, fuel oil, coal, sugar, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. ...... ........................................................ 4,117,099 $509,282, 450 1914...................... 1913...- ........................................... - -5,157, 5,157, 421 5482, 548,272, 978 1914 ---------------------------------------------------------- 5,593,725 494,820,669 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------ -------------------------- $10, 426, 932. 23 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 965, 108. 17 Total ------------------------------------------ 11, 392, 040. 40 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................................... Maintenance. $15,312.05 .............................................. $209, 475.13 $98,037.02 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------- $155,000. 00 July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------- 75, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------- 129, 782. 94 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 -------------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 Receipts from sales ---------------------------------- 1, 214. 05 155,996.99 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for main- tenance of improvement--------------------------------- 98, 037. 02 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 57, 959. 97 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ... ___ _ __-__ 1, 203. 75 July 1, 1915, balance available------ ------------------------- 56, 756. 22 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ ___ ___ - - 50, 000.00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 865 2. GALVESTON CHANNEL, TEX. Location.-This channel extends from Galveston Harbor at a point between Bolivar Peninsula and Fort Point across the former inner bar to and along the wharf front of Galveston, and has a length of about 5 miles and width of 1,400 feet; it is about 5 miles southwest of Port Bolivar and 7 miles southeast of Texas City. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) Original condition.-Inside the former inner bar, which had a minimum depth of 9 feet, the channel had a depth carrying from 20 to 30 feet at mean low tide, with deepest part opposite Twentieth Street, and a width of about 600 feet between the 18-foot contours, and was navigable to Forty-first Street, a distance of about 5 miles. Previous projects.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, and modified by river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907. A total of $549,735.12 was expended to June 30, 1907, of which $501,049.37 was for original work and $48,685.75 for mainte- nance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1855. Present project.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, provides for the excavation of a channel 30 feet deep at mean low tide and 1,200 feet wide from outer end of old inner bar near Fort Point to Fifty-first Street, and the extension, when the in- terests of navigation and commerce require it, of a channel 1,000 feet wide to Fifty-seventh Street, at an estimated cost of $1,769,710. (See H. Doc. No. 328, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The tidal variation is about 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel had been dredged to depth of 30 feet at mean low tide and width of 1,200 feet from Galveston Harbor, opposite Fort Point, to about Forty-sixth Street, with a narrow cut extending about 1,000 feet westward. A pile and brush dike and fence had been built on north side of channel to retain the spoil (a part by local interests). The completed portions of the channel have been maintained by Govern- ment plant. A total of $1,013,514.61 has been expended, of which $710,800.02 was for new work and $302,714.59 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Maintenance work has been carried on with U. S. seagoing hopper dredge Galveston dredging between Fort Point and the Southern Pacific docks, a distance of 4 miles and a width of 1,200 feet, restoring the greater part of the area to depth of 30 feet at mean low tide, remov- ing 1,699,878 cubic yards of material at a total cost of $111,169.18. Several gaps and low places in spoil bank behind the dike between United States life-saving station and the Federal quarantine station were closed with riprap and material dredged by the U. S. pipe- line dredge San Bernard at a cost of $6,225.68. This work was done to prevent wash of material into channel from behind Pelican Spit. Total cost of the work during the year $133,607.94, all for maintenance. The sum of $122,740.63 was expended during the year, including the outstanding liabilities for June, 1914, and omit- ting the outstanding liabilities for June, 1915, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted with the exception of the extension of channel westward from 8373°-ENG 1915-55 866 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Fifty-first Street to Fifty-seventh Street, the Chicago, Rock Island & Gulf Railway Co. not having developed the wharf front of their property. A navigable channel over 30 feet deep at mean low tide and 1,200 feet wide has been dredged from Galveston Harbor at Fort Point over site of old inner bar to Forty-sixth Street, a distance of about 4 miles. A pile and brush dike was built on the north side of channel to retain spoil and prevent wash into channel. This was extended about 3,757 feet by private parties. The ruling depth over the shoalest part of the channel was 29.2 feet at mean low tide on June 30, 1915, with a depth of 30 feet at mean low tide over about 60 per cent of the channel area. Total expended $1,136,255.24, of which $710,800.02 was for original work and $425,455.22 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.--The city of Galveston had built about 1 mile of pile bulkhead on south side of inner bar near Fort Point to pro- tect the east end of island from erosion and to direct the currents across the inner bar. The Southern Pacific Steamship Co. built a pile dike 3,757 feet long in extension of the Government pile and brush dike on opposite side of the channel and in front of their wharves, and this company and the Galveston Wharf Co. maintain the required depths in slips and for 75 feet in front of face of their wharves by dredging at their own expense. Effect of the improvement.-Has been to make Galveston the sec- ond port of the United States in value of exports, providing a con- venient outlet for the products of the Middle and Southwestern States. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about December 31, 1916, and it is proposed to apply the funds requested in continuing maintenance of the channel to project depth by operating one United States sea- going hopper dredge at a cost of $50,000 and one United States hy- draulic pipe-line dredge at a cost of $50,000. It is believed that further extension of the channel westward or any work other than maintenance should not be done until some serious effort is made by the local interests to utilize the undeveloped frontage where the Gov- ernment has already provided deep water. Commercial statistics.-The chief articles of export are cotton, cotton products, wheat, copper, lead, and lumber; and of imports, fuel cil, coal, sugar, and general merchandise. Comparative statements. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....-.....................--............................................... 3,224,367 $440,194284 1913 ----------------------------------------------------------- 4,455 088 489,022,813 1914 ----------------------------------------------------------- 5,019, 794 451,985,152 The export traffic of this port was affected during 1914 by the war in Europe, reducing the value of export cotton by $75,969,947. This port stands second in the value of foreign exports of all the ports in the United States. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 867 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $1, 211, 849. 39 Maintenance_, --------------------------- 474, 140. 97 Total ---------------- --------------------------- 1, 685, 990. 36 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................... .... $152,336.06 $97,117.07 ............ Maintenance..... ................................................. 4,668.12 $122,740.63 Total........... ............. ..... ............... 152,336.06 101,785.19 122,740.63 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] ------------------------------------------------ Feb. 27, 1911__ $125, 000.00 July 25, 1912 -------------- _------------------------_ 100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ------ -------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------ 158, 726. 34 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 100, 000. 00 Receipts from sales----------------------------------------- 1, 089. 36 259, 815. 70 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement _----------------------------------- 122, 740. 63 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_---------------------------- 137, 075. 07 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 13, 708. 17 July 1, 1915, balance available_------------------------------ 123, 366. 90 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------------------------ 294, 794. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__ -------------- 100, 000. 00 3. CHANNEL FROM GALVESTON HARBOR TO TEXAS CITY, TEX. Location.-Texas City, Tex., is on the mainland of Texas, on the west side of Galveston Bay, about 74 miles northwest of city of Gal- veston. The channel extends from deep water in Galveston Harbor, off Bolivar Peninsula, to the wharves, a distance of about 7 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) Original condition.-Natural depth of bay before improvement was 4 to 8 feet at mean low tide. Previous projects.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, and enlarged by river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910. (See H. Doc. No. 328, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) A total of $561,905.69 had been expended, of which $366,822.48 was for new work and $195,083.21 was for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1856. ' Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 868 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Present project.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved March 4, 1913, providing for the widening of the channel to 300 feet on the bottom, 30 feet deep at mean low tide, and the construction of a pile dike on the north side 28,200 feet in length, provided " that a gap of 100 feet in width shall be left between the western end of this dike and the Texas City Harbor lines, to permit the passage of small boats." The estimated cost of the project was $1,400,000, with $50,000 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 1390, 62d Cong., 3d sess.) The tidal variation is about 1l feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel about 16 feet deep at mean low tide and about 100 feet wide had been dredged by private parties in 1895-96, which had shoaled to about its original condition when work of improvement was begun by the United States under the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899. The channel was dredged to a depth of 25 feet at mean low tide and width of 100 feet on bottom, being redredged several times to maintain that depth. In 1910 the channel was extended a distance of 687 feet along face of docks at inner end, and deepened to 27 feet at mean low tide and widened to 200 feet for a distance of 5,187 feet, and under present project work of construction of pile dike and dredging of channel to depth of 30 feet at mean low tide and width of 300 feet had been 11 per cent completed at end of fiscal year June 30, 1914. A total of $146,482.61 had been expended, of which $78,282.61 was for new work and $68,200 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The pile dike on north side of channel, extending from the harbor line near shore for a distance of 28,200 feet, was completed under contract on June 1, 1915, at a total cost for the year of $299,322.51. A sheet pile timber bulk- head, 1,160 feet long, was built under an emergency contract at a cost of $4,489.17, to connect the inner end from gap in pile dike with the shore. The pile dike was protected with dredged material, at a cost of $113,445.28. Dredging of channel to depth of 30 feet and width of 300 feet under contract was continued during the year and was com- pleted for a distance of 9,787 feet from the inner end and partially completed for a distance of 11,600 feet, removing a total of 3,638,869 cubic yards of material, at a total cost of $438,677.21. Emergency dredging of channel to remove shoals was done with Government plant, removing a total of 352,519 cubic yards, at a total cost of $13,148.96. The sum of $5,000 of the purchase price of the U. S. tug San Luis and $4,824.78 for repairs and alterations were charged to this improvement. The total cost of the work during the year was $878,907.91, and the sum of $747,973.03 was expended, of which $724,- 999.29 was for new work and $22,973.74 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 68 per cent completed. The pile dike, 28,200 feet in length, on north side of channel has been completed and protected with riprap at ends and covered with material dredged from the channel and vicinity. A sheet pile timber bulkhead 1,160 feet long connecting the inner end from gap of pile dike with the shore was built and covered with spoil. The channel has been dredged to depth of 30 feet at mean low tide and width of 300 feet on bottom for a distance of 9,787 feet from the inner end, and 11,600 feet has been partly completed. The RIVER Alf H ARBORIVTMPROVEMENT. ,869 ruling depth that could be carried over the completed portion on June 30, 1915, was 29 feet at mean low tide, and over the uncompleted section it was 22 feet at mean low tide. A total of $894,455.64 has been expended, of which $803,281.90 was for new work and $91,173.74 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-During 1895-96 the Texas City Terminal Co. undertook the development of the port by dredging a channel about 16 feet deep at mean low tide and 100 feet wide from Galveston Harbor to Texas City, at a cost of $146,000. This channel was taken over by the United States under act of March 3, 1899, and was deep- ened to 25 feet at mean low tide and 100 feet wide. In 1906 the Texas City Transportation Co. redredged the channel to depth of 25 feet at mean low tide and dredged turning basin and slip, expend- ing a total of $337,670.17, according to figures furnished by them. The existing project, adopted under act of March 4, 1913, was sub- ject to the condition- that the work proposed shall be contingent upon the setting aside by the town of Texas City of a suitable right of way for a railroad or railroads through the said city within its limits, said right of way to be available to any railroad or railroads that may at any time be authorized by the United States to occupy or operate over said dike. This condition has been complied with. Effect of the improvement.-Established Texas City as a port for ocean vessels, handling a large volume of business, new steamship lines entering this service and competing with the port of Galveston. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about December 31, 1916, and it is proposed to apply the funds requested in maintenance of improve- ment by operating one United States hydraulic pipe-line dredge for six months in channel, at a cost of $50,000, and by repairs to pile dike and covering, at a cost of $25,000. Commercial statistics.-The chief articles of export were cotton and grain, and fuel oil, coal, and wire goods were the largest items of import. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912................ ....................................................... 464,237 $63,100,636 1913............. ....... ......................... ............................ 446,228 52,794,347 1914........................................................................ 1914- 301,106 32,020,182 The heavy decrease in tonnage and values for the year 1914 was caused by the unsettled conditions in Mexico and Europe. Many lines of business involving heavy movements during normal years have been absolutely cut off-the lumber business alone suffered to the extent of 50,000 tons during the year which would ordinarily move to Mexico. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------- - $1, 170, 104. 38 Maintenance------------------ -- ---- - 286, 256. 95 Total -------------------------------- 1, 456, 361. 33 870 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................... ...................... $35,081.73 $77,051.94 $724,999.29 Maintenance...................---.............. ...... ..... ........ 24,113.33 68, 200.00 22,973.74 Total..... ................. ................ ... . ....... .. 59,195.06 145,251.94 747, 973.03 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------------------------------- $50, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ 100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- 500, 000.00 Aug. 1, 1914---------------------------------------------- 900, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915____ 50, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____________-___ _______ 401, 618.25 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914__ 900, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 25, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 50, 000. 00 Receipts from sales---___- ---- _ -- --__--------------- 3. 75 1, 376, 622. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ______________ _ $724, 999. 29 For maintenance of improvement _____________ 22, 973. 74 747, 973.03 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______________________________ 628, 648. 97 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _______________ 138, 645. 72 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts----------------------------------------- 381, 824. 09 520, 469. 81 July 1, 1915, balance available _____ - _______-__ __- 108, 179.16 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ____-______--- --- 175, 000. 00 4. CHANNEL TO PORT BOLIVAR, TEX. Location.-Port Bolivar is at the end of Bolivar Peninsula, on east coast of Texas, between Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay, and is about 4 miles north of city of Galveston. The channel connects Galveston Harbor with the turning basin at the wharves. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Original condition.-No natural channel existed; the depth of water in front of the Gulf & Interstate Transfer Wharf was about 9 feet at mean low tide. This wharf was about 4,500 feet from deep water in Galveston Harbor. Previous projects.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907. (H. Doc. No. 719, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) A total of $94,811.50 was expended thereon, of which $48,710.75 was for new work and $46,100.75 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1856. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 871 Present project.-Was adopted by river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, and provided for the deepening of the channel from 25 to 30 feet at mean low tide and widening from 150 to 200 feet, with a turning basin 1,000 feet square and 30 feet deep in front of the wharves, at an estimated cost of $91,080. (H. Doc. No. 328, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Tidal variation about 11 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed on March 16, 1912. The channel had been dredged to depth of 25 feet and width of 150 feet, with turning basin at wharves 600 feet wide, and then deepened to 30 feet and widened to 200 feet and basin enlarged to 1,000 feet square. A total of $174.,892.97 had been expended, of which $85,213.85 was for new work and $89,679.12 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The channel was redredged with Government plant in July, 1914, to depth of 30 feet, removing 122,269 cubic yards, at a total cost of $5,193.79. Consider- able shoaling having taken place, the channel and basin were re- dredged in April and May, 1915, by contract, to depth of 24 and 27 feet in basin and 25 feet at mean low tide in the channel, at a total cost of $24,083.75, including inspection and office expenses, there being insufficient funds on hand to restore the channel to the 30-foot depth at mean low tide. The sum of $36,370.43 was expended during the year, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year. Project completed March 16, 1912, and maintained by contract and with Government plant. The ruling depth that can be carried over the channel on June 30, 1915, is 24 feet, and in the lower part of the basin the depth is about 24 feet at mean low tide. A total of $211,263.40 has been expended, of which $85,213.85 was for new work and $126,049.55 was for mainte- nance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Provided a deep-water port on Bolivar Peninsula, effecting considerable saving in distance of haul for lum- ber and logs from east Texas timber belt and an outlet for iron ore from northeast Texas. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916, and it is pro- posed to continue maintenance of channel and basin to depth of 30 feet by operating one United States hydraulic pipe-line dredge two and one-half months, at a cost of $25,000. Commercial statistics.-The chief articles of export are lumber and cotton, and wire goods and miscellaneous articles were imported. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ..................---------... .................... 428,495 $5,987530 1913-256,105 1913 ............................................................................ 256,105 6,455,818 6, 85, 818 1914............................................. ............................... 267,640 10,752, 53 Before the unsettled conditions in Europe prevailed this port was doing a large cotton and lumber business with European ports, Cuba, and Panama. 872 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, IT. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------_ $133, 924.60 Maintenance____________________---------------------------------------------- 172, 150. 30 Total---- ---------------------------------- 306, 074. 90 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work--....----- - ..-.-.........-... --.............. .-.. i.- .......... Maintenance ---................................................ $15,030.88 $43,017.74 $36,370.43 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 --------------------------------------- $25, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_ -_ 50, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 40, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------- _ 21, 375. 98 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 40, 000, 00 Receipts from sales_ .. ________------- - - - - - . 25 76, 376. 23 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------- --------------------- 36, 370. 43 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 40, 005. 80 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------- 25, 000. 00 5. HOUSTON SHIP CHANNEL, TEX. Location.-The channel improved under this title connects Gal- veston Harbor, at a point opposite Port Bolivar, with the city of Houston, Tex., extending 50 miles in a northwesterly direction across Galveston Bay, through the San Jacinto River and Buffalo Bayou to the turning basin at the head of Long Reach, with a light-draft channel 7 miles long from said turning basin to Main Street, Hous- ton. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Original condition.-The natural depth of Galveston Bay on line of the improvement was about 6 to 10 feet, obstructed by Red Fish Bar shell reef with depth of 4 feet; San Jacinto River 12 to 16 feet, 500 to 1,000 feet wide, and Buffalo Bayou 8 to 12 feet deep and 100 to 500 feet wide to Harrisburg, a distance of 48 miles, and 5 to 8 feet deep, 60 to 100 feet wide, thence to Houston, Tex., a distance of 9 miles. All are tidal waters, with a variation of 0.5 to 1.3 feet. Depths are referred to mean low tide. Previous projects.-Improvement of this waterway has been car- ried on under the following titles: " Improvement of Red Fish Bar, in Galveston Bay, Tex."; " Improvement of the ship channel between the mouth of San Jacinto River and Bolivar Channel, in Galveston, 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AN1D HARBOR IMPROVIEMENT. . 873 Bay, Tex."''; " Improvement of ship channel in Galveston Bay, Tex."; " Improvement of Buffalo Bayou, Tex."; " Care and operation of Morgans Canal, Tex."; " Improvement of Galveston Ship Channel and Buffalo Bayou, Tex."; and, finally, Houston Ship Channel, Tex. First work of improvement authorized by river and harbor act ap- proved June 10, 1872. The project was modified in 1877, and by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881, Morgan Canal and Cut were purchased by the United States on May 4, 1892, for $92,316.85, as a link in this waterway. Total expended prior to adoption of existing project and to June 30, 1898, was for ship channel in Galveston Bay (including the purchase of Morgan Canal and Cut, $92,316.85), $800,328.16, and for Buffalo Bayou, Tex., $210,137.64, a total of $1,010,465.80. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1856. Present project.-The project adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899 (as amended by an act approved Feb. 20, 1900), provided for securing a channel 25 feet deep at mean low tide, 150 feet wide in the bay, and 100 feet wide thence to Houston, with two turning basins at the upper end, all at an estimated cost of $4,000,000 and $100,000 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 99, 55th Cong., 2d sess.) Following a reexamination in response to a resolution of the Com- mittee on Rivers and Harbors, this project was modified by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905, in accordance with a report by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, dated Decem- ber 15, 1904 (see Rivers and Harbors Committee Doc. No. 35, 61st Cong., 2d sess.), so as to terminate the 25-foot channel with a turn- ing basin 600 feet wide at or near the head of Long Reach. 4 miles by land and 7 miles by water below the city of Houston. This report also contemplated the construction of a dike to protect the channel in the upper bay and the excavation of certain cut-offs in the river and bayou sections. At this time the cost of the improvement was estimated at $3,550,000 in addition to the $1,300,000 previously ap- propriated, or $4,850,000 in all. The river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, authorized the expenditure of $50,000 for the restoration of that part of the chan- nel from the foot of Main Street, Houston, to the head of Long Reach which had been omitted from the 25-foot project. The river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, placed the work under continuing- contract appropriations and authorized a total appropriation of $2,500,000, provided that one-half of this amount, or one-half of the cost of the work should be furnished by the local interests as repre- sented by the Harris County Houston Ship Channel Navigation Dis- trict, and the river and harbor act approved March 4, 1913, author- ized the purchase or construction of two suitable dredging plants for the maintenance of this improvement. Tidal variation: Lower Galveston Bay 1.3 feet, upper bay 0.5 foot, and San Jacinto River and Buffalo Bayou less than 0.5 foot. Fresh- ets sometimes cause rises of over 12 feet in Buffalo Bayou. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the dif- ferent titles and various projects this channel had been dredged and redredged to depths of 71, 12, and 18 feet at mean low tide as needs of commerce required and funds were available. Morgan Cut and 874 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Canal, 51 miles long, had been purchased in 1892 at a cost of $92,316.85 and formed a part of the improvement. A pile and brush dike 1 miles long, in Galveston Upper Bay, had been built to re- tain the dredged material and protect the channel from wave action, and after its destruction by teredo and storms, a creosoted sheet pile dike 11,400 feet long was built in upper bay; 4,000 feet of this dike was carried away by storm in February, 1911. Finally under exist- ing project and with local cooperation the project depth of 25 feet at mean low tide and widths of 150 feet in bay and 100 feet in river and bayou had been brought to 99 per cent of completion at begin- ning of fiscal year. Several sharp bends had been cut through and easements made to give channel a least radius of 2,500 feet, and turn- ing basin 600 feet in diameter on bottom dredged at the head of Long Reach, within 4 miles of center of city of Houston in air line and 7 miles by water. Work had begun under contract for the construc- tion of two hydraulic pipe line dredges for maintenance of improve- ment. A total of $4,365,125.14 had been expended, of which $4,042,- 181.71 was for original work and $322,943.43 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The project was completed under contract on September 7, 1914, attaining a full depth of 25 feet and a width of 150 feet in Galveston Bay and 100 feet in San Jacinto River and Buffalo Bayou, with a turning basin 600 feet wide on the bottom at the head of Long Reach, near Hous- ton, Tex. A total of 184,854 cubic yards were removed under con- tract, at a cost of $29,166.02, all for new work. Snags and overhang- ing trees were removed from the channel and banks between Lynch- burg and foot of Main Street, Houston, by Government plant at a cost of $5,245.48, all for maintenance. Construction of two hydraulic pipe-line dredges, San Jacinto and Sam, Houston, had been com- pleted, and the San Jacinto tested and accepted, being started on maintenance work on the channel June 11, 1915, redredging 17,000 linear feet of channel in lower bay. The Sam Houston was under- going final test at the close of the fiscal year. Total expenditures on account of dredges and purchase of tug and auxiliary plant, $411,- 041.72 for maintenance. Contract had been awarded for construc- tion of new dredge tender La Porte, at a cost of $13,450, which was 10 per cent completed at close of fiscal year. Pontoon pipe line had been built and received, contract let for shore pipe, and two oil and water barges were under construction, being about 70 per cent com- pleted at end of year. Surveys were made of all bridges of this waterway and tributary streams at a cost of $417.40. A water station for supplying Government plant had been provided at United States field office, Morgan Point, consisting of artesian well, water tanks, and wharf, at a cost of $3,273.01. The total expenditures on improvement during the year were $682,964.12, of which $290,464.94 was for new work and $392,499.18 for maintenance, including cost of dredging plant. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Channel completed to project depth of 25 feet at mean low tide, and width of 150 feet in bay and 100 feet in bayou and river sections, at a total cost of $5,048,- 089.26, of which $4,332,646.65 was for new work and $715,442.61 for maintenance. Dredging work under contract for 25 feet depth at RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 875 mean low tide was completed 16 months in advance of time specified, and with a saving of $44,981.96 on the contract estimate. Least navi- gable depth over shoalest part of channel on June 30, 1915, was 21.4 feet, with an average depth of 24j feet at mean low tide. New hydraulic pipe-line dredges Sam Houston and San Jacinto con- structed under contract at a cost of $321,000 were completed and one dredge accepted and the other under final test. Dredge tender La Porte, under construction by contract, is 10 per cent completed. Pontoon pipe line completed and two oil and water barges for dredges 70 per cent completed. Local cooperation.-The Buffalo Bayou Ship Channel Co., a cor- poration chartered under the laws of the State of Texas, in 1870 to 1876 constructed a canal through Morgan Point, which is a penin- sula about one-half mile wide, between Galveston and San Jacinto Bays and for about 5 miles southward into Galveston Bay, to a depth of 14 feet at mean low tide, and 180 feet wide in canal and 100 feet wide in bay. This company is also understood to have done some work on Red Fish Bar, but no definite record is available. This canal and cut were purchased by the United States in 1892 at a cost of $92,316.85. Under the provisions of river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, the Harris County Houston Ship Channel Navigation District, a cor- poration chartered under the laws of the State of Texas and repre- senting the taxpayers of Harris County, agreed to contribute $1,250,000, or as much thereof as might be necessary to pay one-half the cost of completing the channel to project dimensions. These pro- visions were complied with and project completed September 7, 1914, the Navigation District contributing the sum of $1,206,297.83. The river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, authorized the pur- chase or construction of two dredging plants, contingent on the Har- ris County Houston Ship Channel Navigation District contributing one-half the cost of the plant. This condition has been met. The channel in upper bayou from turning basin to foot of Main Street in Houston was cleared of snags and overhanging trees with Government plant, at a cost of $3,251.56, during the fiscal years 1914-15, the city of Houston contributing $1,625.78, or one-half the cost of the work. This section of bayou was also redredged by the city of Houston under private contract in 1913-14 to depth of 8 feet at mean low tide and 40 to 60 feet wide, at a cost of about $45,000. An election held October 28, 1914, in the city of Houston, ap- proved the issue of $3,000,000 in bonds to provide suitable wharves, warehouses, and terminal facilities along the channel, and the con- struction of one unit, to cost about $200,000, consisting of a wharf 625 feet in length, with a concrete warehouse 100 feet wide and 416 feet long, was commenced in March, 1915, and at the end of fiscal year was about 75 per cent completed. In order to provide for the de- posit of material excavated in maintaining the channel the city of Houston is securing leases for definite periods of time and is negoti- ating for the purchase of suitable tracts along the channel for per- manent deposit grounds. Effect of improvement.-Water rates are now applied to Houston, bringing water competition 50 miles farther inland and affording 876 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. water transportation to industrial plants located on the line of im- provement, three large plants being constructed during past year. Arrangements have been made to establish a line of steamers from Houston to New York, with sailings every 10 days, to begin August 10, 1915. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to expend the funds esti- mated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, $250,000, in addition to the balance available on June 30, 1915, which will be exhausted about June 30, 1916, in the maintenance of improvement by dredging with two Government pipe-line dredges. Commercial statistics.-Channel was completed on September 7, 1914, and to end of calendar year three ocean-going vessels arrived at the port with cargoes of cast-iron pipe, coal, and phosphate rock, amounting to a total of 5,185 tons, valued at $62,800. In addition to this, the usual barge traffic in sand, shell, and miscellaneous freight was carried on over the channel, the abolishment of the dif- ferential rate of 6 cents per 100 pounds causing the cotton traffic to be handled direct to Galveston by rail. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912. .......... ........................................................... 1,365,050 $35,938 800 1913 ........... 1913... ......................................................... 1,860,452 1,,452 38,738,464 38, 738,464 1914.... ................................................................. 1,070,700 24,382,700 Financial summary. GOVERNMENT FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------------- $4, 136, 814. 62 Maintenance----------------------------- 532, 778. 52 Total ------------------------------------------------ 4, 669, 593. 14 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....... ...... ....... .. ... . ............... $269, 382. 62 $800, 482.87 $152,199.65 .. Maintenance............ ....... ..... ......... ............ 2,316. 77 209,835.09 Total........................................................... 269,382.62 802,799.64 362,034.74 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] June 23, 1913------------------------------------------------ $950, 000.00 Aug. 1, 1914 ----------------------------------------------- 200, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ------------------------------------------------- 110, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------------200, 000. 00 July 1,1914, balance unexpended-------------------------- 220, 307. 89 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914__ 200, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 110, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 200, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-___ 1, 673. 13 _-------------------_____ 731, 981. 02 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 877 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-----------------$152, 199. 65 For maintenance of improvement ------------ 209, 835. 09 $362, 034. 74 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 369, 946. 28 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ___---------- 21, 176. 23 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts---- ----------------- ----------- 21, 620. 53 42, 796. 76 July 1, 1915, balance available_---------------- -____-___ 327, 149. 52 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------, 250, 000. 00 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Dredging. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- 1, 206, 297. 83 Maintenance--------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... ... ......... .......... ... ........... ... $1,068,032.54 $138,265.29 Maintenance.... ................................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Deposited -------------------------------------------- $1, 068, 032. 54 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-_ ______------____-_-_ 81, 967. 46 Amount deposited----------------------------------------- 56, 297. 83 138, 265. 29 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ----------------------------------------- 138, 265. 29 Construction of two dredging plants. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work Maintenance-- -- ------------------------------ 182, 664. 09 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 - New work............... ...............................- --.......................... Maintenance ................................................... .......- ........... $182,664.09 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Deposited ---------- ---------------------------------- $200, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 100,000.00 Amount deposited---------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 200, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement___ ----------------------------------- 182, 664. 09 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 17, 335. 91 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-- -------------- $8,013. 26 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts_ 9, 322. 65 _----------------------------- 17, 335. 91 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 878 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work _------------------------------------- $5, 343, 112. 45 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 715, 442. 61 Total_ __________________------------------------------------------- 6, 058, 555. 06 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............... ...... .......... ....... ...- .. $269, 382. 62 $1,868,515.41 $290,464.94 Maintenance .......-......... - ..... . . .. . ........ . ..-..... 2,316. 77 392,499.18 Total............................... .................... 269, 382. 62 1,870,832. 18 682,964. 12 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] June 23, 1913 ------------------------------------------ $950, 000. 00 Aug. 1, 1914-------------------------------------------------- 200, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ----------------------------------------------- 110, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------------ 200, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____-___________________ 402, 275. 35 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914_-_ 200, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 110, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 200, 000. 00 Amount deposited __----___-- __--________--___- 156, 297. 83 Receipts from sales_ ---------------------------------- 1, 673. 13 1, 070, 246. 31 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------$290, 464. 94 For maintenance of improvement______________ 392, 499. 18 682, 964. 12 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______________________________ 387, 282. 19 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------- 29, 189. 49 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts-------------------------------------- 30, 943. 18 60, 132. 67 July 1, 1915, balance available----_ ___________________________ 327, 149. 52 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_________________ 1250, 000. 00 6. WEST GALVESTON BAY CHANNEL, TURTLE BAYOU, TRINITY RIVER, ANAHUAC CHANNEL, OYSTER CREEK, CEDAR, CHOCOLATE, AND BASTROP BAYOUS, TEX., INCLUDING MOUTHS OF ADJACENT STREAMS. The above title embraces all work of improvement on the small streams emptying into Galveston Bay and connecting waters lying between east end of East Galveston Bay and the Brazos River, af- fording them light-draft navigation and connection with the inland waterway. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 879 (A) CHANNEL ACROSS HANNA REEF-EAST BAY BAYOU. Location.-This is a channel about 1,500 feet long across a shell reef dividing Galveston Bay from East Galveston Bay and East Bay Bayou in lower Galveston Bay, about 13 miles northeast of Galveston. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Originalcondition.-Channel improved was known as Ladys Pass, a narrow cut 2 to 3 feet deep at mean low tide across Hanna Reef, and connected lower Galveston Bay and East Bay and East Bay Bayou on line of the proposed inland waterway for light-draft navi- gation. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, under the title of improving Brazos River between Velasco and Richmond, West Galveston Bay Channel, Double Bayou, and the mouths of adjacent streams, Texas, including Trinity River and Cedar Bayou. An appropriation of $10,000 was made to secure a channel 4 feet deep at mean low water and 100 feet wide as a com- ponent part of the proposed inland waterway. (H. Doc. No. 451, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) Tidal variation, about 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Channel 7 feet deep at mean low tide and 45 to 60 feet wide was dredged with Government plant in 1903, and redredged to depth of 5 feet and 40 feet wide in 1911. Total expended, $3,299.67, of which $2,476.02 was for original work and $823.65 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--No work has been done during the fiscal year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. A channel across the shell reef had been dredged to depth of 7 feet at mean low water and width of 40 to 60 feet, connecting with 5 feet depths of water on each side of reef. Total expended, $3,299.67, of which $2,476.02 was for new work and $823.65 for maintenance. Rul- ing depth on June 30, 1915, was 41 feet at mean low water. Local cooperation.-The narrow channel across Hanna Reef, known as Ladys Pass, was deepened to about 6 feet in 1894 by firm of W. L. Moody & Co., Galveston, Tex., at a cost of about $100. Effect of the improvement.-Has been to provide channel for light- draft gasoline and sail boats from points on shores of East Galveston Bay and up East Bay Bayou, affording a market in Galveston and Houston for their produce, fish, shell, etc., and removes an obstruc- tion along line of proposed inland canal between Galveston and Sabine. Proposed operations.-Itis probable that no dredging will be nec- essary. Commercial statistics.-As this is a channel through shell reef in open bay and used by small boats bound for different localities, no commercial statistics were obtainable. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: __ New work_------------------------- ----- $2, 476.02 Maintenance ------ __ _ ----------------- 823. 65 Total ------------------ ------------------- ------- 3, 299. 6 880 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. (B) DOUBLE BAYOU. Location.-This bayou enters upper Galveston Bay on the east side about 30 miles north of Galveston, and about 84 miles south of Anahuac. The bayou is divided into east and west branches about one-half mile from the mouth, the east branch being navigable for 12 miles and west branch for 8 miles above the mouth. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Original condition.-The mouth of the bayou was obstructed by a bar with depth of 2 feet over its crest at mean low tide, this in- creased to depth of 10 feet one-half mile above the mouth at junction of the two bayous, with a depth of 6 to 10 feet at mean low tide, thence to head of navigation 8 and 12 miles, respectively, above the mouth, and width of 40 to 150 feet for the same distance. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, and provided for a channel 6 feet deep at mean low tide and 100 feet wide, at an estimated cost of $20,000 for dredging alone, without embankment or permanent walls, or $80,000 with riprap walls. (H. Doc. No. 387, 55th Cong., 2d sess.) Tidal varia- tion about one-half foot. Operationsand results priorto the fiscal year.-Dredged with Gov- If%- . . , ,, . -,-, ,, ,a,-, 1, , ~Y.,0,-h- ,, . 1 ,-_.- 4- a-,., oK nIIIIIIIU ylallu to depll ' i andl fee ii me an ait 111id t 0VtVV VJJ VoIU VJ feet wide, and redredged in 1907, 1909, and 1910, at a total cost of $19,622.71, of which $6,953.20 was for original work and $12,669.51 for maintenance, exclusive of $2,711.40 deposited by private parties in operation of Government plant. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The channel was redredged with U. S. dredge San Bernard to depth of 7 feet at mean low tide and width of 70 feet for a distance of 7,570 feet from the bay to the bayou, removing a total of 70,944 cubic yards of material at a total cost of $9,140.22. The sum of $9,155.22 was expended during the year for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The ruling depth on June 30, 1915, was 64 feet at mean low tide. The total expenditures were $28,777.93, of which $6,953.20 was for original work and $21,824.73 for maintenance, exclusive of $2,711.40 deposited by private parties. Local cooperation.-There being no funds available for mainte- nance of this channel private parties contributed the sum of $2,711.40 to pay the operating cost of redredging this channel in 1905-6. Effect of the improvement.-Has been to afford an outlet for farm products and means of securing needed supplies to quite a large farm- ing community, the nearest railway being about 30 miles distant. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. It is proposed to oper- ate one United States hydraulic pipe-line dredge one month in main- taining channel at a cost of $5,000. Commercial statistics.-The increased valuation is due to a greater production of rice and produce, the chief articles handled through this waterway. [For last five fiscal years only.] RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 881 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ............................................................................ 3,351 $115,300 1913........... ...... ........... ............................................... 7,835 195,462 1914 ..... .. . ......... ................... -......................... .......... 5,574 279,523 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $6, 953. 20 Maintenance---- --------------------------------- 21, 824. 73 Total --------- -------------------------------- 28, 777. 93 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Maintenance ..... .................................. .............. $361.62 $9,155.22 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------ -------------------------- $5,000.00 Mar. 4, 1911----------------------------------------------4, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__ ------------------- 9, 638. 38 Receipts from sales---------------- -------------------------- 16. 84 9, 655. 22 Deduction on account of transfer to Dickinson Bayou--------------500. 00 9, 155. 22 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------- ----------------------------- 9, 155. 22 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------__ ------------- (1) (C) ANAHUAC CHANNEL. Location.-The town of Anahuac is on northeast side of upper Galveston or Trinity Bay, opposite mouth of the Trinity River, 38 miles north of Galveston and 25 miles northeast of Seabrook. The channel is about 3 miles long and extends from 6 feet depth at mean low tide in the bay to the wharves at Anahuac, connecting with channel to Trinity River through Browns Pass. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Original condition.-No natural channel existed, the depths vary- ing from 1 foot near shore to 6 and 7 feet at mean low tide at a distance of 3 miles from Anahuac wharves. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-Adopted under river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, for the improvement of the Brazos River between Velasco and Richmond, West Galveston Bay Channel, Double Bayou, 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 898. 0 8373 -ENG 1915 56 882 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. and the mouths of adjacent streams. This channel was included as one of the adjacent streams by river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905, a channel 7 feet deep at mean low tide and 80 feet wide being dredged from the 6-foot contour in Galveston Bay to wharves at Anahuac, a distance of 16,013 feet, with an extension thence to Browns Pass at mouth of Trinity River. Tidal variation about one- half foot. The locality is now being improved under the title of West Galveston Bay Channel, Turtle Bayou, Trinity River, Anahuac Channel, Oyster Creek, Cedar, Chocolate, and Bastrop Bayous, in- cluding mouths of adjacent streams. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-In 1905 the chan- nel had been dredged 7 feet deep at mean low tide and 80 feet wide from 6-foot depth in Galveston Bay to the wharves at Anahuac, with an extension one-half mile long, thence to Browns Pass, mouth of Trinity River. Since that date it has been redredged several times and snags and other obstructions removed, a total of $17,036.15 being expended to June 30, 1914, of which $5,975.10 was for new work and $11,061.05 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Channel was re- dredged with U. S. dredge San Bernard from 6-foot depth to the wharves, a distance of 13,290 feet, forming a channel 7 feet deep at mean low tide and 70 feet wide, and removing a total of 89,226 cubic yards of material at a total cost of $5,017.61, all for mainte- nance. A total of 52 snags and obstructions were removed from the channel by U. S. snag boat Guadalupe at a cost of $485.60, making the total expenditures during the year $5,503.21 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The ruling depth on June 30, 1915, was 61 feet at mean low tide. A total of $22,539.36 has been expended, of which $5,975.10 was for original work and $16,564.26 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-A slip at Anahuac Wharf was dredged with United States plant, the cost of operation being paid by local inter- ests. In 1912, there being no Government plant available, the dipper dredge Thos. H. Ball was borrowed from the city of Houston and the channel redredged, the United States paying only the cost of operation. Effect of the improvement.-There is no railroad communication with this locality and all produce and supplies pass through this channel, which is also used by the United States mail boats. This channel now affords the best navigable channel from Galveston Bay .to the Trinity River. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916, and with funds requested it is proposed to maintain the channel by operating one United States pipe-line dredge for one month at a cost of $5,000 and one United States snag boat one month at a cost of $2,000. Commercial statistics.-Statisticsprevious to 1913 are unreliable. Rice and lumber are the principal items. The channel is used by the United States mail boats, and as there is no railroad communication with the adjacent country all produce and supplies pass through this channel, also the commerce through the mouth of the Trinity River. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 883 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 191.3 ..... .. ... ................ ........................... 1,099 $24,606 ......................................................... 1914............... 10,327 217,878 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------------ $5, 975.10 Maintenance ----------------------------------- 16, 564. 26 Total ---------------------------------------- 22, 539.36 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ................................... --------................. .............. Maintenance................................................. $1,057.38 $422.67 $5,503.21 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------- ------------------ $3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------------- 3, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------------------- 3, 800. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_-__ ______ _________--__----- 3, 705. 80 Amount allotted from river and harbor act apprcved Oct. 2, 1914.--. 3, 800. 00 7, 505. 80 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------------- 5, 503. 21 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 2, 002. 59 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement____________________ (1) (-D) MOUTH OF TRINITY RIVER. Location.-Trinity River enters upper Galveston Bay about 38 miles north of Galveston and about 2 miles west of Anahuac. The mouth is divided into several passes, all obstructed by bars, with a natural depth of about 3 feet at mean low tide. Under this title, as one of the adjacent streams, a channel has been dredged across these bars in Middle Pass and Browns (or Southeast) Pass. The Trinity River extends northwesterly almost across the State of Texas, and is being improved to Dallas, a distance of 512 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Original condition.-Trinity River enters upper Galveston Bay through three large and several small passes, all obstructed by bars with a least depth of about 34 feet of water at mean low tide, and by log rafts and snags. A short distance inside mouth of river the depth is 6 to 15 feet at mean low tide, and though obstructed by sand bars and snags is navigable for boats of 4 and 5 feet draft to Liberty, a dis- tance of about 30 miles, and in higher stages has been navigated to SSee consolidated Finangiea srmmary on p. 898, 884 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Dallas, a distance of 512 miles above the mouth. It is now being improved by locks and dams above the mouth under the Dallas, Tex., district. Previous projects.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved June 18, 1878, which was amended by river and harbor act approved May 4, 1884. A total of $75,900 had been expended for new work on previous projects. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1859. Present project.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, which provided for the improvement of Brazos River between Velasco and Richmond, West Galveston Bay Channel, Double Bayou, and the mouths of adjacent streams, and the con- struction of a suitable dredge and snag boat for work on these streams. Previous work had been done under title of "Improving Trinity River, Tex.," being transferred to this work as an adjacent stream by river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905, and work had been chiefly confined to improvement of Middle Pass, while under present project a channel has been dredged to Browns Pass from the Anahuac Channel, forming a channel 7 feet deep at mean low tide and about 80 feet wide. Tidal variation about one-half foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The Government in 1865 had excavated a small channel to facilitate the supply of fuel to the troops at Galveston, but this channel was soon obliterated. A channel about 51 feet deep at mean low tide, 110 feet wide, and 4,800 feet long had been made from Galveston Bay to deep water in the river through Middle Pass, and wooden revetments built on each side to direct the current. This revetment was repaired and ex- tended and the channel maintained by dredging and snagging until 1907, when work on this pass was suspended and improvement com- menced on the Southeast, or Browns, Pass, which was connected with the Anahuac Channel at wharves at Anahuac. A total of $12,726.57 has been expended under the existing project, of which $3,640.44 was for original work and $9,086.13 was for maintenance. Operations and results during fiscal year.-No work has been done. The sum of $1,490.56 was expended for repairs to the U. S. pipe- line dredge San Bernard and charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Channel through Middle Pass is practically filled and obstructed with logs and snags. The channel from Browns Pass to Anahuac Channel and thence to Galveston Bay is now in use and the project is completed. A total of $14,217.13 has been expended under existing project, of which $3,640.44 was for new work and $10,576.69 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Affords outlet for rice, lumber, and prod- uce for section of country without railway connection nearer than 25 to 30 miles and is part of general improvement of the Trinity River to Dallas, Tex., a distance of 512 miles. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916, and it is proposed to apply funds requested to maintenance of channel by snagging and dredging with United States derrick barge operating one month, at a cost of about $1,200, RIVER ANID HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 885 Commercial statistics.-The freight traffic during 1914 consisted of 5,213 short tons, valued at $78,195. This tonnage was composed of lumber only. No statistics were available for 1913 and the sta- tistics for 1912 are unreliable. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work____--------------- ------------------------- $79, 540.44 Maintenance ------------ ----------------------------- 10, 576. 69 Total ------------------------------------------- 90, 117. 13 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................. .......... ............. 1.490..5 Maintenance --------------------------------------------------------------- $1,490.56 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $1, 500.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _ ----------------------------- 2, 000. 00 Deduction on account of transfer to Dickinson Bayou------------- 500. 00 1, 500. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_ ----------------------------------------- 1, 490. 56 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------------_ 9. 44 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------- (1) (E) TURTLE BAYOU. Location.-- Turtle Bayou is about 17 miles long and flows south into Turtle Bay, a small bay at north end of upper Galveston Bay, 3 miles from Anahuac and 412 miles from Galveston, Tex. The improved section is at the mouth. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Original condition.-From Anahuac across Turtle Bay to the mouth of bayou, 32 miles, the depth was 3 feet with 22 feet at mean low tide on the bar at mouth of bayou; thence for 5 miles the bayou had a depth of about 16 feet with 8 feet at mean low tide for next 5 miles and shoaling to 4 feet in next 7 miles. Was partially ob- structed by snags and overhanging trees. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, and provides for the dredging of a channel 4 feet deep at mean low tide and 50 feet wide from the mouth of Turtle Bayou across Turtle Bay to the foot of Browns Pass near Anahuac, and for removing overhanging timber, at an estimated cost of $10,000 if done independently by contract, or less if done by Government plant in connection with other work. (See H. Doc. No. 440, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) The tidal variation is about one-half foot. 1See consolidated Financial summary on p. 898. 886 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--A channel was dredged across Turtle Bay (to depth of 5 feet at mean low tide and width of 50 feet) from Browns Pass to the mouth of Turtle Bayou, a distance of 31 miles, and the bayou was cleared of snags and over- hanging trees for nearly its whole length, all at a cost of $13,773.16, of which $8,899.97 was for original work and $4,873.19 for main- tenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work has been done. The sum of $1,303.59 was expended in repairs to the U. S. pipe-line dredge San Bernard, and $261.04 for repairs to U. S. der- rick barge No. 1, and charged to this allotment, a total of $1,338.59, charged as maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The ruling depth across the bay on June 30, 1915, was 3 feet. Total ex- pended, $15,111.75, of which $8,899.97 was for new work and $6,211.78 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-A dam with tidal lock was built across the lower end of Turtle Bay to retain the fresh water in bay and bayou for irrigation purposes. This was built in 1911-12 by the Lone Star Canal Co., under authority of the Secretary of War, dated June 25, 1910. Effect of improvement.--Opened line of communication to section not served by railway and which has been developed in rice culture. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted on June 30, 1916, and it is proposed to apply funds requested to maintaining the channel by dredging and removal of snags with United States plant at a cost of about $5,000. Commercial statistics.-The principal items carried on this stream are lumber and rice. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. -------------------------------------------------------------- 11,117 $208,305 1913............ .......--------------------------------------------------------------- 6,088 113,840 1914.................................................................... ......... 11,340 238,522 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------------$8, 899. 97 Maintenance _------------------------------------------------, 211. 78 Total 111. 75 1----------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........ .................. ............................. .............. Maintenance ................................................. $1,216.64 $3,656.55 $1,338.59 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 887 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---- ---------------------------------------- $4, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 - -------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------3, 226. 84 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement ________------------------- 1, 338. 59 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 1, 888. 25 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__---------- ---------------- 261. 04 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 1, 627. 21 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_-_------------------ (1) (F) CEDAR BAYOU. Location.-This bayou is about 17 miles long, flowing south and emptying into northwest corner of upper Galveston Bay, about 1i miles below mouth of San Jacinto River, and is about 281 miles north of Galveston, Tex. The improved section is about 2 miles long, extending from mouth of bayou to 5 feet depth at mean low tide in Galveston Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Original condition.-The mouth of the bayou was obstructed by a bar with depth of 3 feet at mean low tide. Just inside the mouth there was a depth of 7 feet with a depth of 7 to 9 feet at mean low tide for a distance of about 17 miles, the bayou ranging in width from 100 to 250 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved September 19, 1890, providing for the dredging of a channel 100 feet wide and 5 feet deep at mean low tide from mouth of bayou to 5 feet depth in upper Galveston Bay, and the protection of the cut by walls or revetment of timber, at an estimated cost of $18,150. This was amended by river and harbor act approved July 13, 1892, to provide for jetties of brush and stone instead of timber, increas- ing the estimated cost to $32,150. (H. Ex. Doc. No. 84, 51st Cong., 1st sess.) The tidal variation is about one-half foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel had been dredged and maintained to depth of 5 to 8 feet at mean low tide and about 100 feet wide from mouth of bayou to 5 feet depth in upper Galveston Bay and across Cloppers Bar to mouth of San Jacinto River at north end of Morgans Point. Two brush and stone jetties had been built out from shore on each side of channel; the north jetty is 1,413 feet long and the south jetty 2,888 feet long, extending about 21 feet above mean low tide. A total of $49,940.31 was expended on the work, of which $39,087.15 was for original work and $10,853.16 was for maintenance. 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 898. 888 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The channel was redredged by the U. S. dredge San Bernard from mouth of the San Jacinto River across Cloppers Bar and into mouth of bayou to a depth of 7 feet at mean low tide and 70 feet wide, removing 67,858 cubic yards of material at a total cost of $8,909.07. The Cedar Bayou Gap Channel through the Houston Ship Channel Dike below Morgans Point was redredged to depth of 8 feet at mean low tide for a distance of 1,000 feet by contractor on Houston Ship Channel, at his own expense, spoil from his dredging plant having filled the channel. The sum of $8,924.07 was expended on the work during the year for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. A channel over 5 feet deep and 100 feet wide has been ex- cavated from mouth of the bayou to the mouth of San Jacinto River, and to upper Galveston Bay, with a ruling depth of 5 feet at mean low tide on June 30, 1915. Total expended $58,864.38, of which $39,087.15 was for original work and $19,777.23 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Provides means of communication with well-settled farming section without railway connection nearer than 12 miles. Boat-building yard and marine ways for repair of barges, tugs, etc., established at town of Cedar Bayou. Proposed operation.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916, and it is proposed to apply the funds requested to maintenance of the channel by oper- ating one United States hydraulic pipe-line dredge for one month at a cost of $5,000. Commercial statistics.-Through lack of cooperation with this office on the part of the local interests reliable statistics for 1914 could not be obtained. The principal items of traffic on this stream are rice, produce, poultry, and eggs. There is a large business car- ried on between Houston and Cedar Bayou. It is believed that the commerce during 1914 exceeded that of 1913. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.... ........................................... 41,432 $946,981 ......... 1913............. ... .................................. 36,930 1,075,095 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $39, 087. 15 Maintenance--------------------------------19, 777. 23 Total----------------------------------------------------58, 864. 38 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........... Maintenance............................................................... $83.21 $8,924.07 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 889 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912---------------- --------------------------------- $3, 100. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 4, 475. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 8,916.79 Receipts from sales --------------------------------- 16. 83 8, 933. 62 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------- 8,924. 07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 9. 55 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------- (1) (G) CLEAR CREEK. Location.-Clear Creek has its source about 13 miles south of Houston, Tex., and flows southeast for a distance of 25 miles, empty- ing into the west side of upper Galveston Bay at a point 24 miles northwest of Galveston, Tex. The section under improvement ex- tends from the mouth to Friendswood, a distance of 20 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Original condition.-The creek was obstructed at its mouth by a narrow sand bar, on which the depth did not exceed 2 feet. Above the bar for a distance of 2 miles the depth was over 8 feet, broadening into a lake 3 miles long and 1 miles wide which had an average depth of 1 feet at mean low tide. Above the lake the creek had a depth of 8 to 12 feet at mean low tide, 100 to 150 feet wide up to town of Friendswood, a distance of about 20 miles, the head of tide- water. Previous project.--None. Present project.-This locality has been improved as an adjacent stream under the project adopted in river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, which provided for the "Improvement of the Brazos River between Velasco and Richmond, West Galveston Bay Channel, Double Bayou, and the mouths of adjacent streams." The project contemplated a channel 4 feet deep at mean low tide and 50 feet wide across the bar at mouth and through Clear Lake to deep water in Clear Creek, at an estimated cost of $10,000. (H. Doc. No. 449, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) Tidal variation, one-half foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The United States with Government plant dredged a channel 4 to 6 feet deep at mean low tide and 40 feet wide across Clear Lake to deep water in the creek, and removed the snags and overhanging trees from upper section of creek to Friendswood. Private parties dredged a channel about 6 feet deep at mean low tide and 80 feet wide across the bar at mouth of creek at a cost of about $5,000. This work was done in 1907-8, and has since been maintained by dredging with Govern- ment plant. A total of $27,744.65 was expended, of which $14,290.95 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 898. 890 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMIY. was for original work and $13,453.70 was for maintenance, exclusive of amounts spent by private parties. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge San Bernard redredged this channel from Galveston Bay to deep water in lower section of the creek, and a channel across Clear Lake to deep water in upper section of creek, all to depth of 7 feet at mean low tide, and about 70 feet wide. A gap in ridge between creek and shore line of bay which threatened to form new channel was closed with material excavated from the creek. A total of 212,785 cubic yards was removed, at a cost of $8,721.09, all for main- tenance. The sum of $8,735.51 was expended for maintenance during the year, including outstanding liabilities for June, 1914. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. A channel with least depth of 61 feet at mean low tide and 70 feet wide extends from Galveston Bay to deep water in lower section of the creek, and a channel 6 feet deep and 60 feet wide ex- tends across Clear Lake to deep water in upper section of the creek. Snags, overhanging trees, etc., have been removed from the creek as far as Friendswood, 25 miles above the mouth. A total of $36,480.16 has been expended, of which $14,290.95 was for new work and $22,189.21 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Priorto 1899 private parties reported having dredged the channel across bar at mouth of creek at cost of about $2,500, and in 1907-8 a channel 6 feet deep at mean low tide and about 80 feet wide, extending from 6-foot depth in Galveston Bay to the mouth of creek, a distance of about 4,700 feet, was reported as 90 per cent completed at cost of about $2,500, the work being done by private parties. Effect of improvement.-Has been to afford navigable waterway connection for towns of Seabrook, Webster, League City, and Friends- wood with Houston and Galveston, and especially a means of dis- tributing shell at these places for the county highways and for rail- way ballast. Proposed operations.-No funds were available on June 30, 1915, and it is estimated that no work will be required during fiscal year 1916. It is proposed to apply the funds requested for fiscal year 1917 to maintenance of channel by operating one United States pipe-line dredge for one and one-half months, at a cost of $7,500. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consisted of 23,997 short tons, valued at $13,790, and was composed principally of mud shell and fish. No statistics had been obtained for the calendar years 1912 and 1913. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------- --------------------------------- $14, 290.95 Maintenance------------- --------- --- 22, 189. 21 Total----------------------------- ---------------- 36, 480. 16 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ...................................................... Maintenance........................................................ .. $264.49 $8,735.51 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 891 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------- $7, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914----------------------------------------------2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------ _______________ 6, 735. 51 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 2, 000. 00 8, 735. 51 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------- 8, 735. 51 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement __________----- ----- (1) (H) DICKINSON BAYOU. Location.-Dickinson Bayou is about 25 miles in length, flowing east and emptying into the west side of lower Galveston Bay, about 20 miles northwest of Galveston, Tex. The section under improve- ment extends from the mouth up to Dickinson, a distance of about 9 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 20.) Original condition.-The entrance to the bayou was obstructed by a sand bar with 2 feet of water over the crest at mean low tide and shoal water of 3 to 4 feet in Dickinson Bay. Inside the bar the bayou had a depth of 10 feet at mean low tide for a distance of about 20 miles, with about 6 feet for the next 5 miles. The widths varied from 100 to 400 feet, the bayou being fairly clear of snags, etc., though obstructed by several bridges. The first fixed bridge is 12 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present projects.-This locality has been improved as an adjacent stream under the project adopted in river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, which provided for the " improvement of the Brazos River between Velasco and Richmond, West Galveston Bay Channel, Double Bayou, and the mouths of adjacent streams." The project contemplated a channel 4 feet deep at mean low tide and 50 feet wide across the sand bar at mouth and through Dickinson Bay to depth of 4 feet in the bayou, at an estimated cost of $7,500. (H. Doc. No. 448, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) Tidal variation about 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel 5 feet deep at mean low tide and 40 feet wide was dredged in 1907 by Gov- ernment plant from the 5-foot depth at mean low tide in Galveston Bay to the same depth in the bayou, a distance of about 15,500 feet. This channel has been maintained and slightly enlarged, the total expenditures being $20,837.30, of which $6,287.28 was for original work and $14,550.02 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-This channel was redredged with Government plant for a distance of 20,160 feet to depth of about 6 feet at mean low tide and width of 60 feet, removing a total of 156,959 cubic yards of material at a total cost of $7,822. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted, and there is now a navigable channel 5 to 6 feet deep and 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 898. 892 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. about 60 feet wide extending from Galveston Bay to mouth of the bayou, the ruling depth on June 30, 1915, being 5. feet at mean low tide. A total of $28,659.30 has been expended on the improvement, of which $6,287.28 was for new work and $22,372.02 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-Provides water transportation for produce and supplies, distributing point for shell for the railroads and highways in that vicinity, and has controlled rates and service on the railways. Proposed operations.--It is estimated that no work will be re- quired during the fiscal year 1916, and it is proposed to apply the small balance available on June 30, 1915, together with the funds requested for fiscal year 1917, to operating one United States pipe- line dredge for one month, at a cost of about $5,000. Commercial statistics.--The principal items of commerce are lum- ber and mud shell. There is a large amount of passenger traffic to and from a large picnic ground on this bayou. No statistics had been obtained for 1913. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 . --------------------------------------------------------------- 6,994 $139,880 1914... --------------------------------------------------------------- 7,644 152,880 Financialsummnary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ ------------------------------------------- $6, 287.28 Maintenance-- ---------------------------------------- 22, 372. 02 Total-- -------------------------------------------- 28, 659. 30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... Maintenance................................................ $29.74 $83.21 $78.22 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ---------------------------------------------- $500. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------- 4, 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------- 3, 200. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____-- -3, 972.93 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__. 3, 200. 00 Transferred from Double Bayou and Mouth of Trinity River-------- 1, 000. 00 8, 172. 93 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement- --------------------------------------- 7, 822.00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_-----_-____ __ -- -- _ ______ 350. 93 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------- (1) 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 898. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 893 (I) CHOCOLATE BAYOU. Location.-This bayou has its source about 25 miles southwest of Houston and flows southeast a distance of about 50 miles, emptying into Chocolate Bay, an arm of West Galveston Bay, about 12 miles north of San Luis Pass and 28 miles west of Galveston. The section under improvement extends from lower end of Chocolate Bay to the town. of Liverpool, a distance of about 27 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) Original condition.--There was about 2.5 feet of water at mean low tide across Chocolate Bay, a distance of about 3 miles, with 2.3 feet at mean low tide over soft mud bar at mouth of bayou; in the bayou the depths varied from 7 to 9 feet at mean low tide and 75 to 150 feet wide for a distance of about 50 miles above its mouth, the first 30 miles being comparatively clear of snags and overhanging trees and the upper section badly obstructed. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This locality has been improved as an adjacent stream by river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, under the project adopted by river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, which provided for the " Improvement of the Brazos River between Velasco and Richmond, West Galveston Bay Channel, Double Bayou, and the mouths of adjacent streams." The project contemplated a channel 4 feet deep at mean low tide and 100 feet wide from West Galveston Bay across Chocolate Bay to 4 feet of water in the bayou above, and for clearing the bayou of snags and overhanging timber, at an estimated cost of $15,000. (H. Doc. No. 445, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel had been dredged 5 feet deep at mean low tide and 40 to 50 feet wide from 5 feet depth at mean low tide in West Galveston Bay across Chocolate Bay and to 5 feet depth at mean low tide in the bayou, a distance of about 21,000 feet. Snags and overhanging trees have been removed from bayou and its banks up to town of Liverpool, a distance of about 24 miles above the mouth. A total of $22,656.81 has been expended, of which $6,512.12 was for original work and $16,144.69 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work has been performed; the expenditures of $1,071.56 was for repairs to the U. S. pipe-line dredge San Bernard, and $76.02 for repairs to U. S. derrick barge No. 1. Wash from irrigating ditches into the upper portions of the bayou has resulted in decreasing its navigable depth very materially. Until this wash can be controlled or prevented, main- tenance dredging would be excessive. An effort is being made either to secure the cooperation of the drainage districts concerned or to prevent them from continuing the damage. The sum of $1,081.56 was expended for maintenance during the year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. A channel 3 to 5 feet deep at mean low tide and 40 to 50 feet wide extends from West Galveston Bay to mouth of the bayou, with a ruling depth on June 30, 1915, of 2 to 3 feet. Snags and overhang- ing trees have been removed for a distance of about 24 miles, and the stream is in good navigable condition. A total of $23,738.37 has 894 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. been expended on the improvement, of which $6,512.12 was for new work and $17,226.25 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.--Affording water transportation to several small towns and rich farming community. Is also a feeder to the inland waterway on coast of Texas. No effect on rail rates. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916, and it is pro- posed to apply the funds requested for 1917 to maintenance of the improvement by operating one United States pipe-line dredge one month, at a cost of $5,000, and one derrick barge one month, at cost of $1,200. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consisted principally of produce, poultry, and eggs. No statistics had been obtained for 1913. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912------.....-------...--.......--...........---..........------------..---------...-------------------.............................. 4,800 $212,000 1914...-------------...----..-.............----.....--.--------------------------------------............................................. 6,167 96,180 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work____________________ ___ -- $6, 512. 12 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 17, 226. 25 Total------------------------------------------------ 23, 738. 37 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....................... .. ............................. Maintenance.....---------------------------------------............................................ $6,827.02 $3,685.90 $1,081.56 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb- 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------- $8, 500. 00 July 25, 1912 --- _____________________________ - 2, 400. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________________________ 369. 48 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914____ 5, 000. 00 5, 369. 48 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------------- 1, 081. 56 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---- _______________________ _ 4, 287. 92 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ___________________________ _ 76. 02 July 1, 1915, balance available_----------______________ 4, 211. 90 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___----------- (1) 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 898, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 895 (J) BASTROP BAYOU. Location.-This bayou has its source near Angleton, in Brazoria County, and flows southeast a distance of about 20 miles, emptying into Bastrop Bay, which is a part of West Galveston Bay. The mouth of the bayou is 5 miles northwest of San Luis Pass and about 30 miles west of Galveston. The section under improvement ex- tends from a point in Bastrop Bay crossed by the inland waterway across Bastrop Bay to mouth of bayou, thence to about the 5-foot depth in the bayou, a total distance of about 7I miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) Original condition.-Across Bastrop Bay there was only about 10 inches of water at mean low tide, and a depth of about 2 feet for a distance of about 2 miles above the mouth of bayou, thence a depth of about 10 feet for about 20 miles above the mouth except for 3 shoals of a total length of 3 miles with a depth of 2 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This locality has been improved under the proj- ect adopted by river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, pro- viding for the "Improvement of the Brazos River between Velasco and Richmond, West Galveston Bay Channel, Double Bayou, and the mouths of adjacent streams," being added as an adjacent stream by river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907. The project con- templates a channel 4 feet deep at mean low tide and 100 feet wide from the vicinity of Christmas Point, through Bastrop Bay to 4 feet of water at mean low tide in the bayou above, also for clearing the bayou of snags and overhanging timber, at an estimated cost of $20,000. (H. Doc. No. 454, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) The tidal varia- tion is about 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-In 1906 the chan- nel was dredged to a depth of 4 feet at mean low tide and 35 to 40 feet wide and 400 feet long by Government plant at a cost of $269.42, this amount being subscribed by interested parties. The channel has since been dredged across Bastrop Bay and up past the shoals in the bayou, to depth of 4 and 5 feet at mean low tide, and 40 feet wide, a total of $17,730.29 has been expended, of which $9,920.22 was for new work and $7,810.07 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-This channel was redredged from its connection with the inland waterway for a dis- tance of 27,020 feet up the bay and bayou to depth of about 6 feet at mean low tide and width of 60 feet, removing 182,892 cubic yards of material at a cost of $6,087.24. The sum of $3,611.33 was ex- pended for maintenance, not including the outstanding liabilities for June, 1915. Condition at. the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The channel had been dredged to depth of about 6 feet at mean low tide and width of 60 feet from its connection with the inland waterway at Christmas Bay to the 6-foot depth in the bayou, and maintained by redredging. The total expenditures have been $21,341.62, of which $9,920.22 was for new work and $11,421.40 was for maintenance. The ruling depth on June 30, 1915, was 5 feet at mean low tide. Local cooperation.-Interestedparties subscribed a total of $269.42 to pay for operating U. S. dredge and snag boat Gen. S. M. Mansfield 896 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. in cutting a channel through the shell reef at entrance to Bastrop Bay in 1906, there being no funds available for this work. Effect of improvement.-Provided outlet for rich farming com- munity and controlling railway rates to this vicinity. This water- way is also a feeder to the inland waterway on coast of Texas. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916, and it is proposed to apply the funds requested for 1917 to maintenance of channel by operating one United States pipe-line dredge for one month at a cost of $5,000. Commercial statistics.-No statistics could be obtained for the calendar years 1913 and 1914. For 1912, 3,147 short tons, valued at $50,700, was recorded. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ $9, 920. 22 Nwwr-------------------------------------------------$9902 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 11, 421. 40 Total ---------------------------------------------- 21, 341. 62 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................... .. MNenance------------------------------------------------- Maintenance. - -.. . ... . . . . . ............................. ..... .. . . ........... . . .......... .............. ------------ -------------- ................. .............. 13 $3,611.33 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914- ____-___ __ _ $7,000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 ----7, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_-_________________-______ 3, 611. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ___ ------------- 3, 388. 67 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities____________________________ 2, 585. 68 July 1, 1915, balance available __------------- 802. 99 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ___________-_________(1) (K) OYSTER CREEK. Location.-This creek has its source in Fort Bend County, about 20 miles southwest of Houston, and flows south a distance of about 50 miles, emptying into the Galveston and Brazos Canal, its former opening into the Gulf of Mexico having been closed. The section under improvement extends from the inland waterway to 5-foot depth in the bayou, a distance of about 3 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) Original condition.-The creek formerly emptied into the Gulf of Mexico about 3 miles east of the mouth of Brazos River, but when the Galveston & Brazos Canal was dredged across the creek the stream was diverted into the canal. For a distance of about 2 miles above the junction with the canal the creek had a depth of less than 4 feet at mean low tide; above that point there existed over 4 feet 1 See consolidated Financia summary on p. 898. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 897 for a distance of about 15 miles. It is obstructed, however, by a rail- way bridge 8 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This locality has been improved under the project adopted by river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, providing for the "Improvement of the Brazos River between Velasco and Richmond, West Galveston Bay Channel, Double Bayou, and the mouths of adjacent streams," and was first added to the project by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910. The work consists in dredging a channel 4 feet deep at mean low tide from the Galves- ton & Brazos Canal to the 4-foot depth at mean low tide in the creek, at a cost of $5,000. (H. Doc. No. 447, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) Tidal variation is about 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-In 1911 a channel 5 feet deep at mean low tide and 40 feet wide, 10,670 feet long, was dredged with Government plant, and this was redredged in January, 1914. A total of $10,352.84 was expended, of which $6,942.24 was for original work and $3,410.60 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fisaal year.-No work has been performed during the year. An outstanding liability of $168.28 was paid during the year for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The ruling depth on June 30, 1915, was 22 feet at mean low tide. A total of $10,521.12 has been expended, of which $6,942.24 was for new work and $3,578.88 for maintenance. Local cooperation.- None. Effect of the improvement.-Afforded an outlet for produce raised along the creek and inlet for supplies from Galveston and Houston. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916, and it is proposed to expend the funds requested for fiscal year 1917 in maintaining the channel by operating one United States pipe-line dredge for about two weeks at a cost of about $2,500. Commercial statistics.-No statistics could be obtained for this stream for 1914. There is no record of commerce for 1912 or 1913. Financial sum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------- $6, 942. 24 Maintenance-----------------------------------------------3, 578. 88 Total--------------------------------------------- 10, 521. 12 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ............................................ ............... ----------------------------------------- Maintenance................................................. $644.03 $2,776.57 $168.28 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] -------------------------------------------------- July 25, 1912_ $2, 500.00 Oct. 2, 1914--__------------------------------------------------ 2, 000.00 0 8373 -ENG 1915---57 898 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914--------------------------------------------------- $168. 28 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 2, 000. 00 2, 168. 28 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ______- ________ --------- __ 168. 28 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _ -____________----__---_---_2, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement __-(1) ()__________ CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- 269, 877. 20 Maintenance-------------------------------------------- 3162, 066. 10 Total ------------------------------------------------- 431, 943.30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................................................... .................. Maintenance................................................ $17,274.81 $11,324.22 1$49,830.33 1 Includes $2,000 expended for maintenance of plant. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911___________________-____ $25, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-------------------25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------- 25, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------- 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------- 20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------_______ 38, 734. 01 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 25, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 20, 000. 00 Receipts from sales--______-----------------_ 33. 67 483, 767. 68 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement--------------------------------------------- 49, 830. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 33, 937. 35 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___________________________ 2, 922. 74 July 1, 1915, balance available_--------------------------------- "31, 014. 61 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement -____-___ ___ ___ 49, 400. 00 7. INLAND WATERWAY ON COAST OF TEXAS. This project embraces the improvement of the following localities: West Galveston Bay and Brazos River Canal; channel between Brazos River and Matagorda Bay; channel from Aransas Pass to 1 See consolidated Financial summary on this page. 2Includes $15,000 expended on dredge Captain C. W. Howell and $67,992.51 on dredge General H. M. Robert. * Includes $9,500 expended for maintenance of plant. SIncludes $20,000 made available by act of 1915, but not yet allotted to the various improvements. 5 Includes $2,000 expended for maintenance of plant. 6 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 899 Pass Cavallo, including the Guadalupe River to Victoria; and Turtle Cove Channel from Aransas Pass to Corpus Christi, Tex. (A) WEST GALVESTON BAY AND BRAZOS RIVER CANAL. Location.-This channel extends from Galveston Harbor in a westerly direction through West Galveston Bay, Oyster Bay, and a cut through the mainland to the Brazos River, a distance of about 36 miles, parallel to and from 1 to 4 miles distant from the coast line of the Gulf of Mexico. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) Original condition.-West Galveston Bay had a depth of 2 to 6 feet at mean low tide, and the passageway from this bay to Oyster Bay, just inside San Luis Pass was 3 to 10 feet deep at mean low tide, with a narrow crooked channel; in Oyster Bay the depths were 1 to 3 feet, connecting at the west end with the Galveston and Brazos River Canal, which had been dredged by private parties and had a depth of about 2 feet at mean low tide when acquired by the United States in 1902. This canal was about 100 feet wide and 10 miles long, extending to the Brazos River. Previous projects.-The project was adopted by river and harbor act approved July 13, 1892, and modified by river and harbor act approved July 8, 1896. Under the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, the Galveston and Brazos Canal was purchased at a cost of $30,000, and was turned over to the United States in Decem- ber, 1902. A total of $102,367.35 has been expended, of which $99,- 163.38 was for original work, including $30,000 for the purchase. of the canal and $3,203.97 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1859. Present project.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, which combined the West Galveston Bay Channel and the Brazos River Canal under one appropriation as a part of the in- land waterway on the coast of Texas, providing for a channel 5 feet deep at mean low tide and 40 feet wide on the bottom, at an estimated cost of $151,529, with $20,000 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 640, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) The tidal variation is about 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel had been formed by dredging to 3 and 3 feet deep at mean low tide and 100 feet wide from Galveston Harbor to the Galveston & Brazos River Canal, and this channel deepened to 5 feet at mean low tide and a width of 40 to 50 feet for its entire length to the Brazos River, making a cut-off through Mud Island and lower end of Bastrop Bay to connect with canal at Christmas Point. The banks of canal had been reinforced at several points with earth and brush, and beacons were erected to mark the channel. A total of $218,445.26 has been expended on the improvement, of which $134,491.04 was for new work and $83,954.22 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-This channel was redredged with Government plant for a distance of 11,996 feet at eastern end near Galveston Causeway, a distance of 8,960 feet at Mud Island cut and opposite Bastrop Bay, and a distance of 4,540 feet in Christmas Bay, removing a total of 189,941 cubic yards of 900 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. material at a total cost of $9,719.27. The sum of $1,093.84 was expended in alterating the U. S. snag boat Guadalupe to a suction dredge and $665.60 for repairs to U. S. derrick barge No. 1. A total of $8,752.95 was expended for maintenance during the year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted and has been dredged several times in maintaining a navigable depth. The ruling depth on June 30, 1915, was about 4 feet at mean low tide from Galveston Causeway to end of dredged cut in Christmas Bay and about 31 feet thence to Brazos River. A total of $227,198.21 has been expended, of which $134,491.04 was for new work and $92,707.17 for maintenance. Local cooperation.--In 1851-1853 the Galveston & Brazos Navi- gation Co. dredged a canal about 6 feet deep at mean low tide and 100 feet wide through the mainland from the Brazos River to Oyster Bay, a distance of about 10 miles. The United States purchased this canal in December, 1902, at a cost of $30,000. It is reported that the State of Texas in 1859 dredged channels through the reefs in West Galveston Bay, and that the storm of 1875 practically obliterated them. The Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railroad reim- bursed the United States in the sum of $1,018.39 for the removal of certain piling and material that obstructed the channel at site of their abandoned bridge near the causeway. Effect of the inmprovement.-As a part of the general improve- ment of inland waterways it has had a beneficial effect on freight rates to the coastal towns and those on adjacent streams. And it also affords a safe inland passage for small boats and barge traffic. It is reported that the rates on commodities handled by water to the towns on the waterway are about 40 to 60 per cent less than the all-rail rate from Galveston. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916, and it is pro- posed to expend the funds requested for fiscal year 1917 in the maintenance of the channel by operating one United States pipe-line dredge for about two months at a cost of about $15,000. Commercial statistics.-General merchandise, cotton, fish, and oysters constitute the principal items handled over the waterway. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Vessels. toessel tonnage. 1912------....--...---......--------..............------------------------------------------ 5,393 10,786 1913---------.....-...-........-----........-----..............................................----------------------------------------.. 4,565 9,130 1914...-----...........--..-.....--------..---...........-------.--------------------------------........................................ 5,236 26,180 The record of vessels using this part of the inland waterway was obtained from the drawbridge tender at the Galveston Causeway. No detailed record of tonnage was obtainable. The traffic shown under section Brazos River to Matagorda Bay either originates at Galveston or has its destination at Galveston. The Chocolate Bayou traffic also uses this section of the inland waterway. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 901 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------- --------------- $233, 654. 42 Maintenance--__------ 95, 911.14 Total------------- ------------------------------ 329, 565. 56 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ................................................ .. Maintenance. ..----------------------------------------- $4,234.43 $38,790. 90 $8,752.95 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------- 20, 525. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--- --------- ___-__- __ 6, 039. 09 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 15, 000. 00 Receipts from sales_.....__-__-...__. ____ __ __ _ -- 79.84 36, 118. 93 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement------------------ 8, 752. 95 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________________----- 27, 365. 98 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities________________________ 4, 268. 50 July 1, 1915, balance available_ - ______________ -- ______ 23, 097. 48 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June _ 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__-_-----_---------- 15, 000. 00 (B) CHANNEL BETWEEN BRAZOS RIVER AND MATAGORDA BAY. Location.-This channel extends from the Brazos River, at the termination of the Galveston and Brazos Canal, to 5 feet of water in Matagorda Bay at mean low tide, a distance of about 32 miles, lying parallel to the coast line of the Gulf of Mexico, and one-half to 12 miles distant therefrom. The east end is about 36 miles from Galveston and the west end about 114 miles north of Aransas Pass. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart no. 21.) Original condition.-The land along the route of this channel is generally marshy, with numerous shallow bayous, lakes, and ponds, and the elevations along the line do not exceed 5 feet above mean low tide. Of the total length of 32 miles, 242 are overland. The channel crosses the San Bernard River and Caney Creek, connecting them with the inland waterway system. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-Adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, as a link in the inland waterway on the coast of Texas, which provided for a channel 5 feet deep at mean low tide, 40 feet wide on the bottom, at an estimated cost of $400,000, with $15,000 an- 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 902 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. nually for maintenance. (See R. and H. Com. Doc. No. 3, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel was dredged under contract and completed May 29, 1913, and since that date several shoals have been redredged under contract and with Government plant, and four timber highway drawbridges had been built across the channel at points intersected by county roads. A total of $282,366.62 had been expended, of which $246,549.21 was for original work and $35,817.41 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-This section of the waterway shoaled at a number of places, especially in the channel through the inland lakes and at the eastern end, where it enters the Brazos River, largely due to the frequent rises in the river overflow- ing the banks and depositing silt in the canal. These shoals were removed by contract and by Government plant in maintaining the channel to a navigable depth. A total of 239,941 cubic yards was removed by contract at a cost of $29,183.96 and 6,896 by Govern- ment clamshell dredges at a cost of $918.74. The sum of $1,092.98 was expending in altering the U. S. snag boat Guadalupe to a suc- tion dredge, and miscellaneous repairs to launches, office expenses, etc. A total of $30,307.58 was expended during the year, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-This project has been com- pleted. Channel has been partially redredged in maintaining navi- gable depth of 5 feet at mean low tide. Ruling depth on June 30, 1915, was about 31 feet at mean low tide, with an average depth of 4j feet at mean low tide. Total expended to end of fiscal year was $312,674.20, of which $246,549.21 was for new work and $66,- 124.99 for maintenance. The original estimate for this canal was $400,000, with an initial appropriation of $200,000. Local cooperation.-None; though use was made of the canal cut by private parties from Caney Creek into the upper end of Mata- gorda Bay. Effect of the improvement.-The completion of this section of the canal has opened up a clear waterway from Galveston to Corpus Christi, a distance of 202 miles, developing considerable water-borne traffic, with a reduction of freight rates by water of 40 to 60 per cent of the rate charged by the railroads, but the volume has not been sufficient to effect any reduction .of rail rates. Regular trips each week or 10 days are being made by light-draft gasoline boats between Galveston and points on the canal, and one self-propelling barge is in operation between Galveston and Corpus Christi the greater part of the year. One small steamer makes weekly trips between these points through the Gulf. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted on June 30, 1916, and it is proposed to expend the funds estimated for fiscal year 1917 in maintaining the channel by operating one United States pipe-line dredge for six months at a cost of about $30,000. Commercial statistics.-This channel was completed in May, 1913. The commerce consists principally of cotton, fish, oysters, and gen- eral produce coming east, and groceries and hardware going west. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 903 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................. ........ ... ......... ..... ................. 614 $6,016 1913........................------------------------------------------------- 2,758 308,330 1914------------------..... --------------------------------- ..------------ 2,226 370,035 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $246, 549. 21 Maintenance --------------------------- ---------- 66, 124. 99 Total -------------------------------------------------- 312, 674. 20 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................. .- . ..... --... $125,628.19 $43,040.14 ... .. Maintenance.......................... ......................... . 35,87.41 30,307.58 Total------------------------------------------------------.. . ... . 125,628.19 78,857.55 30,307.58 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------------- $62, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------- 31, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------30, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------4, 641. 78 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 20, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 30, 000. 00 July 27 and Sept. 14, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1914--------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-- 2------------------ .--- 60, 642. 03 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement -------------------- 30, 307. 58 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------- ------------- 30, 334. 45 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 974. 16 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------- ------------- 29, 360. 29 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------------ --- 30, 000. 00 (c) CHANNEL FROM ARANSAS PASS TO PASS CAVALLO. Location.-This channel is about 63 miles in length, extending from the west end of Matagorda Bay to Aransas Pass, passing through Espiritu Santo, San Antonio, Mesquit, and Aransas Bays, which are separated from the Gulf of Mexico by Matagorda and St. Joseph Islands. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 904 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-The several bays along the route of this chan- nel had depths of 5 to 10 feet at mean low tide over the greater part of their area, but navigation was obstructed in many places by sand bars and shell reefs, with only 1 to 3 feet of water at mean low tide over the crest. Some of these reefs had narrow, crooked passages through them and these were used as the United States mail route between Indianola and Corpus Christi before railway connection was established. Previous projects.-None. Presentproject.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, and provides for the dredging of a channel 40 feet wide and 5 feet deep at mean low tide from entrance to Turtle Cove, at Aransas Pass to Matagorda Bay, at head of Pass Cavallo, a distance of about 63 miles, utilizing the lagoons between the islands and the mainland, at an estimated cost of $65,850. (H. Doc. No. 640, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) The river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912, contains a provision authorizing the Secretary of War to change the route of the channel from Aransas Pass to Pass Cavallo so as to pass by the town of Port O'Connor, Tex., and to expend available funds for this work instead of maintaining the channel along its former route. Variation of water surface about three-fourths of a foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-During the years 1907-1909 this channel was improved under contract by dredging through the reefs and shoal sections of the bays to depth of 5 and 6 feet at mean low tide, 45 to 65 feet. wide, for the full length of 63 miles. This has since been maintained by dredging with Government plant, and the new cut formed at Port O'Connor to supersede the old channel through Big Bayou. A total of $111,597.42 has been ex- pended, of which $49,017.76 was for original work and $62,579.66 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Numerous shoals were redredged in the canal under emergency contract at a cost of $13,582.40. A contract was entered into for the construction of two parallel pile and timber dikes at entrance of channel to Matagorda Bay at Port O'Connor, work not yet commenced. A resurvey of the bays between Port O'Connor and west side of Long Reef in Aransas Bay for the purpose of locating advisable changes in route was made at a cost of $3,286.16. The total expenditures during the year were $18,256.65 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The ruling depth on June 30, 1915 was about 3 feet with an average depth of 42 feet at mean low tide over the dredged por- tions. Total expenditures were $129,854.07 of which $49,017.76 was for new work and $80,836.31 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Priorto 1875 a small amount of dredging through the shell reefs obstructing navigation of these bays was made by or under the authority of the State of Texas. The neces- sary rights of way for new cut-off channel passing close to the town of Port O'Connor were furnished to the United States by local in- terests. Effect of the improvement.-As a component part of the inland waterway system this channel has provided waterway communica- tion between Galveston and Corpus Christi, a distance of 202 miles, and has reduced freight rates on commodities handled by water 40 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 905 to 60 per cent of the rate charged by the railroads. Owing to the shallow depth and instability of the channel at a few points, it has not yet resulted in a reduction of rail rates. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916, and it is pro- posed to expend the funds estimated for the fiscal year 1917 in main- taining the channel by operating one United States pipe-line dredge for six months at a cost of about $30,000. Commercialstatistics.--In addition to the following tonnage, which consisted principally of fish and oysters, the through traffic between Galveston and Corpus Christi, Port Lavaca, etc., shown under sec- tion "West Galveston Bay and Brazos River Canal," and section "Brazos River to Matagorda Bay," also passed through this section of the inland waterway. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912----..--..---.---..----.....--......---.....................................................----- 384 $52,160 1913-------................---..........------......----------............................................. 380 48,600 1914----..-..........----.................................................--------------------------- 4,979 215,730 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------- --------------------- $49, 017. 76 Maintenance ------------------ ----------------------- 80, 836. 31 Total --------------------------------------------- 129, 854. 07 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...--------------------------------------------------- --. ------- Maintenance........................... ...................... $20,574.35 $18,425.53 $18,256.65 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------------------- ------------------------- $6, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------ --------------------------- 30, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- 254. 78 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 25, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 30, 000. 00 Receipts from sales_------------------ 2. 00 55, 256. 78 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------- 18, 256. 65 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _____ -------- _____ _ 37, 000.13 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------------$570. 33 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 21, 426. 00 21, 996. 33 July 1, 1915, balance available- __--__ _____ ______---___ 15, 003. 80 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-- 130,000.00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 906 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. (D) GUADALUPE RIVER TO VICTORIA. Location.-This river has its source in western Texas and flows southeast a distance of about 250 miles, where it empties into the head of San Antonio Bay. The section under improvement is from Victoria to the mouth, a distance of 52 miles, and 16 miles across San Antonio Bay to connection with Inland Waterway. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) Original condition.-From the connection with Inland Waterway the depths in San Antonio Bay were 6 feet at mean low tide for first 8 miles, then 4 feet for a distance of 4 miles, and 2 feet over a mud flat for last 4 miles to mouth of river. The river varied from less than 3 feet over the shoals to 20 feet in bends and pools, about 90 feet wide at the mouth and increasing to 140 feet at Victoria. It was obstructed by many snags, log rafts, and overhanging trees, which had forced the abandonment of early navigation to Victoria. Previous projects.-None. Present project.--Adopted by river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, which provided for dredging of channel in the bay section 5 feet deep at mean low tide and 40 feet wide and the removal of snags, log rafts, and the dredging of shoals between the mouth of river and Victoria, at a total estimated cost of $92,700. (H. Doc. No. 336, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) The tidal variation is about three- fourths foot. Operation and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel across San Antonio Bay had been dredged by contract to the project depth in 1909 at a cost of $29,153.82 and redredged with Government plant in 1913. The river section had been cleared of log rafts, snags, and overhanging trees, and numerous shoals dredged to depth of about 5 feet, using Government plant. A combined snag boat and bucket dredge, the Guadalupe, had been built at a cost of $39,343.63. A total of $247,164.54 had been expended on this work, of which $172,- 547.28 was for original work and $74,617.26 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Snagging was car- ried on for about five months by Government plant, removing the worst obstructions, at a cost of $6,930.60. A new hull was con- structed at Victoria, Tex., for the U. S. derrick barge No. 2, at a cost of $4,935.23. Total expenditures, including cost of watching U. S. derrick barge No. 2 while laid up, miscellaneous, was $11,664.13 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The channel across San Antonio Bay had a ruling depth of 31 feet at mean low tide on June 30, 1915, and the shoalest depth on the river section was 2 feet at ordinary stage of water. Snags and overhanging trees have been removed, but each freshet brings in additional obstructions. A total of $258,828.67 has been expended, of which $172,547.28 was for original work and construction of the snag boat Guadalupe and $86,281.39 was for maintenance. The in- creased cost of the work was due to underestimate of amount of dredging in river section and to construction of the dredge and snag boat Guadalupe at a cost of $39,343.63. Local cooperation.-None. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 907 Effect of the improvement.-Afforded waterway for handling products from farms to Victoria along the upper section and con- nection with the inland waterway. It has had no effect as yet on freight rates. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916, and it is pro- posed to expend the funds estimated for the fiscal year 1917 in con- tinuing the improvement with United States snag boat operating about nine months, at a cost of $13,500, and one United States pipe- line dredge operating two months, at a cost of $10,000. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists principally of sand and gravel. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 29,722 $13,903 1912---..-------------------------------.....................................------------------------ 64,701 1913.............................................................................-------------------- 109,823 63,754 39,947 1914............................................................................--------------------- Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $172, 547. 28 Maintenance -------------------------- --------------- 86, 281. 39 Total----- ---- -------- ---- 258, 828. 67 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work -I-..------------------ -" "--... Maintenance........................... . $41,820. 09 $22,848.85 $11,664.13 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- $40, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------15, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____ __----------------------- 556. 41 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 15, 000. 00 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------ 75. 00 30, 631.41 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------- 11, 664. 13 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended________-__ _____________-_ 18, 967. 28 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities____________________________ 1,465. 51 July 1, 1915, balance available--_---------___-____ ______ 17, 501. 77 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_------- 23,500. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 908 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------------- $701, 768. 67 Maintenance--- --- ___- _ _- _-------- 329,153. 83 Total ------------------------------------------------- 1, 030, 922. 50 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ----------------------.... ---------------- $125,628.19 $43,040.14 ........ Maintenance... ... .. ...............................-- .. 66, 628.87 115, 882. 69 $68, 981. 31 Total ...................................... ............... 192, 257.06 158, 922.83 68, 981.31 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------------ $112, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------- 72, 525.00 Oct. 2, 1914 ____-_-_____________-__ __ _ -- 75, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------------ 90, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_-- ------ ____________-- 11, 492. 06 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 75, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 90, 000. 00 July 27 and Sept. 14, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1914------------------------------------------------6, 000. 00 Receipts from sales_____________- -______ 157. 09 182, 649. 15 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for main- tenance of improvement _______---_____-__ 68, 981. 31 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 113, 667. 84 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------- $7, 278. 50 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 21, 426. 00 28, 704. 50 July 1, 1915, balance available 84, 963. 34 _-_______________ Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance ___-_ 198, 500. 00 8: OPERATING AND CARE OF GALVESTON AND BRAZOS RIVER CANAL, TEX. Galveston & Brazos River Canal is a channel cut from Christmas and Oyster Bays westward to the Brazos River, a distance of about 10 miles, dredged by private parties in 1851-1853, and purchased by the United States in 1902 at a cost of $30,000. This now forms a part of the inland waterway on the coast of Texas. The work per- formed under this title is that of caring for log booms at entrance of canal to Brazos River and of the five highway drawbridges across the canal, both east and west of the Brazos River. Prior to the fiscal year a total of $6,349.94 had been expended, and during the fiscal year the sum of $3,889.28 was expended, making a total of $10,239.22. The traffic through this section of canal is shown under reports for inland waterway. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 909 Proposed operations.-The canal will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 9. MOUTH OF BRAZOS RIVER, TEX. Location.-The Brazos River rises in the northwest portion of Texas, and flows in a southerly direction for about 950 miles, empty- ing into the Gulf of Mexico 50 miles southwest of the Galveston entrance and 141 miles east of Aransas Pass. The section improved under this title includes about 6 miles at the mouth. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) Original condition.-The mouth of the river was obstructed by a shifting bar about three-eighths mile from shore, with depths varying from 3 to 8 feet at mean low tide, subject to winds and tides. For a distance of 6 miles above the mouth, to the town of Velasco, the depths varied from 8 to 20 feet at mean low tide, and the width from 400 to 600 feet. Previous projects.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved June 14, 1880. The work was suspended in 1889, a total of $142,- 098.43 having been expended in construction of north jetty and foundation for part of south jetty. Work was then carried on by the Brazos River Channel & Dock Co., a private corporation, under authority granted by river and harbor act approved August 9, 1888. This company transferred to the United States all its works, and released all rights and privileges on April 25, 1899, in compliance with provisions of river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899. (See S. Doc. No. 138, 54th Cong., 2d sess.) A total of $147,098.43 had been expended for new work by the United States, including $5,000 appropriated for a board of Engineers to make an examination of the work done by private parties. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1060. Present project.-The present project was authorized by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and was to repair and strengthen the jetties, construct spur dikes and bank protection, and to dredge a channel 18 feet deep at mean low tide and 150 feet wide, at an esti- mated cost of $250,000. This estimate was increased to $325,000 after the hurricane of September 8, 1900. (H. Doc. No. 133, 56th Cong., 2d sess.) As a result of an examination authorized by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, the work was confined to maintenance of the jetties. (H. Doc. No. 1087, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) By the river and harbor act approved February 27, 1911, dredging was again authorized in addition to repairs to jetties. The U. S. seagoing hopper dredge General C. B. Comstockl was de- stroyed by fire on February 27, 1913, and the river and harbor act approved March 4, 1913, provided for the construction of a new dredge of same type at cost of $200,000, one-half to be charged to this improvement and one-half to Aransas Pass. The tidal varia- tion is about 1.77 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Between 1880 and 1883 the north jetty had been built to a length of 2,433 feet of brush mattress and stone, and a part of the foundation course for south jetty was laid. The United States suspended work in 1889 and work 910 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of improvement was carried on by the Brazos River Channel & Dock Co., a private corporation. To 1899 this company had constructed the north jetty 4,708 feet long and the south jetty 5,018 feet long. This company transferred its works and released its rights and privi- leges to the United States on April 25, 1899. Since that date the work of improvement has consisted in repairing and strengthening the jetties and in dredging a channel 18 feet deep at mean low tide and 150 feet wide from the deep water in the Gulf to the railway wharf, a distance of about 2 miles. The new seagoing hopper dredge Comstock was under construction and about 7 per cent completed. A total of $471,654.61 had been expended, of which $392,073.99 was for new work and $79,580.62 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The channel be- tween the jetties was maintained by operating the U. S. seagoing hydraulic dredge Charleston, borrowed from the Mobile, Ala., engi- neer district, which redredged the channel three different times, re- moving a total of 68,274 cubic yards of material at a total cost of $7,592.85. Construction work under contract on the new seagoing hopper dredge Comstock was about 94.3 per cent completed, a total of $77,936.21 being expended on the work and charged to this im- provement. Alterations were made to the U. S. snag boat Guada- lupe in converting it to a suction dredge, amounting to $1,376.81, and $2,550 expended in purchase of seagoing tug San Luis. The sum of $90,207.80 was expended for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Two parallel jetties had been built and repaired at various times, and a channel 150 feet wide and 18 feet deep at mean low tide had been dredged between the jetties. A total of $561,862.41 had been expended, of which $392,073.99 was for new work and $169,788.42 was for maintenance, including one- half of cost of new dredge Comstock charged to this improvement. Local cooperation.-After suspension of the work by the United States in 1889 the work of improvement was undertaken by the Brazos River Channel & Dock Co. under authority granted by Con- gress on August 9, 1888. This company built the north jetty for a distance of 4,708 feet, and the south jetty 5,018 feet and several wing dams or spur dikes along bank of river to control the current. The company transferred all their works, rights, and privileges, etc., to the United States on April 25, 1899, after having obtained a depth of about 14.3 feet at mean low tide over the bar at a total expenditure, according to figures furnished by them, of $1,449,025. Effect of the improvement.-Regular sailings of four vessels per month are now made by steamers of the Seaboard & Gulf Steamship Co. between Freeport, a new town just below Velasco, and New York. This traffic has had some effect on the freight rates of competing lines to Galveston. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916, and it is pro- posed to expend the funds estimated for the year ending June 30, 1917, in maintaining the channel by operating one United States seagoing hydraulic dredge for about five months at a cost of $45,000. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consisted principally of sul- phur, fuel oil, ammunition, and general merchandise. A steamship company operates two boats between New York and Freeport. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 911 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. .............................................................. 1912..... ........ ........ 123,750 $553, 600 1913........................................................... ................. 24, 575 4,004, 541 1914.............................. .............................................. 101, 515 7,513,099 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ ------------------------------------------ $539, 172. 42 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 169, 788. 42 Total 960. 84 7-------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................................. $ $2 9, ..... 7 Maintenance----- $36,035.89 $29,986.85 $90,207.80 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------ $100, 000. 00 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------------25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ___ 135, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------------- 30, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended 112, 510. 03 ____.___________________ Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 20, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 30, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-------------------------------------------- . 65 162, 510. 68 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement _______________________-_- 90, 207. 80 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 72, 302. 88 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities 229. 28 $-------------------1, July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 21, 842. 29 23, 071. 57 July 1, 1915, balance available____________------------------- 49, 231. 31 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_--_____-_- ___ 145,000. 00 10. BRAZOS RIVER, TEX., FROM VELASCO TO OLD WASHINGTON. Location.-The Brazos River rises in the northwest portion of Texas and flows in a southerly direction for about 950 miles, empty- ing into the Gulf of Mexico 50 miles southwest of Galveston entrance and 141 miles east of Aransas Pass. The section improved under this title begins about 5 miles from the mouth and extends up the river a distance of 254 miles from the mouth. Original condition.-For a distance of about 40 miles to the head of tide water at Bolivar Landing the river had a depth of about 4 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 912 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. to 20 feet at mean low tide; thence up to Old Washington the depths were 1 to 3 feet at ordinary stage of water on the shoals; and the river was obstructed by snags and overhanging trees. The widths varied from 200 to 400 feet. It had a small low-water discharge, and the flood discharge, though small, can not be carried in the channel and the banks are overflowed during all large floods. The banks erode readily, consequently the navigable channel is unstable. Previous project.-Adopted by river and harbor act approved June 3, 1896, for improvement between Velasco and Richmond only. A total of $123,676.79 was expended on these projects, all of which was for new work. (For scope of previous projects see Appendix, p. 1860.) Present project.-The river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, extended the improvement between Richmond and Old Washington, and the river and ha'rbor act approved March 3, 1905, included all the river between Velasco and Old Washington, 254 miles. The project consists in the removal of snags and overhanging timber and in narrowing the river at its shoals by training walls and spur dikes, in order to concentrate the current and obtain greater depths, at an estimated cost of $225,000, with $20,000 annually for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 283, 56th Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work has. been carried on by Government plant in removal of snags, overhanging trees, and the dredging of shoals, and the construction of training walls and spur dikes. The U. S. combined snag boat and dredge Capt. C. W. Howell, hoister Navasota, and snag boat Waco have been built and operated by hired labor. The Navasota was sunk in 20 feet of water after striking a snag and was lost; a portion of the machinery was recovered. The Howell was converted into a suction dredge and removed from this improvement, and was later lost at sea. From April, 1907, to October, 1911, this improvement was in charge of the Dallas, Tex., engineer district. A total of $253,889.52 has been expended on this improvement, of which $93,312.69 was for new work and $160,576.83 for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-Snagging work was carried on by U. S. snag boat Waco between 35 and 242 miles above the mouth of the river, removing a. total of 19,262 snags and over- hanging trees, at a total cost of $16,567.88. Level lines to establish high-water marks were run at a cost of $208.57. Alterations to con- vert the snag boat Guadalupe to a suction dredge were made, and the sum of $5,939.28 charged to this work. A total of $21,925.33 was expended on the work, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The river has been fairly well cleared of snags and obstructions; those remaining were passed over while snag boat was working at higher stages of water. About 50 per cent of the bank trimming has been done, and the river has been deepened somewhat and bank caving has been reduced materially. A total of $275,814.85 has been expended on existing project, of which $93,312.69 was for new work and $182,502.16 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-The removal of snags has prevented the formation of rafts and has materially improved the physical con- dition of the river. It is reported to this office that arrangements RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 913 have been made to handle freight by barge from Freeport, at mouth of Brazos River, to Navasota, a point opposite Old Washington, with a saving of 22 cents per 100 pounds over the all-rail rate from Atlantic ports. Proposed operations.--It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916, and it is pro- posed to expend the funds estimated for the fiscal year 1917 in maintaining the improvement by operating one United States snag boat for entire year, at a probable cost of $20,000. Commercial statistics.-No record of commerce could be obtained for 1914. The record for 1913 shows 1,080 short tons valued at $81,000. No record of commerce had been obtained for 1912. One boat makes weekly trips from Galveston to Columbia but no record could be obtained. Financial summ ry. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- $216, 989. 48 Maintenance---------------------------------------------- 182, 502. 16 Total------ -------------------------------------------- 399, 491.64 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..-------...-----....--------....------.....------------- $27,665. 83 $19,661.94 $21,925.33 Maintenance---........--.... ..- .. ----...-..-........... ...--- ....... ...-..-. -.............. .... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------------15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------- --- 25, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------- ------------------------------ 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______ - - - __________________ 27, 652. 53 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 10, 000. 00 Receipts from sales---____--------- - -- 243. 31 47, 895. 84 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__--------------------------- ----------------- 21, 925. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------- ---- 25, 970.51 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------__ ------------ 1, 444. 63 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------- 24, 525. 88 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance- ____ 20, 000. 00 11. BRAZOS RIVER, TEX., FROM OLD WASHINGTON TO WACO. Location.-The Brazos River rises in the plains of northwest Texas and flows southeasterly through the east central portion of Texas, a distance of 950 miles, and empties directly into the Gulf 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373°-ENG 1915-----58 914 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of Mexico at a point 50 miles southwest of Galveston entrance. That portion of the river included under this project extends from Old Washington, 254 miles above its mouth, to Waco, 424 miles above its mouth, and is 170 miles in length. Original condition.-The profile of this section of the river shows an alternating series of steep and gentle slopes, not navigable above Hidalgo Falls, 260 miles above the mouth of the river. The ordi- nary discharge is so small that open-river navigation is impracti- cable. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905, contained the following item: Improving Brazos River, Tex., from Old Washington to Waco: The Secre- tary of War is authorized and directed to cause an examination of this section of the river with a view of determining whether four or six months' navigation can be secured to Waco at a reasonable cost by any method other than by locks and dams, and if not, the least number of locks and dams that will furnish such navigation, and in the event that it should appear feasible to secure four or six months' navigation by open-channel work or by not to exceed nine locks and dams the Secretary of War may expend for the improve- ment of said river an amount not to exceed $75,000, which amount under the conditions named is hereby appropriated. Under the provisions of this act the examination was made and report submitted for a project which contemplated securing a navig- able depth of 4 feet at ordinary stage of water for four months and 31 feet for six months of the year by constructing eight locks and dams and 103 miles of open-channel work, at a total estimated cost of $2,915,000, these locks to be 170 feet long and 55 feet wide, except Lock No. 8, which is 143 feet long and 55 feet wide, with from 0 to 44 feet over the lower miter sill at low water. (H. Doc. No. 705, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) This project has not been adopted as a whole, but Lock and Dam No. 1 at Hidalgo Falls was authorized by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907; Lock and Dam No. 8 by the act approved June 25, 1910; and Locks and Dams Nos. 3 and 6 by the act approved July 25, 1912. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Lock No. 1, near Navasota, Tex., had been brought to 98 per cent of completion, and Lock No. 8, 7 miles below Waco, Tex., was 75 per cent completed. A total of $853,052.11 has been expended, of which $441,564.63 was expended at Lock No. 1, and $404,080.06 at Lock No. 8 near Waco, Tex., and $7,407.42 for investigating sites for two additional locks, preparing plans, etc. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Lock No. 1 was completed in August, 1914, and the pool filled and lock tested in October and November, 1914. Work at Lock No. 8 has been con- tinued; the lock, pier, and abutment and part of the pass and weir have been completed, bringing the work to 90 per cent of completion. Surveys and borings have been made for sites of proposed Locks Nos. 3 and 6 at 3391 and 3771 miles above the mouth, respectively, and detail plans have been drawn and submitted. Two maneuver boats have been built for proposed Locks Nos. 3 and 6. A total of $140,637.23 has been expended, all for new work. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 915 Condition at end of fiscal year.-A total of $993,689.34 has been expended, all for new work. Lock No. 1 has been transferred to " Operation and care of canals and other works of navigation, indefi- nite," dating from January 1, 1915. Dimensions. Lift at No.' of Date of lock. Location. water. completion. Cost. Width. Length. water 1 Hidalgo Falls, Navasota, 260 miles Feet. Feet. Feet. above mouth of river............ 55 170 16.8 Dec. 31, 1914. $451,301.89 31 Goodland, 3391 miles above mouth of river.......................... 55 170 13 191812....... 12450,000.00 61 Highbank, 377k miles above mouth of river.. .. .... .... . 55 170 12 1918 12....... 12 350,000. 00 8 Waco, 417 miles above the mouth. 55 140 13 (3) 2 590, 014.06 1 Actual construction not yet commenced. 2Estimated. 3 90 per cent completed. Local cooperation.-Local interests have provided the sites for Locks Nos. 1 and 8, and negotiations are in progress by local in- terests to provide sites for Locks Nos. 3 and 6, together with rights of way for railway spur tracks and wagon roads. Effect of improvement.-There has not been any effect on freight rates, and none is expected until the improvement is completed. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916, and with the funds requested for the fiscal year 1917, $250,000, it is proposed to begin the construction of Locks Nos. 3 and 6, using Government plant and hired labor. Commercial statistics.-No freight is now carried on this section of the river, nor can be economically until the improvement is com- pleted. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------- ------------------------------ $993, 689.34 Maintenance---------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ...................... .......................... $212,565.21 $210,826.74 $140,637.23 Maintenance.................................. ......................... Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915, new work .-.. $993, 689. 34 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30: New work- 1913 -------------------------------------------- 212, 565. 21 1914 -------------------------------------------- 210, 826. 74 1915------------------------ - -- _ 140, 637. 23 Maintenance APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------------- 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--_ __-------- - - -_ 250, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914- - -__------ _ ------- 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-.. ------- ---------------- 200, 000. 00 916 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_----- ---------------------- $97, 602. 63 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 200, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 200, 000. 00 497, 602.63 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ------------------ ------------------------ 140, 637. 23 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended________-----___--- - ----- 356, 965. 40 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities________---- __--__ $26, 832. 29 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 6, 893. 68 33, 725. 97 July 1, 1915, balance available___-- -------------------------- 323, 239. 43 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement__----------------- - 250, 000. 00 1-- 12. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 1, BRAZOS RIVER. Lock and Dam No. 1 on the Brazos River, Tex., at Hidalgo Falls, near Navasota, Tex., was completed and transferred to this appro- priation on January 1, 1915. A total of $2,346.60 has been expended since that date in caring for lock, repairs to dwelling, erecting water tank, digging well, clearing grounds, etc. No commerce is carried over that section of river at present. Proposed operations.-The lock and dam will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and har- bor act of March 3, 1909. 13. CHANNEL FROM PASS CAVALLO TO PORT LAVACA, TEX. Location.-The bar at Pass Cavallo is 125 miles southwest of Gal- veston entrance and 54 miles north of Aransas Pass. Port Lavaca lies 26 miles to the northward of the pass across Matagorda and Lavaca Bays. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) Original condition.-The depth of water in the bays is over 7 feet at mean low tide, but over two reefs which the channel passes the depth was reduced to 6 feet. The section requiring dredging was 4,220 feet in length crossing Sand Point and Gallinipper Reefs. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-Adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, and provides for a channel 7 feet deep at mean low tide and 80 feet wide to Port Lavaca at an estimated cost of $10,000, with an increased annual expenditure of $2,500 for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 1082, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) Tidal variation, about 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel 7 feet deep at mean low tide and 80 feet wide was dredged under contract in 1910 across Sand Point and Gallinipper Reefs, a distance of 1,720 and 2,500 feet, respectively, at a total cost of $9,699.48, none of which was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No dredging work was done. Repairs and alterations were made to Government plant 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 917 at a cost of $1,445.79 and charged to this improvement. A total of $365.94 was expended and charged to maintenance, not including out- standing liabilities for June, 1915. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed, and the channels dredged across the reefs have retained their original depths and on June 30, 1915, the ruling depth was 7 feet at mean low tide. A total of $10,065.42 has been expended, of which $9,699.48 was for new work and $365.94 for maintenance in repairs to United States plant. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-This channel connects Port Lavaca with the inland waterway and provides for water competition from common points on this waterway. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916, and it is pro- posed to expend the funds requested for fiscal year 1917 in maintain- ing the channel by operating one United States pipe-line dredge for about three weeks at a cost of about $3,000. Commercial statistics.-The record of traffic for 1914 shows 2,100 short tons, valued at $35,000, principally fish and oysters. No record of commerce had been made for 1912 and 1913. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------- --------- $9, 699. 48 Maintenance-------------------- ---------------------------- 365. 94 Total_----------------- ---------------------- ---- 10, 065. 42 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work -....----- ---....-----... --.- ........... ...--.. ..... --------------..---....-----..---------...--.... Maintenance.........................------ .....----------------..---------...... $365.94 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------5, 300. 52 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement _--------------------------------------- 365. 94 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----..----------------- ------------ 4, 934. 58 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 1, 094. 40 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------- 3,840. 18 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------------------- 3, 000. 00 14. PORT ARANSAS, TEX. Location.-The locality improved under the title of Port Aransas is on the south coast of Texas, 188 miles southwest of Galveston and 125 miles north of the Rio Grande. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 918 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF FNGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.--The area of Aransas Bay is about 80 square miles; it is connected with Corpus Christi Bay on the southwest and with Mesquite, St. Charles, and Copano Bays on the north. Aransas Pass is the outlet of Aransas Bay into the Gulf of Mexico. Depths over the bar at the pass varied from 7 to 9 feet at mean low tide, with a shifting channel from 100 to 500 feet wide. The harbor varied in depth from 5 to 22 feet at mean low tide, with a navigable width of 300 to 1,000 feet between 12-foot contours for a distance of about 3 miles along Harbor Island. The several bays were navi- gable for boats of 5 feet draft over most of their area and to towns of Corpus Christi, Aransas Pass, and Rockport, distant 212, 8, and 14 miles, respectively, from the jetty entrance. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879. The improvement was undertaken by the Aransas Pass Harbor Co. on June 30, 1890, under authority of the act of May 12, 1890, and this company relinquished their rights to the United States on March 27, 1899. A new project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and modified by the river and harbor act of February 27, 1911, and modified and consolidated into the existing project by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. The amount expended by the United States on the original and modified projects prior to the commencement of opera- tions under the existing project was $1,092,180.75, all for new work. In addition thereto there was expended by the citizens of Rockport and Corpus Christi the sum of $9,938.93 and by the Aransas Pass Harbor Co. the sum of $401,554.18, making a total of expenditures by the United States and local interests of $1,503,673.86. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1861. Present project.-This project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, in accordance with report printed in House Document No. 1125, Sixty-second Congress, third session, provides for repairs to both jetties; extension of the south jetty 2,250 feet and of north jetty 1,950 feet; extension of the stone dike on St. Joseph Island, connecting with the north jetty, 9,100 feet; dredging to a depth of 25 feet at mean low tide and a width of 600 feet between the jetties, and to the same depth in the Harbor Island Basin, forming a roadstead 1,200 feet wide and 3,000 feet long between Harbor and St. Joseph Islands, with an extension of the same depth 400 feet wide for about 5,420 feet leading from the north end of the roadstead, and the dredging of an approach channel 12 feet deep at mean low tide and 100 feet wide, with basin at end, leading from Harbor Island Basin to the town of Port Aransas, all at an estimated cost of $2,325,000, and $25,000 annually for mainte- nance. The tidal variation is 1.1 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The head of Mustang Island had been protected from erosion, two short sections of jetty on south side of pass built and abandoned and partly removed, new north jetty, 9,241 feet long, and south jetty, 6,400 feet long, con- structed, a stone dike built on St. Joseph Island 10,000 feet long connected with north jetty; the channel between jetties and the har- bor basin has been dredged to depth of 20 feet, with a width between the jetties of 325 feet and a width of 1,200 feet in the harbor for a RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 919 distance of 3,000 feet, and an extension from the north end 150 to 400 feet wide and 2,000 feet long, with an area 600 feet wide and 1,650 feet long adjacent to docks at lower end of basin deepened to 25 feet at mean low tide. Total expenditures by the United States were $1,782,336.72, of which $1,555,947.59 was for new work and $226,389.13 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The south jetty was extended, under contract, a distance of 875 feet, and repairs were made to north and south jetties, at a cost of $142,617.24, of which $126,929.96 was for new work and $15,687.28 was for repairs. The U. S. seagoing hopper dredge Sabine was repaired at a cost of $2,958.44 and returned to the Dallas, Tex., engineer district. The U. S. seagoing hopper dredge Charleston,borrowed from the Mobile, Ala., engineer district, removed a total of 181,111 cubic yards of material from channel between jetties, at a total cost of $35,678.46, and was returned to her home district on May 31, 1915. The U. S. seagoing hopper dredge Galveston began work June 25, 1915, and removed 35,617 cubic yards of material from between the jetties, at a total cost of $2,072.93. The new seagoing hopper dredge Com- stock was reported as 94.3 per cent completed at end of fiscal year, at a cost of $77,743.39 for work done during the year. Under con- tract a portion of the deep-water harbor near the docks was re- dredged to depth of 25 feet, at a total cost of $42,326.24, all for maintenance. A channel 12 feet deep at mean low tide and 100 feet wide, with 200-foot turning basin, was dredged under contract from the deep-water harbor to town of Port Aransas, at a total cost of $9,985.84. A water-supply station for use of Government plant was erected on Government reservation, and repairs were made to the wharf, etc., at a total cost of $1,763.03. Contract for repairs to north jetty and extension of the stone dike on St. Joseph Island was en- tered into and approved June 8, 1915, contractor assembling plant. A total of $354,885.75 was expended, $274,237.59 of which was for new work and $80,648.16 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Two jetties have been built, the north jetty, 9,241 feet long, extending from south end of St. Joseph Island, and the south jetty, 6,400 feet long, extending from north end of Mustang Island. A stone dike connecting with the north jetty has been built 10,000 feet long on St. Joseph Island. The channel between the jetties has been improved to a depth of 20 feet at mean low tide and 175 to 400 feet wide for a distance of about 10,000 feet, connecting with Harbor Island Basin or roadstead. This roadstead has been dredged to a depth of 20 feet at mean low tide and a width of 1,200 feet for a distance of 3,000 feet, and an exten- sion from the north end along Harbor Island 150 to 400 feet wide for a distance of 2,000 feet. An area 600 feet wide and 1,650 feet long near the lower end of the Harbor Basin and adjacent to the docks has been deepened to 25 feet at mean low tide. Also, an ap- proach channel 12 feet deep at mean low tide, and 100 feet wide with 200 feet basin, has been dredged from the Harbor Basin to town of Port Aransas, on Mustang Island. About 35 per cent of the existing project has been completed, resulting in a navigable channel with a ruling depth of 20 feet at mean low tide and width of 175 feet at the 920 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. narrowest point from Gulf to the docks in Harbor Basin. The total amount expended under existing project was $2,137,222.47, of which $1,830,185.18 was for new work and $307,037.29 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The citizens of Corpus Christi and Rockport, in 1869, raised by subscription about $10,000, which was expended under direction of a Mr. Halliday in building a section of crib-work jetty from St. Joseph Island to close a secondary channel. This only effected a temporary improvement, and the jetty was soon destroyed by teredo and wave action. The Aransas Pass Harbor Co. were granted the right to improve the port, under act of May 12, 1890, and they partly completed the construction of a curved reaction jetty on north side of entrance channel, but was not connected with the shore of St. Joseph Island. Their work not obtaining the desired result, they relinquished their rights on March 27, 1899, having ex- pended, according to figures furnished by them, $401,554.18. A small cross channel 8 feet deep at mean low tide and 100 feet wide, connecting Aransas Bay and Corpus Christi Bay, was dredged by Morris & Cummings in 1874, and this is still in use to a small extent. The river and harbor act of February 27, 1911, provided that no part of the appropriation should be expended until the Secretary of War is satisfied that the interest of the general public will be duly protected in the use of the harbor and that no terminal monopoly will be possible, and that the title and easements in any land needed in the construction of the dike proposed as a part of the improvement shall have been vested in the United States free of cost. In fulfillment of these conditions, the Legislature of the State of Texas has passed a law prohibiting a terminal monopoly at this harbor, and deeds for the land required for the dike have been secured. The river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, required that the local interests of the town of Port Aransas construct a suitable bulk- head to retain the spoil excavated in construction of the approach channel. These conditions have been complied with. A channel was dredged in 1909-10, 6 miles long, 75 feet wide, and 8 feet deep at mean low tide, extending from Harbor Island Basin across Harbor Island to town of Aransas Pass. This work was done by the firm of Burton & Danforth at a cost of $100,000. Effect of the improvement.-This port has been placed on a parity with Galveston as regards freight rates, and now has regular sailings of two or three vessels per month. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about December 31, 1916, in carrying on construction of jetties under contract, and it is proposed to expend the funds requested for fiscal year 1917 in work of improvement of the channel by operating one seagoing hydraulic dredge for entire fiscal year, at a probable cost of $100,000, and one pipe-line dredge for six months, at a probable cost of $50,000; also to repair and main- tain the jetties, extend the dredged area by contract or with Govern- ment plant, at a probable cost of $50,000. Commercial statistics.--The principal items of commerce are cot- ton and fuel oil. The decrease in 1914 was due to unsettled condi- tions in Mexico and Europe. RIVER AND HARBOR IMP ROVEMENTS. 921 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912--..----..............................................------------------------------------------------.........---------................ 42,800 $702,945 1913------------------------------------------------------........................................................--------....... 211,330 5,201,032 192,701 2,061,253 1914--..................-----------------------------------.....-------------------------............. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ -------------------------------------------- $2, 922, 365. 93 Maintenance- _------------------------- 307, 037. 29 Total ------------------------------------------------ 3, 229, 403. 22 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................. ................ ..................... $264,233.01 $214, 506. 93 $274,237. 59 Maintenance .......... .. .............. -47,136. 45 80, 648. 16 Total....---------------------------.........----------........------.... 264,233.01 261,643.38 354,885. 75 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------ $150, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912------------------------------------------------250, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 600, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ------------------------------------ 470, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 180, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_------______----------___ 379, 273. 79 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 470, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 180, 000. 00 Receipts from sales__ _________ ___ ___- _ -- 63. 45 1, 029, 337. 24 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ________________ $274, 237. 59 For maintenance of improvement_............ 80, 648. 16 354, 885. 75 ------------------------------ July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________ 674, 451. 49 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities.---------------- $9, 111. 91 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts------------------------------- --------- 330, 091.25 339, 203. 16 July 1,1915, balance available ------------------------------ 335, 248. 33 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-----___----------------------------------- 11, 255, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance- 1200, 000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 922 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 15. CHANNEL FROM ARANSAS PASS TO CORPUS CHRISTI, TEX. Location.-This channel extends from Aransas Pass, through the depression known as Turtle Cove, and Corpus Christi Bay to the town of Corpus Christi on the west side of the bay, a distance of 21- miles west of Port Aransas. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 21.) Original condition.-The depth through Turtle Cove was about 1 feet at mean low tide, and the distance from Aransas Pass to the 8-foot depth in Corpus Christi Bay was about 6 miles, thence to the town of Corpus Christi the depth varied from 8 to 14 feet at mean low tide. Under title of " Turtle Cove Channel between Aransas Pass and Corpus Christi, Tex.," a channel had been dredged in 1907-1909 to depth of 81 feet at mean low tide and width of 75 feet at a cost of $126,723.57. Previous projects.-This locality was first improved under the title of " Turtle Cove Channel, between Aransas Pass and Corpus Christi, Tex.," under project adopted by river and harbor act ap- proved March 2, 1907. Project enlarged and title changed by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910. The total expendi- tures were $126,723.57, of which $122,552.14 was for new work and $4,171.43 was for maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1862. Present project.-Was adopted by river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, and provided for the deepening of the channel from 8- to 12 feet at mean low tide and widening from 75 feet to 100 feet on the bottom from Aransas Pass through Turtle Cove Channel to Corpus Christi, ending in a turning basin 1,000 feet square and 12 feet deep at mean low tide, at an estimated cost, including $50,000 for the construction of a dredge for maintenance, of $207,000 with $35,000 annually for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 678, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The tidal variation is about 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel had been dredged through Turtle Cove from Aransas Pass to Corpus Christi Bay 81 feet deep at mean low tide and 75 feet wide, com- pleted in 1909, and under present project this channel was deepened to 12 feet and widened to 100 feet, with dredging of an approach channel and a turning basin 1,000 feet square and 12 feet deep at mean low tide near wharf front at Corpus Christi. A total of $167,205.72 has been expended, of which $157,903 was for original work and $9,302.72 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Contract was en- tered into for the redredging of this channel, but work has not com- menced at end of fiscal year. The sum of $435.77 was expended for maintenance, surveys, etc. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The ruling depth on June 30, 1915, was 9 feet at mean low tide in the channel and 101 feet in the turning basin. A total of $167,641.49 has been expended, of which $157,903 was for new work and $9,738.49 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.--In 1874 a channel was dredged by Messrs. Morris & Cummings, under an agreement with the State of Texas, extending from Aransas Bay to Corpus Christi Bay, passing through RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 923 the shallow flats behind Harbor Island. This cut was about 8 feet deep at mean low tide and 100 feet wide and about 6 miles long. Its use has practically been discontinued. The city of Corpus Christi has provided a municipal wharf about 200 feet wide and 1,000 feet long at turning basin in front of the city at a cost of about $50,000. Effect of the improvement.--Has been to place the city of Corpus Christi in water communication with ocean-going traffic at Port Aransas and permitted establishment of regular light draft steam- ship service to Galveston. The freight rates on commodities han- dled by water are about 40 to 60 per cent less than the rail rates between common points but traffic is not yet in sufficient volume to effect a material reduction of railroad rates. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available on June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June 30, 1916, and it is pro- posed to expend the funds requested for fiscal year 1917 in main- taining the channel either by contract or with United States plant at a probable cost of $15,000. Commercial statistics.-The figures for 1913 are incomplete. The principal items of commerce are fuel oil, cotton, canned goods, and groceries. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ................................................................................ 42,672 $698,000 1913... -------------------------------------------------------------- 10,849 75,943 1914............................................................................. 64,455 1,530,123 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------- ------------------------ $280,455.14 Maintenance----------------------------------------------13, 909. 92 Total--------------------------------------------------294, 365. 06 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... $28, 215.12. Maintenance ................................................ ............ $9, 302.72 $435.77 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------- -------------- 10, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914_____--________-----------_ ------------------------------ 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 924 REPORT OF THIE C 1IEP OF ENGINEERS, t. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----......-------------------- $97. 28 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 15,000. 00 25, 697. 28 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------- 435. 77 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________----------------- 25, 261. 51 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts-----------10, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_____________________________ 15, 261. 51 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_____________________ 15, 000. 00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS APPROVED JUNE 25, 1910, JULY 25, 1912, AND MARCH 4, 1913. Reports on preliminary examinations and surveys required by the river and harbor acts of June 25, 1910, July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1913, of the following localities within this district were duly sub- mitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were trans- mitted to Congress and printed in documents as indicated: 1. Preliminary examination and survey of Tres Palacios River, Tex.-Reports dated August 26 and December 16, 1910, with map, on preliminary examination and survey, respectively, together with sup- plemental report of survey dated April 23, 1914, are printed in House Document No. 1464, Sixty-third Congress, third session. A plan of improvement not requiring a separate or additional appropriation is presented. 2. Preliminary examination and survey of Brazos River up to Freeport, Tex.-Reports dated September 20, 1913, and July 23, 1914, with map, on preliminary examination and survey, respec- tively, are printed in House Document No. 1469, Sixty-third Con- gress, third session. A plan of improvement at an estimated cost of 455,000 and $100,000 annually for maintenance, subject to certain specified conditions, is presented. 3. Preliminary examination and survey of channel at Seadrift, Tex., with a view to providing a suitable connection with the Texas coast waterway.-Reports dated September 19, 1913, and July 20, 1914, with map, on preliminary examination and survey, respectively, are printed in House Document No. 1511, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of this locality by the United States is not deemed advisable at the present time. 4. Preliminary examination and survey of Navidad and Lavaca Rivers, Tex.-Reports dated December 2, 1913, and July 20, 1914, with maps, on preliminary examination and survey, respectively, are printed in House Document No. 1667, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner desired is not deemed advisable at the present time. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 925 5. Preliminary.examination and survey of inland waterway on the coast of Texas from Corpus Christi to a suitable point on BaBins Bay.-Reports dated July 23 and November 3, 1913, on preliminary examination and survey, respectively, are printed in House Docu- ment No. 1668, Sixty-third Congress, third session. Reference is there made to the plan recommended for improvement of this locality in House Document No. 610, Sixty-third Congress, second session, which appears to fully meet the object of the investigation, and no further recommendation is, therefore, presented. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of February 27, 1911, July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Guadalupe River, Tex., to Victoria, with a view to improve- ment by locks and danis. 9. Arroyo Colorado, Tex., up to Harlingen. 3. Harbor at Brazos Island, Tex. 4. Caney and Live Oak Creeks, Tex., with a view to a connection with the inland waterway. 5. Austwell, Tex., to a connection with the inland waterway in San Antonio Bay. 6. Channel to Port Bolivar, Tex., with a view to the enlargement, extension, and protection of the turning basin. 7. Deep-water harbor at Port O'Connor, Tex. 8. Karankawa Bay and River, Tex., with a view to connection with the inland waterway. 9. Texas City Harbor, Tex., with a view to enlargement and pro- tection. 10. ColoradoRiver, Tex., from its mouth as far up as is practicable, with a view to removing the raft, including consideration of any proposition for cooperation on the part of local or other interests. 11. Harbor City, Tex., to a connection with the inland waterway. 12. Intracoastal waterway from the Arroyo Colorado to Point Isabel, Tex. 13. Galveston Harbor and Galveston Channel, Tex., with a view of obtaining a navigable depth of 35 feet. 14. Galveston and Sabine section of the Inland Waterway, Tex. 15. Lake Charlotte, Tex. The duty of making the reexamination in accordance with the law for the original examination of rivers and harbors, as provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, with a view to ob- taining a report whether the adopted project for Brazos River, Tex., from old Washington to Waco, shall be modified or the improve- ment abandoned, has been also assigned to the district engineer offi- cer, and his report will be duly submitted when received. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE DALLAS, TEX., DISTRICT. This district includes the territory embraced within the region bounded on the north by the Red River, Okla., Ark., and Tex. (with the addition of its tributaries, the Kiamichi River, Okla., and the Little River, Ark.); on the south by the Gulf of Mexico; on the east 926 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. by Red River, Ark. and La., and Sabine River, La. and Tex.; and on the west by Trinity River, Tex. District officer: Maj. T. H. Jackson, Corps of Engineers, to De- cember 2, 1914; Capt. E. Graves, Corps of Engineers, from December 2, 1914, to January 1, 1915; and Maj. W. J. Barden, Corps of Engi- neers, since the latter date. Division engineer: Col. Lansing H. Beach, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Johnsons Bayou, La____----- .926 8. Waterway between Jeffer- 2. Mouths of Sabine and Neches son, Tex., and Shreveport, Rivers, Tex _____________ 928 La______________________ 944 3. Sabine-Neches Canal, includ- 9. Operating and care of dam ing Sabine River to Orange, at foot of Caddo Lake, La. and Neches River to Beau- and Tex __--------- -- 947 mont, Tex- _________- 930 10. Red River, from Fulton, 4. Harbor at Sabine Pass, and Ark., to mouth of Washita Port Arthur Canal, Tex___ 934 River, Okla__________ ___ 947 5. Operating and care of Port 11. Sulphur River, Tex. and Arthur Canal, Tex_______ Ark_____________________ 950 6. Trinity River, Tex _______ 7. Operating and care of locks -938 938 and dams, section 1, Trinity River, Tex______________ 943 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2665 TO 2690. 1. JOHNSONS BAYOU, LA. Location.--Johnsons Bayou rises in a series of marshy lakes in the extreme southwestern portion of Louisiana, and flows northwest to Sabine Lake, a distance of approximately 7 miles. The portion above Deep Bayou, 4 miles from the mouth, is known also as Shallow Bayou. Originalcondition.-Priorto its improvement the minimum usable low-water depth across the bar was approximately 21 feet. Above the bar to Deep Bayou there was a minimum usable low-water depth of about 5 feet mean low gulf level. The minimum usable low-water depth in Shallow Bayou was about 2 feet. The minimum usable low-water depth from Johnsons Bayou to Sabine Pass was approxi- mately 6 feet. The waterway is navigable for light draft craft to what is known as the lower landing, about 41 miles above the mouth, and at extreme high tides boats drawing not over 3 feet go to the upper landing, 1 mile above. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The project of February 3, 1897 (report on Sabine Lake and mouths of Sabine and Neches Rivers), printed in House Document No. 299, Fifty-fourth Congress, second session, and adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, provides for dredging a 6-foot channel at mean low gulf level through the bar at the mouth of Johnsons Bayou, at an estimated cost of $2,500. No width was specified and no estimate of cost of maintenance given. The tidal range on the bar is about 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work under the project was completed in December, 1899, when a channel 6 feet RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 927 in depth and 60 feet wide was secured. Subsequent operations have been for maintenance, as funds have been from time to time made available by Congress. In connection with such maintenance the channel was redredged in May, 1910, March, 1911, and July, 1913. The channel as redredged in July, 1913, was 7 feet deep at mean low Gulf level and 150 feet wide. There had been expended up to June 30, 1914, the sum of $7,817.50, of which $2,261.35 was for original work and $5,556.15 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project, though originally completed for $2,261.35, a saving of $238.65 from the estimate of $2,500, has required redredging for maintenance, at a cost of $5,556.15. The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year through the channel over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 4 feet at mean low Gulf level. The total amount expended on this project to end of the fiscal year was $7,817.50, of which $2,261.35 was for original work and $5,556.15 was for main- tenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-This waterway affords the only outlet for the commerce of the locality. The work of improvement has facili- tated navigation across the bar. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about November, 1915. The operations proposed during the fiscal year 1917 for which estimates are submitted are as follows: Operations of the U. S. hydraulic pipe-line dredge Orange about 2 weeks, for maintenance of the improvement ------------------------- $2, 500 It is anticipated that shoaling will occur sufficient in amount to require this expenditure. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists mainly of agricul- tural products and live stock. The reduction in the amount of this commerce from the preceding fiscal year was mainly in the item of cattle. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ..... ... ............................................... 6,941 $400,454 1913 ....... .. ................................................... 5,936 387,878 1914....- ........ ............ ...................................... ............. 2,214 156,712 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $2, 261.35 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 5, 556. 15 Total------ ------------------------------------- 7, 817. 50 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..... ............... ,............ ............... ... Maintenance.................................................... 0.74 $1,259.72 $0.00 928 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------- -- $2, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913__---------------------------------------- 2, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------ 3, 739. 54 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- 3, 739. 54 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------------- 2, 500.00 2. MOUTHS OF SABINE AND NECHES RIVERS, TEX. Location.-The Sabine River rives in northeast Texas and flows southeasterly approximately 550 miles to Sabine Lake. The lower portion, from Sabine Lake to Orange, Tex., about 10 miles, is under improvement. The Neches River rises in northeast Texas and flows southeasterly approximately 300 miles to Sabine Lake. The lower 23 miles, from Sabine Lake to Beaumont, Tex., is under improvement. Original condition.-Prior to improvement the minimum usable low-water depth over the bars at the mouths of these rivers was ap- proximately 31 feet for the Sabine River and 3 feet for the Neches River at mean low Gulf level. From the bar to Orange there was a minimum usable depth in the Sabine River of about 15 feet, and in the Neches River from the bar to Beaumont about 18 feet. The head of navigation on the Sabine River for logging was about 400 miles from the mouth; for boats and launches about 25 miles at normal stage and about 175 miles at flood stages. On the Neches River the head of navigation for logging was about 200 miles from the mouth, and for boats and launches at normal stage, Wiess Bluff, about 45 miles. Previous projects.-Under projects for the improvement of the Sabine and Neches Rivers, respectively, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 18, 1878, the sum of approximately $24,000 was expended in dredging the bar at the mouth of the former river, and approximately $24,750 at the mouth of the latter. Of the $10,000 appropriated by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, for " Im- proving the mouths of the Sabine and Neches Rivers" the sum of $9,925.29 was expended prior to the adoption of the existing project. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1863. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, and provides for connecting the mouths of Sabine and Neches Rivers with Taylors Bayou, or a point in Sabine Lake near to the mouth of said bayou, by a channel at or near the west shore of Sabine Lake, in accordance with the report submitted in House Document No. 634, Fifty-eighth Congress, second session. The act adopting the project authorized the construction of the channel, in the discretion of the Secretary of War, through the land near the lake for any part of the route. It provides for dredg- ing a channel 100 feet wide and 9 feet deep from the mouths of the Sabine and Neches Rivers to the mouth of Taylors Bayou through Sabine Lake at or near its western shore, at an estimated cost of $536,500. Under the authority contained in the act adopting the project the Secretary of War directed the construction through the 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 929 land near the lake. The river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, authorized the use of any funds previously appropriated or author- ized for this work, and not required to complete the project, in the discretion of the Secretary of War, to extending the channel at its southern end with a depth of 9 feet to a junction with the Port Arthur Ship Canal and to widening the canal in front of Port Arthur. The tidal variation is about 1 foot. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project, including the connection with the Port Arthur Canal and the widen- ing of the channel in front of Port Arthur 75 feet for a dis- tance of 1,500 feet was completed May 23, 1908. The amount ex- pended to June 30, 1914, was $506,256.67, of which $443,933.04 was for original work and $62,323.63 for maintenance. The total length of the channel from the Port Arthur Canal to the mouth of the Sabine River is 84,660 feet, or practically 16 miles. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work during the year has been that of maintenance by Government plant and day labor. This work included redredging of about 15,000 feet of the canal at a cost of approximately $13,500, and maintenance of Gov- ernment floating plant, office, warehouse, boathouse, and marine ways at the Port Arthur field office, at a cost of approximately $4,779.36, a total of $18,279.36 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was 9 feet, mean low Gulf level. The total amount expended on this project to the end of the fiscal year was $524,536.03, of which $443,933.04 was for original work and $80,602.99 for maintenance. The project was completed for $92,566.96 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-The law adopting this-project imposed the con- dition that the right of way should be furnished without expense to the United States if the channel were constructed through the land near the lake for any part of said route. This condition has been met, the date of approval of the change of route by the Secretary of War being December 19, 1905. Effect of improvement.-The freight rate by rail on lumber and timber from Orange, Tex., to Port Arthur, Tex., is 5 cents per 100 pounds equivalent to approximately $2 per 1,000 feet b. m. The water rate on timber in rafts is 50 cents per 1,000 feet b. m. For lumber brought by rail and loaded on vessels at Port Arthur, Tex., the wharf charges are $2 per car, or approximately 15 cents per 1,000 feet b. m. If brought by water, the wharf charges are 30 cents per 1,000 feet b. m. The freight rate by rail on fuel oil from the Vinton, La., oil fields to Port Arthur, Tex., is 7 cents per 100 pounds, or approximately 22 cents per barrel. By water, the oil companies fur- nishing barges and hiring or leasing the boats, the cost is reported to be 8 cents per barrel. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted. This project will be superseded by the project for " Sabine-Neches Canal, including Sabine River to Orange, and Neches River to Beaumont, Tex." Commercial statistics.-This commerce is miscellaneous freight, consisting principally of crude petroleum and its refined products, lumber, sand, shell, and general merchandise. 8373 0 -ENG 1915--59 930 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Sabine River. Neches River. Sabine-Neches Canal. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. Short tons. Value. Short tons. Value. 1912................. ..... 599, 792 $3,136,879 216,173 $1, 624,848 270,904 $2, 096,487 1913-..----...........--... ... 443,989 3,208,479 221,519 1,711,832 629,001 3,846,752 1914..........-- ............ 505,271 3,159,496 157, 797 1,278,305 679,319 3,607,957 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------ ----------------------------------- $453, 858, 33 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 80, 602. 99 Total Total- 534, 461. 32 5446.3 ---------------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... Maintenance ...................................................... 14,181.78 $21,034.60 $18,279.36 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------- -------------- 1 $30, 593. 49 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for mainte- nance of improvement_----------------------------------_ 18, 279. 36 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___---------------------- 12, 314. 13 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-- -------------------------- 936. 33 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 11,377. 80 3. SABINE-NECHES CANAL, INCLUDING SABINE RIVER TO ORANGE AND NECHES RIVER TO BEAUMONT, TEX. Location.-This waterway is in the extreme southeastern portion of Texas. It extends from the Port Arthur Canal near its upper end to Sabine River near its mouth, crossing the Neches River near its mouth, and up the Neches River to Beaumont and the Sabine River to Orange. Distances are as follows: Port Arthur Canal to the Neches River, 12 miles; thence to Beaumont, 23 miles; Neches River to Sabine River, 4 miles; thence to OrangeO1 miles. Original condition.-Prior to improvement the minimum usable low-water depth at mean low gulf level in the Sabine River above the bar was about 15 feet, and in the Neches River above the bar about 18 feet. The remainder of the waterway was constructed through the land, except for a short distance where it passes through Sabine Lake between the mouths of the Neches and Sabine Rivers. The original depths here were from 1 to 4 feet. The depth over the bar at the mouth of the Sabine River was 3 feet, and over the bar at the mouth of the Neches 3 feet, mean low gulf level. The head of navigation in 1 Balance increased 86.34, payment made on account of Panama Canal, carried as an expenditure in report for preceding fiscal year. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 931 the Sabine River for logging was about 400 miles from the mouth; for boats and launches about 25 miles at normal stage and about 175 miles at flood stages. In the Neches River the head of navigation for logging was about 200 miles from the mouth, and for boats and launches at normal stage, Wiess Bluff, about 45 miles. Previous projects.-This waterway supersedes that described under the heading "Mouths of Sabine and Neches Rivers, Tex.," to the re- port on which attention is invited for previous projects. The total amount expended prior to the adoption of the existing project was approximately $534,461.32. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act approved February 27, 1911, and modified by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1915, provides for a waterway from the Port Arthur Ship Canal to Beaumont and Orange, with 25-foot depth at mean low gulf level throughout and bottom widths as follows: In the canal from the Port Arthur Ship Canal to Sabine River, 90 feet through the land, suitably widened where it enters the rivers, and 115 feet where it crosses the open lake between the mouths of the Sabine and Neches Rivers; in open rivers, 150 feet; in the two cut-offs in the Neches River, at Mansfield Ferry and Snaggy Bend, 90 feet; in the cut-off in the Sabine River, 210 feet. It further includes a guard lock 80 by 600 feet, with a depth of 28 feet over miter sills, 6 miles above Port Arthur; three passing points 110 by 1,700 feet in the canal below the Neches River; a turning basin 500 by 1,500 feet at Beaumont, and one at Orange. The tidal varia- tion is about 1 foot. The total estimated cost was $1,143,000, with $50,000 annually for maintenance, exclusive of the cost of mainte- nance and operation of the lock. (See H. Doc. No. 1290, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under contract dated January 30, 1912, and supplemental agreement thereto dated July 30, 1913, for necessary dredging in sections "a" and "c," 6,077,368 cubic yards, or approximately 77 per cent, had been re- moved. Under contract dated August 15, 1912, for the necessary dredging in section "b," 2,351,989 cubic yards, or approximately 60 per cent, had been removed. Work by hired labor was begun on the guard lock in January, 1913, and at the close of the fiscal year 1914 the lock was approximately 40 per cent completed. The total ex- pended was $699,317.91, all of which was for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The contractor finished dredging in sections "a" and "c," 1,887,822 cubic yards having been removed during the year. The contractor for section "b " finished the work under the original contract, and a supple- mental contract was entered into March 6, 1915, providing for widening the canal between the Sabine and Neches Rivers and at the cut-off in the Sabine River. The work on the cut-off was finished, and about 11,200 linear feet of the total 21,200 feet of canal widening was completed, the total number of cubic yards removed during the year being 1,401,028. At the guard lock work was carried on by day labor. The head bay walls and gates were completed. At the tail bay all the foundations, floor, and coffer walls were completed, the east wall about one-third finished, and the west wall about one-tenth finished. All material for the gates was on hand. The total ex- penditures for the year was $352,551.57, all for original work. 932 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Dredging in sections " a" and " c " has been completed, and that in section " b " is 90 per cent com- pleted. LOCK IN SABINE-NECHES CANAL. Location: 6 miles above Port Arthur, Tex. Lock dimensions: 80 by 600 feet. Cost (estimated) : $233,000. The lock is approximately 77 per cent completed. The full project depth has been secured except at the guard lock, but the maximum draft that can be carried through the channel is limited to that in the by-pass around the lock, namely, 9 feet mean low gulf level. The total expenditures on this project has been $1,051,869.48, all for new work. Local cooperation.-The conditions imposed by law required the Beaumont navigation district, or other local interests, and the Orange navigation district, or other local interests, to furnish free of cost to the United States the necessary right of way for the improvement, and to contribute one-half of the estimated cost of the project, namely, $428,000 and $143,500, respectively. The law also provided that the Beaumont navigation district or other local interests should become bound in manner satisfactory to the Secretary of War to maintain for three years following completion sections " a " and " c " and to maintain the guard lock without cost to the United States until otherwise provided by law; and that the Orange navigation dis- trict or other local interests should likewise become bound to main- tain section " b " for a period of three years following its completion. All of these conditions were met. The Beaumont navigation district of Jefferson County, Tex., deposited the sum of $428,000 in June, 1911, and the Orange County navigation district the sum of $143,500 in October, 1911. The Secretary of War approved the bond for maintenance of sections " a" and " c " May 31, 1911, the deeds for right of way for sections " a " and " c " October 23, 1911, the bond for maintenance of section " b " November 21, 1911, and the deeds for right of way for section "b" June 13, 1912. The act of March 4, 1915. relieves the Beaumont navigation district or other local inter- ests from maintaining for three years the portion of the channel from the Port Arthur Canal to the Neches River. To cover certain work in the Beaumont turning basin not otherwise provided for the Beaumont navigation district of Jefferson County, Tex., contributed an additional sum of $7,500 in February, 1915, which amount was accepted under the authority of section 8 of the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. Of this amount the sum of $810.67 will be re- turned. Plans have been made by the city of Beaumont for the construction of a municipal wharf in the harbor at Beaumont, but construction has not yet been begun. Effect of the improvement.-As the improvement is not yet com- pleted it has had no effect on freight rates, nor has it given any other direct benefits to commerce. Proposed operations.--The portion of the Sabine-Neches Canal the maintenance of which after completion will devolve upon the United States, is that from its junction with the Port Arthur Ship Canal to the mouth of the Neches River, a distance of about 12 miles. No funds for maintenance were available June 30, 1915. Shoaling RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 933 of this portion has already occurred since it was completed, and it is anticipated that such shoaling will continue indefinitely, although the yearly amount may gradually decrease. It is proposed to ex- pend the funds estimated for in removing this shoaling with the U. S. pipe-line dredge Orange. It is estimated that three or four months' wbrk will be required, at a cost of $20,000. Commercial statistics.--These are the same as those given under " Mouths of Sabine and Neches River, Tex." Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------- ------------------- $1, 051, 869. 48 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work . -------------------------------------------- $246, 587.43 $423,171.80 $352,551.57 Maintenance... .......................................... .............. APPROPRIATIONS. -[For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------- $200, 000 Aug. 24, 1912-------------------------- 35, 000 June 23, 1913__---------- 200, 000 Aug. 1, 1914 _... 136, 500 Contributed by Beaumont navigation district in accordance with pro- visions of act of Feb. 27, 1911____________________ 428, 000 Contributed by Orange County navigation district in accordance with provisions of act of Feb. 27, 1911____________________ 143, 500 Contributed by Beaumont navigation district under section 8 of act of Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------ 7, 500 UNITED STATES FUNDS. Sections "a" and "c." Section GuardBeaumont "b." Total. lock. Dredging. turning Total. basin. July 1, 1914, balance unex- pended..-................. $69, 563.76 $1,473.99 ........... $71,037.75 $18,591.83 $89,629.58 Amount appropriated by sun- dry civil act approved Aug. 1,1914................ 3,000.00 90,000.00 .0 43, 500.00 136,500.00 Receipts from sales........... 3.00 3.00 ............ 3.00 72,566.76 91,473.99 .......... 164,040.75 62.091.83 226,132.58 June 30 1915, amount ex- pended during fiscal year for works of improvement... 43,059.97 91,073.55 ............ 134,133.52 38,797.63 172, 931.15 July 1, 1915, balance unex- pended................... 29,506.79 400.44 ............ 29,907.23 23, 294.20 53,201.43 July 1, 1915, outstanding lia- bilities.........-- --.......... 1,291.12 ..................... 1,291.12 4,428.28 5,719.40 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts... 9,733.31 .................. .. 9,733.31 18, 865.92 28, 599.23 July 1,1915, balance available. 18,482.36 400.44 ............ 18,882.80 ............ 18,882.80 1Exclusive of $534,461.32, amount expended on "Improving mouths of Sabine and Neches Rivers, Tex." 934 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Sections "a" and "c." Section Total. Beaumont "b." Guard Dredging. turning Total. lock.basin. July 1, 1914, balance unex- pended...................... $72,563.67 $91,473.94 ............ $164,037.61 $62,091.85 $226,129.46 Amount contributed by Beau- mont navigation district under section 8 of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1913............. . ......... ........... 7,500.00 7, 500.00 .......... 7,500.00 Receipts from sales............ 3.00 ....... ....... 3.00 ............ 3.00 72, 566.67 91, 473.94 7, 500. 00 171,540.61 62,091.85 - 233, 632.46 June 30 1915, amount ex- pended during fiscal year, for works of improvement. .. 43, 059.92 91,073.51 6, 689. 33 140, 822.76 38, 797.66 179, 620. 42 July 1, 1915, balance unex- pended ...................... 29,506.75 400.43 810.67 30,717.85 23, 294.19 54,012.04 July 1_ 1915, outstanding lia- bilities ................... 129111 ........................ 1,291.11 4,428.27 5, 719.38 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts... 9,733.28 ........... ......... 9,733.28 18,865.92 28, 599.20 July 1, 1915, balance available. 18,482.36 400.43 810.67 19, 693. 46 ........... 19,693. 46 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF UNITED STATES AND CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. July 1, 1914, balance unex- pended........ ...... $142,127.43 $192, 947.93 1............ $235,075.36 $180, 683.68 $315, 759.04 Amount appropriated by sun- dry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914... ... .. .... 3,000.00 90,000.00 ............. 93,000.00 43,500.00 136,500.00 Amount contributed by Beau- mont navigation district under section 8 of river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1913... ........................ $7,500.00 7,500.00 .......... 7,500.00 Receipts from sales.......... 6.00 .. ................. 6.00 6.00 145,133.43 182, 947.93 7,500.00 335,581.36 124,183.68 459, 765.04 June 30, 1915, amount ex- pended during fiscal year for works of improvement...... 86,119.89 182,147.06 6,689.33 274, 956.28 77, 595.29 352, 551.57 July 1, 1915, balance unex- pended................. 59,013.54 800.87 810.67 60, 625.08 46,588.39 107, 213.47 July 1, 1915, outstanding lia- bilities................ 2, 582.23 -........... .....-. . ,582.23 8, 856.55 11,438.78 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts... 19, 466.59 ........................ 19,466.59 37,731.84 57,198.43 July 1, 1915, balance available. 36,964.72 800.87 810.67 38,576.26 ............ 38,576.26 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement .......................................................... 1 $20, 000.00 4. HARBOR AT SABINE PASS AND PORT ARTHUR CANAL, TEX. Location.-The harbor at Sabine Pass is on the Gulf of Mexico between Texas and Louisiana. It is approximately 80 miles from Galveston and 435 miles from New Orleans. The Port Arthur Canal extends from near the upper end of Sabine Pass to the Port Arthur docks at the mouth of Taylors Bayou, a distance of 7 miles. Near its upper end the Sabine-Neches Canal joins it. Original condition.-Sabine Pass, which is the natural outlet from Sabine Lake to the Gulf of Mexico, is about 7 miles long, the width 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 935 varying from about 1,700 to about 5,000 feet. Prior to improvement it had a least depth of 25 feet, except over a bar 2,000 feet long op- posite the town of Sabine Pass, over which there was a depth of 18 feet, and a bar 200 feet long opposite Fort Point, where there was a depth of 17 feet. Beyond the shore line where the pass enters the Gulf of Mexico there was a bar 34 miles wide between the interior and the exterior 18-foot bottom curves, over which there was a depth of approximately 6 feet at mean low gulf level. However, on account of the softness of the mud, ships could pass drawing 10 feet. The Port Arthur Ship Canal is entirely artificial, being constructed from the pass through marsh land just inside the shore line of Sabine Lake. The turning basins at the upper end were in part constructed by enlarging the lower end of Taylors Bayou, the depth of which was about 8 feet. Previous projects.-Underthe original project for dredging only, adopted by act of March 3, 1875, $161,703.94 was expended. Under the combined jetty and dredging project adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882, and modified by the river and harbor acts of June 30, 1896, and June 13, 1902, a total of approximately $4,386,144.25 was expended, making a total of $4,547,848.19 expended prior to commencement of operations under the existing project. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1863. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912, and provides for obtaining a channel of 25 feet navigable depth and suitable width throughout Sabine Pass and entrance by dredging and by repairing and building up the jetties as far as the mattress foundation is laid; dredging the Port Arthur Canal 26 feet deep and 150 feet wide, and dredging a new turning basin 26 feet deep, 600 feet wide, and 1,700 feet long, all at an estimated first cost of $2,000,000, $190,000 annually for main- tenance, and $100,000 for the construction of a new dredge. The tidal variation is 1.5 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Channels of 12 to 15 feet across the bar had been dredged prior to 1882, but could not be maintained. Under the combined jetty and dredging projects two jetties had been constructed across the bar, and completed to full height 4 feet above mean low gulf level practically as follows: East jetty, 22,250 feet; west jetty, 15,800 feet; the remaining portions being completed to different heights. Dredging was carried on inter- mittently by contract from 1893 to 1903, and by the U. S. dredge Sabine almost continuously since her completion in 1901. The yard- age removed by the latter was 5,045,331. A depth of 25 feet at mean low gulf level had been secured both in the pass and jetty channel. Contract had been entered into for enlarging the Port Arthur Canal and dredging the new turning basin, and the work was approxi- mately 75 per cent completed, 2,222,993 cubic yards having been re- moved. The amount spent on the present project was $587,189.56, of which $339,409.54 was for original work and $247,780.02 for main- tenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The contract for enlarging the Port Arthur Canal and dredging the new turning basin was completed, 970,970 cubic yards being removed during the year, making a total of 3,047,117. Under a contract in force at the beginning of the year, 50,429.86 tons of stone were placed in the east 936 REPORT OF THE OHIE OF ENGINEERS, i. S. ARMY. jetty, and under a new contract dated January 4, 1915, 29,448.09 tons were placed on that jetty, completing the foundation to station 261 (26,100 feet from the shore end of the jetty) and the jetty to grade 10 feet below mean low gulf level to station 251 (25,100 feet from the shore end of the jetty). The U. S. dredge Sabine removed 526,256 cubic yards from the jetty channel and at the mouth of the Port Arthur Canal. The U. S. dredge Orange removed 132,919 cubic yards from the jetty channel, widening it to 150 feet for a' distance of 8,950 feet. The amount expended during the year was $379,269.40, of which $334,337.34 was for new work, and $44,932.06 was for maintenance. The distribution was as follows: For jetty work----------------------------------------- $239,066.07 For contract dredging ---------------------------- ---------- 95, 271.27 For dredging with United States plant------------------------ 44, 932.06 Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The portion of the project covering the Port Arthur Canal and the new turning basin is com- pleted. The work of raising and repairing the jetties is approxi- mately 43 per cent completed. The projected depth has been se- cured. The maximum draft that could be carried through the chan- nel at the end of the fiscal year was 26 feet at mean low gulf level. The total expenditure under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year was $966,458.96, of which $673,746.88 was for new work and $292,712.08 for maintenance. The portion of the project covering the Port Arthur Canal and the new turning basin was completed for $171,490.75 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-In 1902, $8,800 worth of dredging in the jetty channel by the U. S. dredge Sabine was paid for by the Kansas City Southern Railway Co. The Port Arthur Canal was originally constructed by private interests and transferred to the United States without cost, being accepted by the Secretary of War December 13, 1906. Under the proviso of the present project requiring the right of way for the new turning basin to be furnished without cost to the United States, deeds and abstracts of title covering this right of way have been furnished by the local interests. Effect of improvement.-The improvements at this harbor have enabled deep-draft ocean-going vessels to enter, and have resulted in the development of a very large commerce. The reduction in freight rates can not be accurately determined. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, for jetty work will be exhausted about January, 1916, and those for dredging operations about June 30, 1916. It is proposed to expend the funds estimated for in continuing and maintaining the work according to the approved project, the amounts to be expended substantially as follows: New work: For repairing and building up the jetties-------------------- $350, 000 Maintenance: For construction of new seagoing dredge to replace the U. S. dredge Sabine---------------------------$225, 000 For operating U. S. dredge Sabine------------------- 30, 000 For operating U. S. dredge Orange------------------60,000 For jetty repairs_________ 25, 000 340, 000 Total for improvement and maintenance___ -- ---- 690, 000 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 937 The U. S. wooden hull seagoing hopper dredge Sabine, built in 1901, and used on this improvement since its completion, has de- preciated to such an extent as to require its replacement. It is pro- posed, with the estimate above submitted, to construct a steel hull dredge of the same general type, but of slightly larger capacity. Commercial statistics.-In general this commerce consists of crude petroleum and its refined products, lumber and its products, sul- phur, cotton, and cottonseed meal, shell, and a small amount of general merchandise. During the year there was a material in- crease in the tonnage, with a slight decrease in valuation due mainly to the decrease in the unit prices of petroleum and its products. Comparative statement. Sabine Pass. Port Arthur Canal. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. Short tons. Value. 1912. .. .....----------------------------------------- 3,100,375$56,059,754 2,050,362 $42,531,814 1913 .-. -......-.-.. ... ... .. .-- .......-- . 4,758,408 86,437,688 3,171,758 62,134,154 1914. 5,569,454 81,195,898 4,090,928 60,814,058 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $4, 513, 161. 06 Maintenance --------------------------------------- 1, 001, 146. 09 Total ------------------------------------------- 5, 514, 307. 15 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...........-........................-....... .. $15,689.98 $323,719.56 $334,337.34 Maintenance ............................ ................ 183,394 49 ......... 86,078. 83 44,932.06 Total....................................................... 199,084. 47 409,798.39 379,269.40 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years onlv.] Feb. 27, 1911________________ _------ _- -_ $150, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_ 433, 800.00 Mar. 4, 1913_______________ 400, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914 __ ___________ 240, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915_______________ 100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --- ---------------------- 327, 766. 77 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 ------------------------------------------------- 240,000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------------------- _ 100, 000.00 Receipts from sales --------------------- ___ 20. 00 667, 786. 77 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement________________ $334, 337. 34 For maintenance of improvement ___________ 44, 932. 06 379, 269. 40 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __ _____________________ 288, 517. 37 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_______________ $38, 706. 16 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ------------------------------------ 134, 305. 27 173, 011. 43 July 1, 1915, balance available -------------- --- _ 115, 505. 94 938 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------ ------------------------ $959, 400. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_ 1690, 000. 00 5. OPERATING AND CARE OF PORT ARTHUR CANAL, TEX. The Port Arthur Canal was originally dredged by the Port Arthur Channel & Dock Co., and was transferred, free of cost, to the United States under the authority contained in the act approved June 19, 1906, being accepted by the Secretary of War December 13, 1906. It was enlarged to a depth of 26 feet and width of 150 feet and a new turning basin constructed in 1912-1914. Since its transfer to the United States this improvement has been maintained from the permanent indefinite appropriation for operat- ing and care of canals and other works of navigation under the provisions of section 4 of the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, as amended and reenacted by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. The maintenance work was carried on by the dredge Port Arthur (acquired from the canal company) and by contract prior to the completion of the U. S. hydraulic pipe-line dredge Orange. Since July, 1913, all maintenance work has been done by the latter dredge. The amount expended in the maintenance of this improvement to June 30, 1914, was $374,616.79. No work of main- tenance dredging has been necessary during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915. The expenditures, amounting to $20,668.70, were for the care and maintenance of the U. S. dredge Orange and its equip- ment during the portions of the year in which it was not engaged on other work. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $395,- 285.49. The operation and care of this canal will hereafter be pro- vided for as a part of the maintenance of the project for harbor at Sabine Pass and Port Arthur Canal. Tex. For more complete information concerning this canal, see the report on harbor at Sabine Pass, and Port Arthur Canal, Tex. 6. TRINITY RIVER, TEX. Location.-The Trinity River rises in north central Texas and flows approximately 650 miles southeasterly to Galveston Bay. The section to which this report has reference is the lower 512 miles, from Dallas to the mouth in Galveston Bay. Original condition.-Priorto the beginning of improvement the river had a navigable depth of about 4 feet at ordinary low water from its mouth to Liberty (limit of tidal influence), a distance of approximately 40 miles. Rafting of logs could be carried on at ordi- nary low water to a point about 50 miles above the mouth. The river above tidal action is a narrow stream with a low-water depth insuffi- cient for even light-draft navigation. Its banks, while generally high and quite stable, are subject to overflow during every flood of the river, and the adjacent bottom lands are overflowed. Previous projects.-None. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 939 Present project.-The improvement of Trinity River, Tex., by the construction of locks and dams was first authorized by the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, in accordance with the report submitted in House Document No. 409, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session, at which time $350,000 was provided for the purpose of constructing locks and dams and for open channel work upon the river between the mouth and section 1, just below Dallas. By the act approved March 3, 1905, the balance remaining from the appropria- tion made in 1902 was diverted and made available for the construc- tion of locks and dams in section 1, in accordance with the same report; and by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, the further sum of $340,000 was made available for continuing construc- tion of locks and dams previously authorized, and for an additional lock and dam at Hurricane Shoals. By the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, appropriation was made for beginning the construc- tion of Lock and Dam No. 7 and a lock and dam at White Rock Shoals, and in the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, provision was made for locating two additional locks and dams. From the manner in which appropriations have been made for the improvement of the Trinity River, it has been held that the entire project outlined in House Document No. 409, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session, has never been adopted in its entirety by Congress, but that only such locks and dams have been authorized as have been specifically appropriated for. The report in question contemplated the construction of 37 locks and dams with incidental dredging and other open-channel work, at an estimated cost for a 6-foot navigation of $4,650,000 and $280,000 annually for maintenance after completion, but of this number only 7 locks and dams have been specifically appropriated for and the location of 2 others authorized. The approved design for these locks provides for an available length of 140 feet, chamber width of 50 feet, and a navigable depth of 6 feet over the lower miter sill. In the original report it was planned that five locks and dams should be located in section 1, but as a result of further investigation it has been found necessary to increase the number to six, with an auxiliary dam at Parsons Slough, about 22 miles below Dallas. During the course of construction it has also been found that the original estimate of cost was inade- quate, and that on account of the manner in which the appropriations have been made, the inaccessibility of certain of the localities at which work has been directed by Congress, and the general increase in prices, it is now known that the ultimate cost of the entire project will be largely increased. The report, in accordance with which the work authorized is being done, was based upon a survey authorized in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, for which purpose only $7,000 was appropriated. In view of the fact that it was necessary to carry this survey over more than 500 miles of river, it is apparent that the work could not be done with sufficient thoroughness to enable an accurate estimate to be made. To remedy this defect the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912, authorized the making of an accurate instrumental survey of Trinity River, following the recommendation of the Chief of Engineers in his annual report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 940 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1911. This survey is nearly completed, but no estimate of cost of the completion of the entire plan of improvement has yet been made. The report upon which appropriations for this improvement are based contemplated also the necessary work to clear the channel of obstructions between the locks. Provision for such work was made in the act of June 13, 1902, and operations are continued as appropria- tions are made from time to time. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work of clearing the river of snags was carried on as funds permitted. Lock and Dam No. 1, the dam at Parsons Slough, and Locks and Dams Nos. 4 and 6 were completed. Locks and Dams Nos. 2 and 7 and the locks and dams at Hurricane and White Rock Shoals were begun. Sites were located for Locks and Dams Nos. 3 and 5. An instrumental survey of the river from its mouth to Dallas was begun. There was ex- pended on the existing project up to June 30, 1914, the sum of $1,642,- 903.16 for original work and $227,130.68 for maintenance, making a total of $1,870,033.84.' Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The channel of the stream was snagged from mile 39 to 21, and from mile 315 to 327, having reference to the mileage above the mouth of the river. This work was for maintenance, and cost $11,536.68. Original work, as follows, was performed during the year: Lock and Dam No. 2 was completed; at Lock and Dam No. 7 and the lock and dam at White Rock Shoals all work was completed except the erection of the dam; at lock and dam at Hurricane Shoals all work was completed except the erection of the dam and the construction of 50 per cent of the abutment; titles were obtained, but not approved by the Department of Justice, to the land required for Government reservations at the sites of Locks and Dams Nos. 3 and 5; the instrumental survey of the river from its mouth to Dallas was approximately 85 per cent com- pleted. The cost of this original work was $180,691.90, and of-the work of maintenance $11,536.68, a total of $192,228.58. All work during the fiscal year was done by hired labor. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The river has been cleaned of snags below Liberty, Tex., 41 miles above the mouth, and some work of this character has been done above that place. Four locks and dams and one auxiliary dam have been completed and three are under construction. Navigation of this river is still impracticable for even light-draft boats above Liberty at ordinary low-water stages except in the disconnected pools formed by the completed dam. The amount expended on this project to the end of the fiscal year was $2,062,262.42, of which $1,823,595.06 was for original work and $238,667.36 for maintenance. 1Decreased $28 from total shown in report for preceding fiscal year, being a payment made on account of the Panama Canal which was at first considered as an expenditure. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 941 Location. Dam. LockandLock di- Date of am.mensions nd in Lift be- completion. Cost. Dalolas. From nearest town. the clear. Type. tween pools. Miles. Feet. Feet. No. 1...... 13 Elam, 3miles....... 140 by 50.. Bould..... 11.5 Mar. 1,1909 $134,920.93 Parsons s 21 Kleburg, 31 miles.. . Auxilliary Needle.... 18.0 Jan. 16,1911 19, 845.88 Slough. dam. No. 2.......23 Wilmer, 4 miles.... 140 by 50.. Chanoine. 7.7 Aug. -, 1914 163,783.75 No. 3 ..... 27 Seagoville, 5 miles.. 140 by 50.. ... do...... 6.0 ............. 300,000.00 No, 4 ..... 30.5 Ferris, 8 miles...... 140 by 50.. ... do...... 7.4 June 1, 13 226,569.53 No. 5 8..... 34.5 Ferris, 10 miles-..... 140 by 50.. ... do ...... 8.5 ............... 3 300,000.00 No. 6....... 42 Ferris, 16 miles..... 140 by 50.. Bould..... 13.9 Apr. 8,1911 167,207.73 No. 7....... 50 Rosser, 2 miles.....l 140 by 50.. Chanoine. 11.8 Under con- 248,821.92 struction. Hurricane 243 Crockett, 14 miles... 140 by 50 .. ... do....... 17.5 ..... do....... 480,004.75 Shoals. * W h i t e 334 Trinity, 7 miles..... 140 by 50 ..... do...... 10.0 ..... do....... 3 260, 307.54 Rock Shoals. 1 On dam sill. 2Sites selected under authority of the river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1913, but no provision has as yet been made for actual construction. 3 Estimated.. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, provided for the paying over to the Secretary of War by citizens of Dallas, Tex., of the sum of $66,000, to be applied to the construction of locks and dams in section 1, the 49 miles from Dallas to the East Fork, as a condition to be observed before the sums made available therefor by said act should be expended. The sum of $66,000 was duly contributed by the local interests specified. The project for the canalization of this river makes no provision for the purchase of land as sites for locks and dams, but assumes that necessary land shall be provided by the Dallas Chamber of Commerce. The land required to date has been so provided, although minor irregularities in the title to the Government reservations at Lock and Dam No. 7 and the lock and dam at White Rock Shoals remain to be cleared up. An approximate date for the clearing up of these titles could not be obtained from the local chamber of commerce. Effect of improvement.-Owing to the fact that the river is not yet navigable to Dallas, the only place at which it can come into active competition with the railroads, no effect on freight rates has been produced. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, for lock and dam construction will probably be exhausted by April 1, 1916, the funds for the survey about January 1, 1916, and those for open- channel work on or before June 30, 1916. If the project is to be con- tinued, Locks and Dams Nos. 3 and 5 are the logical ones to be next undertaken. They are estimated to cost $300,000 each. It is very desirable that, when authorized, provision should be made for their entire completion. If, however, Congress should decide to make provision for only one year's work by hired labor and use of Gov- ernment plant, $150,000 for each lock and dam should be appro- priated. The snag boat Trinity and two quarter boats will be oper- ated on maintenance of the channel in the section below Liberty, and on original work and maintenance in the section of the river partially 942 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. canalized. This work is made necessary by the many snags and fallen trees carried by this river. The operations proposed during the fiscal year 1917 for which estimates are submitted are as follows: Operation, maintenance, and repair of U. S. snag boat Trinity on open- channel work ---------------------------------------- $20, 000 Operation, maintenance, and repair of two quarter boats------------ 30, 000 50, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce transported during the cal- endar year 1914 consisted mainly of logs in rafts and of merchantable timber, with a small amount of cotton and other farm products. Comparative statement. Short Calendar year. tons. Value. 1912.................. . ................. 60,677 $768,115 1913......................... .. . ..................................- 27,147 406,428 1914...................................... .................... ..................... 12,610 102,394 All of the above tonnage, except the rafting of logs, originated at or below Liberty, Tex. In addition, during the calendar year 1914, 20 bales of cotton and 300 passengers were carried by the light-draft gasoline boat Commodore Duncan between Dallas and Lock and Dam No. 2. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------- ------------------- 1, 830, 595.06 Maintenance_---------- -------------------------- 238, 667.36 Total------------------------------------- 2, 069, 262. 42 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... ............. .................. <$359, 427.40 3333,924.99 $180,691.90 Maintenance......-- ......---.............................. 29,014.37 9004.02 11,536.68 Total.............. . .... .. ........ .........-- 388,441.77 342,929.01 192,228.58 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------- 40, 000. 00 $------------------------------------ July 25, 1912__ _ _____________________ _ 440,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913 _-------------------_ - 270, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914___ __ __-________________ 203, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915 ___-----------_.--_ _ . 37,000. 00 1 Includes $7,000 appropriated by act of Mar. 3, 1899, and spent on survey. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 943 Lock and Lock and Lock and Lock and Dam No. 2. Dam No. 3. Dam No. 5. Dam No. 7. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended............. $2,226.08 $1, 299.94 $995.95 $44,311.34 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914........ ......... ............................... ...... 40,000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915.... ................ ..... ............... .............. Receipts from sales, etc...... ............ . 15.00............ 15............. ... 889.26 Receipts from transfers.......... ................................................. 2, 241.08 1,299.941 995.95 85, 200. 60 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement............... 2,226.08 1,299.94 995.95 59, 862.02 For maintenance of improvement............ .................................... Transferred.............. ............... 15.00 ......... .... ........... 55.15 2,241.08 1,299.94 995.95 59, 917. 17 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ............ .............. ............ ............. 25, 283.43 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities................. ... ......... _.......... 506.71 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts ..... ............................... .................................... July 1, 1915, balance available............................................. 24,776.72 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance ................................. ...................... Lock and Lock and Open- Instru- dam a Hurricane Shoals. White at k t damRock Shoals. channel work. work. mental survey. survey. Total. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended...... ... $35, 592.08 $31, 798.62 1$1,973.14 $29,407.65 1 $147,604.80 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914-.......--......... 95,000.00 53,000.00 15,000.00 ............ 203,000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915.................. .............. 25,000.00 12, 000.00 37,000.00 Receipts from sales, etc............. .... 459.50 ............ 14.33 27. 71 1,405.80 Receipts from transfers ................... 55.15 ...................... 15.00 70.15 131,106. 73 84, 798.62 41, 987. 47 41, 450. 36 389,080. 75 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement .......... 45, 053.24 39, 889.84 ............... 31,294.68 180, 621.75 For maintenance of improvement.... ........................ 11,536. 68 . . ..... 11,536.68 Transferred ............................................................... 76.15 45,053.24 39,889.84 11,536.68 31,294.68 192,228.58 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended......... 86,053.49 44, 908.78 30,450.79 10,155.68 196, 52.17 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities........ 415.66 645.07 959.66 1,128.21 3, 655.31 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncom- pleted contracts .... .................. ......... 80.64 .......... ............ 80.64 July 1, 1915, balance available............. 85,637. 83 44,183.07 29, 491.13 9, 027. 47 193,116.22 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for mainte- nance .............................................. 50,000.00 ............ 2 50,000.00 1Increased by $28 over amount shown in preceding annual report, on account of a payment made for the Panama Canal which had been considered as an expenditure. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 7. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS, SECTION 1, TRINITY RIVER, TEX. This service, which consists of maintenance and operation of the completed locks and dams in section 1, Trinity River, Tex., is pro- vided for by the permanent indefinite appropriation for operating and care of canals and other works of navigation, under the pro- visions of section 4 of the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, as 944 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. amended and reenacted by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Lock and Dam No. 1 was placed under this project on March 1, 1909; the dam at Parsons Slough on January 16, 1911; Lock and Dam No. 6 April 8, 1911; Lock and Dam No. 4 in June, 1913; and Lock and Dam No. 2 in August, 1914. For description of these locks and dams, see report on Trinity River, Tex. The amount expended on this project to June 30, 1914, was $36,- 144.19. The amount expended during the fiscal year 1915 was $14,500.52. The work done during the year was that of usual mainte- nance, except at the dam at Parsons Slough, where a flood in Decem- ber, 1914, washed out a considerable portion of the bank at the abut- ment. Work of repairing this damage was begun but had not been completed at the close of the fiscal year, due to the long-continued high water. A maneuver boat was constructed at Lock and Dam No. 2. The only lockages made during the year were 4 at Lock and Dam No. 1. The only navigation in this section was that by the small gasoline tug Commodore Duncan, which made a few trips, carrying 300 passengers and 20 bales of cotton, between Dallas and Locks and Dams Nos. 1 and 2. Proposed operations.-The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and har- bor act of March 3, 1909. 8. CYPRESS BAYOU AND WATERWAY BETWEEN JEFFERSON, TEX., AND SHREVEPORT, LA. Location.-Cypress Bayou rises in northeast Texas, flows slightly southeastward approximately 119 miles to Caddo Lake, thence ap- proximately 17 miles across Caddo Lake to Big Willow Pass, thence approximately 26 miles through Big and Little Willow Passes, Soda Lake, and Twelvemile Bayou to Red River just above Shreveport, a total distance of about 162 miles. That portion between Jefferson, Tex., and Red River, about 68 miles, is included in the project. Strictly speaking, Cypress Bayou proper ends where it enters Caddo Lake, but the name is frequently applied to the whole waterway above described. Original condition.-Cypress Bayou evidently was an unnavigable stream until the advance of the Red River raft above Shreveport converted its bottom lands into lakes and afforded a route navigable from six to nine months in the year from Red River near Shreveport, La., to Jefferson, Tex. Before the work for its improvement com- menced navigation was difficult and dangerous by reason of bars and leaning timber in the bayou proper and snags, stumps, fallen timber, and sunken logs in the channel through the lake. Previous projects.-None. Presentproject.--This project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 10, 1872, at an estimated cost of $20,000, is to provide a navi- gable channel from Jefferson, Tex., to the Red River at Shreveport, La., by way of Cypress Bayou and connecting waters, by dredging and straightening the channel (no dimensions given), removing stumps, logs, snags, and other obstructions, and clearing the banks (see Annual Report for 1872, p. 572), and to construct a dam without lock at the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 945 foot of Caddo Lake, at an estimated cost of $100,000 as authorized by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910. (See H. Doc. No. 220, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging and snagging operations were carried on by hired labor during the period 1873 to 1880, and the work was then reported as finished, seven cut- offs having been made, and the distance from Shreveport to Jefferson having been reduced by approximately 30 miles, at an expense of $89,650.96. Expenditures since that date have been for maintenance and amounted to $84,810.97, of which $12,613.05 was expended on surveys during the period 1890-1896. The total amount expended on this portion of the project up to June 30, 1914, was $174,461.93. Work on the construction of the dam was begun under contract in May, 1912, and on June 30, 1914, was approximately 60 per cent completed, the expenditures to that date being $61,440.72, all for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The contractor completed the dam in December, 1914. There was expended during the fiscal year for this work the sum of $39,112.75, all for new work, making the total cost of the dam $100,553.47, of which $553.47 was taken from allotments for open-channel work on Cypress Bayou in an auditor's settlement. Quarter boat No. 2 worked over the bayou from Jefferson down to the dam from November 30, 1914, to Febru- ary 15, 1915, clearing the channel of snags and other obstructions. The amount expended on this work during the fiscal year was $2,266.40. The total expenses during the year were $41,379.15, of which $39,112.75 was for new work and $2,266.40 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted, and subsequent work will be for maintenance only. The re- moval of the raft, 1872-73, and the subsequent closure of outlets and construction of levees down the right bank of Red River from the hills in Arkansas to near Shreveport, La., cut off the water supply of the lakes, which, in conjunction with the quicker drainage re- sulting from the lowering of the bed of Red River, gradually re- duced their depth. In consequence, the period of navigation short- ened from year to year until 1897, when boats from Red River ceased plying altogether. The construction of the dam at the foot of Caddo Lake will insure a 4-foot navigable depth at low water from that point to Jefferson, but will cut off all possible navigation to Shreveport except for such light-draft boats as might pass over the dam at high stages. Below the dam navigation is practicable only during stages above 25 feet in Red River. CADDO LAKE DAM. Location: At foot of Caddo Lake, La., and Tex. Below Mooringsport, La.: 2 miles. Dimensions: 3,400 feet long. Type: Fixed. Date of completion: December 21, 1914. Cost : $100,553.47. The total expenditures for this project to the end of the fiscal year have been $277,281.80, of which $100,553.47 was for new work on the dam and $176,728.33 for maintenance of open-channel work. 8373°-ENG 1915-60 946 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Local cooperation.-Priorto the beginning of work by the United States the citizens of Jefferson had expended over $70,000 (Annual Report for 1880, p. 1280) on the channel in the vicinity of that city. The city also loaned to the United States, free of cost, the dredge which it had been operating. Effect of improvement. --As there has been no through navigation between Jefferson and Shreveport since about 1897, and such naviga- tion is now impracticable, the improvement has had no effect on rail freight rates between Jefferson and points on the Red or Mississippi Rivers. The construction of the dam at the foot of Caddo Lake has facilitated navigation above that point, providing the means for the transportation of commodities to and from the railroad. What effect, if any, this improvement has had on rail freight rates is not known. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted on or before June 30, 1916. It is proposed to expend the funds estimated for in operating the U. S. quarter boat No. 2 about eight months for maintenance of the channel from Jefferson to the dam. Commercial statistics.-This commerce consists in general of crude oil, lumber, piling, stone, and machinery and equipment for oil wells. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. 1912................................................................................................. ... 9,931 $531,508 1913. .................... ................................................ ........ 44,475 996,103 1914 ..................... .... ........... ........ ....... ............. .................. 32,990 956,530 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New workNew _ _ ___. $100, 553. 47 ... ork------------------------------------------$0,534 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 76, 728. 33 Total--------------------------------------------------277, 281. 80 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................. ....................... ... $33,347.24 $22,975.34 $39, 12. 75 Maintenance........ ..... .............................. 4,714.96 875.67 2,266.40 Total ...... .... .................... 3............. 38,062. 20 23,851.01 41,379.15 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 __--------------------------------------------------$2, 500.00 July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------_____ 5, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------ 500.00 Oct. 2, 1914 ----------------- .. ----- ______ 2, 000. 00 Mar 4, 1915 ____----------------------- 5, 000.00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 947 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------$38, 825. 68 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914____ 2, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 5, 000. 00 Receipts from sales---- ------------------------- 279. 00 46, 104. 68 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement___-------------------- $39, 112. 75 For maintenance of improvement ----------- - 2, 266. 40 41, 379. 15 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 4, 725. 53 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__.------------------------- 211.80 July 1, 1915, balance available_ _ --- _--- __------------- -- 4, 513. 73 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--_--------- 1-5,000.00 9. OPERATING AND CARE, DAM AT FOOT OF CADDO LAKE, LA. AND TEX. This service, which is provided for by the permanent indefinite appropriation for operating and care of canals and other works of navigation, under the provisions of section 4 of the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, as amended and reenacted by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909, consists of the maintenance of the dam at the foot of Caddo Lake. For information concerning the construction of this dam see report on Cypress Bayou and water- way between Jefferson, Tex., and Shreveport, La. (p. 944). It was placed under this project on December 22, 1914. To the close of the fiscal year, $902.42 had been expended for the services of a dam tender, the purchase of stone for repairs to the dam, and placing a certain portion thereof in the dam. This dam is without lock and is not intended to provide for through navigation. However, during high-water stages a number of motor boats and a few small barges and house boats have passed over it since completion, both up and down stream. The commerce carried is negligible. Proposed operations.-The dam will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite ap- propriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 10. RED RIVER FROM FULTON, ARK., TO MOUTH OF WASHITA RIVER, OKLA. Location.-Red River rises in northwest Texas near the New Mexico boundary line, flows slightly south of east approximately 800 miles to Fulton, Ark., thence southeastward to the Mississippi River, an approximate total length of 1,275 miles. The portion of the river from Fulton, Ark., to the mouth of the Washita River, Okla., 292 miles, is under improvement in this district. Original condition.--The fall in this distance is 298 feet, or ap- proximately 1 foot per mile. The banks are in general soft earth or sand 10 to 25 feet high, readily eroded, and for the most part sub- 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 948 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. ject to overflow at high stages. The distance between the banks varies from 500 feet to upward of 4,000 feet, the average being about 1,400 feet. The river flows between these banks in a winding, shifting channel 100 to 200 feet wide in the bends at low water. In its origi- nal condition it was obstructed by sand bars, drift, and snags, the material for which was brought in by the constant caving of the banks, which were generally covered with trees. Low-water depths varied from a few inches to about 4 feet. It is stated that at high stages light-draft boats have ascended as far as Denison, 11 miles below the mouth of the Washita, but Lanesport, 75 miles above Fulton, was the usual head of navigation, with occasional boats to the mouth of the Kiamichi, 158 miles. Previous projects.-On the original project, adopted by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886, there was spent $33,500 prior to 1905. This project was modified by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, which fixed the upper terminus of the improvement at Denison, Tex., and on this modified project $315,029.20 was ex- pended. Of this amount the sum of $3,854.07 was expended in snag- ging the lower 25 miles of the Kiamichi River under specific au- thority contained in the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and the general authority for snagging tributaries of rivers already under improvement, contained in the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. The total amount expended on previous projects was $348,529.20. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1866. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and has for its object to facilitate naviga- tion by light-draft boats at medium and high stages from Fulton to the mouth of the Washita River by the removal of snags, logs and drift, the clearing of timber on caving banks, a small amount of annual dredging on those bars which offer the greatest obstruction to navigation, and the closure of certain chutes behind islands; also for the addition to the plant formerly available of a small combined dredge and snag boat and a pile driver. The estimate of the cost of the new plant and the maintenance of the old for the first year was $100,000, for operation of the plant the second year $60,000, and for future operations $50,000 annually. (See H. Doc. No. 71, 61st Cong., 1st sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-At different times the whole length of river between Fulton and Denison had been worked over, removing snags and other obstructions, and cutting timber on caving banks, thus temporarily clearing the channel. No work had been done over 11 miles of river from the Denison to the mouth of the Washita, nor had any work of closing chutes been accomplished. A steam snag boat had been acquired under the former project, and bids had been opened for the construction and delivery of the combined dredge and snag boat Denison under the present project. The lower 25 miles of the Kiamichi River had been snagged on two occasions. The amount spent on the present project to June 30, 1914, was $52,653.13, practically all of which was for mainte nance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The removal of snags and other obstructions and the cutting of timber on caving RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 949 banks were carried on by hired labor and Government plant during the year from Fulton to mile 228 at a cost of $23,311.50. This ex- penditure may be considered as practically all for maintenance. The lower 25 miles of the Kiamichi River were snagged at a cost of $499.70, all for maintenance. Contract was entered into July 6, 1914, for the construction of the combined dredge and snag boat Denison, and at the close of the fiscal year this boat was approximately 78 per cent completed. The amount spent in connection with the construc- tion of this boat was $19,790. The total amount expended during the year was $43,601.20, of which $19,790 was for new work and $23,811.20 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work done under this project has resulted in the removal at intervals of snags and other obstructions, but the work done is temporary in character and re- quires constant maintenance. It has facilitated navigation at medium and high stages, but the periods of such stages are too indefinite as to duration and time of the year to permit of the practical operation of boats on this section of the river. There has been no increase in depth, and navigation at low-water stages is not practicable for even the lightest draft steamboats. The combined dredge and snag boat provided by the present project was 78 per cent completed at the close of the fiscal year. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year was $96,254.33, of which $19,790 was for new work on the combined dredge and snag boat Denison and $76,464.33 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement of this section of the river has had no effect on rail freight rates. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted on or before June 30, 1916. It is proposed to expend the $50,000 for which estimate is submitted in the operation of the snag boats C. A. Culberson and Denison and of one quarter boat, in accord- ance with approved project. Commercial statistics.-Navigationon the Red River above Fulton has practically ceased. No steamboats are now in operation, and the rafting of logs has been reduced to an almost negligible quantity. Comparative statement. Kiamichi River. Red River above Fulton, Ark. Calendar year. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. 1912................. .. ............................... 345 $14,320 13,832 $45,250 1913.................... ........................................ 447 7, 280 3,115 16,645 1914............ .............................. 1,135 .................. 15,389 1,318 10,425 950 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $348, 093.02 Maintenance _------------------------------------------ 96, 690.51 Total-----------------__ -------------------------- 1444, 783. 53 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............... . ...................... ............ ............ $19,790.00 Maintenance ................................... ....... $33,664.83 $23, 652.98 23, 811.20 Total.......... ................... ................ 33, 664. 83 23, 652.98 43, 601.20 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $25, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 . ------------------------------- 75, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------- 42, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 40, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 64, 546. 87 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 40, 000. 00 119, 546. 87 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement----------------- $19, 790.00 For maintenance of improvement-----------------23, 811. 20 43, 601. 20 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 75, 945. 67 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------- 1, 070. 67 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts- 29, 685. 00 30, 755. 67 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------- 45, 190. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance------- 50,000. 00 11. SULPHUR RIVER, TEX. AND ARK. Location.-Sulphur River rises in northeast Texas, flows easterly approximately 265 miles, and empties into Red River about 90 miles below Fulton, Ark. The lower 150 miles are under improve- ment in this district. Original condition.-For the first 18 miles above the mouth the average width of the river at low water is about 75 feet, the depth a few inches only, and the fall about 10 feet. Thence to a point about 51 miles above the mouth there is a pool with average width ,f 125 feet, a minimum depth of at least 5 feet, and a fall of only 1 foot. Above this point the depth and width decrease rapidly. Prior to improvement the river was badly obstructed by snags, logs, and 1The character of the work is such that it is impracticable to make any accurate division between expen- ditures for new work and those for maintenance. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 951 overhanging trees, and by clay ridges in the lower 10 miles. Pro- longed high water in the Red River causes backwater in the Sulphur River for 50 miles or more, creating navigable stages for light-draft steamboats over the lower 18 miles, and about the year 1870 Red River boats are said to have run up the Sulphur on such stages. Navigation of the lower 17 miles has never been possible at low stages. Rafting was carried on in the pool for about 55 miles. Previous projects.-Under the original project adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, $2,488.99 was expended. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1866. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, and provides for the improvement of the lower 150 miles by snagging and a small amount of dredging, with a view to making the river navigable whenever boats can enter it from Red River, at an estimated cost of $36,000. (See H. Doc. No. 870, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) The estimate was based upon the possibility of using a snag boat already belonging to the United States. No estimate for maintenance was given. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-In 1896 and 1897 snagging was carried on in the lower 31 miles by plant pertaining to the improvement of Red River. In 1907 work was begun with a quarter boat constructed for this improvement, and continued yearly until January, 1913. This work consisted of the removal of snags, logs, and other obstructions, the cutting of trees and brush on the banks, and the removal of clay hogbacks by blasting. The lower 51 miles had been cleared and kept clear of obstructions, but above that point the river was badly obstructed. The amount expended had been $42,755.88. It is impracticable to separate the expenditures for original work and for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the year. The remaining balance of $744.12 was expended for travel and office expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About one-third of the work contemplated by the project has been completed and maintained. The river above the lower 51 miles is badly obstructed, and that por- tion of the project has been reported as unworthy of further improve- ment (H. Doc. No. 1418, 62d Cong., 3d sess.). Below that point some obstructions have accumulated since the last work was done, in January, 1913, but these are not sufficient to make.navigation im- practicable. A depth of at least 5 feet at low water is available in the pool from about 18 miles to 51 miles from the mouth. Below that point navigation is possible only at high water. The total expendi- tures under the existing project were $43,500. It is impracticable to separate the expenditures for new work and for maintenance. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation. Effect of improvement.-There has been no commerce of any value on this river, and the improvement has had no effect on rail freight rates. Proposed operations.-An estimate of $12,000 is submitted for the maintenance of the lower 51 miles of this river according to the adopted project. Of this amount, $3,000 is for the construction of a quarter boat, the one formerly in use having been condemned and 952 REPORT O T1HE CHIF F OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. sunk. The remainder will be used for removing snags and other obstructions. Commercial statistics.-There was no commerce reported on this river during the calendar years 1912-1914. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------- Maintenance -------------------------------------- 1$45, 988. 99 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ... . ........ .............. Maintenance .................................................... .$3, 587. 65 $100.00 $744.12 APPROPBIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --- ------------------------- $744. 12 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__------ ---------------------------------------- 744.12 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_---------------------2 12, 000. 00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys, provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submit- ted when received: 1. Shallow Bayou, La. 2. Sabine-Neches Canal, Tex., with a view to revetting the north bank of the canal between Port Arthur, Tex., and Sabine Lake, such revetment work to be confined to the section of the bank within the city limits of Port Arthur. 3. Port Arthur Ship Canal, Tex., with a view to making an en- trance into Sabine Lake at or near the city of Port Arthur. 4. Harborat Beaumont, Tex., with a view to the removal of island in the turning basin. 5. Taylors Bayou, Tex., to the Southern Pacific bridge. The duty of making the reexamination in accordance with the law for the original examination of rivers and harbors, as provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, with a view to obtain- ing a report whether the adopted project for Red River above Fulton, Ark., shall be modified or the improvement abandoned, has been also assigned to the district engineer officer, and his report will be duly submitted when received. 1 The character of the work is such that it is impracticable to make any accurate divi- sion between expenditures for new work and those for maintenance. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 953 IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE VICKSBURG, MISS., DISTRICT. The streams under improvement in this district are tributaries of the Mississippi River which flow through northwestern Mississippi, southern Arkansas, and the northeastern half of the State of Loui- siana. District officer: Capt. Ernest Graves, Corps of Engineers, to October 31, 1914, and Maj. J. R. Slattery, Corps of Engineers, since that date. Division engineer: Col. C. McD. Townsend, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Red River, below Fulton, Ark.. 953 6. Bayou Bartholomew, Boeuf 2. Ouachita and Black Rivers, River, Tensas River, and Ark. and La.................. 956 Bayou Macon, and Bayous 3. Operating and care of locks and D'Arbonne and Corney, La. dams, Ouachita River, Ark. and Ark .... ...... 963 and La. ..................... 959 7. Yazoo, Tallahatchie, Cold- 4. Ouachita River, above Camden water, and Big Sunflower to Arkadelphia, Ark.......... 960 Rivers, Tchula Lake, Steele 5. Saline River, Ark ........... 961 and Washington Bayous, and Lake Washington, and Bear Creek, Miss ......... 972 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT, GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2691 TO 2714. 1. RED RIVER BELOW FULTON, ARK. Location.-Red River rises in northwestern Texas and flows in a general easterly direction forming the boundary between Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. It then flows in a general southeasterly direction through Arkansas and Louisiana and enters Mississippi River at Red River Landing, La. The river is about 1,300 miles long. The section included in the project extends about 475 miles from Fulton, Ark., to the Atchafalaya River, La., 6.6 miles above the mouth. Original condition.-Prior to improvement the entire channel of the river for 92 miles from Loggy Bayou to Hurricane Bluffs was filled by a mass of sunken logs and stumps which was known as the great raft. The head of navigation was at the foot of this raft, 257 miles above the mouth. The river everywhere was obstructed by snags and drift, and at Alexandria, La., by a ledge of rock. Above the raft log jams had formed at intervals nearly to the Arkansas- Louisiana line. Passage around the raft through outlets and side channels was practicable only at high water. The low-water depth on many shoals was 11 feet and the width 90 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted May 23, 1828. Modifications were made June 10, 1872, June 18, 1878, March 3, 1879, August 2, 1882, July 5, 1884, August 11, 1888, and September 19, 1890. The amount expended under these projects was $1,559,- 831.90. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1868. Present project.-The existing project, based on report of Capt. (now Col., retired) J. H. Willard, Corps of Engineers (Annual 954 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Report for 1890, p. 1829, and for 1891, p. 1957), was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, and provides for continuing improvement of the river from Fulton, Ark., to the Atchafalaya River, 475 miles, by the systematic clearing of the banks, snagging, dredging shoals, building levees, either alone or in cooperation with riparian States, closing outlets, revetting caving banks, and prevent- ing injurious cut-offs. The work is continuous, and no estimate for completion can be given. The estimated cost of maintenance of im- provement is $100,000 a year, exclusive of cost of new plant when required. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channel was cleared through the great raft in 1872-73 and opened to navigation 176 miles of river above Shreveport to Fulton. Subsequent work secured the complete removal of the raft, prevented formations of the same nature, increased the width of the river 100 feet or more, and there now flows in the course laid out for it in the old raft region a broad river readily navigable at high and medium stages. The survey of 1908 showed that the bed of the river in the old raft region above Shreveport had lowered in places as much as 25 feet. Incidentally the removal of the raft drained the fertile valley and reclaimed thousands of acres of productive lands. Tones Bayou outlet is closed by a heavy earthen dam connected with the line of levee above and below it and the main channel for a time called "Little River" has widened and scoured until navigation of the stretch is uninterrupted at low stages. All of the chief outlets along the right bank above Tones Bayou to the Arkansas-Louisiana line, 86 miles, have been closed with dams by cooperation with the State of Louisiana and local levee districts. Work at Alexandria Falls rendered them navigable at all stages. The channel was deepened from 2f to 51 feet at the lower falls, and to 6 feet at the upper falls, lengthening the period of navigation about two months. Persistent snagging operations, repeated from year to year, have kept the river open and fairly free from obstructions. Much of the work per- formed necessarily has been repetition of work previously performed and expenditures for new work and maintenance can not therefore be separated. The total amount expended on this project prior to the present fiscal year was $1,173,468.78. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. snag boat C. W. Howell worked over the river between Garland, Ark., and the mouth, and removed a large number of obstructions to naviga- tion. The U. S. dredge Waterway was employed August 12 to 31, 1914, in dredging below Alexandria, La., and a channel 2,055 feet in length was cut through the bar. The expenditure during the fiscal year was $30,595.72, of which $5,586.20 was for dredging. All work was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At low water a channel 5 feet deep and 50 feet wide at the narrowest places exists from the mouth to Alexandria; a channel 3 feet deep and 75 feet wide from Alexan- dria to Shreveport; and a channel 2 feet deep and 50 feet wide from Shreveport to Fulton. Originally the channel depths in these sec- tions were only 1 feet. No estimate for completion of the project can be made, as the work is maintenance, but directed toward con- tinual betterment at all stages of water. No proportion of accom- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 955 plishment can be stated. The total expenditure under the existing project to June 30, 1915, was $1,204,064.50, on new work and main- tenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The project has until recently given river towns freight rates about 25 per cent lower than towns not on the river. There seems now, however, to be a tendency for the railroads to equalize rates. Proposed operations.-The following estimate of funds required for operations during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is sub- mitted. The available funds will be exhausted before June 30, 1916: Operation and repairs of dredge Waterway--------------------- $40, 000 Operation and repairs of snag boat Howell----------------------- 25, 000 Operation and repairs of snag boat Columbia--------------------- 15, 000 Operation of chopping parties and repairs to two quarter boats-------- 20, 000 100, 000 Commercial statistics.-Ownership and masters of boats usually change and navigation ordinarily closes in June. For this reason commercial statistics are compiled for the fiscal year instead of the calendar year. Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30- tons. Value. 1913 ...--.. . .............. ........ ........-- ......................................... 44,967 $354,715 1914...........-----....................-----------------..--...---........------.------------------------------................................. 26,166 310,333 1915..-----.....--....--.--------....--....................-----------------.....-...--...---.-------- 47,351 2,939,073 The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted of lumber and logs, farm products, and general merchandise. The apparent increase was caused by an error in reporting the commerce for the fiscal years 1913 and 1914. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------------- $2, 763, 896.40 Maintenance-------------------------------------------- , 896.40 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................................................................... Maintenance....................................................... 86,938.22 $69,610.80 $30,595.72 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------- -------------------------------- $20, 000. 00 July 25, 1912---------------- --------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------- 75, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------ -------------------------------- 30, 000. 00 1 Owing to the character of the work it has been impracticable to keep separate the amounts spent for new work and for maintenance. 956 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-. __----------------__ $42, 097. 54 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 30, 000. 00 Receipts from sales -------------- -------------- --------------- 23. 60 72, 121. 14 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------- ----------- 30, 595. 72 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---- ---------------- 41, 525. 42 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-...-------------------- 1, 733. 12 July 1, 1915, balance available__ __--_--------------_ ----- 39, 792. 30 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance------- 1100, 000. 00 2. OUACHITA AND BLACK RIVERS, ARK. AND LA. Location.-Ouachita River rises in Polk County, Ark., and flows in a general southeasterly direction through Arkansas and Louisiana. It is joined by Tensas and Little Rivers at Trinity, La., below which place it is called Black River, and flowing thence south enters Red River 34 miles above its mouth. Ouachita River is about 500 miles long and Black River is 56.8 miles long. The section included in the project extends from the mouth of Black River to a point 10 miles above Camden, Ark., a distance of 360 miles. Original condition.--Prior to improvement navigation was much obstructed at all stages by snags, logs, wrecks, and leaning trees, and was rendered practically impossible at low stages by these obstruc- tions, together with sand and gravel bars. The minimum usable water depth in the portion covered by the project was 15 inches. Low-water channels varied from 150 to 500 feet in width. The streams were navigable in fact during high water from mouth of Black River, La., to 10 miles above Camden, Ark., a distance of 360 miles. Previous projects.-The date of the original project was March 3, 1871. Subsequent modifications were made June 10, 1872; August 14, 1876; and July 5, 1884. The amount expended under these proj- ects was $614,802.19. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1869. Present project.-The present project is based on plan contained in House Document No. 448, Fifty-seventh Congress, first session (Annual Report for 1902, p. 1435), which proposes to obtain a nav- igable depth of 6 feet at low water from the mouth of Black River, La., to a point about 10 miles above Camden, Ark., a distance of 360 miles, by the construction of nine locks and movable dams, with available horizontal lock-chamber dimensions of 268 by 55 feet, and with low-water depth of 6. feet over miter sills, at an estimated cost (as revised) of $4,876,654.35. From the manner in which appropriations have been made for this improvement it has been held that the project has never been adopted in its entirety by Congress. The river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, authorized the construction of Locks and Dams Nos. 4 and 6, the act of March 2, 1907, Locks and Dams Nos. 2 and 8, the act of June 25, 1910, the acquisition of sites for Locks and Dams Nos. 3 and 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 957 7, and the act of July 25, 1912, the construction of Locks and Dams Nos. 3 and 7. According to the original plan, therefore, there remain unprovided for Locks and Dams Nos. 1, 5, and 9. The river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, however, provided that in the discretion of the Secre- tary of War the location of the locks and dams contemplated by this improvement might be changed, and under this authority the arrange- ment of the series has been modified so as to omit Lock and Dam No. 1 altogether. Consequently only Nos. 5 and 9 remain to be pro- vided for in order to complete the project for slackwater improve- ment. In addition to lock-and-dam construction, work is continued under the prior project for open-channel improvement by removing snags, logs, wrecks, overhanging timber, etc., at an estimated cost of $25,000 per annum. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Lock-and-dam con- struction has been carried on as funds were provided, and work of snag boats and chopping parties has maintained improved channel obtained under previous projects. Locks and Dams 6 and 8 were completed and their operation provided navigable pools at low water, but as no other dams were completed the pools were not continuous and they were of little value to navigation. The amount expended on the existing project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was for original work $2,279,021.33 and for maintenance $251,562.14, a total of $2,530,583.47. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-A snag boat worked over the river from Camden, Ark., to mouth of Black River, La., 350 miles, and a chopping party from mouth of Bayou Bartholomew to Jonesville, La., 83.9 miles. This work was for maintenance. Lock No. 2 under contract was completed December 31. Contract for Dam No. 2 was made and work begun by erecting camp buildings, installing plant, and procuring material. Lock master's dwelling, storehouse, needle house, and shop were also erected. Work at Lock and Dam No. 3 was resumed after appropriation was made, and about half of the lock pit was excavated; about 50 per cent of the founda- tion and wooden sheet piles and 20 per cent of the steel sheet piles for the lock were driven, and the river wall and gate section of the land wall of the lock were built to half height. Part of the lock floor was also constructed. No work was done on the dam. Lock keeper's dwellings and other buildings were constructed at Locks and Dams Nos. 4 and 6. No work was done at Lock and Dam No. 7 on account of lack of funds. Except at Lock and Dam No. 2 all work was done by hired labor with Government plant. The amount expended dur- ing the year for maintenance was $15,559.53 and for lock-and-dam construction $168,914.99, a total of $184,474.52. Conditionat end of fiscal year.-The project for constructing locks and dams is 461 per cent completed. Maintenance by snagging work will have to be continued indefinitely. Locks and Dams Nos. 4, 6, and 8 have been completed and are in operation, but as the pools are not continuous little benefit has been obtained. The maximum draft that can be carried at low water over the shoalest part of the section under improvement is 8 inches. The total expended under the exist- ing project to the end of the fiscal year was $2,447,936.32 for new work and $267,121.67 for maintenance, a total of $2,715,057.99. 958 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Statement of locks and dams on Ouachita and Black Rivers, Ark. and La., completed and under construction June 30, 1915. Above Depth mouth Dimen- on Lift Per cent Cost No. Location. of sions miter sitr s at atlow lo Date of com-of p'etion. com- of com- (actual or (actual or Black (clear). at low water. pletion. estimated). River. water. Miles. Feet. Feet. Feet. 2 Harrisonburg, La...... 72.6 55 by 268.. 6.5 14.4 .............. 64.0 $527,088.00 3 Call Landing, La....... 133.6 55 by 268.. 6. 5 14.8 ............... 24.8 670,000. 00 4 Monroe, La............ 179.0 55 by 268.. 6.5 8.9 Jan. 1,1915 ......... 651,766.15 6 Near Felsenthal Ark... 238.5 55 by 268.. 6.5 6.2 Jan. 25,1913 .......... 557, 226. 88 7 Perigeethe Shoals, Ark. 268.5 55 by 268.. 6.5 5.5 ... 2.0 634,000.00 8 Franklin Shoals, Ark... 297.2 55 by 268.. 6.5 8.5 Oct 1,1912 .......... 585, 798. 83 Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The project has caused considerable re- duction in freight rates. Railroad rates to river points are much less than to near-by places without water competition. Proposed operations.-The available balance will probably be ex- hausted before June 30, 1916. It is proposed to expend the funds for which estimate is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, as follows: Maintenance of improvement: - Operation and repairs of snag boat Jos. E. Ransdell------------ $10, 000 Operation and repairs of derrick boat No. -------------------- 8, 000 Operation of one chopping party and repair of quarter boat-------- 7, 000 25, 000 Lock and dam construction, continuing construction of Locks and Dams Nos. 3 and 7--------------- --------------------------- 474, 000 Total --------------- ---------- 499, 000 Commercial statistics.-These statistics were compiled for the fiscal instead of the calendar year, because the form.r more nearly coin- cides with the commercial year, and the period of navigation ordi- narily closes in June. Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30. Short tons. Value. 1913................... ................................ ...................... 48,222 $1,894,939 1914................................. :....................................... 64,874 1,923,231 1915............................................................................. 70,619 3,074,465 The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted of lumber and logs, farm products, and general merchandise. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $2, 447, 936. 32 Maintenance and new work (inseparable) ----------------- 881, 923. 86 Total ----- ------------------------ 3, 329, 860. 18 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 959 i I a Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-----.... . . . . ... ...-...--$440, 703.27 $235,025.89 $168,914.99 Maintenance... ------------------..................... 30,422.26 21,619.08 15,559.53 Total ........ ................................... 471,125.53 256,644.97 184,474.52 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------ $292, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- 115, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------- -- ----------------------------------- 210, 000. 00 June 23, 1913 ------------------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------ ------ -------------------------------- 320, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 136, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------__________ 140, 230. 49 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 320, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 136, 000. 00 596, 230. 49 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement---------------- $168, 914. 99 For maintenance of improvement____________ 15, 559. 53 184, 474. 52 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------_------------- 411, 755. 97 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---___- - ____ $24, 204. 47 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts-------------- ------ ---------------- 111, 168. 00 135, 372. 47 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------- 276, 383. 50 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------ ----------------------------- 2, 089, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: For works of improvement (locks and dams) ------------- 474, 000. 00 For maintenance of improvement (open-channel work) ---- 125, 000. 00 Total ----------------------- ----- ------- 1 499, 000. 00 3. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS, OUACHITA RIVER, ARK. AND LA. Location.--Locks and dams under operation are located as fol- lows: No. 4, at Monroe, La., 183 miles above mouth of river; No. 6, near Roland Raft, Ark., 239 miles above mouth of river; No. 8, at Franklin Shoals, Ark., 297 miles above mouth of river. Original condition and previous projects.-See preceding report. Present project.-Operationand care of locks and dams under the indefinite appropriation in act approved March 3, 1909. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Lock and Dam No. 6 has been cared for under this appropriation since January 25, 1913, and Lock and Dam No. 8 since October 1, 1912. The amount ex- 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 960 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. pended prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $25,383.89 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Lock and Dam No. 4 was placed under this appropriation January 1, 1915. The locks and dams were properly cared for and the pools were filled when required for use in local traffic. As the pools are not continuous, boats could not make through trips and the locks were not used. The banks below the dam abutments at Locks and Dams 6 and 8 were graded and paved with riprap, and an auxiliary dam to pre- vent flanking was constructed at Lock 6. All the work was done by hired labor. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $18,263.55 for maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-All locks and dams are in good condition. The maximum draft that can be carried at low water through the channel over the shoalest part of the river between these locks and dams is 8 inches. When the dams are raised the water is pooled to depths of 15.4 feet, 13.8 feet, and 16 feet on the miter sills at Locks Nos. 4, 6, and 8, respectively, but these pools are not continuous. The total amount expended under the existing proj- ect to the end of the fiscal year was $43,647.44 for maintenance. Effect of improvement.-Until all of the locks and dams are com- pleted no effect on freight rates is anticipated. Proposed operations.-The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotment from the permanent in- definite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The locks have not yet been used for com- merce. 4. OUACHITA RIVER ABOVE CAMDEN TO ARKADELPHIA, ARK. Location.-This stream is described in report on Ouachita and Black Rivers. The section included in this project extends from Camden to Arkadelphia, Ark., about 90 miles, the lower end of the section being about 350 miles from the mouth of Black River. Originalcondition.-Beforeimprovement this part of the river was much obstructed by shoals, snags, logs, and leaning trees. The width of the channel varied between 80 and 400 feet, with a minimum usable low-water depth of about 6 inches. Arkadelphia, Ark., 90 miles above Camden, was the head of high-water navigation. Previous projects.-The date of the original project was March 3, 1871. Subsequent modifications were made June 10, 1872, August 11, 1888, and June 25, 1910. The amount expended under these projects was $26,500. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1870. Present project.-The existing project was adopted by Congress June 25, 1910, and provides " for removing snags, leaning trees, and other obstructions between Camden and Arkadelphia, in the State or Arkansas." This project was not based on any published report, and no estimate of cost was specifically stated by Congress, the river and harbor bill merely providing "$10,000, or so much thereof as might be necessary," for this work. Work of this character is rec- ommended in a later report printed in House Document No. 588, Sixty-second Congress, second session. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 961 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--From time to time, as necessary, snags have been removed from the channel and over- hanging trees from the banks, thus maintaining a channel reasonably free from obstructions. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $22,366.43. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done, as sufficient funds were not available. The small balance on hand of $133.57 was expended for office expenses and charged as maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The channel is reasonably free from obstructions. The maximum draft that can be carried over this section of the river at high stages is about 12 feet and at low stages about 4 inches. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $22,500, of which amount $17,500 may be regarded as for original work and $5,000 for maintenance. Main- tenance work will be necessary indefinitely. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The work done has had no effect upon freight rates. Proposed operations.-If it is desired that this improvement be maintained, an appropriation of $2,500 should be made for expendi- ture during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for removing snags, sunken logs, and leaning timber obstructing navigation, which are brought into the stream from time to time. Commercial statistics.-No commerce has been reported for this portion of Ouachita River during the past three years. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------$26, 5500. 00 Maintenance___________________________ 5, 000. 00 Total --------------------------------------------------- 31, 500. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............ ............................................. Maintenance ...................................................... $2,610.19 $4,976.62 $133.57 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------ ------------------------------------------- $7, 500. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------ 2, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------ -------------------------- 2, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------- 133. 57 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---------------------------------- ------------- 133. 57 5. SALINE RIVER, ARK. Location.-Saline River rises in Saline County, Ark., flows about 300 miles in a general southerly direction, and enters Ouachita River 83730 -- ENG 1915-----61 962 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 254.7 miles above mouth of Black River. The section included in the project extends from Turtle Bar to the mouth and is about 135 miles long. Original condition.-Prior to improvement the river was much obstructed by snags, drift piles, and overhanging trees. Godfrey Landing, 10 miles above the mouth, was the head of low-water navi- gation, but at high stages flatboats could ascend as far as Hurricane Creek, 138 miles above the mouth. The channel in the section in- cluded in the project was from 85 to 120 feet wide, with minimum usable low-water depth of 5 inches. Previous projects.-The date of the original project was June 14, 1880. The amount expended under the original project was $21,500. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1870. Present project.-The existing project, adopted June 25, 1910, is based on plan printed in House Document No. 1212, Sixtieth Con- gress, second session, and contemplates the removal of snags, sunken logs, etc., from the channel, and leaning trees from the banks, from the mouth of the river to Turtle Bar, which is 135 miles above the mouth, at an estimated cost of $5,400, and the removal of such obstructions as might thereafter form, at an estimated cost of $3,000 per annum. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Snags and sunken logs have been removed and overhanging trees cut, practically free- ing the channel from such obstructions. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $5,400 for original work and $5,429.83 for maintenance, a total of $10,829.83. Operation and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done, as sufficient funds were not available. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work in progress is main- tenance and is indefinite in amount, as new obstructions are continually forming. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel in the section under improvement at high stages is about 10 feet. The maximum draft than can be carried at low- water is 6 inches. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $5,400 for original work and $5,429.83 for maintenance, a total of $10,829.83. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The work done has had no effect upon freight rates. Proposed operations.--If it is desired that this improvement be maintained, an appropriation of $4,000 should be made, for expendi- ture during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for removing snags, sunken logs, and leaning trees obstructing navigation, which are brought into the stream from time to time. The small balance avail- able will be expended during the approaching low-water season. Commercial statistics.-These statistics were compiled for the fiscal instead of the calendar year, because the former more nearly coincides with the commercial year and the period of navigation ordinarily closes in June. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 963 Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30. Short tons. Value. 1913................................................................................ 648 $10,000 1914 ........................................ ....................................... 4,725 75,600 1915...... .......... . .......................................... 3,412 27,296 The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted entirely of staves. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------- ---- $26, 900. 00 Maintenance------------------------------------------ 5, 429. 83 Total----------------------------------------------32, 329. 83 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................................ . ... Maintenance ................................................ .. $2,868.97 $2,269.19. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- $3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------- ----- ----------- --------------------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 861. 84 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------861. 84 6. BAYOU BARTHOLOMEW, BOEUF RIVER, TENSAS RIVER AND BAYOU MAQON, AND BAYOUS D'ARBONNE AND CARNEY, LA. AND ARK. These streams are tributaries of Ouachita River, and the work for their improvement was consolidated by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. (A) BAYOU BARTHOLOMEW, LA. AND ARK. Location.--This bayou rises in Jefferson County, Ark., flows about 300 miles in a general southerly direction and enters Ouachita River near Ouachita, La., 210.3 miles above the mouth of Black River. The section included in the project extends from Baxter, Ark., to the mouth, 182 miles. Original condition.-Before improvement the bayou was navigable for light-draft boats to Baxter, Ark., 182 miles, about three months of the year, but the passage was difficult and dangerous on account of snags and leaning timber. The channel in the section included in the project was from 100 to 200 feet wide with minimum usable low- water depth of 1 foot. 964 REPORT OF THE CIHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Previous project.-None. Present project.-The existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1881, and is based on report printed in House Executive Document No. 38, Forty-sixth Congress, third session; it contemplates the cutting down of leaning timber and the removal of wrecks, snags, etc., from Baxter to the mouth, 182 miles, at an estimated cost of $26,862 for two seasons' work. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Snags and sunken logs were removed and overhanging trees cut from time to time as necessary, thus keeping the channel free from such obstructions and making its navigation easy at medium and high stages. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $77,705.35, of which amount $45,873.53 may be regarded as for original work and $31,831.32 for maintenance. In view of the nature of the work it is impracticable to accurately separate these two items, and it is probable that the former item included some operations for maintenance. Since 1897 work has been carried on only between the mouth of the bayou and McComb Landing, there being no demand for improvement above the latter point. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Snagging and tree cutting by hired labor with Government plant was carried on from Ohio Landing, Ark., to the mouth of the bayou, 98.2 miles. The expenditure was $2,647.78 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The channel is reasonably free from snags. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel in the section under improvement at medium and high stages is about 8 feet, and at low water about 1 foot. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $80,353.13, of which amount approximately $45,873.53 was for original work and $34,479.60 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-The work done has reduced freight rates about 50 per cent. Proposed operations.-With the funds for which estimate is sub- mitted it is proposed to maintain the improvement by removing snags, sunken logs, and leaning trees when they obstruct or threaten to obstruct the channel. Com/mercial statistics.-These statistics were compiled for the fiscal instead of the calendar year, because the former more nearly coincides with the commercial year and the period of navigation ordinarily closes in June. Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30- Short tons. Value. 1913. ............................................................... 396 $81,996 1914 (none reported). 1915................................. 533 22,582 The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted of farm products and general merchandise. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 965 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $45, 873. 53 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 34, 479. 60 Total------------ --------------------------------------- 80, 353.13 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................................. ...... . . .. ....... ...... Maintenance....................................................... $0.00 $3,974.567 32,647.78 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------------$3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 3, 025. 43 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------- 2, 647. 78 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 377. 65 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 377. 65 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------------- (1) (B) BOEUF RIVER, LA. Location.-This river rises in Chicot County, Ark., flows about 300 miles in a general southwesterly direction, and enters Ouachita River near Stafford, La., 81 miles above the mouth of Black River. The section included in the project, from Wallace Landing, La., to the mouth, is 166 miles long. Original condition.-Before improvement the river was navigable at high stages to Point Jefferson, La., 150.8 miles, but passage was difficult and dangerous on account of snags, logs, and leaning timber. The channel in the section included in the project was from 20 to 500 feet wide, with minimum usable low-water depth of 11 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project (based on report printed in H. Ex. Doc. No. 38, 46th Cong., 3d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881, and contemplates the removal of snags, logs, and overhanging trees between Wallace Landing and the mouth, a distance of 166 miles, at an estimated cost of $20,020. The project was modified by the river and harbor acts of August 5, 1886, and August 11, 1888, to include the closure of three outlets near Point Jefferson, at an estimated additional cost of $7,290.03 as recom- mended in report printed in House Executive Document No. 99, Forty-eighth Congress, second session. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Snags, sunken logs, and overhanging trees have been removed from time to time, as necessary, and the channel has been thus kept free from such obstruc- 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 972. 966 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. tions and rendered navigable at medium and high stages. Three outlets near Point Jefferson that depleted the channel were closed in 1887, but the closing dams were washed out in the floods of 1890. These open outlets render navigation more difficult. The amount ex- pended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $84,480.70. On account of the nature of the improvement it is impossible to accurately separate original work from subse- quent work for maintenance, but of the total amount expended it is estimated that about $30,000 was expended on original work and the balance for maintenance. The greater part of the work has been done below Point Jefferson, which is 152 miles above the mouth. There is no demand for the improvement above that point. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done as the available plant was employed elsewhere. The amount ex- pended, $306.43, was applied to care of plant. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work in progress is main- tenance and is indefinite in extent. The channel is reasonably free from snags and sunken logs. The maximum draft that can be car- ried over the shoalest part of the channel in the section under im- provement at medium and high stages is about 8 feet, and at low stages about 1 feet. The total expenditures under the existing proj- ect prior to June 30, 1915, were $84,787.13, of which amount it is estimated about $30,000 was expended on original work and $54,- 787.13 on maintenance. On account of the nature of the work and the constant formation of new obstructions, it is impossible to ac- curately separate the original work from subsequent work for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-The work done has reduced freight rates about 33J per cent. Proposed operations.-With the funds for which estimate is sub- mitted it is proposed to maintain the improvement by removing snags, sunken logs, and leaning trees which have been brought into the stream since operations were suspended, or now threaten to be brought into it. Commercial statistics.-These statistics were compiled for the fiscal instead of the calendar year, because the former more nearly coin- cides with the commercial year and the period of navigation ordinar- ily closes in June. Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30- The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted of lumber and logs, farm products, and general merchandise. ItiVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 967 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $30, 000. 00 Maintenance ------------------------ ----------------------- 54, 787. 13 Total --------------------------------------------------- 84, 787. 13 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... Maintenance ....................................................... $4,747.42 $3,366.61 $306.43 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 000. 00 $------------------------------ Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------6, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------------2, 716. 27 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 2, 000. 00 4, 716. 27 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------------- 306. 43 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 4, 409. 84 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------- 1, 231. 13 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------------- 3, 178. 71 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- (1) (c) TENSAS RIVER AND BAYOU MAQON, LA. Location.-Tensas River has its source in Lake Providence, East Carroll Parish, La., flows about 235 miles in a general southerly di- rection, and joins Ouachita and Little Rivers at Trinity, La., in forming Black River. Bayou Macon rises in Desha County, Ark., flows about 270 miles in a general southerly direction, and enters Tensas River 42.7 miles above its mouth. The section included in the project on Tensas River extends from its mouth to Dallas, a distance of 138 miles; and on Bayou Macon from its mouth to Floyd, 11"2 miles. Originalconditions.-Before improvement both streams were navi- gable at high stages, but passage was difficult and dangerous on account of snags and leaning timber. Westwood Place, 81 miles above the mouth, was the head of navigation on Tensas River; and Floyd, 112 miles above the mouth, on Bayou Macon. The channel in the section of the streams included in the project varied from 75 to 500 feet in width, with minimum usable low-water depth of 1 foot. Previous projects.-The original project for the improvement was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1881. The amount expended under it was $3,000, all for original work. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1871. SSee consolidated Financial summary on p. 972. 968 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARiv. Present project.-The existing project (see H. Ex. Doc. No. 38, 46th Cong., 3d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, and contemplates the removal of snags, sunken logs, and overhanging timber on the Tensas River from Dallas, La., 138 miles above the mouth, to the mouth, and on Bayou Macon, from Floyd, La., 112 miles above the mouth, to the mouth, at an estimated cost of $39,995. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Snags, sunken logs, and leaning trees have been removed from time to time, and the chan- nels have thus been kept free from such obstructions and rendered safely navigable at medium and high stages. Owing to there being no demand for improvement of the Tensas above Westwood Place, 81 miles above the mouth, work on the Tensas has been limited to the portion of the river below this point. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $71,- 420.06, of which amount it is estimated $32,862.44 was for new work and $38,557.62 was for maintenance. On account of the nature of the work and the way in which it was conducted, because of irregular appropriations, it is impossible to accurately separate original work and maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done as the available plant was employed elsewhere during the low-water season. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work in progress is main- tenance and is indefinite in extent. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel in the section under improvement at medium and high stages is about 8 feet and at low stages about 1 foot. The total expenditures under the existing proj- ect to June 30, 1915, were $71,420.06, of which amount it is estimated that $32,862.44 was for new work and $38,557.62 was for maintenance. As a result of this improvement the channel is fairly free from snags and obstructions, though some new ones are formed every year. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of the improvement.-The work done has reduced freight rates about 35 per cent. Proposed operations.-The balance available will probably be ex- hausted before June 30, 1916. With the funds for which estimate is submitted it is proposed to maintain the improvement by removing snags, sunken logs, and leaning trees which have been brought into the stream since operations were suspended and are likely to be brought in in the near future. Commercial statistics.-These statistics were compiled for the fiscal instead of the calendar year because the former more nearly coincides with the commercial year and the period of navigation ordinarily closes in June. Comparative statement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 969 The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted principally of logs and farm products. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------- ---------- $35, 862. 44 ----------------------------------------------- Maintenance__ _ 38, 557. 62 Total --------------------------------------------------- 4, 420.06 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... .................. ..................... -....... Maintenance..................................... ................ $2,020.52 $3, 74.85 $0.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] JulyJuly25,191--------------------------------------------------$,0.0 25, 1912________________________ $3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 4,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------------- 2,000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________________________ 2,107. 69 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 2, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended________________________-__ 4,107. 69 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ____________________ _ (1) (D) BAYOUS D'ARBONNE AND CORNEY, LA. Location.-Bayou Corney rises in Claiborne Parish, La., and flows about 76 miles in a general southeasterly direction, uniting near .and Farmersville with Little D'Arbonne, which rises in the same parish flows about 56 miles in a general easterly direction, and the middle fork which also rises in the same parish and flows .about 55 miles in a southeasterly direction to form Bayou D'Arbonne. Bayou D'Arbonne flows 37.7 miles in a southeasterly direction and enters Ouachita River 189.1 miles above the mouth of Black River, La. The section included in the project extends from Cobb Landing on Bayou Corney to the mouth of Bayou D'Arbonne and is 57 miles long. Original condition.-Before improvement Bayou D'Arbonne was navigable at very high stages and Bayou Corney at flood stages, but passage was difficult and dangerous on account of snags and lean- ing timber. Little D'Arbonne was not navigable on account of heavy timber. Cobb Landing on Bayou Corney was the head of navigation. The channel in the section included in the project varied from 50 to 150 feet in width, with a minimum usable low-water depth of 1 foot. Previous projects.--The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, but was subsequently modified by the river and harbor act of 1892. The amount expended under the original and modified projects was $10,874.94, all of which was for 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 972. 970 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. original work. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1871. Present project.-The existing project (based on S. Ex. Doc. No. 69, 48th Cong., 1st sess., as modified by the river and harbor acts of July 13, 1892, and Aug. 18, 1894) contemplates the removal of snags, logs, stumps, and leaning trees on Bayou D'Arbonne from the mouth to Stein Bluff on Bayou Corney 40.5 miles above; on Bayou Corney from the mouth to Cobb Landing 19.3 miles above; and on Little D'Arbonne (no limits specified). The estimated cost of the work originally contemplated on Bayou D'Arbonne was $15,000. The modification, including Bayous Corney and Little D'Arbonne, was made. by Congress without securing estimates. The estimated cost of work on the Corney was subsequently placed at $7,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Snags, sunken logs, and overhanging trees have been removed from time to time, as necessary, and the channel has thus been kept free from such obstructions and rendered safely navigable at medium and high stages. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $22,828.59, of which amount $8,125.06 was for original work and $14,703.53 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done, as sufficient funds were not available to make operations advisable. The amount expended ($5.25) was applied to inspecting Bayou D'Arbonne. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work in progress is main- tenance and is indefinite in extent. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel in the section under improvement at medium and high stages is about 8 feet and at low stages 1 foot. The channels are reasonably free from snags and obstructions, although some new obstructions form every year. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $22,833.84, of which amount $8,125.06 was for original work and $14,708.78 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-The work done has reduced freight rates about 33J per cent. Proposed operations.-With the funds for which estimate is sub- mitted for expenditure in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, it is proposed to maintain the improvement by removing snags, sunken logs, and leaning trees, which are forming obstructions from time to time. The small balance available will probably be expended before June 30, 1916. Commercial statistics.-Thesestatistics were compiled for the fiscal instead of the calendar year because the former more nearly coincides with the commercial year and the period of navigation ordinarily closes in June. Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 971 The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted of staves, farm products, and general merchandise. FinancialSummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $19, 000. 00 Maintenance_----- ------------------------------------------ 4, 708. 78 Total----------- --------------------------- 33, 708. 78 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.. Maintenance....................................................... $300.28 $3,803.25 $5.25 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912__-------------------------------------------------- $3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_--------------------------------_ 896. 47 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement---------- ------------------------------------- 5.25 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --------------------------------- 891.22 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------------------------- 891. 22 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- (1) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $130, 735. 97 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 142, 533. 13 Total-------------------------------------------------- 273, 269. 10 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... .................................................. ..... Maintenance...................................................... $7,068.22 $14,939.28 $2,959.46 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------- ------------------------------------ $12, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- 16, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 972. 972 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____ ---------------------- $8, 745. 86 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 4, 000. 00 12, 745. 86 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_______ - -____-_______ ----- 2, 959. 46 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------ 9, 786. 40 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_______------------------- _ 2, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-________--- -------- __------- 7, 286. 40 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------- 116, 000. 00 7. YAZOO, TALLAHATCHIE, COLDWATER, AND BIG SUNFLOWER RIVERS, TCHULA LAKE, STEELE AND WASHINGTON BAYOUS, AND LAKE WASHINGTON, AND BEAR CREEK, MISS. Yazoo River and its tributaries were consolidated by river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. (A) YAZOO RIVER. Location.-This river is formed by the junction of Tallahatchie and Yalobusha Rivers in Leflore County, Miss., flows about 178 miles in a general southerly and southwesterly direction, and enters the Mississippi River at Vicksburg, Miss. The entire river is included in the project. Original condition.-Before improvement the river was only navi- gable at high stages, when steamboats could pass the wrecks sunk to obstruct the channel during the Civil War. Navigation was much impeded by snags, stumps, and leaning timber throughout the entire stream. The channel varied from 120 to 800 feet in width, with minimum usable low-water depth of 2 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1873. The total amount expended under it was $39,023.06. For scope of previous projects, see Appen- dix, page 1871. Present project.-The existing project may most correctly be con- sidered to have been adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1875, and to be based on report printed on page 364 of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1874. This report sug- gested not only the removal of 11 wrecks in addition to those removed with the funds provided by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1873, but also the removal of sunken logs and overhanging trees from the channel, at an estimated cost of $120,000, extending over a pe- i'iod of four years. The existing project, as carried on ever since, has consisted in removing snags, sunken logs, overhanging trees, wrecks, and other obstructions. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Nine of the boats sunk during the Civil War have been removed. These wrecks were the ones that most seriously obstructed navigation. Snags, sunken logs, and overhanging trees have been removed from time to time as funds permitted, and the channel thus kept fairly free from ob- structions, so that boats drawing up to 3 feet can navigate the river 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 973 with safety the year round. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $427,100.76. As the work was always carried on under relatively small appropria- tions, which were made to cover the removal of the worst obstruc- tions on the whole river, it is impossible to separate original work and work for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-A snag and dredge boat did snagging work over the entire river and made dredge cuts through six bars. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $8,033.60 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work in progress is main- tenance, and indefinite in extent. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel under improvement at high stages is 10 feet and at low water 4 feet. The total expendi- tures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $435,134.36. It is not practicable to separate the cost of maintenance from new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The work done has reduced freight rates from 33J to 50 per cent. Proposed operations.-The available balance will be exhausted before June 30, 1916. It is proposed to expend the funds for which estimate is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, as follows: Operation and repairs of snag boat Humphreys__________________ $10, 000 Operation of chopping party and repair of quarter boat --------------- 5, 000 15, 000 Commercial statistics.-These statistics were compiled for the fiscal year instead of the calendar year, because the former more nearly coincides with the commercial year, and the period of navi- gation ordinarily closes in June. Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30- Short tons. Value. 1913..................,-. ..................... 128,524 $2,020,935 1914 ... ........................................................ 100,111 1,231,481 1915 ............................................................................ 109,771 2,589:870 The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted of lumber and logs, farm products, and general merchandise. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work and maintenance_-------------------------- $474, 157. 42 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................................................... .. . ............ Maintenance.............................................. ... $12,997.83 $7,783.60 $8,033.60 1 Owing to the character of the work it has been impracticable to keep separate the amounts spent for new work and for maintenance, 974 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912----------------------------------------------- 7,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913_________ ______________________-- 9, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914---------- ---------------------------------- 14, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------___________________ ---------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ ___----__________ 443.67 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 14, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 5, 000. 00 19, 443. 67 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement ---------------------------------------- 8, 033. 60 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_---------------------------_ 11, 410. 07 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _______-- -- - - (1) (B) TALLAHATCHIE AND COLDWATER RIVERS. Location.-Tallahatchie River rises in Tippah County, Miss., flows about 230 miles in a general southwesterly direction, and joins Yalobusha River in forming Yazoo River at Greenwood. Coldwater River rises in Marshall County, Miss., flows about 125 miles in a general southwesterly direction, and empties into Tallahatchie River in Quitman County, about 115 miles above its mouth. The section included in the project extends from Yazoo Pass on the Coldwater to mouth of Tallahatchie and is about 161 miles long. Original condition.-Before improvement Tallahatchie River was navigable to Sharkey, about 65 miles above its mouth, during high stages, but passage was difficult on account of wrecks and snags in the channel and leaning trees along the banks. The channel in the section included in the project varied from 70 to 400 feet in width, with minimum usable low-water depth of 1 foot. On account of simi- lar obstructions, Coldwater River was not navigable. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project (based on report printed in Senate Ex. Doc. No. 42, 45th Cong., 3d sess.) was adopted March 3, 1879, and, as modified by river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, in accordance with report printed in House Document No. 147, Fifty- ninth Congress, first session, contemplates the removal of snags, sunken logs, and leaning trees in the Tallahatchie from its mouth to Batesville, Miss. (45 miles above the mouth of the Coldwater, the original limit of the improvement, and 160 miles above the mouth of the river), and in the Coldwater from its mouth to Yazoo Pass (46 miles). The estimated cost of the work in the Tallahatchie was $40,000, if done in two seasons, and for work in the Coldwater $25,000. From 1881 to 1905 no provision was made by river and harbor acts for work in the Coldwater, but since 1905 such provision has been made. The river and harbor acts of 1880, 1881, and 1882 provided for work in the Tallahatchie above the mouth of the Cold- water, which was not contemplated by the original project, and the act of 1907 again provided for work in this stretch, in accordance with House Document No. 147, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session, 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 985. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 975 which recommended that the original project be extended to include this portion of the river, at an estimated cost of $2,000 annually for a few years, after which the cost should not be more than $1,000 a year. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-From time to time as funds permitted, snags, sunken logs, wrecks, and overhanging trees have been removed. Prior to 1896, except for a small amount of work in the Coldwater performed in 1879 and 1880, and the work in the Tallahatchie above the mouth of the Coldwater as far as Batesville, especially directed by the river and harbor acts of 1880, 1881, and 1882, practically all of the work was limited to the Talla- hatchie below Sharkey, which is 65 miles above the mouth. The work during earlier years was thus limited because of small appro- priations and the absence of any demand for low-water improve- ments above Sharkey. Steamboats only occasionally went above this point, and then only at high stages when the channel was as good as the channel below. Since 1896 the portion of the river between Sharkey and the mouth of the Coldwater has been worked over with more or less regularity, as has the Coldwater from its mouth to Yazoo Pass since 1905. Marks, 18 miles above the mouth, is as high as steamers or boats usually go on the Coldwater, and is sometimes regarded as the head of navigation. In 1881, 1882, and 1883, $10,000 was expended in removing obstructions in the Tallahatchie above the mouth of the Coldwater. No more work was done in this portion of the river until after the passage of the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, since when work amounting to $9,000 has been done. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $126,306.24. Original work and work for main- tenance can not be separated. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Snagging and tree cutting by hired labor with Government plant was carried on from the mouth of Tallahatchie River upstream to Philipp, Miss., a dis- tance of 47.3 miles. The amount expended was $4,703.31, for main- tenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work in progress, being maintenance, is indefinite in extent. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel in the section under improvement at medium and high stages in 10 feet and at low stages is 1 foot. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $131,009.55. Original work and work for maintenance can not be separated. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The work done has reduced freight rates about 30 per cent. Proposed operations.-The balance available will be exhausted be- fore June 30, 1916. With the funds for which estimate is submitted for fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, it is proposed to maintain the improvement by removing obstructions which sliding and caving banks continually bring into the stream. It is proposed to do this work with U. S. derrick boat No. 116. The amount required for fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is $10,000. Commercial statistics.-These statistics were compiled for the fiscal instead of the calendar year because the former more nearly coincides with the commercial year. 976 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30- Short tons. Value. 1913...................... .................................................. 46,841 $2,565,190 1914............. .......................................... ...... 66,695 2,434,650 1915............................................................................ 22,747 1,672,039 The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted of lumber and logs, farm products, and general merchandise. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $131,009. 55 Maintenance------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....------....................... .-........... . ............ Maintenance........................................................ $6,095.82 11,291.64 $4, 703.31 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------- ---------------------------------------- $8, 544. 02 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------------- 8,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 11, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914----------------------------------------------------- 8, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______------________ ___ 1,703. 74 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 . - 8, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 14, 703. 74 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------ ---------------------- 4, 703. 31 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 10, 000. 43 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _____----------------------- 130. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_______------------------ 9,870. 43 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__------------------------- (2) (c) BIG SUNFLOWER RIVER, MISS. Location.--This river has its source in Mud Lake, Coahoma County, Miss., flows about 216 miles in a general southerly direction, and enters Yazoo River about 45 miles above its mouth. The section included in the project extends from its mouth to the mouth of Hush- puckena River, and is 171.2 miles long. Original condition.-Before improvement the river was navigable for about six months of the year, but the channel was so much ob- 1Owing to the character of the work it has been impracticable to keep separate the amounts spent for new work and for maintenance. *See consolidated Financialsummary on p. 985, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 977 structed by snags, sunken logs, leaning timber, sand bars, and shoals that in many places it could only be used by the smallest boats. Clarksdale was the head of navigation at the highest stages. In the section included in the project the channel width varied from 150 to 400 feet, with minimum usable low-water depth of 1 foot. Previous projects.-The date of the original project was March 3, 1879. A modification was made March 2, 1907. The amount ex- pended under the original and modified project was $224,127.20. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1871. Present project.-The existing project adopted July 25, 1912, is based on plan contained in River and Harbor Committee Document No. 2, Sixty-second Congress, second session, and provides for the construction of a lock and dam at Little Callao Landing, 62.9 miles above the mouth of the river, at an estimated cost of $300,000, in- creased in 1913 to $500,000; for open-channel work and dredging from the mouth of Hushpuckena River to Yazoo River, 171.2 miles, at an estimated cost of $50,000, and for maintaining the improvement obtained under previous projects. The available horizontal dimen- sions of lock chamber are to be 157 feet by 36 feet, with low-water depth of 4 to 41 feet over miter sills. Lift at low water 16.9 feet. The estimated cost of maintenance is $12,000 per annum. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The site had been purchased, materials procured, and the lock and dam about 10 per cent completed. Work for maintenance had kept the river in a fairly unobstructed condition when the stage was high enough to permit boats to run. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $126,639.12 for original work and $22,560.71 for maintenance, a total of $149,199.83. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredgingfor main- tenance was carried on on three bars, and cuts 50 feet wide having an aggregate length of 5,675 feet were made. Work on the lock and dam was continued and at the end of the fiscal year the lock was practically completed. Excavation for dam abutment and retaining wall was completed, foundation and sheet piling driven, cofferdam constructed, and material purchased. All work was done by hired labor with Government plant. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $3,812.96 for maintenance and $95,609.28 for lock and dam construction, a total of $99,422.24. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The maintenance work is in- definite in extent. The lock and dam is about 50 per cent completed. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at high water is 10 feet and at low water is 2 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $26,373.67 for maintenance and $222,248.40 for lock and dam con- struction, a total of $248,622.07. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-The work done has reduced freight rates about 33J per cent. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to maintain the improve- ment by dredging through shoals and by removing obstructions which are being continually added by sliding and caving banks, to com- plete the lock and dam, and to do the open-channel work proposed 8373 0 -ENG 1915-62 978 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. in the approved project. The available balance will be exhausted before June 30, 1916. The following itemized estimate of funds required during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is submitted: Maintenance: Operation and repair of derrick boat No. 1------------- $12, 000 Lock and dam construction --- -___-------------------- - 111, 000 Open-channel work -------------- --------------------------- 50, 000 173, 000 Commercial statistics.-These statistics were compiled for the fiscal instead of the calendar year, because the former more nearly coin- cides with the commercial year. Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30- Short tons. Value. 1913....... ............ ....................................................-- 30,691 $1,377,875 1914------...........-----------..........-------------------------------------................................................. 92,024 1,705,554 1915.....................................--------------------------------...................................... 98,141 1,817,083 The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted of lumber and logs, farm products, and general merchandise. Financialsummary. MAINTENANCE. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------- $250, 500. 87 Maintenance__-------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................................................. New work Maintenance........ ....................................... $8,812.55 $14,331.54 $3,812.96 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ----------------------------- $865. 51 July 25, 1912 ----------------------------- 7, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913. ..... 14, 524. 64 Oct. 2, 1914_ ---.- 8, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------ -------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------------- 296. 06 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915.... -. 8, 000. 00 5, 000. 00 13, 296. 06 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-- ---------------------------------------- 3, 812. 96 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _ _-_------ ---- _____-_ 9, 483. 10 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__ __-___- _ (s) 1Owing to the character of the work it has been impracticable to keep separate the amounts spent for new work and for maintenance. 2 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 985. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 979 LOCK AND DAM PROJECT. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------ ___------------- $222,248.40 Maintenance --------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................... ..... $59,379.69 $67,259.43 $95,609.28 Maintenance.... .................................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 _ ------------------------------------------ $75,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913 ------------ 120,000.00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 90, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915_-------------------------------------------- 104,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __ ______-____------__ 68, 360. 88 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 90, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 104, 000. 00 262, 360. 88 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement---------- --------------------------------- 95, 609.28 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---- --------- --- ---- -------- 166, 751. 60 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ___---------------- 28, 504. 78 July 1, 1915, balance available __ - - -___--__---138,246.82 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---- ------------------------ 1161,000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement_-___-- _________---_ 1161,000.00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $222, 248.40 Maintenance and new work (inseparable) __--------------250,500.87 ---- Total_ ---------------------- 472, 749.27 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................... .............................. $59,379.69 $67,259.43 $95,609.28 Maintenance .............. .. ...... .......... ..................... 8,812.55 14, 331.54 3,812.96 Total...................................................... 68,192.24 81,590.97 99,422.24 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 980 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------- $865. 51 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 82, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--- -------------------------------------- 134, 524. 64 Oct. 2, 1914--- ------------------------------------------ 98, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------ 109, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------- 68, 656. 94 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 98, 000. 00 ,Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 109, 000. 00 275, 656. 94 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ------------------- $95, 609. 28 For maintenance of improvement- -------- 3, 812. 96 99, 422. 24 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 176, 234. 70 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-- ------------------------- 28, 504. 78 July 1, 1915, balance available ------- ---- - ----- 147, 729.92 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------- ------------------------------ 1161, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: For works of improvement----------------- ------------ 1161, 000. 00 For maintenance of improvement----- __--____--------- () (D) TCHULA LAKE. Location.-This is an old channel of Yazoo River about 50 miles long, east of Honey Island, in Holmes County, Miss. The entire lake is included in the project. Original condition.-Before improvement the lake was navigable at high stages, but passage was much obstructed by snags in the channel and by leaning timber and brush along the banks. The channel width varied from 25 to 300 feet, with a minimum usable low-water depth of 1 foot. Previous projects.--None. Present project.-The existing project (based on report printed in S. Ex. Doc. No. 35, 46th Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881, and contemplates the removal of snags, sunken logs, and leaning timber throughout the entire lake, which is 50 miles long, at an estimated cost of $10,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-From time to time, as necessary, snags, sunken logs, and overhanging trees have been removed. This work improved the channel to some extent, but the limited funds have not allowed thorough work over the entire lake during recent years. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $38,969.97, of which amount $19,384.89 may be regarded as for original work and $19,- 585.08 as for maintenance, although, on account of the method of appropriation and nature of the work, it is impossible to accurately separate new work and maintenance work. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 985, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 981 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done, as no funds were available. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work in progress is main- tenance and is indefinite in extent. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel through the lake at high stages is about 6 feet, and at low stages is about 1 foot. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $38,969.97, of which amount $19,384.89 may be regarded as for new work and $19,585.08 as for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The work done has reduced freight rates about 25 per cent. Proposed operations.-With the funds for which estimate is sub- mitted it is proposed to maintain the improvement by removing snags and sunken logs that have been brought into the lake since operations were suspended. As nothing has been done since 1913, much work is needed. Commercial statistics.-These statistics were compiled for the fiscal instead of the calendar year, because the former more nearly coin- cides with the commercial year and the period of navigation ordi- narily closes in June. Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30- Short alue. tons. Value. 1913 .......... .......................................... ......... 393 $50,592 1914. .... ............. ................ 475 35,021 1915..................................................---------- ........-- ......... 594 43,734 The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted of lumber, farm products, and general merchandise. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- ---------------------------------- $19, 384. 89 Maintenance ----- ---------------------------------- 19, 585.08 Total ---------------------------------------- 38, 969. 97 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............. . .. .... .......................................... Maintenance............................................ 3580.75 $2, 083.24 $0.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------- $2, 083. 24 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ()------------ 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 985. 982 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. (E) STEELE AND WASHINGTON BAYOUS AND LAKE WASHINGTON, MISS. Location.-Steel Bayou rises in Swan Lake, Washington County, Miss., flows about 85 miles in a general southerly direction and empties into the Yazoo River about 8 miles above its mouth. The bayou forms the outlet of Lake Washington, with which it is con- nected by Washington Bayou, which is about 7 miles long. The section included in the project extends from Glen Allen, on Lake Washington, to the mouth of Steele Bayou, and is about 60 miles in length. Original condition.-Before improvement the lower part of Steele Bayou was navigable for about 7 miles above the mouth for small boats when flood water from the Mississippi River was backed up the bayou, but passage was much obstructed by snags, stumps, and leaning trees. The channel in the section of these waterways in- cluded in the project varied from 25 to 2,000 feet in width, with a minimum usable low-water depth of 1 foot. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted July 5, 1884. A subsequent modification was made August 5, 1886. The amount expended on the original and modified projects was $12,500. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1872. Present project.-The existing project adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, is based on plan contained in House Document No. 904, Sixtieth Congress, first session, and contemplates mainte- nance of the improvement from Glen Allen, on Lake Washington, to the mouth of Steele Bayou, a distance of 60 miles, by the removal of snags, sunken logs, and leaning trees likely to be carried into the channel by caving banks. The estimated cost of this work was $15,000, extending over a period of about five years. Condition and results prior to the fiscal year.-From time to time sunken logs, snags, and overhanging trees have been removed, thus maintaining the waterways in a navigable condition at high stages. The amount expended under this project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $11,303.33. On account of the character of this work no distinction can be made between the original work and work for maintenance, but the work is more strictly in the nature of maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-No work was done, as sufficient funds were not available. The small balance on hand, $246.48, was expended for care of plant used on this work and charged as maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-Approximately two-thirds of the project has been completed. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel under improvement at high stages is 6 feet and at low stages 1 foot. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $11,549.81 for main- tenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The work done has reduced freight rates about 50 per cent. Proposed operations.-With the funds for which estimate is sub- mitted it is proposed to maintain the improvement by removing snags, sunken logs, and leaning trees obstructing or likely to ob- struct the channel. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 983 Commercial statistics.--These statistics were compiled for the fiscal instead of the calendar year because the former more nearly coin- cides with the commercial year and the period of navigation ordi- narily closes in June. Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30--Short Value. 1913.................. 19132----------------- ............................................................. ------------ ---------------------------------- 11,8 11,831 4$154,002 7,02 1914................................................................................. 1,804 7,216 3,387 23,257 1915---------........................................................................---------------- The freight carried during the last fiscal year consisted of logs, farm products, and sand and gravel. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (estimated) --------------------------------- $12, 500. 00 Maintenance (estimated) ------------------------- 11,549. 81 Total------------------------ 24, 049. 81 Ambunt expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 N ew w ork -...----- --- ---- --- --- ---- --- --- --- ---- --- --- ---- --- - - ---- -- --- --- Maintenancew work.................................................... ... $1,863.88 $2 889.64 $246.48 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $1, 549. 81 July 25, 1912-____________ 2,500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_-------------------__ 2,500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------- 246. 48 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__------------------------------------------ 246. 48 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ---------------- (1) (F) BEAR CREEK. Location.-This stream, which is a succession of small lakes and bayous, has its source in Mosquito Lake near Itta Bena, Miss., flows about 90 miles in a general southerly direction, and empties into Yazoo River at Wasp Lake Landing. The section included in the project extends from the mouth upstream about 25 miles. Work was only required in the connecting bayous, which ran an aggre- gate length of about 12 miles. Original condition.-Before improvement the bayous connecting Threemile, Sixmile, Fourmile, and Wasp Lakes were navigable at stages above 15 feet in Yazoo River, but passage was much obstructed by brush and trees. The lakes were not obstructed. The channel width in the bayous varied from 40 to 150 feet. They were almost dry at low water. 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 985. 984 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project (based on report printed in H. Doc. No. 908, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and contemplates the removal of snags, sunken logs, and leaning trees from the bayous connecting Three- mile, Sixmile, Fourmile, and Wasp Lakes, which have an aggregate length of 12 miles, at an estimated cost of $3,000 the first year and $2,500 for a repetition of the work three years later. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The bayous covered by the project were cleared of obstructions by December, 1911, and have been kept reasonably clear since that date as far as funds per- mitted and conditions necessitated. The total amount expended on this project previous to the beginning of the fiscal year was $5,432.78, of which amount $3,346.62 was for original work and $2,086.16 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done, as no funds were available. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The work in progress is maintenance and is indefinite in extent. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the channel under improve- ment at high stages is about 6 feet and at low stages is about 1 foot. The channel is fairly free from obstructions. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $5,432.78, of which $3,346.62 was for original work and $2,086.16 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Apparently none. Proposed operations.-With the funds for which estimate is sub- mitted it is proposed to maintain the improvement by removing snags, sunken logs, and leaning trees obstructing and likely to obstruct the channel. Commercial statistics.-These statistics were compiled for the fiscal year instead of the calendar year, because the former more nearly coincides with the commercial year, and the period of navi- gation ordinarily closes in June. Comparative statement. Fiscal year ending June 30- Short tons. Value. 1913 (none reported). 1914 (none reported). 1915........... ............................................... ....... 187 $13,976 The shipments reported during the last fiscal year consisted of farm products. All freight on this stream is carried in private gasoline launches by the owners thereof, and as they keep no records complete reports can rarely be obtained. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------- $3, 346. 62 Maintenance --------------------- __ _ _ 2, 086. 16 Total 5, 432.78 __------------------ RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 985 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................................... ........................ Maintenance .................................................. $705.73 1,380.43............ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------- ---------------------------------- $1, 540. 66 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------- 892. 12 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement __________ -- - (1) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (estimated) -------------------------------- $257, 479. 91 Maintenance and new work (inseparable, estimated) 888, 888. 89 Total-------------------------- ------------------------- 1, 146, 368. 80 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................ $59, 379.69 $67, 259.43 395,609.28 Maintenance......... .................................... 31, 056.56 39, 760.09 16,796.35 Total.............. ................................. 90,436.25 107,019.52 112,405.63 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-- -------------------------------------- $12, 500. 00 July 25, 1912 100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 160, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-- ---------------------------------------- 120, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------ 119, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--- --------------- 71, 050. 83 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 120, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 119, 000. 00 310, 050. 83 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ------------------- $95, 609. 28 For maintenance of improvement_ -- ____-___ 16, 796. 35 112, 405. 63 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----___________________-- - 197, 645.20 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities____________ ___________-- 28, 634. 78 July 1, 1915, balance available_- - -- ___-__-___________ - 169, 010. 42 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------- ---------------------------- 161, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: For works of improvement______ _______---____--- 2161, 000. 00 For maintenance of improvement ------------------------ 245, 000. 00 Total_ _,_ ------------------ _ - 2206,000.00 1 See consolidated Financial sumimary on this page. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 986 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Roebuck Lake, Miss., from its outlet to Itta Bena, including con- sideration of any proposition for cooperation on the part of local or State interests. 2. Cane River, La., from GrandEcore to Colfax. 3. Little River and tributaries, Castor and Dugdemona, from the mouth of Little River to Winnfield, La., on the Dugdemona, and to Olla, La., on the Castor. 4. Ouachita River, Ark. and La., with a view to excavating a chan- nel from the slack-water pool above Dam No. 6 to the town of Fel- senthal. The duty of making the reexaminations in accordance with the law for the original examination of rivers and harbors, as provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, with a view to obtain- ing reports whether the adopted projects for Ouachita River, Ark. and La., and Red River below Fulton, Ark., shall be modified or the improvement abandoned, has been also assigned to the district engi- neer officer, and his reports will be duly submitted when received. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE LITTLE ROCK, ARK., DISTRICT. This district includes the Arkansas and St. Francis Rivers and their tributaries in the northern half of the State of Arkansas, the northeast portion of Oklahoma, the southeast portion of Kansas, and the extreme southern portion of Missouri. District officer: Maj. A. B. Putnam, Corps of Engineers, to June 8, 1915, and Maj. E. M. Markham, Corps of Engineers, since June 10, 1915. Division engineer: Col. C. McD. Townsend, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Arkansas River, Ark. and Okla. 986 5. Cache River, Ark .............. 998 2. White River, Ark ........... 992 6. Black and Current Rivers, Ark. 3. White River at Devall Bluff, and Mo.................... 1000 Ark --.......-.............. 995 7. St. Francis and L'Anguille 4. Operating and care of Locks and Rivers, and Blackfish Bayou, Dams Nos. 1, 2, and 3, Upper Ark ........................ 1006 White River, Ark .. .... .... 997 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT, GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2715 TO 2730. 1. ARKANSAS RIVER, ARK. AND OKLA. Location.-This river has its source in the Tennessee Pass, in central Colorado, whence it flows in a generally southeasterly direction to the Mississippi River, into which it empties near the southeastern cor- ner of the State of Arkansas. It has a total length of about 1,460 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 987 miles, of which 350 are in Colorado, 400 in Kansas, 340 in Oklahoma, and 370 in Arkansas. The section included in the project extends from the mouth to the mouth of Neosho (Grand) River, 461 miles. Original condition.-In its original condition the channel of the river was greatly obstructed by shifting sand bars and numerous snags in its lower reaches, and by gravel and rock shoals and some snags in its upper reaches. Navigation was difficult and uncertain at medium and low stages, and during periods of extreme low water was impossible. Appropriations have been made for improvement of the Arkansas River as far up as Wichita, Kans., 771 miles above the mouth of the river, but Fort Gibson, Okla., on Neosho (Grand) River, 2 miles above its mouth and 463 miles above the mouth of the Arkansas River, is now usually regarded as the head of steamboat navigation. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 3, 1832. An additional and distinct project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879. These two projects were merged by the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884. Local projects applying to the Fort Smith and Pine Bluff reaches, respectively, were adopted by the river and harbor acts of April 14, 1876, and June 14, 1880. Another additional separate project, distinct from the combined one of July 5, 1884, was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886. The scope of the 1886 project was enlarged by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. On these several projects, $2,249,085.20 were expended to June 30, 1902, distributed as follows: Construction of permanent works--__________________________ $903, 311. 93 Maintenance of permanent works______________________________ 314, 119. 14 Operating snag boats ___ 1, 031, 654. 13 Total expended, 1832 to June 30, 1902________________ 2, 249, 085. 20 For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1872. Present project.-The present project provides for (a) improv- ing the river from its mouth to the head of navigation by snagging operations, removing shoals by dredging, and the use of contraction works, and holding the improved channel by revetment where nec- essary; (b) the tentative use of two dredges on that part of the river between the mouth and Ozark, 318 miles, to determine the practicability of permanently improving navigation by means of dredging; and (c) the maintenance of existing works, including those at Pine Bluff, Ark. The combined project (a) for snagging and permanent works for the entire river is held to date from 1902, the river and harbor act of that year having made an appropriation for such general improvement, including provisional authority for use of dredge boats, but without reference to any definite plan of improvement or estimate of cost. In the absence of plans adapted to the construc- tion of permanent works and of funds in sufficient amount to under- take any improvements of that character, work under this project has been confined almost exclusively to snagging operations with Government plant, and a small amount of experimental dredging prior to 1910 with plant loaned by the Mississippi River Commission. The tentative project (b) for use of two dredges between the mouth of the river and Ozark was authorized by the river and har- 988 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. bor act approved June 25, 1910, in accordance with reports printed in House Document No. 71, Sixty-first Congress, first session, and House Document No. 510, Sixty-first Congress, second session, at an estimated cost of $349,000 for plant and $118,700 annually for its operation. The object of this experimental work is to aid and en- courage navigation and to determine the effectiveness of improving the channel by this method. In addition to the revetment built at Pine Bluff under prior ap- propriations as a part of the works for permanent improvement of the river, recent river and harbor acts have made provision for the maintenance of the levee built under authority of the act of March 2, 1907, for the purpose of preventing a cut-off at that place. (See H. Doc. No. 71, 61st Cong., 1st sess.. These works are, therefore, included among those to be maintained under the present project (c). Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Underthe present project, prior to this fiscal year, 4,794 feet of revetment were in- stalled in Trusty Bend in front of Crawford County levee and a levee about 4 miles long was constructed along Vaugine Neck, oppo- site Pine Bluff. All other operations have been confined to main- tenance of original works, to snagging operations, and to procure- ment of dredging plant and the operations thereof. The amounts thus spent to June 30, 1914, were: Construction of revetment in Trusty Bend _________________ _ $60, 000. 00 Construction of levee near Pine Bluff__----______________ 55, 200. 00 Maintenance of original permanent works, excepting those at Pine Bluff ------------------------------------------------- 20, 470.-00 Maintenance of works at Pine Bluff (levee)--------------------- 2, 852. 56 Maintenance of works at Pine Bluff (revetment) --------------- 176, 965. 30 Hydraulic dredging (prior to 1910) -___-_______ ____ 43, 866. 89 Hydraulic dredging (1910 project) --------------------------- 317, 580. 42 Operating snag boats----- --------------------------------- 317, 630. 54 Total expended July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1914 _______-. 994, 565. 71 Operations and results during the fiscal year.--All work accom- plished during the year was for maintenance, and excepting the payments made on contract for two suction dredges, all work was by hired labor, with Government plant. By snagging operations, 408 snags were removed from the channel and 348 trees cut between the mouth of the river and Willamette, 72 miles. By dredging opera- tions, 25 shoals between the mouth of the river and Maddings, 91 miles, were dredged. The aggregate length of dredging was 46,876 feet. The width varied from 60 to 100 feet. In the maintenance of works at Pine Bluff the levee was restored to grade for its entire length, 1,618 linear feet of mattress 160 feet wide was placed in the revetment during the low-water period of 1914, and as a temporary protection during the high-water period a mattress 74 feet wide and 195 feet long was placed over a break in the upper bank slope in June, 1915. Some minor repairs were made to the bank paving. The expenditures, all for maintenance, were: For snagging operations --------------------------------- $13, 076.21 For dredging operations, including payments on plant__-,__--- 131, 904.30 Maintenance of works at Pine Bluff (levee) --------------------- 4, 908. 43 Maintenance of works at Pine Bluff (revetment) _______-- 9, 389. 70 Total --- -------------------------------- -- 159, 278. 64 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 989 Condition at the end of fiscal year.-By the snagging operations the channel was so cleared of snags and similar obstructions that it was possible to operate a boat with two barges in tow abreast, the width of tow being 52 feet, whenever there was sufficient depth over the shoals. By the dredging operations a channel with a navigation depth of 21 feet was made from the mouth of the river to Willamette, 72 miles, over the extreme low-water period of the year, during a por- tion of which the stage of the river at Little Rock was "minus" 0.4 foot, Little Rock gauge. Willamette was as far up the river as the dredging had progressed during the extreme low-water period. Re- ferred to a stage corresponding to the mean stage for the month of lowest water during the year, the channel depth just mentioned becomes 3.3 feet. The works at Pine Bluff were in excellent condi- tion before the beginning of the spring high waters. Considerable damage has occurred since, the extent of which can not be determined until the river falls to medium stage. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, are: Construction of revetment in Trusty Bend-------------------- $60, 000. 00 Construction of levee near Pine Bluff------------------------- 55, 200. 00 Maintenance of original permanent works, excepting those at Pine Bluff--------------- ---------------------------------- 20, 470. 00 Maintenance of works at Pine Bluff (levee) _------------------_ 7, 760. 99 Maintenance of works at Pine Bluff (revetment) --------------- 186, 355. 00 Hydraulic dredging (prior to 1910) ------------------ -43, 866. 89 Hydraulic dredging (1910 project) -------------------------- 449, 484. 72 Operating snag boats----- ------------------------ 330, 706. 75 Total expenditures July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1915---------1, 153, 844. 35 Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-There has been no material effect on freight rates. Snagging and dredging operations are of benefit through the low-water period in which the work is performed by reason of the cleared channels and increased depth. Proposed operations.-The funds available July 1, 1915, will be so reduced by January 1, 1916, that no active operations can be car- ried on after that date until additional funds are provided. The estimate for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is to cover snagging and dredging operations, the maintenance of the works at Pine Bluff, and the procurement of additional plant needed in connection with the dredging operations; the approximate distribution of the fund to be as follows: Operation and repair of two snag boats------------------------- $35, 000 Operation and repair of two hydraulic pipe-line dredges and auxiliary plant ------------------------ ---------------------------- 118, 700 Procuring one towboat and two additional fuel barges------------- 46, 000 Maintenance of works at Pine Bluff ---------------------------- 10, 000 Total for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917---------------209, 700 Commercial statistics.-Plantation products and supplies made up 10 per cent, miscellaneous freights 30 per cent, and forest prod- ucts 60 per cent of the commerce for the calendar year 1914. 990 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....... ............... ....................................... 71,516 $1,170,990 1913.........5,28 .......................................... 1914---------------------------------------------------------------------795,1692 , 53... 573,089 1,578 1914................................................................... 79, 169 812, 657 There was no change in transportation lines or nature of commerce during the calendar year 1914. Financialsum ary. SNAGGING OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE OF EXISTING WORKS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------- $1, 018, 511. 93 Maintenance 1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1, 934, 932. 90 Total ------------------------------------------------ 2, 953, 444. 83 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.----.---.............-- ........----- .------...........--- $29, 704.44 $30, 295.56 .......... Maintenance.... ---------------. .----------------------------...... 72,681.92 31, 468.04 27,374.34 Ttal................ .............................. 102,386.36 61, 763.60 27,374.34 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------ $62, 500. 00 June 20, 1912 ------------------------------- 2 25, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-------------------------- 30, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_ "- __ 48, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915- 39, 850. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ 18, 527. 19 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------- 39, 850. 00 Receipts from sales ______________ 42. 73 68, 419. 92 June 30, 1.915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement ________________ 27, 374. 34 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________________________ 41, 045. 58 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ___________________________ 1, 566. 48 July 1, 1915, balance available_- - - -- - ______ ------------- 39, 479. 10 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_____________ (3) 1 All snagging operations beginning with 1832 are considered here as maintenance. 2 Allotted from emergency act of Mar. 3, 1909; $7,855.18 of which was returned to Treasury. - See consolidated Financialsummary on p. 992, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 991 TENTATIVE DREDGING PROJECT. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------- --------- - ---------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work . Maintenance ....................... .......-- ----........ $56,04077 $261,080.19 $131,904.30 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------- $30, 000._00 Oct. 2, 1914________--------------------- 36,000. 00 ------------------- Mar. 4, 1915___ 153, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _______-_____________- 90, 831.35 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 -------------------------------------------------- 36, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------------------- 153, 500. 00 280, 331. 35 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement ----------------------------------- 131, 904. 30 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________________________ 148, 427. 05 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-_ 5, 149. 09 July 1, 1915, balance available- ---------------------------- 143, 277. 96 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------- ( (1) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ ____________________________ -- 1,018, 511. 93 -_ - - - - - - - - --- - - --- _- - - Maintenance __ -__ 2, 384, 417. 62 Total ------------ ----------------------------- 3, 402, 929. 55 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... --. .........--. .. ....................... $29, 704.44 $30, 295.56 .......... Maintenance ------------ -----. - -........ ----.... .. . 128, 722. 69 292, 548.23 159, 278.64 Total--...--.-.. ............ ..----------------------------------- 158,427.13322,843.79 159,278.64 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 --- -- $62, 500. 00 June 20, 1912------------------------------------------ 825, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-_____ - _ 60, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------- __78, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------- 46,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------- 193, 350. 00 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 991. 2 All snagging operations beginning with 1832 are counted as maintenanice. * Allotted from emergency act of Mar. 3, 1909; of which $7,855.18 was returned to Treasury. 992 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------- ------------------ $109, 358. 54 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 -------------------------------------------------- 46,000.00 Amount alotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915- 193, 350. 00 Receipts from sales___--- __- ____- - __-_ - 42. 73 348, 751. 27 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement ----------------------------------- 159, 278. 64 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended 189, 472. 63 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 6, 715. 57 July 1, 1915, balance available --------- 182, 757. 06 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement --------------- 209, 700. 00 2. WHITE RIVER, ARK. Location.-This river has its source in the Boston Mountains, in the extreme northern portion of Franklin County, Ark., whence it flows in a northerly, then in a northeasterly direction into Missouri, thence in a southeasterly direction back into Arkansas, and thence still in a southeasterly direction to the Mississippi River, into which it empties through a common mouth with the Arkansas River at a point 87 miles below Helena, Ark. Its total length from source to mouth is about 690 miles. The particular section covered by the present project extends from the mouth of the river to Batesville, Ark., 301 miles. Original condition.-In its original condition this river was much choked with logs, snags, and drift in its lower reaches and in its upper reaches-i. e., above Jacksonport, 265 miles above the mouth of the river-by gravel shoals, bowlders, and some snags. The maxi- mum drafts that could be carried over the river at low water were 31 feet to Devall Bluff, 2 feet to Augusta, and 18 inches to Jackson- port, the latter place being then considered the head of low-water navigation. Forsyth, Mo., 505 miles above the mouth of the river, is the head of steamboat navigation. The mouth of War Eagle Creek, 634 miles above the mouth, is the head of navigation for rafting. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871. Separate and distinct projects were adopted by the river and harbor acts of June 23, 1874, August 4, 1876, and June 14, 1880. All projects were consolidated by the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884. The river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, reduced the scope of the then existing project. Dur- ing the period 1871-1884 the snagging operations in the lower river were in combination with those on other rivers and it is not prac- ticable to state the amount spent in White River for that class of work during the period named. On such projects as applied solely to White River $362,801.57 were expended prior to March 3, 1899, distributed as follows: For open-channel improvement ----------------------------- $351, 740. 11 For special works at Batesville (revetments) ------------------- 11, 061. 46 Total----------------------------- 362, 801. 57 For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1874. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 993 Present project.-The present project is for channel maintenance between the mouth of the river and Batesville, 301 miles, by con- traction works, by the removal of rocks, bowlders, and snags, and by dredging. It dates from the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, which contemplated the construction of locks and dams for a portion of the river above Batesville, thereby reducing the scope of the open- channel improvement project to the river below that town. Since 1899 the work has been prosecuted under annual appropriations for maintenance of channel without reference to any estimate for completion or to any definite degree of improvement to be obtained, except in one instance, when the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, authorized the construction of a revetment and levee near Augusta for the purpose of preventing a cut-off. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Operations under the present project prior to this fiscal year have been for maintenance of channel by snagging operations between the mouth of the river and Batesville (301 miles) and by dredging operations between Jacksonport and Batesville (36 miles), with some minor special works at Augusta and Devall Bluff. In addition a revetment 1,800 feet long and a levee 3,500 feet long were built at Augusta Narrows. At the beginning of this fiscal year the channel of the river was in excellent condition for navigation at medium and high stages. Dur- ing low water snags obstructed the channel in several localities, though boats of 3 feet draft could conveniently make Jacksonport and boats of 1 feet draft could go to Batesville. The amounts expended on the existing project to June 30, 1914, were: Snagging operations_ _------------------------------ $165, 649.36 Dredging operations ---------- ----------------------------- _ 9, 193. 26 At Augusta Narrows: Revetment $15,613. 95 Levee ------------------------------------- 10,186. 05 25, 800. 00 Specials : Augusta, for prevention of cut-off--------------------------- 314. 84 Devall Bluff, for prevention of cut-off ------------------------ 883. 36 Little Red River, snagging, 1914 --------------- 500. 00 Total, Mar. 3, 1899, to June 30, 1914___-------------------- 202, 340. 82 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations the present year-all for maintenance and by hired labor-consisted of dredging one shoal in November, 1914, of snagging operations below Augusta in May and June, 1915, and work on the rebuilding of the snag boat Quapawo. At Fattybread Shoal, 300 miles above the mouth of the river, 665 linear feet of channel were dredged. Below Augusta (203 miles) the snag boat C. B. Reese removed 127 snags, broke 10 drifts, cut 1,172 trees, and girdled 1,981 others. A new hull for the snag boat Quapaw was nearly completed, and the dismantling of machinery on the old hull was begun. The expenditures, all for maintenance, were: Snagging operations: Operation of snag boats------------------------$5, 667. 32 Rebuilding snag boat Quapaw ----------------- 3, 082. 34 $8, 749. 66 Dredging operations- ----------------- 720. 26 Total _-------------------- -- 9, 469. 92 8373o-ENG 1915-- 63 994 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year. The channel is in a fair condi- tion. During the low-water season of the year 3 feet draft was the maximum that could be carried from the mouth of the river to Jack- sonport, 265 miles. From Jacksonport to Batesville, 36 miles, 1 feet draft could be utilized. Total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, are: For snagging operations ___________.._... __________ $174, 399. 02 For dredging operations ______--________________ ---- 9, 913. 52 Augusta Narrows, levee and revetment_ --- __ -_____-___- 25, 800. 00 Specials: Augusta, for prevention of cut-off--------------------------- 314. 84 Devall Bluff, for prevention of cut-off ------------------------- 883. 36 Little Red River, snagging, 1914---------------------------- 500. 00 Total, Mar. 3, 1899, to June 30, 1915________ - __ 211, 810. 74 Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Snagging operations, by clearing the chan- nels, have rendered available for navigation the full natural depths of the stream, and the dredging operations have lengthened the navi- gation periods by deepening the channel over the shoals. There is no evidence available that the improvement has had any material effect upon freight rates, either water or competitive rail. However, the latent power of the improvement in this regard is indicated by the action of a company in initiating during the year the operation of a barge line to carry bauxite from Devall Bluff, on White River, to East St. Louis, on the Mississippi River, incident to recent increase in rail rates from its mines in Arkansas to its reduction plant at East St. Louis. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be so reduced by about January 1, 1916, that after that date no active operations can be carried on until additional funds are provided. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, the following estimated amounts will be required: Operation of 2 snag boats, 6 months' total time for the two---______- $17, 500 Operation of 1 dipper dredge and attendant plant, 2 months-----------4, 000 Extensive repair to snag boat C. B. Reese----------------------------- 9, 000 Total for fiscal year ending June 30, 1917__________-_____---30, 500 Commercial statistics.-Forest products comprised 95 per cent of the commerce reported for the calendar year 1914, the remainder be- ing agricultural products and miscellaneous freights. Saw-log tonnage amounted to 85 per cent of the total, about half the logs being transported on barges and the balance rafted. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912-----...........----------.....-----.........------------............--------------------------............................... 167,307 $1,025,287 1913...-----------------------...................------...-------------------------------264,817 1,016,305 1914.----...................------------------------ ---------------------------------...................... 253,331 1,060,526 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 995 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------- $388, 601.57 Maintenance----------------------- ----------------- 186, 010. 74 Total------------------- ----------------------- 5------612. 31 54, Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ............................................. ............. Maintenance ................................................ 22,507.99 $19,276.72 $9,469.42 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five'fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------- --------------------------------- $18, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 18, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_ 20, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 __________________________10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------- --------------------------- 14, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------ ------------- 5,400.28 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 14, 000. 00 Receipts from sales----------------------------------------- 53. 57 29, 453. 85 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement- ------------ ---________ -- ---- 9, 469. 92 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 19, 983. 93 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _________-____________ -- -- 3, 757. 03 July 1, 1915, balance available_- --- __------------16, 226. 90 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------- -------- 30, 500. 00 3. WHITE RIVER AT DEVALL BLUFF, ARK. Location.-Devall Bluff is in Prairie County, Ark., on the right bank of White River, 124 miles above its mouth. Originalcondition.-At this locality the river makes a sharp bend, the upstream and the downstream ends of which are separated by a narrow neck of land (about 120 feet across at date of adoption of project), through which the river is gradually making a cut-off that will leave Devall Bluff about one-half mile from the stream. Map showing this locality is printed in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1913, page 2346. Previous projects.-The river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, con- ditionally authorized work at this locality. Nothing was done under that authorization. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1876. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, contemplates the revetment of about 1,250 linear feet of bank, at an approximate cost of $14,000 for first construction. (with $600 annually for maintenance), of which $8,000 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 996 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. is to be borne by the United States and $6,000, together with free stumpage on brush, by the town of Devall Bluff or other local inter- ests. (H. Doc. 1259, 62d Cong., 3d sess.) Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-None. Operationsand results during the.fiscal year.-None. Conditions at the end of the fiscal year.-As originally, except that the width of the neck above described is narrower by 25 feet than when the project was adopted. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act which authorized this project provided that $6,000 of the fund required for its com- pletion, together with free stumpage on the brush used, should be furnished by the town of Devall Bluff or other local interests. Co- operation on the basis outlined was agreed to by the representatives of local interests as an element of report printed in House Document No. 1259, Sixty-second Congress, third session, pages 9 and 10. The conditions imposed have not been met, nor is any such purpose ap- parent. Effect of improvement.-None, no work having been undertaken. Proposed operations.-None, there being no indication that the conditions of local cooperation will be met. Commercial statistics.-Saw logs comprised 66 per cent and mussel shells 54 per cent of the commerce that centered at Devall Bluff during the calendar year 1914. Comparative statement. Esti- Calendar year- Short tons. mated value. 10,443 $45,598 1912..--------..-..---....-.------.....-.......---.-----------------------------------------......... 5,843 12,206 1913--..-...--......................................................--------------------------------- 1914..-----...............................................--------------------------------------------------.....----------......... 1,699 11,185 Since the close of the calendar year 1914 a barge line has been inaugurated to transport bauxite from Devall Bluff to East St. Louis, Ill. This line began operation April 3, 1915. To the close of the fiscal year 10,250 short tons of bauxite have been handled. A recent increase of rail rates from the bauxite mines, near Little Rock, to East St. Louis is apparently the occasion of the present movement by water from Devall Bluff. Eleven barges are now in the service outlined. The local representative of the mining company states that nine additional barges will be employed in the near future. The output of the bauxite mines in question is about 200,000 short tons a year. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------__------------ $ .------- Maintenance------------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work $....... S... ....................................... ........................... . Maintenance............................ RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 997 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- $8,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --- 8, 000.00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------ ------------------- 8, 000. 00 4. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS NOS. 1, 2, AND 3, UPPER WHITE RIVER, ARK. Location.-Two of these locks and dams are located in Independ- ence County and one on the boundary between Independence and Stone Counties, Ark. Original condition.-Before the construction of these works, navi- gation periods were uncertain in time and duration. The low-water channel depths were 8 to 10 inches. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The project for the construction of these locks and dams was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3. 1899, based on report printed in House Document No. 78, Fifty-fourth Congress, second session. The river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, abandoned further work on the original project, its language fixing the appropriation carried as the final one. The expenditure (all for construction), under and including the appropriation acts from March 3, 1897, to March 2, 1907, amounted to $813,774.51. The three locks and dams are now being maintained under the appropriation, "Operating and care of canals and other works of navigation; indefinite." For scope of project, see Appendix, page 1877. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Three locks and dams have been constructed. Their operation and care from the " permanent indefinite appropriation" began as follows: Lock and Dam No. 1, on January 16, 1904; Lock and Dam No. 2, on Febru- ary 16, 1905; and Lock and Dam No. 3, on February 1, 1908. Ex- penditures under allotments from the permanent indefinite appro- priation (all for maintenance) to June 30, 1914, total $282,004.89. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations dur- ing the year have been confined to the operation of all locks, renewal of gates at one, rebacking dams, partial filling of scoured areas below the dams, repairs to guide cribs, of which two were renewed above low wgter, and the replacement of one material barge by the con- struction of a substitute. The expenditures during the year were $43,129.82. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The works were in fair condition before the spring freshets. The river has not fallen suf- ficiently at the end of the year to permit of further examination. Two up-river and one protection crib require reconstruction. The works in consideration give, all year, slack-water navigation for 3 feet draft from 1 mile below Batesville, Ark., to Guion, 33 miles. The total expenditures under allotments from the permanent indefi- nite appropriation for operation and maintenance to June 30, 1915 amount to $325,134.71. 998 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The location, dimensions, etc., of the several works are as follows: Lock No. 1, Lock No. 2, Lock No. 3, Batesville. Earnheart. Walls Ferry. Miles above mouth ...... ................................ 300.6 309. 4 321.3 Lock dimensions (clear): Length.............................. ... ......... feet.. 147 147 147 Width...... .................................. do.. 35 35 35 Depth on miter sills: Upper sill ........ ........ ......................... do.... 5 5 5 Lower sill ......... ............ ............ . ........ do.... 5 5 " 4 Lift at lowwater.......................................do.... 13.5 14.0 15.0 Length of dam .......... ...................... do... 660.5 658.0 750.7 Date of completion.. ........................................ 1903 1904 1907 Cost.................... .. .............. $278,782.07 $297,822.45 $237,169.99 Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-This improvement has had no appreciable effect upon freight rates. It has provided dependable navigation depths for about 30 miles above Batesville, which has resulted in centering three woodworking establishments at that town and one at Guion, 30 miles above. Proposed operations.-The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-Cooperage,wheel stuffs, and railway ties comprised practically all the commerce for the calendar year 1914, but seven-tenths of 1 per cent being merchandise and agricultural products. Comparative statement. Lock No. 1. Lock No. 2. Lock No. 3. Intrapool commerce. Cal- endar year. Lock- Esti- Lock- Esti- Lock- Esti- Esti- Freights. mated Lock-Freights. mated - Freights. mated Freights. mated ages. value. ages. value. ages. value. value. Num- Short Num- Short Num- Short Short ber. tons. ber. tons. ber. ,tons. tons. 1912... 407 5, 219 $62,583 679 16,339 $120, 665 483 7, 021 $55,153 9,882 $72, 632 1913.. . 717 5, 241 28, 773 712 15,548 84,115 454 5,813 56, 837 13,579 33, 501 1914... 578 4,683 25, 244 862 12, 647 56, 884 578 4,896 27,801 12,322 48, 081 5. CACHE RIVER, ARK. Location.-Cache River, Ark., has its source in the flatlands of Clay County, Ark., whence it flows in a south-southwesterly course for about 300 miles to the White River at Clarendon, Ark. The sec- tion included in the project extends from the mouth to Riverside, 102 miles. Original condition.-In its original condition the Cache River was so badly obstructed by snags and overhanging timber that navi- gation was suspended whenever the river was below medium stage. The channel depths at low water were 6.to 8 inches over the con- trolling shoals. Grays Bridge, 95 miles above the mouth, was the head of the section used by vessels of commerce, but occasionally a RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 999 boat would go to Riverside, 7 miles upstream from Grays Bridge. Rafts and ties were floated from points 100 or more miles above Riverside. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. The amount expended on the said project was $9,000. For scope of previous projects, see Appen- dix, page 1877. Present project.-The river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, made provision for removing obstructions from the Cache by allot- ment from the White River appropriation. The river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, made a similar provision, and that of March 3, 1899, made separate appropriation for the purpose defined. Since these several allotments and appropriations were all for "removing obstructions in Cache River," without reference to limits or prior estimate, the present project is considered to date from the act of August 18, 1894, and to be for channel maintenance by snagging operations. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All work has been confined to maintenance by snagging operations, whereby navigation from the mouth of the river to Grays, 95 miles, has been made possi- ble on a lower stage by 3 feet than before such regular maintenance was begun. The total expenditure on this work to June 30, 1914, amounted to $25,127.04. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work during this year has been by hired labor with Government plant. A chopping party worked over the river between Morticks Towhead, 23 miles above the mouth, and Gregory Bridge, 86 miles above the mouth, in November and December, 1914, and during part of January, 1915. In May, 1915, operations were resumed at Jelks, 98 miles above the mouth. To the close of the fiscal year this party had worked down- stream to the Missouri and North Arkansas Railway bridge, 70 miles above the mouth. By the operations outlined, 1,815 snags were removed, 48 drifts broken, 917 trees cut, 849 girdled, and 366 trimmed of overhanging limbs. The expenditures involved, all for mainte- nance, amounted to $2,292.54. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The river is not, navigable at low water, the controlling channel depths over the shoals being from 6 to 8 inches. The channel all the way through to Jelks, 98 miles above the mouth, is in fair condition, and boats can now go to Jelks when they can get to Grays, 95 miles above the mouth. The total expenditure for maintenance under the present project to June 30, 1915, is $27,419.58. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvenment.-This improvement has no effect on freight rates. The benefit is confined to that of giving outlet for its timber to an isolated limited territory. Proposed operations.-The balance available July 1, 1915, will be expended by the middle of August, 1915. The amount, $3,000, esti- mated as being required for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is to provide for employing a chopping party for about three months at snagging operations. Commercial statistics.-Practically all cbmmerce is confined to forest products, less than 1 per cent originating agriculturally or otherwise and 82 per cent consisting of rafted saw logs. 1000 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Value. 1912.. ..- 1913................ 60, 486 ................................................................... 60,486 $156, 176 $15,16 66,006 185,654 1913................................................................................. 1914 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 39,685 83,711 The general depression in the hard-wood lumber trade, which began early in the summer of 1914, is the assumed cause of the large decrease in the commerce of the calendar year. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------- $9, 000. 00 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 27, 419. 57 Total ------------------- ____ 36,419. 57 Amount expended during fiscal year ended June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................ ............-..----- . Maintenance...................................................... $4,083.06 $1,488.01 $2,292.53 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------- ----------------------------------- $3, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------ ------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------------_ ,750. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------- ------------------------------ 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---- _________________------76. 51 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914... 1, 750. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915____ 3, 000. 00 4, 826. 51 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement .______ _____________ _ 2, 292. 54 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 2, 533. 97 . .617. July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_-------------_ 07 July 1, 1915, balance available__---------- ------------------- 1, 916.90 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement____------_--- 13, 000. 00 6. BLACK AND CURRENT RIVERS, ARK. AND MO. Prior to the fiscal year 1905, these works were provided for under separate appropriations. They were consolidated by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1001 (A) BLACK RIVER. Location.-Black River has its source in the Ozark Mountains, in the northwest corner of Reynolds County, Mo., whence it flows first in a southeasterly direction to the south line of the State of Missouri, then in a southwesterly direction to White River at Jacksonport, Ark. Its total length from source .to mouth is about 300 miles, of which the lower 213 miles is included in the existing project. Original condition.-In its original condition this river, below the mouth of Current River, 96 miles, had at ordinary low water a controlling depth of 2 to 22 feet on the shoals, which, however, was not available on account of snags and other obstructions. Above the mouth of Current River navigation was practically impossible at ordinary low stage and no rafting was possible above the Arkan- sas and Missouri State line. Poplar Bluff, Mo., 213 miles above the mouth, is the head of navigation for steamboats. Motor boats ply the river for 8 or 10 miles above Poplar Bluff, and rafts are floated from points about 40 miles beyond that point during high stages. Previous projects.-The river and harbor act of March 3, 1871, adopted the original project, which was for snagging operations in combination with like work on White and Little Red Rivers. It is not practicable to state the amount expended under the project; however, it is known to have been very small. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1877. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor acts of June 14, 1880, and March 3, 1881, contemplates im- provement of the river below Poplar Bluff, Mo., 213 miles, by snag-* ging operations, by deepening the water on shoals by wing dams, and by concentrating the water into one main channel by the closure of secondary channels, at an estimated cost of $80,800, to be expended in two working seasons (Annual Report for 1880, p. 1326). The amount appropriated by river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, completed the estimate. That act authorized the maintenance of the improvement. While dredging is not specifically mentioned in the project, it is necessary as a means of maintenance and has been so authorized. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-More or less work has been accomplished under all phases of the project, with snagging operations as the principal activity. Dams were constructed across the secondary channels at two islands; 1,350 linear feet of wing dams were built at two shoals, and two other shoals were dredged. Snagging operations have been carried on as regularly as available funds would permit. These operations had made possible all-year- round navigation to Poplar Bluff, Mo., by boats of 16 inches draft and to the mouth of Current River by boats of 30 inches draft. The expenditures on the present project to June 30, 1914, were $225,137.49, of which $80,000 was for new work and $145,137.49 was for main- tenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-All operations were by hired labor with Government plant. The snag boat Riverside worked from Poplar Bluff, Mo., to Pocahontas, Ark., 122 miles, and the snag boat Arkansas from the mouth of the river to Black Rock, 68 miles. By these operations 673 snags were removed from the 1002 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. channel, 16 drifts broken, 670 trees cut and 7 others girdled. Re- construction of the snag boat Quapaw was begun. The expenses on this latter item are apportionable between this work and that on White and. Current Rivers. The expenditures, all for maintenance, during the year were as follows: For operating and caring for snag boats------- -------------- $5, 828. 56 For reconstructing Quapaw--------------------- -- ----------- 2, 119.40 -Total - ----------------------------- 7, 947. 96 Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The channel is not as free of snags as at the beginning of the year by reason of the smaller amount of work accomplished than usual. During the low-water season of the year the maximum drafts that could be carried were 3 feet from the mouth to Black Rock, 68 miles; 21 feet to Current River, 28 miles farther, and 16 inches from there to Poplar Bluff, Mo. The total expenditures on the project to the end of the year were $233,085.45, of which $80,000 were expended under the original estimate and $153,085.45 since the maintenance of the works was authorized. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-There is no evidence that the im- provement has had any material effect upon freight rates either com- petitive rail or water. All-year-round navigation has been secured for boats of the sizes used by the commercial interests on the river. Proposed operations and commercial statistics.-See paragraphs applying to both rivers. (B) CURRENT RIvER. Location.-Current River has its source in the Ozark Mountains in Texas County, Mo. It first flows in a northeasterly direction, then in a southeasterly direction to the south line of Missouri, then in a southwesterly direction to the Black River in Randolph County, Ark. Its total lenigth is about 200 miles, of which the lower 94 miles-mouth to Van Buren, Mo.-are under the project for im- provement. Original condition.-In its original condition the natural depths of the stream were not available for navigation on account of snags throughout the entire river and the presence of bowlders above the Missouri State line. No steamboat navigation was attempted above Little Black River except at high stages. Below Little Black River navigation was suspended when the river was below medium stage. Pitmans Landing, near the Missouri State line, is the head of steam- boat navigation; motor boats ply the river to Van Buren, Mo., and ties and logs are floated from points 75 to 80 miles above that town. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 10, 1872. The expenditures thereunder and a further project adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881, were $7,000. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1878. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, is for the improvement of the river from Van Buren, Mo., to the mouth by snagging operations and by RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1003 contracting the channel at the worst shoals by wing dams at an orig- inal cost of $10,000. (Annual Report fQr 1891, p. 2065.) The appro- priation of June 3, 1896, completed the estimate. The continuation of the improvement by maintenance is authorized by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Operationis have been confined entirely to snagging operations and the removal of bowlders between the mouth of the river and Van Buren. They have made possible all-year-round navigation for boats of 3 feet draft to Blunts, 25 miles; 2 feet draft from Blunts to Little Black River, 7 miles; 16 inches draft from Little Black to Missouri State line; and 10 inches draft thence through to Van Buren, Mo. The expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $10,000 for original work and $48,431.15 for maintenance; total, $58,431.15. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The unserviceable condition of the snag boat Quapaw, together with the small balance available at the beginning of the fiscal year, limited operations dur- ing the year to the work of the snag boat Riverside in the lower sec- tion of the river only. By these operations 211 snags were removed from the channel, 1 drift broken, 349 trees cut and 112 others girdled below Little Black River. The reconstruction of the Quapaw was begun late in the year. This item of expense is apportionable be- tween this river and White and Black Rivers. All operations of the year were by hired labor with Government plant. The expenditures, all for maintenance, were $2,450.83. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The channels were in fair condition. During the low-water season of the year the maximum drafts that could be carried were 3- feet from the mouth to- Blunts, 25 miles; 24 feet to Little Black River, 7 miles farther; and 12 inches from there to Van Buren, Mo. The expenditures on the project to June 30, 1915, were $10,000 for original work and $50,881.98 for maintenance; total, $60,881.98. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-There has been no effect on freight rates. The improvement serves to give an outlet to railroad points from localized limited territories. BOTH RIVERS. Proposed operations.-Prolonged high stages in Black River, to- gether with delay in the reconstruction of the Quapaw, due to lack of materials, decreased the operations during the year, and the un- expended balance July 1, 1915, is therefore greater than had been anticipated. It is probable that a portion of the balance will rpmain unexpended July 1, 1916, which fact has been taken into considera- tion in making the estimate for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. The amount estimated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is for maintenance of channel by snagging operations in both rivers and by dredging operations in Black River below Current River. The approximate distribution of the estimate is as follows: Dredging, two months' operation of dipper dredge and attendant plant__ $4, 000 Snagging operations, 11 months' operation by two snag boats and 4 months' operation of chopping party ___________---- ---------------- 18, 600 Total estimated for fiscal year 1917 _-----------------------22,600 1004 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-Logging and kindred industries furnish the bulk of the commerce on both streams. Of that reported for the calendar year 1914, 52 per cent on Black River and 37 per cent on Current River was rafted saw logs. Comparative statement. Black River. Current River. Calendar year. Short Value. Short Value. tons. tons. 1912........................................................... 76,391 $267,603 15,589 $95,601 1913 ............................................... 199,535 676,962 18,836 140,983 1914 .................... ..... ..... .................. 169,679 586,674 21,512 103,084 Financial summary. BLACK RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------- $80, 000. 00 Maintenance -- ---------------------------------- 153, 085. 45 Total -------------------------------------------- 233, 085. 45 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................... . ....... .......... ........ - .. -. Maintenanc ........................................... $13, 088.91 $16, 721.19 $7,947.96 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $4, 100. 00 July 25, 1912__-. ____-_______ .12, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------18, 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914----------------------_ ------------------------ 13, 600.00 Mar. 4, 1915----- ------------------------------------ 16, 850. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-- -------- 1, 87b). 47 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 13, 600. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 16, 850. 00 32, 320. 47 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------ ------------------------------------ , 947. 96 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--- 24, 372. 51 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities .- __.__________________-- 1, 928. 30 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 22, 444. 21 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement________ ((2) 1 This does not include expenditures prior to those on present project, for reasons given under Previous projects.. 2 See consolidated Financial statement on page 1006. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1005 CURRENT RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------- ---------------- $17. 000.00 antenance -- ~--------------------- ------- 50,881.98 Total_--- ------------------------------ 67,881.98 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................................... Maintenance...................................................... $3,339.54 $6,441.32 $2,450.83 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $3,000.00 July 25, 1912---------------------------------------------3,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913 ------------ _ ---------- 6, 500.00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------_ -------- 5, 500.00 Mar. 4, 1915 -- 7,150.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- ---------------------------- 962. 19 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914-- 3, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 7, 150. 00 11, 612. 19 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement -------------- -------------- 2,450.83 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 9, 161.36 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 1, 782. 62 July 1, 1915, balance available------------- ----------------- 7, 378.74 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------.. (1 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------- $97, 000.00 IIII daintenance----------------------- ---------------- 203, 967.43 Total------ ----------------------- ------ 300, 967.43 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 New work....................................... .......... .......... Maintenance....................................................... $16,428.45 i APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911. $7,100.00 July 25, 1912_ -- - --- ----- ----- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - 15,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913- ------------------------ - - - - - -- - -- - - - 25,000.00 Oct. 2, 1914__ -- --------------- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17,100.00 Mar. 4, 1915_ 24,000.00 1 See consolidated Financial summary on page 1006. 1006 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________----______ $2, 832. 66 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 _ 17, 100. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 24, 000. 00 43, 932. 66 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------- 10, 398. 79 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__----------------------------- 33, 533. 87 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------_------ 3, 710. 92 July 1, 1915, balance available_ -------.----------- ------ 29, 822. 95 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___-_-_-_____ '22, 600. 00 7. ST. FRANCIS AND L'ANGUILLE RIVERS AND BLACKFISH BAYOU, ARK. (A) ST. FRANCIS RIVER. Location.-St. Francis River has its source in the Ozark Moun- tains, in St. Francois County, Mo., whence it flows in a southerly direction 450 miles to the Mississippi River, 8 miles above Helena, Ark. The section of river included in the present project extends from the mouth to Kennett, Mo., 230 miles. Original condition.--In its original condition this stream was not navigable above Lesters Landing (190 miles above the mouth) at any stage. Between Lesters Landing and Marked Tree, 41 miles below, navigation was possible at high stages only, and below Marked Tree to the mouth, 149 miles, it was difficult at medium and ordinary low stages and impossible at extreme low water. The minimum usable depths below Marked Tree were 10 to 12 inches for a width of 30 feet. Above Marked Tree the depths and widths were 6 inches and 10 feet, respectively. Wappapello, Mo., 340 miles above the mouth, has been considered to be the head of steamboat navigation, and logs and ties are floated from about 40 miles farther up; however, by reason of the fact that a section of river below- Lesters Landing to Head of Varney River-is navigable during high water only, and even then with great difficulty, Lesters Landing is the practicable head for any form of power-boat navigation from below. Previous projects.-The original project for the improvement of this river was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871. For the period 1873-1882 the appropriations for the work were made in connection with White River,'Ark., with no stated distribution of funds. The river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, adopted an addi- tional and separate project, and the White and St. Francis Rivers were finally and fully separated by the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884. The river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, adopted a project for improving St. Francis River in Missouri, which caused a reduction in the scope of the prior project for the St. Francis River in Arkansas. The river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, added the L'Anguille River to the St. Francis project, this fixing the date of the existing project. It is not practicable to state the expenditures over the period of the combination of the St. Francis River with the 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1007 "White. The expenditures on such previous projects, as applied solely to St. Francis River, were $75,000.34. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1878. For present project and balance of report see following reports. (B) L'ANGUILLE RIVER. Location.--The L'Anguille River has its source in the flat lands of Poinsett and Craighead Counties, Ark., whence it flows in a southerly direction into the St. Francis, 12 miles above the mouth of the latter. The present project includes the section of the river from its mouth to Marianna, 8 miles. Original conditions.-In its original condition the natural depths of the channel were not available for navigation because of snags and fallen timber. This stream is dependent upon back water from the Mississippi River for its navigation stages. During periods of no back water the minimum usable depths are but 6 to 8 inches, with a channel width of 10 to 20 feet. During navigation periods Mari- anna, 8 miles above the mouth, is the head of steamboat navigation. Logs and ties can be brought from points 30 to 40 miles farther up the stream during the same periods. Previous projects.-The river and harbor act of June 18, 1878, adopted the original project for improvement. The expenditure on that project was $17,000. The river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, increased the scope of the St. Francis River project to include this stream. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1879. Present project.-The present project is considered to date from the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, that act having added the L'Anguille River to the St. Francis River improvement, thereby increasing the scope of the prior project to the extent of including the improvement by snagging operations of both the St. Francis River below Kennett, Mo., and of the L'Anguille 'below Marianna, with additional operations for the closure of chutes and sloughs in the Sunken Lands of the St. Francis. This project contemplates making the St. Francis River navigable at high stages to Kennett, Mo., at medium stages to Marked Tree, and at low stages to a point 30 miles below Madison, Ark., and clearing the L'Anguille River of such obstructions as interfere with navigation during periods of sufficient backwater for navigation purposes. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By the early operations, the St. Francis River between Wittsburg and Lesters Landing was improved to such an extent that boats could reach the latter-named place on the same stage as the former. By subsequent operations the period of navigation below Wittsburg was length- ened about two months, and above Lesters Landing a fair high- water channel was secured. The improvements thus accomplished have been maintained to Marked Tree, 41 miles below Lesters Land- ing and 66 miles above Wittsburg. No effort is being made to main- tain such improvements as were secured by earlier operations above Marked Tree. In the L'Anguille River all obstructions above the plane of the controlling shoals were removed. The expenditures on this project to June 30, 1914, were $63,526.18, all for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations were by hired labor, with Government plant, and were limited to 1008 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. the St. Francis River. The snag boat A. B. Johnson removed 684 snags, broke 7 drifts, cut 289 trees and girdled 220 others, between Blackfish Bayou and Burr Place (82 miles), where operations were discontinued because of high water. The expenditures during the year, all for maintenance, were $3,773.19. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-From the mouth of the St. Francis, to Marianna on the L'Anguille, and to Marked Tree on the St. Francis, the channel is in excellent condition for navigation dur- ing medium stages. Between medium-stage and low water many ob- structions have accumulated since the last thorough work was done. During low water the St. Francis is navigable only by small boats of not over 10 or 11 inches draft and 15 feet beam, and the L'Anguille not at all. The navigation periods for large boats are controlled in the main by the backwater stages of the Mississippi River. The total expenditures under the present project to June 30, 1915, are $67,299.37, all for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had no material effect upon freight rates, except on freights moving between Mari- anna and Mississippi River points. On such, the river rate is slightly less than the rail rate. The principal benefit derived from the im- provement has been the lengthening of the navigation periods mentioned in a prior paragraph. Proposed operations.-See paragraph under Blackfish Bayou. (c) BLACKFISH BAYOU. Location.-The headwaters of Blackfish Bayou are in the west central portion of Crittenden County, Ark., whence it flows in a southwesterly direction through the eastern portion of St. Francis County to near the south line of that county, where it empties into the St. Francis River 38 miles above the mouth of the latter. The section covered by the existing project is from the mouth of Black- fish to the mouth of Fifteenmile Bayou, about 6 miles. Original condition.-This stream is not navigable at low water. Its navigation periods, like those on the St. Francis and L'Anguille, are controlled largely by backwater stages of the Mississippi. Dur- ing navigation periods the channels were obstructed by snags and fallen timber. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, in accordance with report printed in House Document No. 73, Sixty-first Congress, first session, provides for the removal of snags and overhanging timber obstructing the channel in connection with similar work on the St. Francis River, at an estimated cost of $500 annually. The said act provides that of the consolidated appropriation made not exceeding the sum named may be expended, in the discretion of the Secretary of War, for the purpose stated. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Operations prior to the fiscal year have consisted in clearing the stream of obstructions originally encountered and those periodically brought in since by floods or caving banks. To June 30, 1914, the expenditures have been $2,000, all for maintenance. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1009 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-None. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--The channel is in excellent con- dition for navigation during medium and higher stages. Between medium stage and low water some obstructions have accumulated since the last work was done. The maximum drafts that can be car- ried at low water are 14 inches by a boat 22 feet wide from the mouth to Linder Island, 32 miles, and 8 inches by a boat 5 feet wide from there to Fifteenmile Bayou. The total expenditures under the exist- ing project to June 30, 1915, are $2,000. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-This stream is but a " feeder " to the com- merce of the St. Francis, and its improvement has no effect upon freight rates, either rail or water. The commercial benefit derived is through the lengthening of the navigation periods by reason of the clearing of obstructions from the channel. Proposed operations.-The balance unexpended July 1, 1915, will be so greatly reduced January 1, 1916, that no further operations can be undertaken on any of the three streams until additional funds are provided. The amount estimated as being required for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917 ($9,500) is for maintenance of improve- ment by the operation of one snag boat for an approximate period of eight months. Commercial statistics.-Forest products-86 per cent of which were rafted saw logs--made up over 99 per cent of the total com- merce for the calendar year 1914. The remainder, less than 1 per cent, consisted of plantation products, mussel shells, and general freights. There is no separation of the commerce carried over the three rivers. That arising or terminating on Blackfish Bayou passes over portions of St. Francis River, as does most of that terminating on the L'Anguille. Comparative statement. Calendar year- Short tons. Value. 1912... ...................... ..................................... 296,872 $1,060,185 1.913............................................................................. 346, 557 1,232,178 1914................. ............................................. 296,354 753,680 Financialsummary. ST. FRANCIS AND L'ANGUILLE RIVERS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------$92, 000. 34 Maintenance--------------------------------------------- 67,299. 37 Total -------------------------------------------------- 159, 299. 71 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................. ............ ............ Maintenance....................................................... $7, 397.14 $7,299.49 $3,773.19 0 8373 -ENG 1915----64 1010 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------- ---------------------------------- $2,000.00 July 25, 1912 -- --------------------------------- ----- 8, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ----------------------------------- - 6, 500.00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------------------ 1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------ -------------------------------------- 7, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --- -------- ______ 2, 777. 43 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 ____ 1,000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 7, 500. 00 Receipts from sales ---------- ------------------------ 2.74 11, 280. 17 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------ ------ 3, 773. 19 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------7, July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ___ -- -- _______ _-----__ 506.98 109. 26 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 7, 397. 72 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_-------------------- (1) BLACKFISH BAYOU. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work Maintenance-- --------------------- $2, 000. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............ .............................................. ........... Maintenance................................................ 3500 $500.......... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ----------------------------------------- $500. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------- 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------- 500.00 Mar. 4, 1915_------------------_-------------- 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------- ---------------------- 500.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__-------------------- (1) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $92, 000. 34 Maintenance ------------------------ 69, 299. 37 Total ------------------ --------- ----------------- 161,299. 71 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................................................... ...... ................ . Maintenance................................................... 7,897. 14 $7,799.49 $3773.19 1 See consolidated Financial summary on page 1011. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1011 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------ $2, 500. 00 July 25, 1912 ---------------------------------------------- 9, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------- ---- 7, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------'_--------------- - 1, 00 .00. Mar. 4, 1915------ ---------------------------------------- 8,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_------- __ -__-__-_____2, 777. 43 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 1, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 8,000. 00 Receipts from sales--------------------- ------ 2. 74 11, 780. 17 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------- 3, 773. 19 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_---- ------------------------- 8, 006. 98 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------109. 26 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 7, 897. 72 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-__ ______________ 19, 500. 00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1915 The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys, provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly sub- mitted when received: 1. The L'Anguille River, with a view of ascertaining whether locks and dams should be built to afford slack-water navigation to Madison, on the St. Francis River. 2. The St. Francis River from Madison, St. Francis County, to St. Francis,in Clay County, Ark. 3. White River at Batesville, Ark., with a view to determining what improvements, if any, are necessary in the interest of navigation to prevent the further caving of Ferrill Island, and the danger from such caving that might injure or impede navigation. 4. Arkansas River at Bradene Bend, about 7 miles above Fort Smith, Ark., with a view to determining what improvements, if any, are necessary in the interest of navigation to prevent the erosion of the south bank of said stream, and the danger from such erosion of changes in its bed that might injure or impede navigation. 5. Current River, Mo., above Doniphan. The duty of making the reexamination in accordance with the law for the original examination of rivers and harbors, as provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, with a view to obtaining a report whether the adopted project for Arkansas River, Ark. and Okla., shall be modified or the improvement abandoned, has been also assigned to the district engineer officer, and his report will be duly submitted when received. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1012 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE ST. LOUIS, MO., DISTRICT. This district includes the Mississippi River from the Missouri River to the Ohio River, and the removal of obstructions from the Mississippi River from the Missouri River to the mouth of the Mississippi, and from Old and Atchafalaya Rivers. District officer: Col. C. McD. Townsend, Corps of Engineers, to June 14, 1915, and Maj. Wildurr Willing, Corps of Engineers, since that date. Division engineer: Col. C. McD. Townsend, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Mississippi River between the 2. Removing snags and wrecks Ohio and Missouri Rivers_ 1012 from the Mississippi River below the mouth of the Missouri River, and Old and Atchafalaya. Rivers___ 1015 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2731 TO 2751. 1. MISSISSIPPI RIVER BETWEEN THE OHIO AND MISSOURI RIVERS. Location.-The Mississippi River flows in a southerly direction for about 2,500 miles from its source in Lake Itasca, Minn., to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. The river forms the boundary between the States of Illinois and Missouri throughout the St. Louis engineer district, which extends for about 200 miles between the mouths of the Missouri and Ohio Rivers, the latter emptying into the Missis- sippi about 1,075 miles above its mouth. Original condition.--In its original condition, prior to any im- provement, the navigable channel of this section of the Mississippi River had a natural depth in many places of only 3 to 4 feet at low water. The main channels were divided by islands and bars, which formed chutes, sloughs, and secondary channels, through which a considerable part of the volume of the low-water flow was diverted, to the detriment of navigation. The river is navigable throughout its entire length in the district, 200 miles. Previous projects.-The original project was in accordance with the recommendations of a Board of Engineers, dated April 13, 1872, and concurred in by the Chief of Engineers. The amount expended thereunder was $1,495,000 for new work. The second project sub- mitted by the district officer and approved by the Chief of Engi- neers March 31, 1881, was modified by the river and harbor acts of 1896 and 1902, and practically abrogated by the acts of March 3, 1905, and March 2, 1907, and joint resolution of June 29, 1906, but was restored in 1910. The amount expended under acts of 1905, 1907, 1908, and 1909 was $1,400,000, and under the original project $1,495,000; total, $2,895,000. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1879. Present project.-The present project, originally submitted by the district officer and approved by the Chief of Engineers March 31, 1881, was- to make the improvement continuous, working downstream from St. Louis, by reclaiming land and building up new banks [using for the purpose permeable RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1013 dikes or hurdles of piling to collect and hold the solid matter carried in sus- pension or rolled on the bottom by the river], thus reducing the width of the river to the uniform width of 2,500 feet. It is proposed by this means to secure a minimum depth of 8 feet. The depth is now liable to become as little as 4 feet in some places and less than 8 feet in every place where the width is greater than 2,500 feet. Caving banks are to be protected. (Annual Report for 1881, p. 1536.) No estimate of cost was given except for certain localities. After the interruption of the project, 1905-1909, the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, restored the plan adopted in 1881, to- gether with dredging, with a view to obtaining and maintaining at standard low water (4 feet, St. Louis gauge) a minimum depth of 8 feet and minimum width of 200 feet from the mouth of the Ohio River to St. Louis (180 miles), and a minimum depth of 6 feet from St. Louis to the mouth of the Missouri River (16 miles), "with a view to the completion of said improvement within a period of 12 years," at an estimated cost of $21,000,000, and $400,000 annually thereafter for maintenance, in addition to all amounts already ex- pended (H. Doc. No. 50, 61st Cong., 1st sess., and H. Doc. No. 168, 58th Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-About 33 per cent of the project had been completed, resulting in the partial permanent improvement of the entire section of the river from St. Louis to the mouth of the Ohio River and, during recent years, practically the maintenance of the channel depths required. The amount expended under the project of 1881 to June 30, 1914, is $13,521,845.39, of which $10,975,019.49 was for original work and $2,546,825.90 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Works of perma- nent improvement were in progress, July 1 to August 25, October 27 to December 14, 1914, being suspended during the interval owing to lack of funds, and May 10 to 27, 1915. The amounts of work done are shown in the following table: For channel contraction. Permeable dikes or hurdles: New____-- __------____________linear feet__ 3, 004 Completion or restoration do 525 Ordinary repairs ------------------------------ do 200 Total ----------------------------------------------- 3, 729 Cost ---------------------------------------------- $124, 138. 73 Bank protection. Mattress: New (2,537 linear feet) ______-__square feet-- 395, 700 Completion or restoration -- ------------------- do-- . 96, 300 Total- 492, 000 Cost------------------ - $49, 975. 32 Paving : Cost New------------------------quare Paving" feet- 469, 800 Ordinary repairs ------------------------------ do 512, 905 Total------------------------------------ 982, 705 Cost ------------------------------ ---------------- $101, 459. 97 1014 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. During the low-water season between August, 1914, and December, 1914, three suction dredges, Thebes, Fort Gage, Fort Chartres, were in commission a total of 293 days, and operated on 17 channel bars which developed in that time. The total amount of material removed was 1,141,800 cubic yards, at a cost of $156,078.20. The work of the year was done in small part by contract and the remainder by hired labor with Government plant, materials being procured by hired labor and by purchases through contract and in open market. The total expenditure during the year was $417,709.09, of which $190,- 666.70 was applied to new work and $227,042.39 to maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-About 34 per cent of the project has been completed. The least draft over the shoalest locality has been increased about 4 feet, i. e., from a minimum of 4 feet at the beginning of the improvement to 8 feet, the minimum draft at the end of the fiscal year and the project requirement at standard low water (4 feet, St. Louis gauge). The total expendi- tures under.the present project to June 30, 1915, were $13,939,554.48, of which $11,165,686.19 was for new work and $2,773,868.29 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has probably had a beneficial influence on freight rates, as the rates to localities reached by water are well. known to be lower than those remote from this advantage, but an accurate estimation of such effect is impracticable. Proposed operations.-The following detailed estimate for the ex- penditure of $1,000,000 in the fiscal year 1917 is submitted: Channel contraction. Permeable dikes, or hurdles, new, 10,000 linear feet, at $20 $200, 000 ---------- Permeable dikes, or hurdles, completion or restoration, 5,000 linear feet, at $20__---------------------------------------------- 100, 000 Permeable dikes, or hurdles, repairs, 2,500 linear feet, at $20 50, 000 --------- Bank protection. Mattress and paving, new, about 13,300 linear feet, at $15_ 200, 000 Mattress and paving, repairs, 5,000 linear feet, at $10--------------50, 000 Operation of four hydraulic pipe-line dredges---------------------200, 000 Plant, new, construction___---------------------------------- 90, 000 Plant, maintenance--wooden plant, depot, etc---------------------- 60, 000 Office, engineering, surveys, gauges, and contingencies--------------50, 000 Total - --------------------------------------------- 1, 000, 000 Expenditures for maintenance are for those works of channel con- traction and bank revetment in need of repair, and that for dredging is the amount which probably will be required for such work during a long low-water season. Commercial statistics.-The river commerce at St. Louis, Mo., during the calendar year 1914, was composed of cement, coal, cotton, grain and products, iron, live stock and products, lumber, stone, brush, groceries, merchandise and sundries. The river commerce at St. Louis, Mo., and in the district for the last three calendar years was as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year-- Short tons. Value. 1912...............................................................265, 720 $12, 621, 810 1913...... ......... .. ................ ......................... .... 258, 709 11,755, 500 1914 .... .. .......................... 1 21...1... 1.......... 14 ,922,811 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1015 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work - - - - --- $12, 415, 735. 29 Maintenance--------------------- ------ 4, 418, 819. 19 Total ----------------------------------------------- 16, 834, 554. 48 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................. .............. ...... ................ . $353, 919.34 $619,949.48 $190,666.70 Maintenance .................................................... 291,037.51 391, 078.00 227, 042.39 Total .................. ............................ 644,956.85 1,011,027.48 417,709.09 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----------_____ $1, 000, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_ _ _ _ __ ____ __ _ 1, 000, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_ _ _ _ ___ ___ __ - 1, 000, 000. 00 -- -- -- Oct. 2, 1914 _-_-- _ _---_ -- -- - _ ___ 250, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915_____________ _ --- 300,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- 376, 337. 55 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 250, 000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------------- 300, 000.00 Receipts from sales-------------------------------------- 8, 286. 91 934, 624. 46 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ----------------- $190, 666. 70 For maintenance of improvement --------- 227, 042. 39 417, 709. 09 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- 516, 915. 37 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_________ ___ 4, 934. 55 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts---------------------------------------- 118, 453. 34 123, 387. 89 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------ 393, 527. 48 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project- --------------------------- 116, 700, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for mainte- nance of improvement---------------------------- ------- 1, 000, 000. 00 2. REMOVING SNAGS AND WRECKS FROM THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BELOW THE MOUTH OF THE MISSOURI RIVER, AND FROM THE ATCHAFALAYA AND OLD RIVERS. Location.-The Mississippi River from its source in Lake Itasca flows 2,500 miles in a southerly direction into the Gulf of Mexico. The St. Louis snagging district embraces 1,265 miles in the lower portion of the Mississippi River between the mouth of Missouri River and the Head of Passes, about 15 miles from its mouth, and 8 miles of Old River (present mouth of Red River, 200 miles above New Orleans) and 27 miles of Atchafalaya River, from Red River to Melville, La., total about 1,300 miles. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1016 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-When this work was originally begun the navigation of the river was seriously obstructed by numerous snags, logs, etc., which had lodged in the channel, and to which additions were made with each rise of the river. A large number of wrecked flatboats, barges, steamboats, and other river craft also obstructed the navigable channels and menaced life and property, the sinking of steamboats and other river craft by running onto obstructions having been of common occurrence. Previous projects.-For the removal of these obstructions appro- priations were made as early as 1824. Amount expended previous to 1879, when the first specific appropriation was made for the work, $358,627.35. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1880. Present project.-The existing project is a continuation of the plan adopted in 1879, when the first specific appropriation for remov- ing snags, wrecks, etc., from the Mississippi River was made by the river and harbor act approved March 3 of that year. Specific appro- priations or allotments were made for this work each year thereafter, except 1883, 1885, and 1887, but by section 7 of the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, a continuous annual expenditure of $100,000, or as much thereof as might be necessary, was authorized for the maintenance of this service, and this amount has been available each year since to the present time. No modification of the project has been made since its adoption, except that the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909, included in the district to be served-the Atchafalaya and Old Rivers from their junction with the Mississippi and Red Rivers down the Atchafalaya River as far as Melville, La. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-From March 28, 1868 (the earliest available record of work done), to June 30, 1914, 112,260 snags, 178 wrecks, and 708 drift piles were destroyed, and 452,944 trees were cut, greatly improving the river and lessening the dangers of navigation. The total amount expended on this work since the amount expended under previous projects is $2,838,005.02. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--During the fiscal year two steel-hull snag boats, J. N. Macomb and H. G. Wright (built by the United States in 1874 and 1881), were engaged in re- moving obstructions from the Mississippi River between the mouth of the Missouri River and New Orleans, La., and from Old River and the Atchafalaya River to Melville, La., a total distance of about 1,200 miles; 3,591 snags, 31 drift piles, and 18 wrecks were destroyed; 3,109 dangerous trees were cut and 14,860 miles patrolled. The work is being done with Government plant by hired labor on the snag boats, which are fitted with tools and appliances necessary for the work. The amount expended during the year on this work was $99,953.11. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The river is now so com- pletely patrolled that disasters to vessels from striking obstructions seldom occur. The total expenditures since 1879 are $2,937,958.13. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The work done is of great benefit to the commerce and navigation on the river, and thereby life and property employed in navigation have been made much safer than formerly. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1017 Proposed operations.-The plan being continuous, and new ob- structions being brought down by each freshet in the river, so much of the continuous appropriation as may be required each year here- after will be applied to their removal. Commercial statistics.-For information as to the commerce bene- fited by work under this appropriation reference should be made to the commercial statistics in the report on improving the Mississippi River between the Ohio and Missouri Rivers and in the reports of the Mississippi River Commission and the district officers thereunder. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------- --------------------- Maintenance -------------------------------------- $3, 296, 585. 48 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................................................ Maintenance. .... ............ .......................... .. ...... $101,442.43 $99,856.30 $99,953.11 APPROPRIATIONS. Act of August 11, 1888, appropriated $100,000 for each year thereafter. [For last five fiscal years only.] For fiscal year: 1911...... ...... ..... ................................ $100, 000 1912............................................................. 100,000 1913 . ............................................................ 100, 000 1914 ................................................... ...... 100,000 1915 ............... .... ........................................... 100,000 IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE ROCK ISLAND, ILL, DISTRICT. This district includes the Mississippi River from the mouth of the Missouri River to Lock and Dam No. 1, which is about on the boundary line between St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minn.; also the Galena River improvement and the Illinois and Mississippi Canal, which connects the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. District officer, Maj. G. M. Hoffman, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer, Col. C. McD. Townsend, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. 1. Mississippi River between Page. 5. Operating and care of Galena Page. Missouri River and Min- River improvement, Ill____ 1025 neapolis, Minn----------- 1018 6. Illinois and Mississippi Ca- 2. Operating and care of lock nal, Ill. (construction)___ 1025 and dry dock at Keokuk, 7. Operating and care of Illi- Iowa (formerly Des Moines nois and Mississippi Ca- Rapids Canal)----------- 1023 nal, Ill ----------------- 1026 3. Operating and care of Mis- 8. Illinois and Mississippi Ca- sissippi River improve- nal, Ill. (improvement)___ 1027 ment at Moline, Ill-------_ 1024 4. Operating snag boats and dredge boats on upper Mis- sissippi River and tribu- taries -------------- 1024 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2753 TO 2782. 1018 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1. MISSISSIPPI RIVER BETWEEN MISSOURI RIVER AND MINNE- APOLIS, MINN. Location.-The Mississippi River rises in northern Minnesota and, running southerly, empties into Gulf of Mexico. The length of the section included in the project is 664 miles and the distance from its lower end to the mouth of river is about 1,275 miles. Original condition.--Prior to improvement this portion of the river was available to navigation to the upper end of the district, about on the lower boundary line of Minneapolis, but at low stages the larger boats were unable to proceed farther upstream than La Crosse or Winona, and in many instances at points much lower down their progress was checked or seriously hindered. There were be- tween the Missouri River and the mouth of the St. Croix River 185 bars, affording in some low-water years 3 feet or less, and in the section from Minneapolis to the St. Croix, about 36 miles long, nearly every crossing (25) was shoaler than 3 feet, in some cases only 30 inches or even less in available depth. The Rock Island Rapids, about 14 miles in length, and the Des Moines Rapids, 12 miles, were absolutely unnavigable at very low stages, but both of these rapids were improved prior to commencement of the general improvement, the former to 4 feet at extreme low water by rock excavation, the latter to 5 feet by lateral canal and rock excavation. Previous projects.-The river and harbor act of June 18, 1878, appropriated funds for improvement of Mississippi River, widening and deepening the channel from St. Paul to Des Moines Rapids, also for same purposes from Des Moines Rapids to the mouth of the Ohio. No continuous surveys had been made or projects rendered prior to above date, but a continuous survey from St. Paul to the Illinois River was made in 1878-79, and a tentative project, without estimate, was submitted and approved in 1879. Amount expended on above project, $12,108,965.40. Funds were appropriated in river and har- bor acts of 1874-1892 to the total amount of $180,000 for improvement between Illinois and Missouri Rivers; projects were rendered by the St. Louis office and the funds were expended by that office chiefly in improving the channel and harbor at Alton, Ill., prior to the transfer of that section of the river to the Rock Island district. This amount, added to that previously stated, brings the total expenditures up to $12,288,965.40. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1880. Present project.-The present project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, and is given in full with detailed estimate in House Document No. 341, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session. This project provides for obtaining a channel depth of 6 feet, with width varying from 300 feet at St. Paul to 1,400 feet between the Illinois and Missouri Rivers; the channel to be obtained by means of contraction works consisting of wing or spur dams for narrowing the main channel of the river and closing dams for closing side chutes, by rock excavation and by auxiliary dredging and re- pairs to work constructed under previous projects; the Rock Island Rapids to be surmounted by two locks, each having a length of 350 feet between miter sills, 80 feet clear width, and a depth of 6 feet on the miter sills at low water. The additional work contemplated at RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1019 the Des Moines Rapids Canal, as also the improvement of the river from Montrose to Burlington, Iowa, about 31 miles, has been made unnecessary by the dam of the Mississippi River Power Co. at Keo- kuk, Iowa. The upper limit of the project named in House Docu- ment No. 341, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session, was the Omaha Bridge at St. Paul, but by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, which adopted the project, the upper limit was fixed at Minneapolis. Estimated cost for completing the project is $20,000,000, with $300,- 000 per annum for maintenance after completion. The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, made an appropriation for this improve- ment " with a view to completing said improvement within a period of 12 years." Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Good progress has been made all along this portion of the river, and throughout its entire length the depth on most bars has been increased about 2 feet, but as the river is divided into 7 sections and as the work in each sec- tion commences at one or more localities proceeding down river, there are few long stretches of 6-foot depth, although their aggregate length is very considerable, amounting to about 475 miles. In the initial stretch, St. Paul to the mouth of the St. Croix River (about 30 miles) the 42-foot project was completed 15 years ago, but work has just commenced on the 6-foot project. As a result of the 41-foot regulation more than one-half of this stretch has already a depth of 6 feet or more at extreme low water. It may be said that at ordinary low water (stage 1.3) there is a continuous depth of not less than 5 feet. From the mouth of the St. Croix to head of Lake Pepin (26 miles) the 41-foot project was completed in 1904, and that depth now fails a few inches at 5 bars. About 20 miles of this section already affords 6 feet, including a continuous stretch of about 9 miles in vicinity of Redwing; Lake Pepin (20 miles) has ample depth with- out improvement; from foot of Lake Pepin to Alma (11 miles) about one-half of this section affords 6 feet, but there is no continuous stretch of any considerable length. Only about 4 feet already secured over the entire section, or at ordinary low water (1.2) about 5 feet; from Alma to Winona (27 miles) there is considerable 6-foot water (about 10 miles), but no long stretch. There are several bars with only 4 to 41 feet and much regulation work and dredging is needed to connect the 6-foot pools; from Winona to La Crosse (28 miles) the regulation is practically completed, there being only one point where the depth is but a few inches less than 6 feet at extreme low water, the remaining portions of the section affording over 6 feet; from La Crosse to Genoa (18 miles) there are six shoal places, but 16 miles of the stretch has more than the required depth and comparatively little additional.work is needed to make the 6-foot depth continuous; from Genoa to De Soto (12 miles) only one short bar with less than 6 feet and 11 continuous miles of more than 6 feet; from De Soto to the Wisconsin River (38 miles) there are eight bars of less than 6 feet, but there are 28 miles of 6 feet or more in stretches 3 to 5 miles long; in the stretch Wisconsin River to Cassville (24 miles) there are many bars of less than 6 feet (16)-but improvements are rapidly diminishing their number-and there are 13 miles of channel of 6 feet depth at low water; from Cassville to Dubuque (28 miles) there are 12 bars of less than 6 feet, and 19 miles of good river; from 1020 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Dubuque to Savanna (42 miles) there are 12 bars of less than 6 feet, and 30 miles of good river with several continuous stretches of 3 to 5 miles; from Savanna to Rock Island Rapids (41 miles) there are 11 bars and 33 miles of good river, including one stretch of 11 miles; Rock Island Rapids (14 miles) there is a continuous channel of 4 feet at low water, now being increased to 6 feet by 2 lateral canals and rock excavation; from Rock Island to Burlington (79 miles) there are 31 bars of less than 6 feet and 30 miles of channel of 6 feet depth and over; from Burlington to Keokuk (42 miles) occurs Lake Cooper, formed by the backwater of the dam of the Mississippi River Power Co. at Keokuk; this lake is of ample depth and width. From Keokuk to Hannibal (56 miles) there are 11 bars with less than 6 feet and 43 miles of good river with several long stretches, one of 8 miles, two of 7 miles, and one of 5 miles; in the section Hannibal to Illinois River (95 miles) there are 36 bars with less than 6 feet at low water and 57 miles of sufficiently deep channel with several long stretches of good water; Illinois to Missouri River (23 miles) has only one bar of less than 6 feet. The amount expended on existing project to June 30, 1914, was, for new work including projected repairs to old dams and shore protections, $6,216,920.04, and $29,565.77 for maintenance, making a total of $6,246,485.81. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Open channel work in the construction, repair, and maintenance of dams and shore protections was carried on by hired labor and use of Government plant after the first week in October, 1914, near Grey Cloud Land- ing, between Wabasha and Alma, in the vicinity of La Crosse, Belle- vue, and Eagle Point, below Montpelier and Alexandria and oppo- site Harris Island and Slim Island. There were built 73 wing and closing dams of an aggregate length of 24,895 feet, including dam extensions, and 7 pieces of shore protection of an aggregate length of 11,857 feet. There were repaired 12 dams and 6 pieces of shore protection. The cost of this work was $364,660 for new work and $1,043.33 for maintenance. Under contract similar work was done in open river in vicinity of Guttenberg, Cassville, Buena Vista, Mont- pelier, La Grange, between Hamburg and Cap au Gris and near mouth of the Illinois River. Under these contracts there were built 63 wing and closing dams aggregating 42,687 feet in length, includ- ing dam extensions, and 4 pieces of shore protection 6,871 feet. Seventeen dams were repaired. The cost of this work was $283,428, all for new work. Under agreements or informal contracts similar work was done on the ice during winter of 1914-15 at 33 different localities from Grey Cloud to Montpelier. Twenty-two dams were built or extended (11,100 feet), and 60 dams were repaired. The cost of this work was $93,509, all for new work. Dipper dredge Davenport was employed above St. Paul and near Grey Cloud Land- ing, removing from the channel about 67,000 cubic yards of sand, gravel, and bowlders at a cost of $5,400. Four pipe-line dredges were employed at 11 localities between St. Paul and the Missouri River, removing from the channel 747,925 cubic yards of material, chiefly sand. The cost of this work was $67,532.39. Hired-labor work in rock excavation was carried on with Government plant at the Rock Island Rapids at Keokuk and Rockingham at a cost of $40,226. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1021 Under special allotment and informal agreement the Flint Creek levee was repaired and strengthened by banquettes, in which work $25,000 was expended for earthwork-88,568 cubic yards, at 28.3 cents per yard, including overhead charges. On the Le Claire Canal pre- liminary work of the fiscal year cost $70,542.09. The total expendi- tures during the year were $1,023,634.12 for new work and $1,043.33 for maintenance, making a total of $1,024,677.45. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the end of the fiscal year the proportion of the approved project completed was about 32 per cent. The results in increased depths are about the same as stated in the second preceding paragraph, but additional depths of at least 2 feet were secured at many localities, derived from the work men- tioned in the paragraph next preceding. Maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, at extreme low water was 4 feet. The total expenditures, not including outstanding contracts or liabilities, on the adopted project were $7,271,163.26, of which $7,240,554.16 was for new work and $30,609.10 for maintenance. There has been credited to the appropriation $28,788.74, receipts from miscellaneous sources. Local cooperation.-Owing to the changing of the lock site at Keokuk, vacating the. old channel, the Mississippi River Power Co. was required by the Secretary of War to provide, by means of rock excavation, a new channel 200 feet wide and 7 feet deep at low water from the lock to and through the Keokuk and Hamilton Bridge, about 1,150 feet below. This work was done in 1913 and 1914 with use of Government plant, for depreciation of which the company paid, at a cost of $118,888.57. There were excavated and removed 32,735 solid cubic yards of rock, at an average cost of $3.53, and also 6,302 cubic yards of sand and gravel. The power company also pro- vided, in lieu of the old locks and other adjuncts and appurtenances of the canal, the following, at the cost to date as reported by the com- pany: Lock 400 feet by 110 feet in the chamber, with controlling depth of 7 feet at low water and with maximum lift of 41 feet, $640,868; abutment between power house and lock, $33,175; dry dock, $310,550; grounds and buildings, $58,842; total, in addition to the excavated channel above mentioned, $1,043,435. Effect of improvement.-The usual reduction in freight rates due to water competition is experienced, but comparatively little benefit is expected until transfer and terminal facilities are provided at the various cities, plans for which, in some cases, are now being carried out. Some increase in commercial water-borne freight is noted. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to operate 6 hired-labor plants in building dams and shore protections in the various river divi- sions, continuing the regularization. These 6 plants include 15 tow- boats and 174 barges, with the necessary quarter boats, building boats, fuel flats, launches, and motor skiffs. Contracts for similar work will be carried on in 6 divisions and for winter work in 4 divisions. Hired-labor work will be performed in rock excavation on the Rock Island Rapids and vicinity of Keokuk, for which, and for miscel- laneous work, 7 dipper dredges, 8 dumps, 2 drill boats, and their accessories will be used. Progress will be made on the Le Claire Canal and in excavating a 6-foot channel with pipe-line and dipper dredges from the Omaha Bridge to Lock and Dam No. 1. 1022 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Estimate for fiscal year 1917, based on the proportional amount $1,900,000, required annually to complete the project by June 30, 1922. 1. For the operation for 6 to 7 months each, of 6 hired-labor plants belonging to the United States, consisting of 15 tow- boats, 174 barges and their accessories, in building and repairing dams and shore protection in 6 divisions of the district, with the intention of placing in the work about 900,000 cubic yards of riprap rock and brush in varying proportions -------------------------------------- $760, 000 2. For work in 6 divisions building and repairing dams and shore protections with the intention of placing in the work about 370,000 cubic yards of riprap rock and brush in varying proportions ________________ 370,000 3. For work in the 4 northern divisions in building and repairing dams and shore protections on the ice with the intention of placing in the work about 85,000 cubic yards of riprap rock and brush------------ 75, 000 4. For the operation of 8 United States pipe-line dredges at vari- ous localities throughout the district in removing sand from channel, in dredging temporary channels and building foun- dations of dams, and with the intention of moving about 1,700,000 cubic yards of sand for these purposes, 6 months each; 48 months, at $2,500 per month___________________ 120, 000 5: For operating 2 drill boats and 2 dipper dredges to remove about 20,000 solid cubic yards of rock from the Rock Island Rapids and in vicinity of Keokuk______.__. __ 100, 000 6. For operating 5 dipper dredges at various localities, remov- ing obstructions and hard bottom, and in providing gravel for dam construction and in miscellaneous work, 6 months each, at $2,000 per month______________________________ 60, 000 7. For continuing construction of Le Claire Canal as far as the funds will permit, providing machinery, tools, and other appliances, building cofferdams, and excavating rock______ 250, 000 8. Surveys and gauges- ____------- - 15, 000 9. Purchase, construction, care, and repair of plant____________ 150, 000 1 VL...k ______ -____ ______ ______ ______----- 1, 900, 000 Commercialstatistics.-The commerce, aside from Government ma- terial consisting of rock and brush used in construction work, was of a miscellaneous character, the largest item being sand, gravel, and lumber. Comparative statement. Commer- United United Calendar year-- Total. cialo States Valuation. material. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. 1912.. ...................................... 1,830, 294 1,358,983 471,311 $26,677,651 1913 .... .... ....... ....... ... .... .. 2, 145, 315 1,372, 923 772, 392 32, 705,137 1914... 1,426,970 1,145,785 281,185 41,324,041 NoTE.-The loss in total tonnage of 1914 as compared with 1913 is due to the decrease in United States material on account of a short season and the abandonment of the sand and gravel plant at Hannibal. From this latter cause the commercial tonnage fell off 250,000 tons, but in other commodities increased over 50,000 tons. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1023 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------- ------ --------- $18, 779, 519. 56 Maintenance------- ---------------------------------- 780, 609. 10 Total ----------------------------------------- 19, 560, 128. 66 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .............. ... .. ............... ..... ........... $1,280,059.33 $1,536,258.29 $1,023,634.12 Maintenance........... .. ....... ....... .............. 17,111.78 9, 279.52 1,043.33 Total.................. .............................-- . 1,297,171.11 1,545,537.81 1,024,677.45 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911_ ----------------------------------------- $1, 250, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ----------------------------------------- 1, 250, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913..-------------------- 1, 500, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 191411111111111 1_ 800, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--__ ----------------------------------------1, 000, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------_ 272, 498. 91 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct.2,1914_ 800, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar.4, 1915_ 1, 000, 000. 00 Receipts from sales and plant rental--------------------------- 9, 804. 02 2, 082, 302. 93 June 30, 1915, amount expended (luring fiscal year: For works of improvement ---- __------ $1, 023, 634. 12 For maintenance of improvement , 043. 33 1----------- 1, 024, 677. 45 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__________ 21, 057, 615. 48 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ____________ 111, 538. 56 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts--_------------------------- 34, 089. 81 145, 628. 37 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------- 911, 997. 11 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------------------------- 11, 700, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_ 1, 900, 000. 00 2. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCK AND DRY DOCK AT KEOKUK, IOWA. (FORMERLY DES MOINES RAPIDS CANAL). During the past year the lock was open to navigation from July 1 to November 15, 1914, and from April 1 to June 30, 1915, a period of 229 days. During the calendar year 1914 there passed through it 1,545 steamboats, 1,332 barges, and 594 launches, carrying 73,094 pas- sengers and 48,421 short tons of grain and miscellaneous merchandise, the tonnage being about double that of 1913. The cost of operating and care is provided for by the indefinite appropriation made in sec- tion 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. The total ex- 1 This amount includes the sum of $8,334.94 due for payments made for other depart- ments, etc. 2 Includes $6,851.54 due from other departments. 8 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1024 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. penditures to June 30, 1914, including the operation of the old canal, amounted to $1,503,661.74, and for the new lock during the past year $18,967.47, a total of $1,522,629.21. The lock has a length of 400 feet, width 110 feet, and extreme lift of 41 feet. Available dimensions, 380 by 110 by 7 feet. Proposed operations.-The lock and dry dock will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 3. OPERATING AND CARE OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER IMPROVEMENT AT MOLINE, ILL. The lock, which admits boats to Moline and also forms, with its approaches, a link in the 6-foot channel improvement of Rock Island Rapids, was formally opened to navigation December 23, 1907. Dur- ing the past fiscal year the lock was in use 262 days. During the cal- endar year 1914 there passed through it 862 steamers, 752 launches, and 765 barges, carrying 30,072 short tons of freight and 24,577 pas- sengers. The tonnage of the lock was about 50 per cent greater than that of the previous year. The depth afforded by the lock and lower approach is 6 feet at extreme low water, and on completion of this portion of the rapids improvement there will be 6 feet in the upper approach. The lock has an available length of 325 feet and width of 80 feet. The cost of operating and care of the lock and improvement at Moline is provided for by the indefinite appropriation made by section 6 of the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1909. The expenditures to June 30, 1914, amounted to $64,945.49, of which $7,330.30 was expended during the past year. Proposed operations.-The lock will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite ap- propriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 4. OPERATING SNAG BOATS AND DREDGE BOATS ON UPPER MIS- SISSIPPI RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. The work of removing obstructions to navigation from the upper Mississippi River commenced in 1867 with an initial appropriation (act of Mar. 2, 1867) of $96,000, for purchase of snag boats, and has been carried on since that year without intermission. The river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, provided for the securing of uninterrupted work of snag boats and dredge boats on the upper Mississippi under a permanent appropriation, the sum so expended not to exceed $25,000 annually. This appropriation was extended by river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, so as to be avail- able for similar purposes on the Illinois River from its mouth to Copperas Creek, and by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909, to the Minnesota River and other tributaries of the upper Mississippi River now or heretofore improved by the United States, i. e., the Illinois River from Copperas Creek to La Salle, and the Minnesota, the St. Croix, Chippewa, Wisconsin. Black, Galena, and Rock Rivers. During the past fiscal year the snag boat David Tipton was em- ployed from July 1 to October 9, 1914, and from April 1, to June 30, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1025 1915, in removing snags and other obstructions and otherwise assist- ing the interests of navigation in the Mississippi River between the mouth of the Missouri River and Minneapolis and also in the Illinois River to La Salle. Beginning with the spring of 1915, the snag boat has undertaken the entire work of the Lighthouse Establishment in establishing and caring for lights, buoys, and daymarks within the above-mentioned limits on the Mississippi. Repairs to the snag boat were nominal. Dipper dredge Apache was employed from July 1 to October 5, 1914, in removing ends of dams and wrecked shore protections obstructing the channel, and also cribs and bunches of piling between St. Paul and Brownsville. The total amount expended for snag-boat service to June 30, 1915, is $1,198,318.23. Commercial statistics for the upper Mississippi may be found in the following reports on channel im- provement on the river. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $24,218.23, including unpaid liabilities ($1,286.01). 5. OPERATING AND CARE OF GALENA RIVER IMPROVEMENT, ILL. This improvement, consisting of a lock and dam in the Galena River, was purchased by the United States in March, 1894, under provisions of the act of September 19, 1890, at a cost of $100,000. During the past fiscal year the lock was open for navigation 231 days. During calendar year 1914 there passed through it 3,522 launches and 305 barges, carrying 12,800 passengers and 4,899 short tons of freight, nearly all of which was gravel. This traffic was about the same as that of the previous year. The draft that can be carried at extreme low water is 2 feet, as limited by the depth on the lower miter sill of the lock, which has an available length of 273 feet and width of 52 feet. The cost of operating and care of the improvement is provided for by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. The amount expended to June 30, 1915, including $100,000 paid for the property, is $229,388.15, of which $12,753.45 was expended during the year. Proposed operations.-The lock and dam will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and har- bor act of March 3, 1909. 6. ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL, ILL. (CONSTRUCTION). The object of the improvement is to furnish a link in a navigable waterway from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River. The canal proceeds from the Illinois River, 14 miles above Hennepin, Ill., via the Bureau Creek Valley and over the summit to Rock River at the mouth of Green River; thence by slack water in Rock River and a canal around its lower rapids to the Mississippi River at the mouth of Rock River. A navigable feeder, nearly 29 miles in length, from Rock Falls on Rock River to the summit level, supplies the main canal with water. The main canal is 75 miles long, at least 80 feet wide at the water surface, and 7 feet deep, with 33 locks 150 feet long and 35 feet wide in the chamber. It was opened to navigation Octo- ber 24, 1907. Further particulars in regard to the Illinois and Mis- 8373 0 -ENG 1915---65 1026 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. sissippi Canal are printed in report of the Chief of Engineers for 1910, pages 799 and 800. The banks of the canal east of Lock 4 were reinforced with earth taken from the canal prism and creek chan- nels. There has been expended on the work to June 30, 1915, $7,598,460.14. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------- $7, 511, 680. 50 Maintenance (approximate) ------------------------------ 86, 779. 64 Total-------------------------- 7, 598, 460. 14 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................. .. 8$15,805.25 $1,500.00 . Maintenance . .... ............. .. ---......... ..... ......... .......... 3,556.37 19,784.53 8679.05 Total............................. ................. 19,361.62 21,284.53 679.05 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- $15, 270. 50 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for work of im- provement -------------------------------- ------ 679.05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------------- 14, 591.45 7. OPERATING AND CARE OF ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL. The main canal, consisting of the eastern and western sections and the feeder and the Milan section around the lower rapids of Rock River, have hitherto been operated independently under separate projects and estimates. The main canal was opened to navigation October 24, 1907, but the Milan section has been in operation since April 17, 1895. The entire canal, which affords 7-foot navigation from the mouth of Rock River at Rock Island, Ill., to Hennepin, on Rock Falls to the sumniit level, except the Milan section, which receives its water from Rock River direct. There are 33 locks of varying lifts, having an available length between miter sills of 150 feet and a width of 35 feet. The canal prism has a minimum width of 80 feet on the water surface. There is also a lock in Rock River at the head of the feeder con- necting the pool above the dam with the river below. This lock has an available length of 150 feet, width of 35 feet and depth of 7 feet, these dimensions being the same as those of the canal locks. The canal was open to through navigation from July 1 to December 2, 1914, and from March 28 to June 30, 1915, a period of 250 days. In the main canal work consisted in patrolling banks, ditching, op- erating locks, maintaining and repairing structures; building, main- taining, and operating boats and barges engaged in revetting and re- inforcing banks and repairing breaks. In the Milan section ordinary repairs were made to buildings, locks, bridges, and culverts. Large repairs were made to cribs at Lock 30, embankments, and telephone lines. A new telephone line was installed from Lock 30 to Lock 29. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1027 Considerable dredging was done in Rock River pool and at the en- trances to Locks 30 and 32. The commerce of the entire canal, including both commercial and Government traffic, for the calendar year 1914 was, for varying dis- tances, 10,758 steamboats, launches, and barges, carrying 26,856 short tons of freight and 27,507 passengers; ton-miles, 613,786. Of the above, 12,222 tons was commercial freight, an increase of about 3 per cent over previous year. The operating expenses to June 30, 1915, were, for the main canal and feeder, $1,167,318.93; for the Milan section, $265,208.47; total, $1,432,527.40; for the fiscal year-main canal, $114,649.21; Milan sec- tion, $18,993.31; total, $133,642.52. The cost of operating and care of the canal is provided for by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Proposed operations.-The canal will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite ap- propriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 8. ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL, ILL. (IMPROVEMENT). The river and harbor act of February 27, 1911, appropriated $125,000 for improving Illinois & Mississippi Canal by raising aqueduct 1, Lock 4, one highway bridge and approaches, and the banks of the canal where the canal crosses East Bureau Creek, just below the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway bridge across the same stream. A tentative project for performing this work was prepared, but the officer in charge stated that he thought it preferable, before expending any considerable part of the appropriation, to install ice chutes in two more spans of the aqueduct, to dredge away the deposit at and above the aqueduct, and to watch the results of these changes. He also desired to obtain further information in regard to the shoal- ing in Bureau Creek before going ahead with the work covered by the project. The scope of the proposed improvement and existing conditions are the same as three years ago, and reference is made to pages 813- 814 of the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1912. In that year $104.64 was expended on survey work. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __________-------______- $124, 895. 36 Deduction on account of transfer to other works under authority of the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915 124, 890. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ______________ -- 5.36 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly sub- mitted when received: 1. Quincy Bay, Ill., upper and lower bay and connecting channel, and slough connecting bay with Mississippi River above Quincy. B. Galena River, Ill. 1028 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE ST. PAUL, MINN., DISTRICT. The district includes the Mississippi River from its source to the lower end of Lock No. 1, between St. Paul and Minneapolis; its tributaries from its source to and including the Chippewa River, Wis.; Red River of the North, Minn. and N. Dak., and its tribu- taries; and those international boundary waters in Minnesota which flow toward Hudson Bay. District officer: Lieut. Col. Chas. L. Potter, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. C. McD. Townsend, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Mississippi River between St. 8. Minnesota River, Minn ........ 1042 Paul and Minneapolis, Minn. 1028 9. Red River of the North, Minn. 2. Operating and care of Lock and and N. Dak................ 1044 Dam No. 2, Mississippi 10. Warroad Harbor and Warroad River, between St. Paul and River, Minn................. 1046 Minneapolis, Minn....... . 1031 11. Zippel Bay, Lake of the Woods, 3. Reservoirs at headwaters of Minn ..................... 1049 Mississippi River........... 1031 12. Lake Traverse, Minn. and S. 4. Operating and care of reservoirs Dak...... -- --...........---- 1050 at headwaters of Mississippi 13. Survey of Otter Tail Lake and River ....................... 1036 Otter Tail River, and Red 5. Mississippi and Leech Rivers, Lake and Red Lake River, Minn....................... 1036 Minn., and Big Stone Lake 6. Mississippi River between and Lake Traverse, Minn. Brainerd and Grand Rapids, and S. Dak.................. 1052 Minn....................... 1038 14. Gauging Mississippi River and 7. St. Croix River, Wis. and its tributaries, at or near St. Minn ....................... 1041 Paul, Minn................ 1053 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2783 TO 2794. 1. MISSISSIPPI RIVER BETWEEN ST. PAUL AND MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Location.-The Mississippi River rises in the northern part of the State of Minnesota and flows in a southerly direction to the Gulf of Mexico. The portion included in this improvement extends from Lock and Dam No. 1, 3.68 miles above the mouth of the Minnesota River to Washington Avenue Bridge, Minneapolis, and is 5.06 miles in length. Lock and Dam No. 1 is about 1,950 miles from the mouth of the Mississippi River. Original condition.-The head of continuous navigation on the Mississippi River is at Washington Avenue Bridge, Minneapolis. From there to Lock and Dam No. 1 the channel was of varying width, and had a low-water depth of about 2.5 feet. The current was swift, and on account of obstructing bowlders the river was not navigable except at higher stages. Previous project.-The original project for lock and dam construc- tion was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, and modified by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. The amount expended under this project was $1,162,592.97, of which $736,851.71 was for the construction of Lock and Dam No. 2, and RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1029 $2,792.43 for maintenance of that work. For scope of the previous project see Appendix, page 1887. Present project.-The present project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, in accordance with House Document No. 741, Sixty-first Congress, second session, provides for the construction of a single high dam and lock in lieu of the two dams and locks contemplated by the previous project, the lock to be 80 feet wide, 350 feet long between miter sills, with a lift of about 30 feet and a depth of 7 feet on the lower miter sill at low water; the dam to be 568 feet long, of the hollow type (Ambursen, modified), with 8 sluice gates, each 6 feet square, at the power-house end; and a power-house foundation, 160 by 112 feet, arranged for a maxi- mum water-power development of 15,200 horsepower. Upon com- pletion there will be a depth of at least 9 feet from the lock to Wash- ington Avenue Bridge, Minneapolis. The estimated cost of construc- tion of this lock and dam at the time of adoption of project was $1,368,000, and it is now estimated that their total cost from the commencement of work will be $1,753,600. No estimate for mainte- nance has been made. The payment for the operation and mainte- nance of the lock and dam when completed will be made from the permanent indefinite appropriation for the operation of canals and other works of navigation. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The construction of Lock and Dam No. 2 had been completed prior to the adoption of the present project; also the masonry of Lock No. 1, both under the original project. The walls of Lock No. 1 were built higher, with increased cross section, to conform to the present project, and the lower lock gates installed; the power-house foundation was prac- tically completed; and 48 feet of the dam adjoining the lock, and 144 feet adjoining the power-house foundation had been built. This 144 feet contained eight sluiceways. The cofferdam inclosing the site of the remainder of the dam was built, pumped out, and some of the con- crete floor of the dam placed. On June 29, 1914, high water carried away the cofferdam, scoured out to considerable depth one part of the cross section, deposited a large amount of material in another part, and undermined three sections (two sluiceway and one standard) of the main dam, causing them to drop. After this damage it was esti- mated that the lock was 98 per cent completed, the power-house foundation 96 per cent, and the dam 54 per cent. As a whole the project was 77 per cent completed. The amount expended since the adoption of the present project to June 30, 1914, was $855,135.81 for new work entirely. Operations and results during the fiscal year.---As soon as the high water had subsided sufficiently about half of the river on the lock side was inclosed by a cofferdam, the material excavated, and about 232 feet of the dam foundation built, it being intended to use this par- tially completed work as a spillway to relieve the pressure on the cofferdam for the remaining part of the dam. The cofferdam to inclose the rest of the dam was begun, but before it could be com- pleted the closing trestle gap was washed away and this part of the work was suspended until the spring rise had subsided. About 280 feet of concrete retaining wall at the head of the lock were built. Emptying and filling valves for the lock and gate-operating ma- 1030 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. chinery were received and partly installed. The main items of the work were as follows: Concrete, 7,662 cubic yards; rock quarried and crushed, 6,830 cubic yards; excavation, 15,650 cubic yards; filling cofferdam, 17,710 cubic yards; wooden sheet piles driven, 1,700; steel piles driven, 242. The expenditures during the year were $186,118.70 for new work. The work is done by hired labor with Government plant. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project is about 87.5 per cent completed. The maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the river under improvement was 6 feet, the river being about 6 feet above low water. The total ex- penditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $1,041,- 254.51, for new work entirely. Number or name of lock and dam: Lock and Dam No. 1. Loeation: About 5 miles downstream from Minneapolis, Minn., and about 1,950 miles above the mouth of the river. Dimensions: Lock, 80 feet wide and 350 feet long between miter sills; dam, 568 feet long; and power-house foundation, 160 feet by 112 feet. Lift: About 30 feet at low water. Depth over miter sills: 7 feet at low water. Percentage of completion: 87.5. Cost : Estimated at $1,753,600. Local cooperation.-The city of Minneapolis has constructed a terminal wharf a short distance below Washington Avenue Bridge, at a cost of approximately $85,000, including the cost of land con- demned for wharfage purposes. The State of Minnesota deeded to the United States 6.99 acres of land at the site of Lock and Dam No. 1. Effect of improvement.-None possible until the completion of the project. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to continue the construction and completion of the work in progress by use of Government plant and hired labor, funds for which purpose are on hand and it is ex- pected will be exhausted prior to June 30, 1916. The balance of the necessary flowage rights will also be acquired, funds for which must be appropriated. Estimate. Cost of flowage rights--- -------------------------------- $170, 000 Commercial statistics.-None, the river being practically in its original condition, with the added obstruction of the partially de- molished Dam No. 2. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------- $2, 201, 055. 05 Maintenance --------------------------- 2, 792. 43 Total ---- --- ------------------------- 2, 203, 847. 48 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work --......... -.--. -..-.---.............-.. 1219,016.08 $268,412.53 . ... $186,118.70 Maintenance....------------------------------- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1031 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb.Feb. 27, 1911_________________ __ $250,000.00 2, 191------------------------------------------------$20000 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913___ __________________ _ 185, 000. 00 Mar.4, 113-----------------------------------------_--8,000 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------------- 65, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _________-.-________________ 83, 871.22 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 150, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 65, 000. 00 Receipts from sales____________________________________ 1,351.85 300, 223. 07 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement _-_----- _______--_________________-___ -- 186, 118. 70 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-_ ________ _______________ 114, 104. 37 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities- ----- $22, 939. 38 July 1, 1915, amount covered'by uncompleted contracts_ 11, 942. 50 34, 881. 88 July 1, 1915, balance available______________________________ 79, 222. 49 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ----------------------- -------- 1170, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement-------------------------- 170, 000.00 2. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 2, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, BETWEEN ST. PAUL AND MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Operation and results prior to the fiscal year.-The lock and dam was completed in 1906, and since July 1, 1907, has been maintained and operated by annual allotments from the indefinite appropria- tion for " Operating and care of canals and other works of naviga- tion." In 1912 about 5 feet of the crest of the dam was removed so as to provide 10 feet depth for navigation when Dam No.1 is completed. The lower gates of the lock were also taken down, for use as upper gates of Lock No. 1. Since 1912, therefore, the lock has been out of commission. The expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $14,057.25. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The lock and dam being out of commission, nothing was done beyond care of the prop- erty stored there. The expenditures during the year were $360. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-Partof the dam had been removed and the lower lock gates taken down. The total expendi- tures to June 30, 1915, were $14,417.25. 3. RESERVOIRS AT HEADWATERS OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. Location.-On the Mississippi River and several of its tributaries in Itasca, Hubbard, Aitkin, Cass, and Crow Wing Counties, Minn. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1032 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-The reservoirs were originally all natural lakes, the storage capacity of which has been increased by raising the elevation of the water by means of dams built at the outlet of each. Square miles of water surface. Name. Original Reser- lake. voir. ------------- 117 161 Winnibigoshish ......--------.....-----..---..-.......-----........--.....--------..........--..---.... ..................................................................... Leech----------.... 173 234 Pokegama ..---------..------.........---......................................----------------------- 24 45 ---------------------------------------------- Sandy ....................... Sandy -------------------- :... 8 18 ....................................................16.5 1 Pine ------------------------------------------------------------------ 18 24 Gull---.....--------................................................................... 33 35.5 The country surrounding was rolling timberlands with numerous small lakes. Indians roamed this section, with only a small area sparsely settled. Leech Lake and Winnibigoshish Lake were of such size and depth as to permit their more general use for transporting supplies by the larger canoes. No railroads existed in this territory and the waterways were the principal routes for travel. Previous project.-The original project was based on House Docu- ment No. 54, Forty-fifth Congress, third session,' and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880. In report submitted in compliance with the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886, the Chief of Engineers, in 1887, recommended that the reservoirs orig- inally contemplated on the St. Croix, Chippewa, and Wisconsin Rivers be not constructed. Subsequent acts of Congress have been in accordance with that recommendation, and the original project was considered modified to that extent. The amount expended on the original project was $656,805 for new work and $100,857.10 for maintenance of such reservoirs as were completed prior to 1894. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1888. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and provides for the reconstruc- tion of the five original reservoir dams, viz, Winnibigoshish, Leech Lake Pokegama, Sandy Lake, and Pine River, and the construction of Gull Lake Reservoir. (River and harbor act of Mar. 2,1907.) The estimated cost was $865,000. The construction of an equalizing canal between Winnibigoshish and Leech Lake Reservoirs, at an estimated cost of $61,200 (later increased to $71,200), was added to the project by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 303, 61st Cong., 2d sess.2), but no work was done, and this part of the project was abandoned in the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915. The maintenance of the reservoirs is provided for by annual allotments from the indefinite appropriation for " Operating and care of canals and other works of navigation." Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Five dams of rock- filled timber-crib construction were built at Winnibigoshish, Leech Lake, Pokegama, Sandy Lake, and Pine River. The dam at Sandy 1 No maps. 2 Contains maps. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1033 Lake includes a lock 30 feet wide, 160 feet long between gates, with a depth of 2.5 feet on lower miter sill at low water. These have all been rebuilt in concrete. A concrete dam has also been built at Gull Lake. Earthen embankments have been constructed where neces- sary at the low places on the various reservoirs. The necessary land and flowage easements have been obtained. The amount expended since the adoption of the present project, to June 30, 1914, was $885,057.25, all for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Pine River Reser- voir having been practically filled for the first time since its con- struction, a number of low places in the dikes developed. These were filled and protected, there being used 898 cubic yards of brush and logs, 1,083 cubic yards of earth, and 67 cubic yards of surfacing material. The expenditures during the year were $2,690.08, for new work. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project may be said to be about 96 per cent completed, the only important work remaining to be done being the construction of ditches connecting Gull, Round, and Long Lakes. The abandonment of that part of the project has been recommended. The total expenditures under the existing project, to June 30, 1915, were $887,747.33, all for new work. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, appropriating funds for the construction of Gull Lake Reservoir, provided that the necessary land and flowage rights should be ceded to the United States without charge. In compliance with this, the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co., of Minneapolis, Minn., obtained and ceded to the United States all the flowage rights not previously obtained, aggregating 955 acres, at a cost of about $7,500. Effect of improvement.-The construction of the reservoirs has resulted in a greater channel depth and more uniform flow in the Mississippi River during the navigation season, and has made pos- sible continuous navigation during the season on some stretches where formerly it was subject to interruption on account of low water. The effect on freight rates has been considerable, both on the upper river and below St. Paul. Without the reservoirs, steamboat transporta- tion would scarcely be possible during low water between Brainerd and Grand Rapids, and freight would have to be carried by wagons, at great expense. It is a fact that railroad freight from St. Paul to St. Louis, a distance of 600 miles, is only 5 per cent higher than the rate from St. Paul to Chicago, 400 miles, and that steamboat freight rates to river points below St. Paul are in general about one-third lower than those of the railroads. Some portion of this reduction is doubtless due to the reservoirs. Incidentally the reservoirs are of great value in mitigating the effects of floods in the river above St. Paul. Proposed operations.-No estimate for additional funds is sub- mitted. Commercial statistics.-See reports on "Mississippi and Leech Rivers, Minn.," and " Mississippi River between Brainerd and Grand Rapids, Minn." 1034 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, VT. S. ARMY. Financial summary. GENERAL IMPROVEMENT. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------------- $1, 468, 643.66 Maintenance --------------------------------------------- _ 100, 857. 10 Total------------------------------------------------- 1,569, 500. 76 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ...--..........-.....--.....-..... .. ..... 3, 558. 39 $.. $8, 719. 78 $2, 558. 91 Maintenance... .......................................... ..................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------$14, 557. 19 Receipts from sales ---------------------------------------------- 32. 50 14, 589. 69 Deduction on account of transfers under act of Mar. 4, 1915__-- 11, 000. 00 3, 589. 69 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------------------------------------------- 2,558. 91 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- __ 1,030. 78 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -------------------------------- 27. 55 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------------- 1,003. 23 CONSTRUCTION OF GULL LAKE RESERVOIR. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_------------------------------------------------$74, 553.00 Maintenance- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ......................................................... $14,207.55 $35.61 $131.17 Maintenance.............. ........................................................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- $15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------10, 578. 17 Deduction on account of transfers under act of Mar. 4, 1915-------- 8, 500. 00 2, 078. 17 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------------------------------------------- 131. 17 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 1,947. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project__ _------------__--_-___ '8, 500. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1035 CANAL BETWEEN WINNIBIGOSHISH AND LEECH LAKE RESERVOIRS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--- ------- --------------------------- $1, 355. 67 Maintenance_----------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................... $27582 .... .............. Maintenance........................................................... ........... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_________________________--69, 844. 33 Deduction on account of repeal of appropriation act----------- 69, 844. 33 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------- $1, 544, 552. 33 Maintenance 00, 857. 10 1------------------------------- Total 1, 645, 409. 43 Total--------------------------------------------1, 045,409. 43 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............................................. $18,041.76 $8,755.39 $2,690.08 Maintenance......................................... ..... .................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $10,000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _________-______________- -94, 979. 69 Receipts from sales_---- ___- -- ______________- -__ _- 32. 50 95, 012. 19 Deduction on account of transfers under act of Mar. 4, 1915, and repeal of appropriation acts____---------------- 89, 344. 33 5, 667. 86 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement------------------------------------ 2, 690. 08 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________________------- 2, 977. 78 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities____________________--____ ------- 27. 55 July 1, 1915, balance available____________________________ 2, 950. 23 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project__------ ------- - ----- ------ 8, 500. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1036 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 4. OPERATING AND CARE OF RESERVOIRS AT HEADWATERS OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER. Previous projects.-Priorto the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, the care and maintenance of the completed reservoirs was paid from the appropriations for reservoir construction. The expendi- tures to that time amounted to $100,857.10. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1888. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The reservoirs have been maintained and operated since August 18, 1894, by annual allot- ments from the indefinite appropriation for " Operating and care of canals and other works of navigation." The expenditures since then to June 30, 1914, were $487,771.14. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The reservoirs were operated and necessary repairs made to the dams, dikes, build- ings, and lines of communication. The expenditures during the year were $20,222.72. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-All the reservoirs and appurtenances were in good condition. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $507,993.86. Proposed operations.-Careand maintenance of reservoirs, build- ings, etc., and operation of reservoirs for the benefit of navigation. By the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, the cost of maintain- ing these reservoirs was made payable from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 4 of the river and harbor act ap- proved July 5, 1884, which was amended and reenacted by section 6 of the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-See reports on "Mississippi and Leech Rivers, Minn.," and " Mississippi River between Brainerd and Grand Rapids, Minn." 5. MISSISSIPPI AND LEECH RIVERS, MINN. Location.-The portion of the Mississippi River included in this improvement flows in a southeasterly direction from Winnibigoshish to Pokegama Dams, a distance of about 65 miles. Leech River is about 27 miles in length and flows easterly to the Mississippi River, its mouth being about 25 miles below Winnibigoshish Dam. Poke- gama Dam is about 2,300 miles above the mouth of the Mississippi River. Original condition.-The navigable depth on both rivers varies from nothing up to 5 feet, being dependent almost entirely upon the discharges from Winnibigoshish and Leech Lake Reservoirs. At a bank full stage the ruling depth is about 4 feet. Channel widths average about 150 feet, but in some places are less than 100 feet. The streams are very tortuous, with sharp bends, thus making naviga- tion difficult for the larger boats. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The project was adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913 (see H. Doc. No. 1223, 62d Cong., 3d sess., with map), and provides for straightening the chan- nel by means of cut-offs and securing a depth of 8 feet by dredging, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1037 at an estimated cost of $296,000 and $15,000 annually for mainte- nance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Plans for the dredging fleet had been prepared and construction commenced. The expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $6,910.48 for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The construction of the dredging fleet was practically completed, the machinery for the dredge Manito being built under contract, while the rest of the fleet, including the hull of the dredge, was built by hired labor. Dredging was commenced about the middle of May, about 2,800 linear feet of channel being dredged to a depth of 8 feet at mean summer stage, the width of the cut being 125 feet. The total exca- vation was 19,233 cubic yards. The expenditures during the year were $58,868.08, mainly for plant construction, charged as new work. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The dredging fleet had been completed and had just commenced operations. About 2 per cent of the project had been completed. The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the year over the shoalest part of the rivers under improvement was 2 feet. This, however, is dependent on the discharge from Winnibigoshish and Leech reservoirs, which was then very small. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $65,778.56, for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-None, the project not being sufficiently advanced. Proposed operations.-Dredgingbetween Cohasset and the mouth of Leech River, using Government plant and hired labor. It is pro- posed to work two shifts of eight hours each during the season of 1916. The funds on hand will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. Estimate. Operation of dredge Manito and attending tug, launch, and house-boats_ $37, 000 Purchase 6f fuel, supplies, and repairs_______________________________ 8, 000 Surveys 000 _------------------------------- Administration and contingencies ------------------------------ 12, 000 Total ------------------------------------------------ 60, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce on the rivers in this im- provement is mainly that of floating loose logs and rafts of cedar posts and poles, ties, and pulp wood. There are several steamboats and gasoline launches engaged in connection with this business, and a large number of pleasure launches. Comparative statement. Steamboats Gasoline operated launches Calendar year. Short tons. Value. operated(commer- cial). cialand pleasure). 1912..............------ --..... ............. ........ 306,150 $1,228,500 3 35 1913.......... ......... --.....- ................... 240,250 935,628 2 45 1914...... ................................ .......... 386,225 1,486,800 2 50 1038 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $65, 778. 56 Maintenance-- ---- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................................................................. $6, 910.48 $58, 868.08 Maintenance.... ............................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--- --------------------------- ------------- $116, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ___----.--__.____- 109, 089. 52 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------- 58, 868. 08 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----- ----------------- -__ 50, 221.44 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---.-__. - $7, 860. 24 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 5, 657. 25 13, 517. 49 July 1, 1915, balance available..-.. ------....-. _ ------- 36, 703. 95 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------ 1--------------------- 180, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement__-___- __________ _ 1 60, 000. 00 6. MISSISSIPPI RIVER BETWEEN BRAINERD AND GRAND RAPIDS, MINN. Location.-Grand Rapids, at the upper end of this stretch of the river, is about 350 miles above St. Paul and 2,300 miles above the mouth of the river. The general direction of the flow of this portion of the river is southwesterly. Original condition.--In its original condition the river was greatly obstructed by snags, bowlders, and overhanging trees, and steamboat navigation was impracticable, except at high stages. At low water the navigable depth was not more than 1.5 feet and the channel not more than 100 feet wide in places. This stretch of the Mississippi River is 180 miles in length, and is navigable all its length. At each end, however, is a power dam without lock, which prevents-its use for navigation in connection with other stretches of the river. Previous projects. Work of snagging, bowlder removal, etc., on this part of the river was formerly done under a project, now expired, for " Improving Mississipyi River above the Falls of St. Anthony." By the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, this improvement was added to the project for "Reservoirs at headwaters of Mississippi River," and during the fiscal years 1902 to 1909, inclusive, was included in annual reports for that work. Under this project $19,000.96 was expended. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1889. Present project.-The river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, adopted a project for completing this improvement at an estimated cost of $22,555. This project aims at securing a practicable channel 1Exclusive of thb balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1039 not less than 60 feet wide and 3.5 feet deep at mean low water be- tween Brainerd and Grand Rapids by means of dredging, wing dams, cut-offs, and the removal of snags and overhanging trees, in accord- ance with plan printed in House Document No. 607, Sixty-first Con- gress, second session (no maps). The estimate was increased to $30,555 in 1913 on account of the increased cost of the plant over that originally estimated, and also because the nature of the material dredged was such as to cost more than had been expected. The esti- mate for maintenance is $2,000 annually. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project depth of 3.5 feet at mean low water had been attained by dredging where necessary, and about 30 miles of the channel cleared of snags and overhanging trees. Steamboat navigation was possible at all stages but was dangerous in places on account of snags and overhanging trees. The expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $21,699.83 for new work and $806.93 for maintenance, a total of $22,506.76. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Duringthe winter the leaning and standing timber on or adjacent to cutting or caving banks was cut between Aitkin and the mouth of Swan River, a dis- tance of 82 miles. At the beginning of June the dredge Oriole was placed in commission and went from Sandy Lake Dam to Grand Rapids, where it was proposed to begin work. The balance of the month was devoted to making necessary repairs to the boat and machinery. The work under this project is done by hired labor with Government plant. The expenditures during the year were $3,025.28 for new work and $1,252.97 for maintenance, a total of $4,278.25. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project is about 75 per cent completed. The project depth of 3.5 feet at mean low water has been attained. About 85 miles of the river has been cleared of overhanging trees and snags and other obstructions removed from the channel for a distance of 30 miles. The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the year over the shoalest part of the improvement was 12 feet, the river being at a flood stage, or about 8.5 feet above mean low water. The total expenditures under the existing project were $24,725.11 for new work and $2,059.90 for maintenance, a total of $26,785.01. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-There are no railroads paralleling the portion of the river under improvement, and inhabitants of the adjacent country are dependent upon the river as a means of trans- portation. The work of improvement has given a safer and more commodious channel and has doubtless kept down freight rates on the river. Proposed operations.-Maintenance of improvement by snagging and cutting of overhanging trees along the shore where necessary, using Government plant and hired labor. The funds on hand will be exhausted March 15, 1916. Estimate. Operation of dredge Oriole___--__________________________________ $1, 400 Purchase of supplies, repairs, etc____ ____.__ ____-______________ 400 Administration and contingencies__ ________________________ __--- 200 Total ------------------ -------------------------- 2, 000 1040 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The commerce on this stretch of the river consists mainly of floating loose logs and, rafts of cedar posts and poles, ties, and pulp wood. There is one steamboat, the Lee, 30 tons, engaged in carrying freight and passengers between Aitkin and Grand Rapids, and about 20 gasoline launches for towing rafts and for pleasure purposes. The following is a statement for the calendar years 1912, 1913, and 1914: Comparative statement. Calendar year- Short tons. Value. Passengers. Receipts to 1912---------------............ ... ------....... ..-----------.. 605,950 $2,776,600 1,050 $1,000 1913. ...... .... .... .....---------------------- ..--------------------- 466,275 2,114,000 700 900 1914............. .... .... -...... -.. -....... ......... .. 424,600 1,903,500 800 950 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work______________---------------------------------- $43, 726. 07 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 2, 059. 90 Total --------------------- ------------------------- 45, 785. 97 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work5---------------------------------------------- $4,467.58-- -- $3,025.28 Maintenance.... ------------------------------------------------------- 806.93 1,252.97 Total-. ...............- ...... -...... 4,467.58 806.93 4,278.25 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- $4, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ------------- -------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 48. 24 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 4, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 6, 000. 00 10, 048. 24 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_________________________ $3, 025. 28 For maintenance of improvement , 252. 97 1----------------- 4, 278. 25 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 5, 769. 99 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 810. 14 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------- 4, 959. 85 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_--------------______ 2, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1041 7. ST. CROIX RIVER, WIS. AND MINN. Location. -The source of the river is in small lakes in northern Wisconsin. The river is about 160 miles in length, flowing in a southerly direction and emptying into the Mississippi River at Pres- cott, Wis. The portion under improvement is between the mouth and Taylors Falls, Minn., a distance of 52.3 miles. Original condition.-Before improvement the ruling low-water depth on the bars above Lake St. Croix was 2 feet. In Lake St. Croix the channel was in most places 8 to 10 feet deep, but narrow and tortuous. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 19, 1878, and provides for the improvement of the river between the mouth and Taylors Falls, Minn., by means of dredging, wing dams, and bank protection in order to obtain a channel depth of 3 feet at mean low water. (See Ex. Doc. No. 75, 43d Cong., 2d sess., Annual Report for 1875, p. 372.) By the act of June 3, 1896, the improvement of the harbor and water front at Still- water was added to the project. The original estimate of cost was $21,758, but this estimate was increased in 1882, 1889, and 1896, the final figures being $136,700. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1900 by dredging, the construction of wing dams, etc., between the mouth and Taylors Falls, Minn. The expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $131,409.50 for new work and $25,077.841 for maintenance, a total of $156,487.34. No work has been done on the river since 1911. Before any further dredging can be done a new dredge will be required, unless the work is, done by contract. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done, the available funds being insufficient to warrant it. There were no expenditures. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The appropriations have not been sufficient to accomplish all that was desired, and the chan- nel above Lake St. Croix has deteriorated so as to be scarcely nav- igable during low stages. This deterioration is mainly due to the choking of the river by snags and sunken logs. The maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was about 6 feet, the river being about 5 feet above mean low water. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $25,077.84, for maintenance only. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-Navigation on the river has been very limited in the commercial field during recent years. Pleasure boats and excursion steamers are the principal users of these waters. The improvement has had no effect upon the railway rates, but it has give'n a somewhat improved channel for the passage of pleasure craft. Proposed operations.-Thework to be done will consist of mainte- nance, for which purpose sufficient funds are on hand. 1 This amount is reduced by 77 cents from that given in 1914 report, a refund of that amount having been received on account of previous expenditures. 8373 0 -ENG 1915-66 1042 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.--The commerce consists mainly of floating loose logs to Stillwater and Hudson, and rafts of logs and manu- factured lumber below those places. Several steamboats are em- ployed in towing rafts. The steamer Morning Star makes regular trips during the season between the mouth and Stillwater in con- nection with its trips on the Mississippi River between St. Paul and Davenport, Iowa. The river is also used by excursion steamers. Comparative statement. Calendar year- Short tons. Value. Passengers. Steamboats carried. (rafting). 123,000 $770,000 7,000 5 1912....------------------------------------------................................................ 1913......-----------...-----.........---..-------------------------- .................. 219,520 1,171,280 1,722 5 1914--------------- ---------------------------- 42,335 199,300 1,803 4 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to'June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------- --- $131, 409. 50 Maintenance---------------------------------------------- 25, 077. 84 Total ------------------------------------------------ 156, 487. 34 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 work:.. iNew ...................................................... $431 3-.3 ........ Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- $54.31 $3.30.......... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- $2, 077. 66 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------- - 2,077.66 8. MINNESOTA RIVER, MINN. Location.-This river has its source in South Dakota, about 35 miles from Browns Valley, Minn. It is about 400 miles in length, its general direction of flow being easterly, and it empties into the Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn. The portion covered by the present project is between the mouth and Shakopee, a distance of 25.6 miles. Original condition.-Before improvement the ruling low-water depth at the entrance to Minnesota River was not more than 2 feet. From the mouth to Shakopee, a distance of 25.6 miles, there was a least low-water depth of 7 feet, and from Shakopee to Little Rapids, 11.4 miles, a least depth of 3 feet. From Little Rapids to Mankato, a distance of 77.7 miles, the river was navigable only at the higher stages. Above Mankato navigation was possible only at very high 'This is an increase of 77 cents from last year's balance, a refund of that amount hav- ing been received during this year. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1043 water. Along the entire course the channel was obstructed by bowlders, snags, and overhanging trees. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1867, and modified by the acts of August 11, 1888, and July 13, 1892. The amount expended on the original and modified projects was $117,542.79. For scope of previous proj- ects, see Appendix, page 1890. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, and provides for an open channel from the Mississippi River to Shakopee (25.6 miles) to accommodate vessels of 3-foot draft. The estimate of cost of this improvement was $10,000, but no estimate was submitted for maintenance. (River and harbor act July 13, 1892, and Annual Report for 1891, p. 2209.) The object to be accomplished by this improvement is to obtain a channel with 4 feet of water from the Mississippi River to Shakopee which will accommodate vessels of 3-foot draft. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Removal of snags and bowlders between Minnesota Falls, about 254 miles above the mouth, and a point about 17 miles above Shakopee, or about 42 miles above the mouth. In 1893 a low dam was built about half a mile above the mouth of the river which created slack-water navigation to Shakopee, 25.6 miles above the mouth. This made the main outlet of the river into the Mississippi River through the Fort Snelling chute, about 1.5 miles above the mouth proper. On account of com- plaints of high water caused by this dam it was removed in 1908, and by dredging and contraction work the original mouth was opened up, and work has been confined to this portion of the river since then. The original project was completed in 1895. The expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1914, were $26,784.68, of which $9,281.01 was for improvement and maintenance. No work has been done on the river since 1911. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. The sum of $1.41 was expended for traveling expenses in connection with examination of river in July, and charged as maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-Nothing has been done since 1911, and the channel at the mouth has become choked with sand bars and snags and navigation is not possible except at medium and high stages. The maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, was 7 feet, the river being about 6 feet above mean low water. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $9,282.42 for improvement and $17,505.08 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Freight boats used the river in the past very little and have had no effect on the rail rates. The only users at present are excursion steamers, which have had a somewhat im- proved channel due to the improvement. Proposed operations.-The work to be done will consist of such maintenance as may be needed, for which purposes sufficient funds are on hand. Commercial statistics.-No freight has moved on this water during the past three years, the only users being excursion steamers and small pleasure craft. 1044 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $127, 008. 13 Maintenance ----------------- _ __ ___ __ 17,320. 75 Total --------------------------------------------- 144, 328. 88 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914" 1915 New work... Maintenance ------------------------------------------------------------------- $1.41 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 --------------------------------------------$2, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------1, 851. 21 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal'year for maintenance of improvement --------------------------------------------- 1.41 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ,849. 80 1---------------------------- 9. RED RIVER OF THE NORTH, MINN. AND N. DAK. Location.-This river has its source at the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail Rivers at Breckenridge, Minn. From there it flows in a northerly direction into Canada. Its length from source to international boundary is about 400 miles. The portion included in the project is between Breckenridge and the Canadian frontier. In this project is included Red Lake River, which has its source at the outlet of Red Lake and flows in a westerly direction to the Red River of the North at East Grand Forks, Minn. Its length is about 180 miles. The portion covered is between Thief River Falls and the head of Red Lake, a distance of 120 miles. Original condition.-Before improvement the ruling depth at low water in the Red River of the North from the Canadian frontier to Grand Forks, a distance of 143.5 miles, was 2 feet, and from Grand Forks to Moorhead, 155 miles, 1.5 feet. From Moorhead to Brecken- ridge, 97 miles, navigation was possible only at the higher stages. The river was obstructed by snags, overhanging trees, etc. Red Lake River from the head of Red Lake to Thief River Falls had a low-water depth of at least 3 feet in most places, but was obstructed by a bar at the outlet of the lake and by bowlders between Thief River Falls and High Landing, a distance of 35 miles, so that the ruling depth was 1.5 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1876, and modified by the acts of August 5, 1886, and June 3, 1896. The total expenditures on the original and modified projects prior to the adoption of the present project was $302,413.60 for new work. For scope of previous projects, see Ap- pendix, page 1890. Present project.-Maintenance of existing channel, 60 feet wide and 4 feet deep at mean low water, by dredging and snagging in the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1045 vicinity of Grand Forks, N. Dak., at an estimated cost of $7,500 annually. (See Annual Report for 1903, p. 1544.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By dredging and the removal of snags, bowlders, and overhanging trees a channel 60 feet wide and 4 feet deep at mean low water had been attained be- tween the Canadian boundary and Grand Forks, N. Dak.; between Grand Forks and a point 13 miles north of Moorhead, Minn., a chan- nel of 50 feet width and 3 feet deep at mean low water had been com- pleted; above that point snagging and the removal of bowlders and overhanging trees had produced considerable improvement, but work on that stretch was abandoned in the eighties on account of a num- ber of low pile bridges, which effectually blocked navigation. In recent years work has been confined to dredging and the removal of obstructions for about 30 miles in each direction from Grand Forks, and the balance of the improvement has deteriorated. The experidi- tures to June 30, 1914, under the existing project were $70,364.64 for maintenance only. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-From the beginning of the year until the latter part of October dredging was done in the vicinity of Grand Forks, 11,950 linear feet of cuts being made and a total of 41,645 cubic yards of material being taken out of the chan- nel. A number of snags were removed from the channel and leaning and overhanging trees cut on the adjacent banks. The expenditures were $4,874.04 for maintenance only. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The river in the vicinity of Grand Forks was in fair condition, with an available depth of 3 feet at mean low water. The river was at medium-flood stage, about 20 feet above low water. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $75,238.68 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-A number of warehouses and landings, for the transfer of grain from boat to railroads, were constructed and oper- ated by private parties between Bellmont, 35 miles south of Grand Forks, and Oslo, 26 miles north of Grand Forks. Owing to lack of business the warehouses were removed in 1912. Effect of improvement.-In recent years the principal use of the Red River has been to receive grain from the farmers along the river ajid transport it to Grand Forks and Oslo, to be there shipped by rail to market. There were in this service two steamboats and a fleet of grain barges. Elevators for transfer from barge to car were operated at Grand Forks and Oslo, and a system of warehouses was maintained along the river, where the farmer could store and load his wheat. The freight arrangement, however, was such that the farmer paid the same rate whether he shipped by river or rail. The river-and-rail rate to Minneapolis or Duluth was the same as the rail rate from the local station to destination. If wheat was shipped by river, the boats and railroad divided the rate. This arrangement gave the river farmer the advantage of wagon haul to the river rather than to the railroad, where the distance to the river was less. One of the steamboats was sunk in 1912 and has never been replaced. The transportation company sold out its remaining steamer and 11 barges in 1912. Since that time none of them have been in operation. Proposed operations.-The work to be done will consist of such maintenance as may be needed, for which purpose sufficient funds are on hand. 1046 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS; U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-Red River of the North: No commerce during 1912, 1913, and 1914. Red Lake and Red Lake River: On Red Lake and Red Lake River the principal traffic has been the floating of loose logs and a very limited amount of miscellaneous freight. Five small steamers and two gasoline launches operate on Red Lake, carrying freight and passengers. Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 1912. ..-------------..------------------------------------------------ 130,000 $478,000 1913............................................................................. 120,576 462,500 1914.------------ ------------------------------------------------- 47,440 223,400 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work 302, 413. 60 $-------------------- Maintenance--------------------- -------------------------- 75, 238. 68 Total ------------------------------------------------ 377, 652. 28 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... New work.. .............. Maintenance ...................................................... 6,299.96 $6,336.11 4,87404 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------- ----- $7, 500. 00 July 25, 1912 ----------------------------------------------- 17, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------- 7, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 12, 844. 76 Deduction on account of transfers under act of Mar. 4, 1915--------- 7, 000. 00 5, 844. 76 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------------------------------------- 4, 874. 04 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------- ---------------------- 970. 72 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------------------------- 72. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------------ 898. 72 10. WARROAD HARBOR AND WARROAD RIVER, MINN. Location.-Warroad Harbor is on Warroad River, about 1 mile from its mouth. The river empties into Lake of the Woods at its southwestern extremity. It is about 26 miles west from the harbor at Zippel Bay and 36 miles west from the mouth of Rainy River, both of which are on Lake of the Woods. The portion of the river under improvement extends from the mouth to the boat landing at Warroad, a distance of about a mile. Originalcondition.-Before improvement there was a good natural harbor of moderate depth at the mouth of Warroad River. Between this harbor and the lake there was a bar having a least depth of 3.5 feet at ordinary lake stage (7.2 feet on the gauge), and at the mouth RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1047 of the river there was a bar having a least depth of 5 feet at ordinary lake stage. The channel of Warroad River from the harbor to the steamboat landing was deep, but tortuous. The river is navigable for skiffs and small launches for about 5 miles from its mouth. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and modified by the river and har- bor acts of June 13, 1902, March 3, 1905, and June 25, 1910. The expenditures prior to the adoption of the existing project were $73,431.39 for new work and $24,850.15 for maintenance, a total of $98,281.54. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1890. Present project.-The present project is based on House Document No. 703, Sixty-first Congress, second session (no maps), and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The estimate was for $5,700 for a turning basin 900 by 500 feet, and for mainte- nance of basin and channel at the rate of $2,000 per annum, the depth throughout being 7 feet. The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, modified the project by providing for a depth of 8 feet, and appro- priated $13,200 for repairs to dredge, channel maintenance, and cost of increased depth. These depths are referred to mean low water (7.2 on the Warroad gauge). Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Construction of dredge Warroad and fleet of barges and dredging in accordance with the project. A rock-filled timber-crib dike, 700 feet long and 5 feet above the 7.2 stage of the lake, was built alongside the dredged chan- nel in the lake. The expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1914, were $6,288.09 for new work and $3,490.59 for mainte- nance, a total of $9,778.68. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-From the begin- ning of the year until the end of October dredging was carried on in the channel between the turning basin and deep water in the lake. The total cut was 7,118 linear feet, and the aggregate amount re- moved was 85,275 cubic yards. The fleet was then laid up in winter quarters at Warroad. In the spring of 1915 necessary repairs were made to the dredging fleet. The repairs were completed by the end of the fiscal year. The expenditures during the year were $4,085.88 for improvement and $1,775.68 for maintenance, a total of $5,861.56. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project is now 95 per cent completed. A channel 100 feet wide and 8 feet deep at a stage of 5 feet on the Warroad gauge has been attained on all but about 1,000 feet of the new channel. The maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 9 feet, the Warroad gauge reading 8.2. The total expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, were $10,- 373.97 for new work and $5,266.27 for maintenance, a total of $15,640.24. Local cooperation.-The village of Warroad has built a substantial wharf at the steamboat landing in the river. Effect of improvement.--It has given the various steamers and pleasure craft on the Lake of the Woods a more commodious, safer, and straighter channel for entering Warroad in all kinds of weather. Proposed operations.-The work to be done will be the mainte- nance of the completed channel by dredging, the funds available for which purpose being sufficient to carry the work to June 30, 1916. 1048 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, tU. . ARMY. The amount recommended for expenditure in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, will be for maintenance. Estimate. For operating dredge WVarroad and purchase of necessary supplies___ $1, 600. 00 Administration and contingencies ------------------------------- 400. 00 Total ----------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 Comm'ercial statistics.-The commerce on Warroad River and Lake of the Woods is mainly taking fish to Warroad for shipment by rail, and carrying miscellaneous supplies from there for the various fishery stations on the lake. There is also a considerable passenger business in and out of Warroad. Comparative statement. Calendar year- Short or vaue Value. es gers Steam t- Gasoline Sailboats. rtons. carid.boats. carried. launches. 1912 ....................... ........... 10,917 $265,220 11,780 7 16 2 1913................................ ... 12,265 355,100 12,000 7 18 2 1914..... ........................... 53,785 493,320 10,495 6 15 2 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------- $83, 805.36 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 30, 116. 42 Total --------------------------------------------- 113,921.78 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work------------.. -------------------------------------- ---- $6,288.09 $4,085.88 Maintenance -------------------------------------------- $3,490.59 .. 1,775.68 Total. .............. . ...... .......... . 3,490. 59 6,288.09 5,861.56 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- $13, 200. 00 Mar. 4, 1913____---------------------------------------------- 2, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------ 2, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______-___--- _ ____________ 5, 839.78 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ _ 2, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 2, 000. 00 9, 839. 78 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement --------------------- $4, 085. 88 For maintenance of improvement__________________ 1, 775. 68 5, 861. 56 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ---------------------------- 3, 978. 22 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _ _.---. _____________---------- 544. 04 July 1, 1915, balance available____________ __________________ 3, 434. 18 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-___________-_ _ 2, 000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. IVER A NT IIATTi Ok IMPkOV MEIMK . 1049 11. ZIPPEL BAY, LAKE OF THE WOODS, MINN. Location.-Zippel Bay is situated on the southern shore of the Lake of the Woods, about 26 miles by water east of Warroad Har- bor and about 10 miles west of the mouth of Rainy River. Original condition.-Before improvement the natural harbor at the inner end of Zippel Bay was connected with the bay by a long tortuous channel about 75 feet wide, varying in depth from 4 to 6 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The river and harbor act of February 27, 1911, adopted a project for improvement which contemplates dredging a channel through the bar separating the harbor from the bay 200 feet wide and 10 feet deep at mean summer level of Lake of the Woods (7.2 feet on the Warroad gauge), and building a jetty 2,800 feet long for the protection of this channel and also to serve as a breakwater for an outer anchorage area, the estimated cost being $27,781, and $1,000 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 1276, 61st Cong., 3d sess., with map.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The jetty was built 2,200 feet long, this length having been found to be sufficient, and the channel was dredged to the required depth and width. The total expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $27,940.86, for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The outer end of the jetty was reinforced with 2 cords of brush fascines weighted down with 12 cubic yards of rock. The expenditures during the year were $614.05, for maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project was completed in 1914, and the harbor can now be used by any of the boats navi- gating Lake of the Woods. The maximum draft that could be car- ried June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the locality under im- provement was 11 feet, the Warroad gauge reading 8.2. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $27,940.86 for new work and $614.05 for maintenance, a total of $28,554.91. Local cooperation.-A boat landing and fish warehouse have been built inside the harbor entrance. Effect of improvement.-This project has had no effect on freight rates, though it has given the steamers and launches which ply the Lake of the Woods a good channel for entering Zippel Bay. The im- provement also furnishes an anchorage basin and affords shelter to vessels in storms. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to maintain the channel and to repair the jetty, which has had the pierhead damaged by storms. The funds on hand will be exhausted June 30, 1916, and the amount recommended for expenditure in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, is $1,000. Estimate. Operation of dredge Warroad-------------------- --------------- $575 100 tons rock in place, at $2.25 - _________- -225 Administration and contingencies------_____________________ _____ 200 Total----------------------------------------------1, 000 1050 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of Zippel Bay is mainly the handling of fish for shipment and receiving supplies for the settle- ment at Zippel. There is also a considerable passenger traffic. Comparative statement. year- Calendar Short Value Passen- Steam- Gasoline Sail- tons. . gre boats. launches, boats. 1912---..-.----...---...-------.---.---------- 1,023 $93,380 2,280 1 9 1 1913 ..-------...------------..----.------- 8,830 138,400 1,780 3 9 1 1914------......-.......--------...-- ..--.--..--------...--.... 52,923 323,080 825 3 7 1 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------$27, 940. 86 Maintenance -------------------------------------------------- 614. 05 Total---------------------------------------------------28, 554. 91 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-...--. Maintenance ------ --............ ..... .............. .................. . $6, .......... $4,.072.81................. .. 300.97 1 Maintenance------------------------------------------------------------- 614.05 Total...-.....---- ----------------------------------- 6,300.97 4,072.81 614.05 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----- -------------------------------------------- $27, 781. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------- ------------------------ 1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ___ ---- --.-------------- _ 840. 14 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 1, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 1, 000. 00 2, 840. 14 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------------- 614. 05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _____________________________ 2, 226. 09 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities____________________________ 205. 38 July 1, 1915, balance available____________________________ 2, 020. 71 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ___________________ 1, 000. 00 12. LAKE TRAVERSE, MINN. AND S. DAK. Location.-Lake Traverse is situated at the northeast corner of South Dakota and forms part of the boundary line between that State and Minnesota. It is the source of the Bois de Sioux River, 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1051 which in turn is one of the sources of the Red River of the North. It is about 25 miles long, lying generally northeast and southwest, and has an average width of 1.5 miles. It is divided by narrows-into an upper and lower basin, 19 miles and 6 miles long, respectively. Original condition.-The upper or main basin is in good navigable condition, with ample depth of water except for certain bowlder reefs, which are dangerous at night or in fogs. Nothing is needed here beyond suitable channel marks. The lower basin is in large part shallow and obstructed by aquatic vegetation. The channel be- tween the two basins is about-a mile long, winding, 3 to 5 feet deep, and not less than 100 feet wide, except in one place, where the width is 20 feet. This is an effective bar to navigation on the lower basin except for rowboats. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The original and existing project is contained in House Document No. 1391, Sixty-first Congress, third session, which contains a map of the locality. It provides for dredging a channel through the narrows about 11,500 feet long, 50 feet wide at bottom, with side slopes of 2 on 1, and 4 feet deep at mean low water. The estimate of cost is $7,510. This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Nothing but pre- liminary work has been done. The expenditures to June 30, 1914, were $91.83 for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done and no expenditures made. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-Nothing but preliminary work has been done under the project. The amount expended to June 30, 1915, was $91.83 for new work. The maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1914, was 3 feet. The principal points on the lake are Browns Valley, Minn., at the south end, and Diamond, S. Dak., on the west side, about 9 miles from the north end. Circum- stances have arisen which necessitate a greatly increased estimate of the cost of the work. It appears that a drawbridge must be pro- vided where the canal crosses a roadway, and that the dredging can not be done at the figure originally estimated, on account of the iso- lation of the locality. These considerations have necessitated the increase of the estimate to $23,800, aside from any maintenance cost. Local cooperation.-The project as adopted contemplates that the land needed for right of way for the proposed dredged channel shall be furnished free of cost to the United States. This has not been done. Effect of improvement.-None as yet, as only preliminary work on the project has been accomplished. Proposed operations.-No work is contemplated in the immediate future, and no estimate for funds is submitted pending action by Congress on increased estimate for cost of work. Commercial statistics.-The commerce on Lake Traverse is han- dled by a 30-ton gasoline boat and three barges of 66, 90, and 180 tons capacity, and is mainly grain from various points on the lake to the railroad at Valley Landing, S. Dak. A considerable passenger business is also done, but no record is available. 1052 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERES, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year- Short tons. Value. 1912........-- .-- .....-- .......... ................ ......................... 6,445 $170,000 1913..--- -----.. ---------------... -- --------------------------...... 7,585 218,000 1914 ---------.. ----------------------- 7,900 280,000 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June.30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------------$91. 83 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ..................................... ................ $91.83... ............... Maintenance.............................................. ..................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------------- $7, 510. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------7, 418. 17 Deduction on account of transfer under act of Mar. 4, 1915----------7, 040. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------------- 378. 17 13. SURVEY OF OTTER TAIL LAKE AND OTTER TAIL RIVER AND RED LAKE AND RED LAKE RIVER, MINN., AND OF BIG STONE LAKE AND LAKE TRAVERSE, MINN. AND S. DAK. By the river and harbor acts of June 3, 1896, March 3, 1899, and June 13, 1902, certain surveys were authorized of Otter Tail Lake and Otter Tail River, Minn., Red Lake and Red Lake River, Minn., and of Big Stone Lake and Lake Traverse, Minn. and S. Dak., with a view to the construction of reservoirs for the purpose of improv- ing the navigation of Red River- of the North, Minn. and N. Dak., and of Minnesota River, Minn. Preliminary reports were submitted in April, 1900, and printed in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1900, pages 2828-2836. A final report was submitted August 11, 1903, and printed in the Aninual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1904, page 2260 et seq. At the time of the submission of the latter report it was proposed to reserve the available funds for the purpose of making hydrological observations during the next flood affecting these localities, with a view to furnishing information in connection with any further work of improvement at the localities named above. In view of the fact that no additional improvements have been authorized at these localities, and of the further fact that investigations of the same character were being made by another department of the Govern- ment, no observations have been taken by the Engineer Department since 1907, and during the past year the unexpended balance of the appropriation was returned to the Treasury or transferred to RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1053 other work, under authority of the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915. This work will be omitted from future annual reports. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work__ $--------------------------- Maintenance -------------- Surveys, etc_--------------------------------------- 17, 293. 28 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... -.... ..- ..---..---........ .......---..... - ---......----..-- .. .. Maintenance.... ---------------------------------------------------------------------- APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.]. None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----------------------------_ $8, 206. 72 Deduction on account of: Transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915 __ Returned to credit of the appropriation .$948. 00 _------------7,258. 30 Returned to surplus fund of Treasury---------------- .42 8, 206. 72 14. GAUGING MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES AT OR NEAR ST. PAUL, MINN. Present project.-Reading and maintaining gauges in the Minne- sota and Chippewa Rivers, at an estimated cost of $300. Funds for this purpose are made available by allotment from the permanent annual appropriation of $9,600 provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, as amended by section 9 of the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Gauges were, read and maintained and discharge measurements made on the Mississippi River and its tributaries in the vicinity of St. Paul. The total ex- penditures to June 30, 1914, were $8,461.80, charged as new work. Operations during the fiscal year.-Gauges were read at Monte- video and Mankato, on the Minnesota River, and Watson, on the Chippewa River, a tributary of the Minnesota River, during April, May, and June. The expenditures during the year were $40, charged as new work. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The gauges were all in good order. The total expenditures since operations were begun were $8,501.80, charged as new work. EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEY MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF JULY 25, 1912, AND MARCH 4, 1913. Reports on preliminary examinations and survey required by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1913, of the fol- lowing localities within this district were duly submitted by the dis- trict officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were transmitted to Con- gress and printed in documents as indicated. 1054 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1. Preliminaryexamination of Red River of the North from Wah- peton, N. Dak., and Breckenridge, Minn., to the internationalbound- ary line, with a view to its improvement by the construction of locks and dams or otherwise. Report dated January 19, 1915, is printed in House Document No. 1666, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner pro- posed is not deemed advisable at the present time. 2. Preliminary examination of Red Lake, Minn., with a view to providing suitable harborfacilities at or near Redby, or at such other point or points on the lake as may be desirable. Report dated Febru- ary 20, 1914, with map, is printed in House Document No. 1459, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time. 3. Preliminary examination and survey of Minneapolis Harbor, Minn., with a view to increased harbor facilities, including a turning basin. Reports dated January 29 and December 10, 1914, with maps, are printed in House Document No. 1512, Sixty-third Congress, third session. A plan of improvement at an estimated cost of $6,000 is presented. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of June 25, 1910, July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Rainy River, Minn., with a view to removing obstructions in the channel at Ranier. 2. Harborand channel at St. Paul. 3. St. Croix River, Minn. and Wis., from the mouth to Taylors Falls, with a view to the removal of logs and other obstructions. 4. Rainy Lake, Minn., with a view to the construction of a break- water at Ranier to form a shelter harbor at the western end of the lake. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE KANSAS CITY, MO., DISTRICT. This district includes the entire basin of the Missouri River, and embraces a considerable portion of eastern, central, and western Mis- souri; of northern and eastern Kansas; of northern and eastern Wyoming; practically all of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana; and small portions of western Iowa, southwestern Minnesota, and northeastern Colorado. District officer: Lieut. Col. Herbert Deakyne, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. C. McD. Townsend, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Missouri River................. 1055 4. Gasconade River, Mo...... ... 1076 2. Osage River, Mo.............. 1071 5. Kansas River, Kans............ 1079 3. Operating and care of Lock and 6. Bank preservation at Fort Riley Dam No. 1, Osage River..... 1075 Military Reservation, Kans.. 1080 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DATA COVERING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2795 TO 2835. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1055 1. MISSOURI RIVER. Location.-The Missouri River is formed by the junction of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin Rivers at Three Forks in south- western Montana, flows north to above the central line of the State, thence northeast into western North Dakota, thence in a general southeasterly course through North and South Dakota, thence south- east, separating Iowa and Missouri from Nebraska and Kansas, en- tering the State of Missouri at Kansas City, thence in a general easterly course across Missouri, entering the Mississippi River about 18 miles above St. Louis, 2,551 miles from Three Forks. The method of making appropriations for the improvement makes it necessary to treat the river by subdivisions, as follows: (A) Kansas City to the mouth of the river (392 miles): Bank protection, channel rectification, and snagging. (B) Kansas City to Sioux City, Iowa (415.4 miles): Bank pro- tection and snagging. (C) Sioux City, Iowa, to Fort Benton, Mont. (1,477.4 miles) : (1) Sioux City to Carroll, Mont. (1,305.7 miles), bank protection and snagging; (2) Carroll to Fort Benton (171.7 miles), bank protec- tion, open-channel work, snagging, and removal of rocks. (D) Fort Benton to Stubbs Ferry, Mont. (179 miles) : (1) Fort Benton to Great Falls (49 miles), unnavigable section; (2) Great Falls to Stubbs Ferry (130 miles), open-channel work. ORIGINAL CONDITION. (A) Kansas City to the mouth.-The original condition of this section of the river was one of alternate pools and bars, obstructed by numerous snags. The normal width was about 1,200 feet, but varied from 500 feet to 1 mile, with an average slope of 0.83 foot per mile. The minimum available low-water depth was about 3 feet, minimum low-water discharge at St. Charles about 26,500 cubic feet per second, and at Kansas City about 23,000 cubic feet per second, during the boating season. For the larger part of the year it was navigable throughout the reach for boats drawing 3 feet. (B) Kansas 6ity to Sioux City.-This section of the stream did not differ greatly from the river below Kansas City. The normal width varied from 800 to 1,000 feet. The valley kept an average width of 2 miles to St. Joseph, Mo., but above that city it increased, attaining a maximum of 17 miles at Sioux City. The minimum available low-water depth was about 3 feet and the average slope 0.92 foot per mile. (C) Sioux City to Fort Benton.-From its burden of sediment the stream was generally turbulent, but above Carroll, Mont.,.it bore resemblance to a mountain river, with its swift current and rocky bed. In the sixties steamboats of less than 3 feet draft reached Fort Benton, 2,285 miles above the mouth, without difficulty at certain seasons, and before the advent of the railroads carried on an exten- sive and lucrative commerce. (D) Fort Benton to Stubbs Ferry.-Insurmountable falls and rapids prevented boats from proceeding beyond Fort Benton, which came to be the head of navigation. Above Great Falls a limited river traffic, although difficult, was possible for 130 miles. 1056 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. PREVIOUS PROJECTS. (A) Kansas City to the mout.-Government work on the river began as early as 1838, but it was with the act of June 18, 1878, that appropriations began on a large scale. The original project was adopted by act of August 7, 1882, modified by the act of September 19, 1890, and discontinued by the act of June 13, 1902, but work was carried on from allotments from the general appropriations to June 30, 1910. The amount expended on all projects prior to the present one was 1$7,224,056.11, of which amount $403,027.09 was for maintenance subsequerrt to July 1, 1903. Prior to that time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. (B) Kansas City to Sioux City.-The first work accomplished by the Government was at St. Joseph, Mo., and at Eastport, Iowa, opposite Nebraska City, under the provisions of the river and harbor act of August 14, 1876. No general project was adopted by Congress. (C) Sioux City to Fort Benton.-The first work was done under the river and harbor act of August 14, 1876, which appropriated $20,000 for improvement above the mouth of the Yellowstone. By the act of October 12, 1882, the limits were extended to Sioux City. The amount expended on all projects prior to the present one was $2,761,334.33, of which amount $216,405.74 was for maintenance sub- sequent to July 1, 1903. Prior to that time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it was impracticable to separate them. (D) Fort Benton to Stubbs Ferry.-The first work was done in 1880 under the appropriation for the Missouri River above the mouth of the Yellowstone. No project was adopted by Congress. No appropriations have been made since June 3, 1896, and the section has been dropped from the list of those requiring a regular report. The amount expended on this section was $65,933.73, all for new work. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1891. PRESENT PROJECT. (A) Kansas City to tAe mouth.--The present project for this section of the river was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, in accordance with report published in House Document No. 1287, Sixty-first Congress, third session. It provides for secur- ing a permanent 6-foot channel, at an estimated cost of $20,000,000, with a view to completion of such improvement within a period of 10 years. The work proposed is the protection of the banks by means of revetment and the contraction of the channel by means of dikes, besides the removal of snags. The estimated cost of main- tenance is $500,000 per year. (B) Kansas City to Sioux City.-No general project has been adopted. Work is carried on under appropriations made from time to time for improvement and maintenance. 1 $4,036.08 overpayments and reimbursements not included, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1057 (C) Sioux City to Fort Benton.-The present project for this section of the river was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, in accordance with report published in House Document No. 91, Sixty-second Congress, first session, and provides for the expenditure of from $75,000 to $150,000 yearly for five years in the removal of snags and rocks from the channel, and in bank protection at points within easy boat reach of landings, towns, and railroad crossings. OPERATIONS AND RESULTS PRIOR TO THE FISCAL YEAR. (A) Kansas City to the mouth.-Beginning with the appropria- tion of June 25, 1910, for systematic work on the 6-foot channel, the project for which was formally adopted by the act of July 25, 1912, the work accomplished included 26.24 miles of revetment for the pur- pose of permanently fixing the banks, and 7,865 linear feet of dikes and 1,080 feet of abattis for rectification of channel widths and clos- ing auxiliary chutes. An abattis is a light structure used to extend the line of a dike across ground that is lower than the main bank of the river and is overflowed at high stages, but dry at ordinary stages. It consists essentially of a mattress 20 to 30 feet wide, laid on the ground, and successive bents made of poles, connected by pole braces carrying screening poles such as are used in standard dike work. The project as a whole was about 8.3 per cent completed at the end of the fiscal year 1914. In the sections of the river over which the systematic improvement had been completed the contem- plated depth had been obtained. As the work done covered only a small portion of the entire section of river included in the project, the ruling channel depth for the section remained unchanged. The expenditures under the existing project, beginning with the ap- propriation of June 25, 1910, to the close of the fiscal year 1914, amounted to $2,666,596.07' divided as follows: New work-------------------------------------------------$2, 447,810.75 Maintenance --------------------------------------- 218, 785.32 (B) Kansas City to Sioux City.-Operationshave been conducted with the general appropriations in such localities as appeared most in need of protection works. Dikes and revetments have been em- ployed for this purpose and have accomplished the intended results, namely, the improvement of the channel and the stopping of bank erosion. During the past decade a snag boat has operated regularly for a portion of each season on this part of the river. The total expenditures to June 30, 1914, amounted to $2,879,481.23, of which amount $225,330.39 was for maintenance during the preceding 11 years. Prior to that time the amounts expended for works of im- provement and for maintenance were so involved that it was imprac- ticable to separate them. (C) Sioux City to Fort Benton.-The following work had been completed under the approved project: Linear feet. Revetment --------------------------------------- ----------- 20, 397 Dikes ------------------ __------------ 470 1 $58.73 overpayments not included. 8373--ENG 1915---67 1058 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Two snag boats and three winter snagging parties had been en- gaged in the removal of rocks and snags. All work accomplished tended to render navigation easier and safer. The expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1914, amounted to $281,006.71,1 divided as follows: New work --- -- -- ---------------------------------- $250, 656.71 Maintenance -------------------------------------------- 30, 350. 00 OPERATIONS AND RESULTS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR. (A) Kansas City to the mouth.-New systematic work has been completed during the fiscal year as follows: By contract: Linear feet. Standard revetment _____________--_-----_--- 51, 370 Standard dike _------------------------------------------ _______________ ____ 5, 170 By day labor and Government plant: Concrete and willow mattress revetment___________----_______ 11, 960 Standard revetment ------------------------------------ 10, 380 Standard dike------------------------------------------- 15, 360 Abattis ------------------------------------------------- 625 Minor breaks have been repaired by day labor and Government plant as follows: Linear feet. Standard revetment _------------------------------------------ 6, 801 Standard dike------- ------------------------------------- 4,420 Snagging: The snag boat Missouri continued operations during the year over the entire length of this section of the river, removing 1,427 snags and 120 miscellaneous obstructions and felling 4,406 trees on caving banks. Surveys: The resurvey of the river for this section was completed, and 50 map sheets have been made on a scale of 1 inch equals 1,000 feet. Minor surveys were made for studying local conditions and determining the data for improvement work. The expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, amounted to $1,347,311.59, divided as follows: New work ------------------------ ------------- $1, 206, 779. 13 Maintenance ------------------ -------------- 140, 532. 46 (B) Kansas City to Sioux City.-All work was accomplished with Government plant and day labor as follows: Linear feet. Repairs to standard revetment- -- --------------- 3, 938 Repairs to standard dike_----- _____-___.___.,__________ 740 Snagging: The snag boat McPherson operated during the season over this portion of the river removing 529 snags and 30 miscellane- ous obstructions and felling 663 trees on caving banks. Under authority of the Secretary of War, based upon section 1 of the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, the McPherson, with her paddle wheel, washed away a sand bar in James River, S. Dak., a tributary of the Missouri River, at a cost of $127.75. The expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, amounted to $69,570.89,2 divided as follows: New work -- ------------------------------------------ $28, 581. 79 Maintenance---....-------------------------. ----------------------- 40, 989. 10 1 The difference of 14 cents between this total and that shown in the report for 1914, p. 947, comes from errors in the statement of expenditures for that year, as explained on p. 1068 of report for 1915. s Includes $10,034.39 contributed funds. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1059 (C) Sioux City to Fort Benton.-All work was done with Gov- ernment plant and day labor as follows: Linear feet. Standard revetment -- ----------------------------------- _-- 1, 747 Standard dike---- ----------------------------------------- 100 Repairs to standard revetment --------------------------------- 3, 860 Snagging: The snag boats McPherson and Mandan, in keeping the channel clear, removed 1,228 snags and 68 miscellaneous ob- structions and cut 2,611 trees on caving banks. Three winter snag- ging parties felled 1,103 trees on caving banks and blasted 172 rocks and 157 snags in the channel. Construction of plant: At Sioux Ice Harbor 6 wooden barges, the towboat Bonneville, 2 pontons, and 3 skiffs were constructed. Surveys: The 65-mile survey of the Missouri River from Bow Creek, S. Dak., to Sioux City, Iowa, made during the previous year, was mapped. The expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, amounted to $90,818.64,1 divided as follows: New work --------------------------------------------- $34, 279. 42 Maintenance --------------------------------------------- 56, 539. 22 CONDITION AT THE END OF THE FISCAL YEAR. (A) Kansas City to the mouth.-At the end of the fiscal year the project is about 14 per cent completed. In the improved locali- ties, which aggregate about 55 miles in length, the channel is becom- ing fixed and there is a marked improvement of channel depths. For the purpose of hastening the progress of improvement in the most un- stable sections of the river, and because of the accessibility of willow brush, an important article in the construction of the works, start- ing points for improvement were selected as follows: Kansas City, mile 392; Waverly, mile 299; Nigger Bend, mile 223; improved first reach, upper end above Jefferson City, mile 155, lower end at Gasconade River, mile 110; and St. Charles, mile 28. Kansas City was selected because it was the head of the improve- ment contemplated, and because the river was held to some extent for a distance of 11 miles above and 6 miles below by corporations and private interests. Waverly was selected because of bluff contact, and because the river for a distance of 37 miles above had but little tendency to wander from bluff contact. Nigger Bend was selected in 1913, because improvement work had previously been done at this location, and because with improve- ment in the bends immediately above and below, it would soon per- mit of a completed section from Glasgow above, to and below Boon- ville; also it was expected with continued regular appropriations to make early junction with the improvement carried upstream from Jefferson City at the upper end of the first reach. The first reach was selected because of the improvement com- pleted by the Missouri River Commission, and because it enabled work to be done from both ends-that is, up and down stream. St. Charles was selected because private interests had held and would continue to hold the river under the bridges, and because it 1 Includes $885.13 funds from previous project, expended during the fiscal year. 1060 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. permitted the earliest extension of the improvement to the mouth of the river. Good progress has been made on two of the above subdivisions. On the first, from Kansas City to Waverly, all but three bends have been revetted between Kansas City and Sibley, 42 miles, over which distance the required depth was obtained, except at one crossing where the depth was 5 feet at mean low water. From Sibley to Waverly, a distance of 51 miles, the river is practically in its original condition, with a depth of 32 feet. The stretch from Waverly to Glasgow, a distance of 61.5 miles, is the most unstable section of the river, but only four crossings had as little as 4 feet depth. From Glasgow to Nigger Bend, a distance of 16.5 miles, improvement work has been completed in two bends and is under construction and projected for the remainder. Over this stretch of the river the required depth prevails. From Nigger Bend to Lupus, a distance of 39 miles, only one crossing was found with a least depth of 3 feet. From Lupus to Washington, a distance of 111 miles, is the second stretch on which good progress has been made with the systematic improvement, by extending the work both up and down stream from the improved "first reach," formerly 45 miles in length. Over this stretch of the river two crossings were found where the depths were only 31 feet, but they were at localities where the river needs rectification to the proposed width. From Washington to St. Charles, a distance of 43 miles, the river is practically in its original condition, where a depth of 31 feet was found on three crossings. From St. Charles to the mouth, a distance of 28 miles, the upper 12 miles has been protected by revetment, constructed by private interests and the United States, along which the proposed depth is found, but over the remaining stretch of unimproved river one crossing has 3 feet depth. To summarize, the maximum draft over the shoalest part of the improved localities was 44 feet and over those unimproved 3 feet at mean low water, these depths occurring during a month and a half preceding the close of the navigation season, November 30. During the remainder of the season the ruling depth fluctuated, being some- times as much as 9 feet at times of high water, but there was not a dependable depth in excess of 4- to 5 feet over this entire section of river for any considerable length of time. The expenditures to the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, under existing project, beginning with the appropriation of June 25, 1910, for systematic work on the 6-foot channel, amount to $4,013,907.66, divided as follows : New work------------------------ ------- $3, 654, 589. 88 Maintenance-----_________----- ----- __-_ 359, 317. 78 The total expenditures under all projects to the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, amounted to $11,237,963.77, of which amount $762,344.87 was for maintenance during the preceding 12 years. Prior to that time the amounts expended for works o im- provement and for maintenance were so involved that it is imprac- ticable to separate them. (B) Kansas City to Sioux City.-Rectification and regulation have not proceeded far enough to affect channel dimensions other than locally. Due to snagging, the channel may be said to be free from RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1061 obstructions. Bank-protection works have tended to preserve the equilibrium of the river by stopping erosion and preventing cut- offs. The maximum draft over the shoalest part of this section was 3 feet at mean low water. The total expenditures to the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, amounted to $2,949,052.12, of which amount $275,319.49 was for maintenance during the preceding 12 years. Prior to that time the amounts expended for works of im- provement and for maintenance were so involved that it is imprac- ticable to separate them. (C.) Sioux City to Fort Benton.-On this section of the river the original depths and widths still prevail, with few exceptions. The work of snagging has been helpful in bettering facilities for navi- gation by reducing the hazards. The blasting of rocks from shoals and rapids has resulted in permanent improvement. The maximum draft over the shoalest part of this section was 2 feet at mean low water. The expenditures to the close of the fiscal year enfding June 30, 1915, under existing project, amount to $370,940.22, divided as follows: New work.--------- ---------------------------------- $284, 051.00 Maintenance --------------------------------------------- 86, 889. 22 The total expenditures under all projects to the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, amounted to $3,132,274.55, of which amount $303,294.96 was for maintenance during the preceding 12 years. Prior to that time the amounts expended for works of im- provement and for maintenance were so involved that it is imprac- ticable to separate them. LOCAL COOPERATION. (A) Kansas City to the mouth.-The project was adopted with- out the imposition of special conditions for local cooperation. Upon request by the interests concerned and recommendations by this office authority, has been approved for local cooperation, as follows: Mouth of Kansas River, right bank, mile 392, with the Kaw Valley drainage board in the construction of 1,000 linear feet of 3-row longitudinal dike along the harbor line, of which the cost to the Government is not to exceed $10,000. Work began May 10, 1915. East Bottom Bend, right bank, mile 388, with Kansas City, Mo., in the con- struction of 9,900 linear feet of 3-row longitudinal dike along the harbor line and 5,300 linear feet of 2-row cross dike, at an estimated cost to the Govern- ment of $105,000. Work has not yet begun. The improvements during the year other than Government work and without cooperation are as follows: Wabash Railroad Co., left bank, mile 365, extension standard revetment, 2,000 linear feet, at an estimated cost of $16,000. Missouri Pacific Railway Co., right bank, mile 311, temporary work of fascines and willow mattress, at an estimated cost of $4,000. The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co., left bank, mile 8, repaired existing revetment, at a cost of $3,240.78. A municipal wharf was completed in 1911 at Kansas City, Mo., at a cost of about $70,000, paid by the city. (B) Kansas City to Sioux City.-QuindaroBend, right bank, mile 398. In cooperation with the water departments of Kansas City, 1062 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Kans., and Kansas City, Mo., and private interests, there was under- taken the construction of 250 feet of 2-row longitudinal dike and the rebuilding of 1,800 feet of revetment, at an estimated cost of $15,000, of which the Government is to pay $7,500. The work is being done with Government plant and hired labor, and at the end of the fiscal year is 20 per cent completed. Near Atchison, Kans., left bank, mile 448. The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, appropriated $90,000, subject to equal coopera- tion by the city of Atchison or other agency, for the construction of longitudinal dikes above the bridge, in accordance with report' sub- mitted in House Document No. 700, Sixty-first Congress, second ses- sion. As no action toward cooperation was taken by local interests, the money was transferred to other work in accordance with the act of March 4, 1915. St. Joseph, Mo., left bank, mile 475. The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, adopted a project providing for the expenditure of $75,000 by the United States and an equal amount by the city of St. Joseph or other agency in the construction of 16,000 linear feet of standard revetment near Lake Contrary. As the parties concerned did not cooperate, the amount was transferred to other work in accordance with the act of March 4, 1915. Council Bluffs, Iowa, left bank, mile 663. The Government made temporary and final repairs and renewals to the damaged original revetment, rebuilding it for 1,500 feet. The work was completed May 20, 1915. The expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $9,880.80, of which the Illinois Central Railroad Co. contributed $5,927.42. The improvements during the year other than Government work and without cooperation were as follows: The Chicago Great Western Railway Co. built four 3-row pile dikes near Leavenworth, Kans., for the protection of the bridge. The St. Joseph & Grand Island Railway Co. built a guide fence at the draw of its bridge at St. Joseph Mo. The Illinois Central Railroad Co. laid a mattress and made temporary repairs with fascines near Council Bluffs, Iowa. The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. did work at Kaw Bend, Parkville Bend, Waldron, St. Joseph, and Nodaway, Mo., White Cloud, Kans., Rulo, Nebr., and Folsom, Iowa. (C) Siouw City to Fort Benton.-Near Mandan, N. Dak., right bank, mile 1,453. The Northern Pacific Railway Co. contributed freight and materials valued at $11,429 toward the construction of 1,592 feet of revetment above the previous revetment and spur dikes, the cost to the Government being $6,419.83, of which $4,979.71 was expended during the fiscal year. The improvements during the year other than Government work and without cooperation were as follows: The Chicago & North Western Railway Co. repaired three dikes and placed fascines near Pierre, S. Dak. The Northern Pacific Railway Co. built three pieces of revetment near mouth of Cannonball River, S. Dak. EFFECT OF IMPROVEMENT. (A) Kansas City to the mouth.-The effect of the improvement has been to give lower freight rates, the actual water rates being RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1063 about 80 per cent of the railroad rates. A navigation company was organized in 1910, and now has two boats and a number of large steel barges in regular operation, with proper wharfage and terminal facilities at Kansas City and at East St. Louis, Ill. (B) Kansas City to Sioux City.-Navigation has been slow to re- spond to the improvement of the stream. Two or more railroads parallel the river from Kansas City to Sioux City, and serve all the cities-of importance on its banks, so that the inducements to intro- duce a system of river transportation have not been sufficient to attract capital for the purpose. (C) Sioux City to Fort Benton.-Packet boats serve the territory along the river not penetrated by the railroads. The effect of the project on freight rates has been to make possible reasonable water rates to and from railroad points, where the cost of other available methods of transportation would be almost prohibitive, due to the long hauls. PROPOSED OPERATIONS. (A) Kansas City to the mouth.-During the fiscal year 1917 it is proposed to carry on the work as follows: Systematic works of improvement: Standard revetment _______________$1, 000,000 Standard dike-------------------------------- ------ 890, 000 Maintenance and repair: Operations of repair party in making necessary repairs to revet- ment and dikes that have suffered deterioration or injury... 100, 000 Operations of snag boat Missouri in removing snags and other obstructions from the river, including repairs_------------ 30, 000 Ordinary repairs to floating plant, consisting of 5 towboats, 6 pile drivers, 8 quarter boats, 7 mattress barges, 6 gasoline launches, 40 material barges, and minor pieces ..------------ 30, 000 Surveys, superintendence, and office___------- -- ___ 50, 000 Total 100, 000 2,------------------------------ The Government plant to be operated on the river, the expenditures for which are included in the above figures, consists of one snag boat, six working plants for handling revetment and dike construc- tion, and one repair plant. Each construction plant consists of a towboat, a quarter boat, a combined grader and pile driver, a mattress barge, and 7 material barges, with other small accessories, and re- quires about $100,000 per year for its operation, including the cost of materials and for the work it does. The repair plant consists of a towboat, a quarter boat, a combined grader and pile driver, and three material barges, with necessary small pieces, and requires about $50,000 per year for its operation, including materials for the repair work. (B) Kansas City to Sioux City.-During the fiscal year 1917 it is proposed to carry on the work as follows: Snagging: Operation and repairs of snag boat McPherson__ _________ $18, 000 Plant: Care and repair of plant_______-------- ____________________ 5, 000 Superintendence and office expenses------------- -- -_____ - 2, 000 Total ------------------- ------------------ 25, 000 1064 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. (C) Sioux City to Fort Benton.--During the fiscal year 1917 it is proposed to carry on the work as follows: Systematic works of improvemenlt: Standard revetment ------------ _ $75, 000 Maintenance and repair: Operation of snag boats McPherson and Mandan and winter snag- ging parties in removing obstructions from the river, including repairs ---------------- ---------------------------- 30,000 Care of and ordinary repairs to boat yards and floating plant con- sisting of 1 towboat, 2 pile drivers, 1 quarter boat, 1 mattress barge, 2 gasoline launches, and 36 material barges and minor pieces ------------------------------------------------- 5, 000 Emergency and miscellaneous works------------------------33, 000 Superintendence and office expenses---------------- ------ 7, 000 Total -------- ------------------------------------ 150, 000 COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. The commerce reported for the calendar year 1914 was as follows: Kansas City, Mo., to the mouth, 240,550 tons, valued at $4,677,207; between Kansas City, Mo., and Sioux City, Iowa, 96,287 tons, valued at $28,237; and between Sioux City, Iowa, and Fort Benton, Mont., 20,913 tons, valued at $924,685. The following table gives a comparative statement of commerce for the calendar years indicated: Below Kansas City. Kansas City to Fort Benton. Year. Short Value. VShort alue. tons., tons. 1912................ ........ ... . 185,110 53,149,870.76 80, 312 $600,369.00 1913.---................--......... . 347, 235 3,929,212.32 165, 766 2,013,106.76 1914.................. ....................... 240,550 4,677,207.00 117,200 952,922.00 The commerce consisted principally of sand and gravel, grain, manufactured steel, miscellaneous merchandise, live stock, and rail- road ties. Financialsummary. (A) KANSAS CITY TO MOUTH. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------------------- $10, 475, 618. 90 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 762, 344. 87 Total ----------------------------------------- 1211, 237, 963. 77 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........... ............................ $701,684.25 $1,223,753.57 $1,206,779.13 Maintenance... ...................................... 54, 509. 94 78, 536.70 140, 532. 46 Total...................... -................. 756,194.19 1,302, 290.27 1,347,311.59 1The expenditures for maintenance are for the last twelve years only. It is impracticable to separate the expenditures for new work and for maintenance for prior years. 2 Includes $14,167.23 contributed funds. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1065 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912--------------------- ------------------------- $800, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912---------------------- --------- -------------- 600, 000. 00 Mar. 4 1913------------------- ------------------------------ 2, 000, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ----------------------------------------------- 850, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------- 000, 000. 00 1,,----------------- July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 1, 734, 203. 12 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------------- 850, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------- 1, 000, 000. 00 Receipts from sales (maps) __---_-- _--------------- 16. 02 3, 584, 219.14 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-----------------$1, 206, 779. 13 For maintenance of improvement ----------- 140, 532. 46 1, 347, 311. 59 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- 2, 236, 907. 55 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------- 85, 961. 60 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts ----------------------------------- 677,133. 00 763, 094. 60 July 1, 1915. balance available-------------------------------1, 473, 812. 95 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------------------- 14, 100, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for mainte- nance --------------------------------------------------- 2, 100, 000. 00 (B) KANSAS CITY TO SIOUX CITY, UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------- $2, 502, 811. 27 Maintenance------------------------------------------- 8 275, 319. 49 Total ----------------------------------------------- 2, 778, 130. 76 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ....................... -............................. ... $35,142.86 $62, 543.74 $28, 581.79 Maintenance ...................................................... 32, 414.56 104, 275.54 30, 954.71 Total..................... .. .................... 67,557.42 166,819.28 59,536.50 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ $75, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- 150, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------------ 50, 000. 00 1 Includes $58.73 overpayments for the fiscal years 1911, 1912, and 1914, not in- cluded in annual report for 1914. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. SThe expenditures for maintenance are for the last 12 years only. It is impracticable to separate the expenditures for new work and for maintenance for prior years. 1066 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------- 1$217, 591. 87 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 ----------------------------------------------------- 50, 000.00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------------------------- 50, 000.00 Receipts from sales (willow brush) ------ -------------- 218. 00 317, 809. 87 Deduction on account of transfer of appropriations for St. Joseph, Mo., $75,000, and Atchison, Kans., $90,000, under au- thority of the river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915- 165, 000. 00 152, 809. 87 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ____ __________ - $28, 581. 79 For maintenance of improvement-_____--__ __ 30, 954. 71 59 536 Vet, VV. . 50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _____ - -____--- -______-___ 93, 273. 37 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ - -_____-____- -__-_ 6, 520. 80 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 86, 752. 57 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project__________ (4) Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement .... S25, 000. 00 KANSAS CITY TO SIOUX CITY, CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--- Maintenance ----------------------------- } $170, 921. 26 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 Maintenance ................................................... 034.39 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------ $880.04 Contributed by Illinois Central R. R. Co------------------- --- 6, 000. 00 Contributed by local interests for work at Quindaro Bend-------- 7, 500. 00 14, 380. 04 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement ------------------------------------ 10, 034. 39 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 4, 345. 65 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------------- 240. 70 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------------- 4, 104. 95 KANSAS CITY TO SIOUX CITY, CONSOLIDATED UNITED STATES AND CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------- Maintenance------------------------------------------- .1 $2, 949, 052. 12 6 1 Includes the following balances carried separately in report for 1914: South of Le Beau, $103.78; at St. Joseph, Mo., $75,000; at Atchison, Kans., $90,000; emergencies at Council Bluffs, Iowa, $317.81; emergencies at St. Joseph, Mo., $28.90. S s Includes $103.78 south of Le' Beau. Includes $317.81 emergencies at Council Bluffs, Iowa, and $28.90 emergencies at St. Joseph, Mo. 54 There is no general project for this section of the river. Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 0 It is impracticable to separate the total into amounts for new work and maintenance. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1067 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ......................................................... $54,337.80 $93,549.23 $28,581.79 Maintenance...................................................... 32, 414.56 104, 275.54 40, 989.10 Total ................................................... 86,752.36 197,824.77 69,570.89 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- $75, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------ ---------------- 150, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------- _ 218, 471. 91 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1.914 ------------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Receipts from sales (willow brush) _--------___ _-__ -- 218. 00 Receipts from contributed funds----------------------------- 13, 500. 00 332, 189. 91 Deduction on account of transfer of appropriations for St. Joseph $75,000, and Atchison, $90,000, under authority of river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915_________-- ___--_----- _ -_ 165, 000. 00 167, 189. 91 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement___________________ $28, 581. 79 For maintenance of improvement ______-_ 40, 989.10 69, 570. 89 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ____-- __ --- ___ -__ 97, 619. 02 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities 761. 50 6________-_____-_____ July 1, 1915, balance available __- __ - -_____________-__90, 857. 52 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------------------ (1) Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement- - _____------225, 000. 00 (C) sIOUX CITY TO FORT BENTON. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------84$,1224 work __ -NewI~ 4 $3,132,274. 55 Maintenance----------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............ ................................... 116,989.32 $200,883.05 6 $34,279.42 Maintenance.................................................... 48,535.22 13,364.25 56,539.22 Total.......... ....... ..... ............. .................. 165,524.54 214,247.30 690,818.64 1There is no general project for this section of the river. 2Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 3 It is impracticable to separate the total into amounts for new work and maintenance. 4 Includes $15,342 contributed funds. 6 Includes the following: $141.62 north of Le Beau; $743.51 protection of banks of Missouri River in Dakota County, Nebr. 1068 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- $150,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913------- ------------------------------------ 175, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ___ ______-______--____ 160, 160. 52 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 50, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 50, 000. 00 Received for damages to snag boat -------------- _-------_- 12. 32 160, 172. 84 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_________---__--_ $34, 279. 42 For maintenance of improvement __________ _ 56, 539. 22 2 90, 818. 64 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ____ 6_____________________ 69, 354. 20 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _____________-___________ 9, 605. 17 July 1, 1915, balance available __ ------__ --- ---------- 59, 749. 03 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------- --- --------- Indefinite. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance------ 8150, 000. 00 . NORTH OF LE BEAU. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work Maintenance -------- __ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 $ New work.......................................................... ..........--------- $... Maintenance................................................... .. ......... .. ....... ............ July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________________________ _ __-$141. 62 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement ------- ----------------------------------------- 141. 62 SOUTH OF LE BEAU. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ....... ............ Maintenance ........ ............................. work-------------------------------------------------------- $ -------------$ ----- ..........-------.. Jtily 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________________________ $103. 78 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement---------- --------------------------------- 103. 78 1Includes the following balances carried separately in report for 1914: North of Le Beau, $141.62; Dakota County, $743.51. A further difference of 14 cents between this amount and balance reported in 1914 arises from an error of 4 cents in expenditures for new work in 1914 and an error of 10 cents in deduction for an overpayment. Includes the following: $141.62 north of Le Beau: $743.51 protection of banks of Missouri River in Dakota County, Nebr. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS: 1069 ST. JOSEPH, MO. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work.---.. Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New worn ........................................................ ........ .$ ... Maintenance.... July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- $75, 000. 00 Deduction on account of transfer under authority of river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915-------- ----------------------- 75, 000.00 ATCHISON, KANS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work New work......................................................... $---.... .. ......... ...-------- Maintenance... .................................................... July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-- ------------------------ $90, 000. 00 Deduction on account of transfer under authority of river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------- 90, 000. 00 PROTECTING BANKS OF MISSOURI RIVER IN DAKOTA COUNTY, NEBR. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work New work--___, ____--------------------------------------- Maintenance Maintenance --- _______---------------- ----------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................---------------$-----$ Maintenance ........................................................ . .... ... .. .... ...... ... . July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-- -------------------------- $743.51 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------- -------------------------------- - 743. 51 EMERGENCIES IN RIVER AND HARBOR WORKS. Council Bluffs, Iowa. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: -New work----------------------------------- $-------- Maintenance----------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work--...........-----...-----.....--..--..--...---------------------------...........------$---........ ...... ----- Maintenance..............................................................- - July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--- $317. 81 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-- ---------- ------ ------------------- 317. 81 1070 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. EMERGENCIES IN RIVER AND HARBOR WORKS. St. Joseph, Mo. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $ Maintenance ....... Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ......................................................... ....... .. ....... ... .... ....... Maintenance..................................................... ... ...... ..................... July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _-_--__ ------- _____- $28. 90 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement _-----------------------------------------------28. 90 FUNDS CONTRIBUTED BY METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT. [AT FLORENCE, NEBR.] Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------- -------------------- $ Maintenance ---------------------- --------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............... ............................................. $.......... $...... .. ........ Maintenance................ ..................................... .... ..................... ........... July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------- $880. 04 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------------- 880. 04 FUNDS CONTRIBUTED FOR WORK AT QUINDARO BEND. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------- ---------------------------------- $ Maintenance ------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................................... Maintenance............... ...................................... ............ Funds contributed_ __ - -- -___ ______________ $7, 500.00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_------------ ---------------------- 4, 437. 30 __-- July 1, 1915, balance unexpended.------------------- --- 3, 062. 70 FUNDS CONTRIBUTED BY ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------- $------- Maintenance--- -- -------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... ............................................ .. ......... . . . ........ Maintenance. ..................................................................... RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1071 Funds contributed---------- ----------- ------------------ $6,000.00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement-------------- ---- ----------------------- 5, 597. 09 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 402. 91 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------------------------ 240. 70 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------------- 162. 21 FORT BENTON TO STUBBS FERRY. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915:" New work------- --------------------- $65, 933. 73 Maintenance------------- ---- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................ .....$. ....... ......... ... Maintenance......................................................... 2. OSAGE RIVER, MO. Location.-The Osage River rises in the southeastern part of Kansas and flows in a general easterly course to the middle of the State of Missouri, thence in a general northeasterly course, entering the Missouri River about 8 miles below Jefferson City and about 500 miles from the source. The appropriations for the improvement have divided the work as follows: (A) Open-channel work, Warsaw, Mo., to the mouth of the river (172 miles). (B) Lock and dam construction (7 miles above mouth). ORIGINAL CONDITION. (A) Open-channel work.-The original condition of the river was one of alternate pools and shoals of sand and gravel, obstructed by snags. The average width was from 300 to 800 feet through the pools to within 10 miles of the mouth, where it increased to 1,000 to 1,400 feet; over the shoals the average width was from 60 to 300 feet. The average slope was 0.74 foot per mile. The minimum low- water depth was about 1 foot, with a minimum low-water discharge of about 540 second-feet. The shoals varied from 100 to 10,000 feet in length and their fall from 0.5 foot to 2 feet; over a few of them the velocity was as high as 6 miles per hour. During the larger part of the year the river was navigable for light-draft boats. (B) Lock and dam construction.-In its original condition the section of river now controlled by Lock and Dam No. 1 included 10 shoals and. pools. PREVIOUS PROJECTS. (A) Open-channel work.--The State of Missouri, and possibly some private interests, did considerable work on the river prior to 1870. No project was adopted by the United States previous to the present project. (B) Lock and dam construction.-There was no previous project. 1No work done since June 30, 1899. 1072 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U., S. ARMY. PRESENT PROJECT. (A) Open-channel work.-The present project adopted by river and harbor act of March 3, 1871, and still in force, contemplates the removal of obstructions, the construction of wing dams and training walls to concentrate the flow of water upon the shoals to in- crease the depth over them, and dredging, at an estimated cost of $200,000 for work up to the town of Roscoe, 9 miles above the mouth of Sac River, a tributary, and 283 miles above the mouth of the Osage. (See H. Ex. Doc. No. 60, 41st Cong., 3d sess.; Annual Re- port for 1871, p. 327.) By act of March 4, 1904, Congress declared the river not navigable above Warsaw, 172 miles above the mouth. Of recent years work has been confined to that part of the river below the town of Linn Creek, near the mouth of Niangua River, 109 miles above the mouth of the Osage. (B) Lock and dam construction.-The project for the lock and dam was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, which provided for commencing the construction of a lock and dam at or near the mouth of the river. The lock is 220 feet long be- tween quoins and 42 feet wide, and the available depth on the miter sill is 9 feet. The length of river improved by the lock and dam is 21 miles. The original estimate of cost of the lock was $222,000. The project was based on a report printed in Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1890, page 1995. (H. Ex. Doc. No. 119, 51st Cong., 1st sess.) The project was revised November 23, 1896, and a complete project was approved June 29, 1897, in which the estimate of cost was placed at $325,000. OPERATIONS AND RESULTS PRIOR TO THE FISCAL YEAR. (A) Open-channel work.-Records of the open-channel work by the State of Missouri prior to 1870 are very meager, but the remains of wing dams and training walls, aggregating about 10,000 linear feet, are still traceable, though much damaged by floods. The open- channel work by the Government from 1873 to June 30, 1914, was as follows: Wing dams and training walls built-----------------linear feet__ 47, 371 Wing dams and training walls repaired---------------- do....- 13, 802 Gravel dredged from channel through shoals ------------ cubic yards__ 98, 684 Snags and obstructions removed from channel number__ 15, 227 _------------- The result of the expenditures has been to increase the depth over the shoals, remove obstructions, and maintain navigation. The total expenditures to the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, amounted to $382,640.50, of which amount $145,404.83 was for main- tenance during the preceding 11 years. Prior to that time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. (B) Lock and dam construction.-Priorto the fiscal year the lock and dam and power house at Lock and Dam No. 1 were completed and placed in operation. The expenditure under the original project was $375,637.52, and under the modified plan of 1907 for completion of the lock and dam was $259,394.55, a total of $635,032.07. The result gave satisfactory navigation for 21 miles above the lock. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1073 OPERATIONS AND RESULTS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR. (A) Open-channel work.-During the fiscal year the improvement work was completed at Linn Creek, Town, Friar Ear, Foley Island, and Big Kinsile Shoals, and in progress at Salt Island Shoal, the portion completed at the last-named shoal being 36 per cent. The following work was accomplished: Dams and training walls constructed-----------------linear feet__ 8, 482 Dams and training walls repaired------------------------do. 625 Gravel dredged from channel through shoals----------- cubic yards__ 34, 677 Snags and obstructions removed from channel------------- number- 28 Miles of river worked over----- ------------------------- do 10. 5 General minor repairs were made to plant as needed during the year. The amount expended was $13,686.82 for new work and $2,634.93 for maintenance and repair, a total of $16,321.75. All work was done by hired labor and Government plant. (B) Lock and dam construction.-No work was carried on, but an outstanding liability of $777.17 for maintenance was paid. For further report, see operating and care of Lock and Dam No. 1, Osage River, p. 1075. CONDITION AT THE END OF THE FISCAL YEAR. (A) Open-channel work.-As this improvement necessitates main- tenance and renewal from year to year, the work must be considered indefinite. At the end of the fiscal year in the improved sections the channel is becoming fixed, the least depth at low water over the shoals that are dredged is from 2 to 3 feet, and light-draft traffic has been made possible from Bagnell to the mouth, 70 miles. Except at extreme low water light-draft traffic is maintained from Bagnell to Linn Creek, 38.4 miles. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, amounted to $398,962.25, of which amount $147,887.04 was for main- tenance during the preceding 12 years. Prior to that time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. (B) Lock and dam construction.-As a result of the completed work under this subdivision there is now a 3-foot channel depth extending to the first shoal improved by open-channel work, 21 miles above. Number: Lock and Dam No. 1. Location: The nearest town and railroad station is Osage City, Mo., near the mouth of the river, 7 miles away. Dimensions: 42 by 220 feet. Depth on lower miter sill: 9 feet. Lift: 16 feet at extreme low water. Date of completion: The lock was placed in operation in March, 1906, and the dam in February, 1911. Beginning with July 1, 1912, the operation was taken up under funds from appropriation for " Operating and care of canals and other works of navigation. Indefinite." Cost: The total expenditures to the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, amounted to $635,809.24, of which amount $260,171.72 was for mainte- nance. 8373°-ENG 1915-68 1074 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. LOCAL COOPERATION. The project was adopted without the imposition of special condi- tions for local cooperation. EFFECT OF IMPROVEMENT. The completion of the lock and dam has resulted in submerging 10 of the shoals next above the lock. Continuous open-channel work has been completed to Bagnell, Mo., a distance of 70 miles above the mouth, which has made this section of the river capable of uninter- rupted navigation for light-draft traffic during the low-water periods. The present open-channel work is in progress from Bagnell to Linn Creek, a distance of 38.4 miles, and has resulted in a considerable local traffic. There are practically no rail facilities, but the improve- ment has influenced freight rates by affording shippers a regular means of transportation by boat. PROPOSED OPERATIONS. (A) Open channel work.-During the fiscal year 1917 it is pro- posed to carry on the work as follows: New wing dams and training walls ------------------------------ $4, 000 Operation and repair of dredge No. 1 --------------------------- 5, 000 Maintenance of existing works_ ---------------------------------- 5, 000 Surveys, superintendence, and office---- --------------------- 1, 000 Total ---------------------------------------------- 15, 000 The Government plant to be operated on the river, the expendi- tures for which are included in the above figures, consists of 1 tow- boat, 1 dredge, 1 quarter boat, 1 material barge, and necessary small pieces. (B) Lock and dam construction.-The project has been completed and no further work upon it is contemplated except the construction of a fish ladder, as required by the Bureau of Fisheries, Department of Commerce. The operation of the lock is the subject of a separate report. COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. The commerce reported for the calendar year 1914 was 31,308 tons, valued at $415,712. The following table gives a comparative state- ment of commerce for the calendar years indicated: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.......... ........................................................ 19,033 $137,000 1913.................... ......................................... 22,563 262,000 1914 ....... ................. ............... ................................... 31,308 415,712 The commerce consisted principally of railroad ties, cordwood, live stock, grain, and miscellaneous merchandise. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1075 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------- ----------------- ----- $774, 599. 77 Maintenance ----------------- 260, 171. 72 Total-------------------------------------- 1, 034, 771. 49 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...... ............. ....................... $14, 451.42 $20, 262. 40 $13,686.82 Maintenance ................................................ 1,479.35 2,698.39 3,412.10 Total............... .......... ...................... 15,930.77 22,960.79 17,098.92 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $15,000.00 July 25, 1912 5, 000. 00 1----------------------------- Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 500. 00 __------------------------------------ July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 33, 399. 38 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915-- 7, 500. 00 40, 899. 38 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------_ $13, 686. 82 For maintenance of improvement---------------3, 412. 10 17, 098. 92 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 23, 800. 46 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 1, 553. 56 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------- 22, 246. 90 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---- ----------------------------------------- Indefinite. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance -----_---15, 000. 00 3. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 1, OSAGE RIVER. The site of the lock and dam is 7 miles above the mouth of the river. This work was taken up under the indefinite appropriation for operating and care of canals and other works of navigation July 1, 1912. The lock, on the left bank of the river, is 42 by 220 feet, with steel gates operated by hand with chain and beam gear. The lift is 16 feet. The dam consists of 5 Chittenden weirs, each 75 feet long, and 415 feet of chanoine wickets. The weirs are separated from each other and from the chanoine section by 5 piers, each 10 feet wide. The total length of the dam is 840 feet. The Chittenden weirs are operated by hydraulic pressure, assisted by compressed air. The wickets are operated from a maneuvering barge. On account of the accumulation of gravel and mud in the space surrounding the curved surface of the drums the weirs are difficult of operation in the spring 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, 1076 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. after they have been down during the winter. The lift of the dam, both weirs and wickets, is 7 feet; available depth on the miter sill, 9 feet. The lock was placed in operation in March, 1906, and the dam in February, 1911. The work done during the year under the indefinite appropriation consisted in the operation and care of the lock and dam, miscel- laneous repairs, and improving and cleaning up the lock grounds. The regular lock force consists of one lock master, one assistant lock master, and three lockmen. Other men are employed occasionally when additional force is required. The lock was operated 294 times. The amount expended to June 30, 1915, was $16,498.65, of which $5,893.45 was expended during the past fiscal year. The outstanding liabilities on June 30, 1915, amount to $648.63. Proposed operations.-The lock and dam will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. The following table gives a comparative statement of commerce for the calendar years indicated: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ............................................. ................................ 3,100 $56,000 1913............................................................................ 4,500 75,000 1914............................................................................. 3,600 78,000 Traffic that passed over the dam 43 days is not included in this table. The commerce consisted principally of railroad ties, live stock, grain, and miscellaneous merchandise. 4. GASCONADE RIVER, MO. Location.-The Gasconade River rises in the southern part of Mis- souri and flows in a general northeasterly course, entering the Mis- souri River at Gasconade, about 200 miles from its source and about 32 miles below the mouth of the Osage River. The water shed of the river lies wholly within Missouri. The navigable section of the river extends from Arlington to its mouth, a distance of 107 miles; the section under improvement is from Gascondy to the mouth, a distance of 62 miles. Original condition.-In its original condition the navigable sec- tion consisted of alternate pools and shoals of sand and gravel, obstructed by snags. The average width was from 300 to 500 feet through the pools, and from 60 to 200 feet over the shoals. The average slope was 1.23 feet per mile. The minimum low-water depth was about 9 inches, and minimum low-water discharge about 450 second-feet. The fall over the shoals varied from 11 to 6 feet, with a velocity in some cases as high as 5 miles per hour. During the larger part of the year the river was navigable for light draft boats. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1077 Previous project.-No project was adopted by the United States previous to the present project. In the early days steamboat in- terests constructed a number of wing dams and training walls for improvement of some of the worst shoals; no record has been kept of these locations, the extent of construction, or the cost. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, and still in force, contemplates mainte- nance and relief from year to year by the removal of obstructions and the construction of wing dams and training walls to concentrate the flow of water upon the shoals and increase the depth over them. The improvement must therefore be considered indefinite. The aim of the project is to secure through the shoals a channel 80 feet wide and 2 feet deep at extreme low water. The adoption of this project followed the submission of a report on a survey of the river, printed as Senate Document No. 99, Forty- sixth Congress, second session, in which a plan of improvement costing $50,000 was recommended. This was stated in the survey report to be a partial plan, and further study of the problem was needed. It is not considered that Congress adopted the project in the particular form presented in the survey report. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The improvement of this river by open-channel methods has been prosecuted at some of the worst shoals, but no consolidated tabulation of the work ac- complished can be made, as the earlier records do not state the amount of work done. The result of the expenditure has been to increase the depth over the shoals, remove obstructions, and main- tain navigation. The total expenditures at the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, amounted to $180,947.78, of which amount $55,836.02 was for maintenance during the preceding 11 years. Prior to that time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The lack of funds prevented operations during the first half of the year, and the work of open-channel improvement had barely begun in the spring of 1915 when a suspension was necessary on account of high water. For repairs to Pryors Chute Dam 1,205 cubic yards of stone was quarried and stored. Quarter boat C was built at the United States boat yard at Gasconade, Mo., at a cost of $3,852.46 (the material, valued at $1,579.46, being on hand). General minor repairs to plant were made, at a cost of $367.04. The expenditures for the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1915, amounted to $5,693.26, of which $2,273 was for new work and $3,420.26 for maintenance. All work was done by hired labor and Government plant. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-In the improved localities the channel is becoming fixed, the least depth at low water over the shoals being 12 to 2 feet. The Pryors Chute Dam, mile 32+ above mouth, was breached by a heavy run of ice on January 1, 1915, since which date traffic has been suspended above the foot of the chute, mile 29 above the mouth. The total expenditures to the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, amounted to $186,641.04, of which amount $59,256.28 was for maintenance during the preceding 12 1078 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. years. Prior to that time the amounts expended for works of im- provement and for maintenance were so involved that it is imprac- ticable to separate them. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has reduced freight rates by affording shippers a regular means of transportation by boat. There are practically no railroads along the river. Proposed operations.-Duringthe fiscal year 1917 it is proposed to carry on the work as follows: New wing dams and training walls 000 $------------------------- Operation and repair of power boat No. 1-------------------------2, 000 Maintenance of existing works--------------------------------- 3, 000 Surveys, superintendence, and office 000 1----------------------- Total------------------- --------------------------- 15, 000 The Government plant to be operated on the river, the expenditures for which are included in the above figures, consists of 1 gasoline towboat, 1 power boat (combined derrick and pile driver), 1 quar- ter boat, 1 material barge, 1 towing barge, and necessary small pieces. Commercial statistics.-The commerce reported for the calendar year 1914 was 43,053 tons, valued at $449,573. The following table gives a comparative statement of commerce over the section of river from Gascondy to the mouth for the calendar years indicated: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912................. ......... ................................................------ 47,589 $420,000 1913............................................................................ 28,696 308,000 1914........................................................................ 43,053 449,573 The commerce consisted principally of railroad ties, live stock, grain, feed and flour, lumber, miscellaneous merchandise, and sand and gravel. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $127, 384. 76 Maintenance----------------- ------------------------ 59, 256. 28 Total_------ ------------------------------------- 186, 641. 04 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................... ..................... $5,302.15 $7, 249.38 $2, 273.00 Maintenance ........ .................. ................... 8, 567. 97 3, 129.62 3,420.26 Total ...... .......................... .............. 13,870.12 10,379.00 5,693.26 1 Expenditures for maintenance during the past 12 years. On account of the nature of the work it is impracticable to separate the expenditures for new work and maintenance prior to that date. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1079 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912--------------------------------- $10, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------- --------------------------------- 10,000.00 Oct. 2, 1914__--------------------------------------------------- 15,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_______---------------------- 1, 176. 53 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 15, 000. 00 31, 176. 53 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_ $2, 273. 00 ________--_------- For maintenance of improvement-------------___ _ 3, 420. 26 5, 693. 26 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___________________________-_ 25, 483. 27 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ___________ ____________ _ 1, 422. 31 ---------------------------------- July 1, 1915, balance available_______________ 24, 060. 96 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------------------------------------------- Indefinite. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------- 115, 000. 00 5. KANSAS RIVER, KANS. Location.-The Kansas River is formed by the junction of the Republican and Smoky Hill Rivers in central Kansas at Fort Riley, flows in a general easterly course for a distance of 176 miles, and enters the Missouri River at Kansas City, Kans. Original condition.-In its original condition the river was one of fairly stable banks, with alternate pools and shoals of sand and gravel. The average width was from 800 to 1,000 feet, and the aver- age slope 1.85 feet per mile. The minimum low-water depth was about 2 feet, and minimum low-water discharge about 2,000 second- feet. The river has been navigated to Fort Riley and Junction City. Previous project.-No project was adopted by the United States previous to the present project. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the act of July 25, 1912, in accordance with report printed in House.Document No. 94, Sixty-second Congress, first session. The plan included the removal of obstructions up to Argentine, 5 miles above the mouth, at a cost to the United States of $29,000, with subsequent annual cost of $3,000 for inspection. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The only work done by the Government consisted of surveys, examinations, and supervision. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The district officer has continued the supervision and inspection of levee and revetment construction and bridge reconstruction during the year, to see that the work conforms to the harbor lines as established and bridge heights and spans as approved. One bridge has been completed and 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1080 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. two are under construction, and the removal of debris and earth deposit is in progress. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-As far as navigation is concerned, the river remains in practically its original condition. There are 16 railroad and highway bridges from Turner to the mouth, 8 of which have been modified or rebuilt according to require- ments and 2 are under construction. Earth deposit amounting to 302,898 cubic yards has been removed from the channel and deposited for levee construction along the harbor lines. Local cooperation.-Private owners were to remove the bridge wreckage and other debris for which the responsibility could be placed. The Kaw Valley drainage district, embracing the territory from Turner to the mouth, a distance of about 9 miles, has voted bonds to the extent of $1,700,000 for construction of levees, revet- ments, widening of river, right of way, and condemnation. This work is well on toward completion, except removal of debris and gen- eral excavation. Effect of improvement.-No improvement by the United States has been done, but the construction of the levees and the removal of debris and earth deposits by local interests have had the effect of con- fining the present floods and protecting valuable property. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to continue the supervision and inspection of improvements being conducted by local interests for which the available funds are sufficient. Commercial statistics.-No commercial statistics have been col- lected for the Kansas River. Financial summary. The amount expended to June 30, 1915, for supervision, etc., was $2,811.58. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- $4, 471.42 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 471.42 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for supervision.. 283. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 188. 42 6. BANK PRESERVATION AT FORT RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION, KANS. The sundry civil act of March 4, 1909, made an appropriation for bank preservation at Fort Riley, Kans, as follows: Fort Riley Military Reservation, Kans.: For the preservation of the bank line of the Republican River in front of the Fort Riley Military Reservation, by revetment and such other work as may be necessary to protect the said reser- vation from damage by erosion, $25,000, to be immediately available. A subproject was submitted and approved for two 2-row concrete pile dikes 800 and 400 feet long. The piles were 30 feet by 11 inches square, reinforced with three-fourths inch steel rods. The bracing was reinforced concrete 6 inches by 8 inches in section. This was the first complete permeable dike of concrete constructed on American rivers having both piles and bracing of reinforced concrete. The RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1081 work was done by hired labor with Government plant, except the driving of the piles, which was done by contract. The 800-foot dike was extended 300 feet during 1910 and 1911, and a flexible reinforced concrete block revetment of 800 square feet was placed at the lower end of the extension, the blocks being 18 inches square and 4 inches thick and held together by one-fourth inch rings and bolts. The work as completed consists of 1,500 linear feet of two-row con- crete pile dike and 400 linear feet of standard revetment. The work was inspected November 11, 1914, and found in good condition. Reports of this work are given in Annual Reports, Chief of Engi- neers, 1910, page 1842; 1911, page 2020; 1912, page 2227; 1913, page 2474; and 1914, page 2542. The funds on hand will be used to maintain the work, if necessary, and for inspection to note the effects of high water. No estimate of funds is submitted, as no additional funds are required at present. Financial summary. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ________________ ___-_ $2, 698. 76 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------------ 19. 32 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _______________ 2, 679. 44 EXAMINATION AND SURVEY REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making a prelimi- nary examination and survey, provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, of Missouri River, from Kansas City, Kans., to the northern limits of Florence, Nebr., and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received. The duty of making the reexamination in accordance with the law for the original examination of rivers and harbors, as provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, with a view to obtaining a report whether the adopted project for Missouri River, Mo., mouth to Kansas City, shall be modified or the improvement abandoned, has been also assigned to the district engineer officer, and his report will be duly submitted when received. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE NASHVILLE, TENN, DISTRICT. This district includes the entire drainage basin of the Cumberland River and the territory drained by all the southern tributaries of the Ohio River and eastern tributaries of the Mississippi River be- tween the mouth of the Tennessee River and the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude, about 20 miles below Memphis, Tenn., the Obion and Hatchie River systems being the most important of these tributaries. The district embraces large portions of northern and western Ten- nessee and small portions of eastern and western Kentucky and northern Mississippi. 1082 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. District officer: Maj. H. Burgess, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engi- neers, to November 1, 1914; Lieut. Col. William L. Sibert, Corps of Engineers, from November 1, 1914, to March 15, 1915; and Lieut. Col. H. Jervey, Corps of Engineers, since that date. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Cumberland River, Tenn. and 2. Operating and care of locks Ky __________-- 1082 and dams, Cumberland River, Tenn. and Ky _____ 1090 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DATA COVERING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2837 TO 2853. 1. CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENN. AND KY. Location.-The Cumberland River is formed by the junction of Poor and Clover Forks in Harlan County, Ky., about 687 miles above its mouth, and flows west to Burnside, Ky., from whence it makes a loop into Tennessee, passes Nashville, and returns to Ken- tucky, emptying into the Ohio near Smithland, Ky. The project provides for the improvement of the 326.1 miles of the river between Burnside and Nashville and of the 192.6 miles below Nashville. The river has been divided into two sections, (A) above Nashville 326.1 miles and (B) below Nashville 192.6 miles. ORIGINAL CONDITION. (A) Above Nashville.-In its original condition the river was con- siderably obstructed by rock reefs, ledges, snags, etc., which greatly impeded navigation between Nashville and Burnside, while above Burnside the Smith Shoals formed a serious obstruction to naviga- tion at practically all stages. The minimum available extreme low- water depth between Nashville and Burnside was probably less than 6 inches, the average width of the river about 300 feet, and the aver- age slope 0.66 foot per mile, with a discharge at Burnside ranging from about 250 cubic feet per second at low water to about 125,000 cubic feet per second at high water. The 326.1 miles of the river between Nashville and Burnside were usually navigable for steam- boats for four or five months in the year, and rafting and logging were possible during the winter months for about 35 miles farther. (B) Below Nashv ille.-In its original condition the river below Nashville was considerably obstructed by rocky ledges, conglom- erate gravel and sand bars, snags and other surface obstructions, on account of which navigation was rendered very uncertain, though steamboat navigation was usually possible over the entire section of 192.6 miles for five or six months in the year. The average width of the river was 400 to 500 feet and the minimum available extreme low-water depth was probably not more than 6 inches. The slope was gentle, being 0.4 foot per mile. The discharge at low water was about 800 cubic feet per second at Nashville. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1083 PREVIOUS PROJECTS. (A) Above Nashville.-Previous projects were adopted by river and harbor acts of August 14, 1876, March 3, 1881, and July 5, 1884. The total amount expended on all projects prior to the present proj- ect was $366,252.94.1 For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1898. (B) Below NashAille.-The river and harbor act of July 17, 1832, made the first appropriation for this section of the river, but the act of March 3, 1871, was the first to define a project for its improve- ment. The river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, adopted a special project for the improvement of the mouth of the river. The total amount expended on all projects prior to the present or canali- zation project was $460,000. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1901. PRESENT PROJECT. (A) Above Nashville.-The present project was adopted by river and harbor act of August 5, 1886. It is based on report dated Feb- ruary 26, 1884 (Annual Report for 1884, p. 1663), as modified by reports of March 30, 1887, and November 25, 1890 (Annual Reports for 1888, p. 1622, and 1892, p. 1933), and as further modified by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, which adopted the report of the Board of Engineers, dated February 26, 1906 (H. Doc. No. 699, 59th Cong., 1st sess.). The project, as modified, provides for the construction of Locks and Dams Nos. 1 to 7 and No. 21 to secure 6-foot navigation at low water from Nashville to West Point (125.2 miles), and from Lock No. 21 to Waitsboro Shoals (25 miles), and 4-foot navigation from Waitsboro Shoals to Burnside (4 miles). The locks are to be 52 feet wide inside, with available lengths of 280 feet and with depths on the miter sills of 6 feet at low water. The river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, in eliminating Locks and Dams Nos. 8 to 20 and No. 22 from the project, reduced the project estimate to $2,769,000, which was increased in 1908 to $2,854,000. (Annual Report for 1908, p. 1690.) The project also provides for the removal of snags and similar obstructions from Nashville to Burnside (326.1 miles), so as to permit navigation in the entire sec- tion when the stage of the water is sufficient. The estimated cost of snagging operations is $5,000 per annum. (B) Below Nashville.-The present project, or project of canali- zation of the Cumberland River below Nashville, may be considered to have been adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, based on report of survey dated December 21, 1889. (Annual Report for 1890, p. 2151.) Under this project seven locks and dams were at first provided for (Locks A to G), and Lock A, the first of the series was placed in operation in November, 1904. A modification of this project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, based on reports of a survey of the lower Cum- berland. (H. Doc. No. 758, 60th Cong., 1st sess., and H. Doc. No. 1481, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) This modification contemplates the completion of the canalization by the construction of five additional locks, beginning with Lock B, SIncludes $20,252.94 expended under the canalization project for Smith Shoals and previously reported as expended under the present project. 1084 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. about 51.5 miles below Nashville, and ending with Lock F, about 146.6 miles below Nashville, thus reducing the total number of locks from seven to six, the available length of locks to be 280 feet; avail- able width, 52 feet; minimum depth on upper and lower miter sills, 6J feet. It also includes dredging the rest of the river to the mouth (about 46 miles) to obtain a channel 150 feet wide and 6 feet deep at low water. The amount expended for improvement work under the present project to June 30, 1910, was $419,848.01, representing the expenditure prior to the modification of the project, which modifi- cation included an estimated cost for completing the improvement of $3,164,882.40. The total estimated cost for completing the pres- ent project is, therefore, $3,584,730.41, and the annual cost for opera- tion and maintenance is $40,000. OPERATIONS AND RESULTS PRIOR TO FISCAL YEAR. (A) Above Nashville.-Expenditures under previous projects re- sulted in improved conditions at the principal obstructions. All of the locks and dams included in the modified project of canalization (Nos. 1 to 7 and No. 21) were complete and in operation at the end of the past fiscal year. The snagging operations had practically freed the channel from snags, overhanging trees, and similar ob- structions. The total amounts expended under the present project prior to the fiscal year were $2,854,732.98 for original work and $57,574.58 for maintenance, a total of $2,912,307.56.1 (B) Below Nashville.-The expenditures under the previous proj- ect have resulted in the protection of a part of the bank of Cumber- land Island, at the mouth of the river, and in lengthening the season of navigation by giving increased depths at some of the worst places, combined with greater security in the passage of obstructions. The approved project was approximately 25 per cent completed at the end of the last fiscal year. The snagging operations kept the channel fairly free from snags, overhanging trees and similar obstructions. Lock A was completed and placed in operation, thus providing for 6-foot navigation for 38.8 miles up to Lock 1, built under the canali- zation project for the upper river. At Lock B, the inspector's house, the upper guide wall and about one-fourth of the lock were com- pleted, and other miscellaneous work was done on lock and abutment sides. At Lock C the inspector's house was completed, the upper guide wall was about one-third completed and a small amount of concrete was placed in the lock. Other miscellaneous work was done on the lock and abutment sides. At Lock D the upper guide wall was completed, the guard wall was about 85 per cent completed, and the lock was practically completed, with the exception of the operat- ing machinery and the gates. The total amounts expended under the present project prior to the fiscal year were $767,016.48 for original work and $38,440.28 for maintenance, a total of $805,456.76.2 1 Includes reexpenditures of $15,450.17 received on account of failures of contractors, $208.88 received from sales, and $2.70 uncalled-for pay due sundry persons and taken up as cash deposit, but excludes the expenditure of a reimbursement of overpayment amount- ing to $17.25 and expenditures under the previous project for canalization of Smith Shoals amounting to $20,252.94, which latter items have been included in expenditures given in previous reports. 2 Includes reexpenditures of $987.40 received from sales and $3.15 uncalled-for pay due sundry persons and taken up as cash deposit, but excludes the expenditure of a reimburse- ment of overpayment amounting to $12.25 included in expenditures given in previous reports. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1085 OPERATIONS AND RESULTS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR. (A) Above Nashville.-The channel was cleared of snags and over- hanging trees from Priestley Springs to Gallatin Island (41 miles) and from Burnside to Helm, Ky. (59.7 miles). The amount ex- pended for this work was $6,427.76, of which $5,788.55 was paid out of maintenance funds and $639.21 out of improvement funds. The work was done by hired labor and with floating equipment belonging to the Cumberland River improvement. Two claims for damages on account of back water from the dams were paid: William C. and Nannie Franklin, $93, and a portion of the John and Zora E. Simp- son claim, amounting to $171. An additional portion of the John Simpson claim, amounting to $100, is for unliquidated damages which can not be paid out of funds in hand, and it is recommended that Congress provide this amount. Expenditures for personal in- juries, superintendence, and contingencies amounted to $388.47. The total amount expended during the year was $652.47 for new work and $6,427.76 for maintenance, a total of $7,080.23. (B) Below Nashville.-Maintenance funds were applied to cut- ting trees along the banks of pools B and C for a distance of 25.5 miles, and along the banks of Red River for a distance of 2 miles. In connection with this work, 29 miles of levels were run for deter- mining the low-water line after construction of the dams. The work was done by hired labor with the use of quarter boat No. 3. The amount expended for maintenance, including minor repairs to the snag boat, was $2,677.08. At the end of the fiscal year the stages of completion of the dif- ferent locks under construction were as follows: Lock B, 63 per cent; Lock C, 37 per cent; Lock D, 49 per cent. All work has been con- tracted for except the lockmen's houses, fencing, improving reser- vation, etc., at Locks B, C, and D, and the guard walls, dams, and bank protection of the lock side at Locks B and C. Under hired labor operations at Locks B and C preparations were begun for the construction of the dams and for the riprapping of the banks on the lock side. All other work of lock and dam construction was carried on by contract. The construction of Locks B and C is provided for under continuing contract appropriations, and all funds called for by contract authorization have been appropriated. The amount expended for lock and dam construction during the year was $470,- 627.71 for new work. Authority was granted for making an investigation for the pur- pose of selecting a more desirable site for Lock F than that originally selected; and the preliminary survey having indicated that a location at the town of Eddyville, Ky., would probably be somewhat superior, a detailed survey was made of the river and the banks at that locality. Comparative estimates are now being prepared to ascertain whether it is desirable to move the lock and dam downstream to the Eddy- ville site, or shift the lock to the abutment site. The cost for the surveys for the new site was $3,232.05, which was paid out of the appropriation for work of improvement under the project. Concrete monuments were established at Lock E for the purpose of marking the corners of the reservation, the amount expended for this work being $108.23. The steamer Warioto was constructed by contract, 1086 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. and is to be used for general service on the Cumberland River above and below Nashville. The contract price was $36,525, of which $13,000 was paid out of funds for new work below Nashville and the balance out of the funds for " Operating and care of locks and dams, Cumberland River." The total amount expended during the year was $486,967.99 for new work and $2,677.08 for maintenance, a total of $489,645.07. CONDITION AT THE END OF FISCAL YEAR. (A) Above Nashville.-The modified project of canalization pro- viding for the construction of eight locks and dams has been com- pleted. These locks and dams provide at extreme low water a navi- gable channel 6 feet deep from Lock 1, 2.6 miles below Nashville, to West Point, 125.2 miles above Nashville; 6 feet deep from Lock 21 to Waitsboro Shoals (25 miles); and 4 feet deep from Waitsboro Shoals to Burnside (4 miles). The depth at extreme low water over the shoalest part of the reach between West Point and Lock 21 (70 miles in Tennessee and 101.9 miles in Kentucky) is about 0.5 feet. The expenditures for maintenance have kept the channel from Nash- ville to Burnside fairly free from snags and surface obstructions. The total amount expended under the present project, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, was $2,855,385.45 for new work and $64,002.34 for maintenance, a total of $2,919,387.79.1 The following table shows the principal features of the locks and dams included in the project: Dis- Lift above Cost of lock. above dimen- nrma Date of original ising station. mouth sions. pool of completion. construc- walls a ofriver. dam tion. below. Miles. Feet. Feet. 1 Nashville, Tenn., 190.0 52 by 280 6.5 Nov. 26,1904 355,004.96 ........... $355,004.96 2J miles. 2 Madison Tenn., 201.6 52 by 280 11 Oct. 9,1907 282,576.68 56, 041.82 338, 618. 50 11 miles. 3 Henders onville, 218.6 52 by 280 12 Oct. 15,1908 314,728.87 32,002.44 346, 731.31 Tenn., 3 miles. 4 Gallatin, Tenn., 4 237. 3 52 by 280 12 Nov. 17, 1909 311,723.60 33,083.24 344, 806. 84 miles. 5 Lebanon, Tenn., 264. 8 52 by 280 12 Oct. 18,1909 372:417.42 .......... 372, 417.42 11 miles. 6 Hartsville, Tenn., 282. 2 52 by 280 12 Oct. 21,1910 342,692.38 25, 041.95 367, 734.33 6 miles. 7 Carthage, Tenn., 300. 0 52 by 280 12 Oct. 18,1910 356, 998. 37 19, 946. 63 376, 945. 00 7 miles. 21 Burnside, Ky., 29 489.7 52 by 280 14 Oct. -,1911 374, 875.05 ........... 374, 875.05 miles. 1Includes reexpenditures of $15,450.17 received on account of failures of contractors, $1,115.08 received from sales, and $2.70 uncalled-for pay due sundry persons and taken up as cash deposit, but excludes the expenditures of a reimbursement of overpayment amount- ing to $17.25 and expenditures under the previous project for the canalization of Smith Shoals amounting to $20,252.94, which latter items have been included in expenditures given in previous reports. 2Paid for out of funds from the indefinite appropriation for operating and care of canals and other works of navigation. s19.5 feet above low water, open, river. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1087 (B) Below Nashville.-Lock A, completed under the present proj- ect as first .adopted, provides 6-foot navigation for 38.8 miles up to Lock 1, the first lock constructed under the project above Nash- ville. The depth at extreme low water over the shoalest part of the reach between Lock A and the mouth (151.2 miles) is about 0.5 foot. The expenditures for maintenance have kept the channel fairly free from snags and surface obstructions. The project as a whole is 37 per cent completed. The total amount expended under the present project, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, was $1,253,984.47 for new work and $41,117.36 for maintenance, a total of $1,295,101.83.1 The following table shows the principal features of the locks and dams included in the project: Lift Name Distance Clear Depth on above Date or of Nearest railroad station. lc.mouth above dimen-lower sions- miter normal pool of per cent of com- Cost. of river. sill. dam pletion. below. 'Niles. Feet. Feet. Feet. A Fox Bluff, Tenn., at station........ 151.2 52 by 280 6.5 12.75 Nov. 24, $390,600. 00 1904. B Hickory Point, Tenn., $ mile..... 141.1 52by 280 6. 5 12 63% 3562,926.00 C Sailors Rest, Tenn., 1 mile........ 109. 4 52 by 280 6. 5 12 37% 696, 267.60 D Bear Spring, Tenn., 5$ miles.... 88. 2 52 by 280 6. 5 11 49% 18577,300.80 E Cadiz, Ky., 12 miles............. 65.7 152by 280 6.5 110 ...........3563,808.00 F Eddyville, Ky., 3) miles.......... 46 152 by 280 6.5 12 13.1 ........... 8665, 820.00 1 Proposed. 2Above low-water open river. 3 Estimated. LOCAL COOPERATION. (A) Above Nashville.-The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, made appropriation for the completion of Lock and Dam No. 21 on condition that local interests provide a suitable landing place con- venient to the city of Burnside, which should forever be open to the public on just and equal terms. Local interests complied with this condition by purchasing and conveying to the city of Burnside a proper landing place, to be used in accordance with the terms of the act. (B) Below Nashville.-None. EFFECT OF THE IMPROVEMENT. (A) Above Nashville.-The completion of Lock No. 21 has caused a reduction in freight rates of about one-half within its pool area. Locks Nos. 1 to 7 have caused a reduction in railroad freight rates between Nashville and Carthage, 115.8 miles, and in river freight rates between Nashville and West Point, 125.2 miles. For detailed statement see Annual Report for 1913, pages 2480-2481. Between West Point and Lock No. 21 the navigable season was lengthened by work under the previous project, and the channel has been kept in 1 Includes reexpenditures of $987.40 received from sales and $3.15 uncalled-for pay due sundry persons and taken up as cash deposit, but excludes the expenditure of a reimburse- ment of overpayment amounting to $12.25 included in expenditures given in previous reports. 1088 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. fairly good condition for navigation at times when the stage is suf- ficient for the passage of river craft. (B) Below Nashville.-The improvement effected under the former projects undoubtedly facilitated navigation by the removal of snags and other obstructions, as well as by the giving of somewhat greater low-water depth over the shoal places. The construction of Lock and Dam A submerged the shoal, which prior to that formed the most serious obstruction to low-water navigation, and gave for the 38.8 miles below Lock No. 1 of the upper river improvement a nav- igable depth of at least 6 feet throughout the year. The work on Locks B, C, and D will not facilitate navigation until the locks and dams are completed and placed in operation; nor can it be expected that the lower Cumberland River will be continuously navigable until the two remaining locks and dams have been completed. Never- theless, even in its present condition, the lower Cumberland River has a marked effect on railroad freight rates, and the navigable facil- ities offered by this stream are undoubtedly responsible for the favor- able freight rates which Nashville has been granted, as compared with rates between towns not connected by a navigable waterway. The effect of the continuous navigation provided by the canalization for the 41.4 miles below Nashville was noted from the immediate reduction by about 50 per cent in the rates charged by the Tennessee Central Railroad over that part of its line which parallels the pool of Dam A. PROPOSED OPERATIONS. (A) Above Nashville.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be expended during the fiscal year. For the fiscal year 1917 it is pro- posed to expend $5,000 in the maintenance of the channel by the re- moval of snags and similar obstructions. (B) Below Nashville.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be entirely exhausted in the completion of Locks and Dams B, C, and D. For the fiscal year 1917 it is proposed to expend $5,000 in the mainte- nance of the channel by the removal of snags and similar obstruc- tions, and $700,000 in the completion of Lock and Dam C, the con- struction of lockmen's houses at Locks B, C, and D, and the construc- tion of concrete Locks E and F, as follows: 1. Completion of bank protection and the dam at Lock C, providing principally for labor in connection therewith----------------- $75, 000 2. Six lock houses at Locks B, C, and D, at $3,500 each------------- 21, 000 3. Construction of Lock E------------------------------------239, 000 4. Construction of Lock F-----------------__------------------- 295, 000 5. Engineering and contingencies 000 7------------------------- Total ----------------------------------------------- 700, 000 COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. Commerce, consisting principally of timber, farm products, sand and gravel, and general merchandise, was reported for the calendar year 1914, as follows: Above Nashville, 314,028 tons, valued at $6,784,999, with 17,294 passengers carried; below Nashville, 153,458 tons, valued at $2,238,207, with 4,350 passengers carried. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1089 The following table gives a comparative statement of commerce for the calendar years indicated: Comparative statement. 1912 1913 1914 Section of river. Short Short Value. Short ort Value. Short os Value. tons. tons. tons. Above Nashville............ ........ 309, 705 $8, 378, 705 337,824 $7,250,766 314, 028 $6, 784, 999 Below Nashville .............. .... 176,659 3,459,274 165, 123 2,705, 431 153, 458 2,238,207 Total for river................ 486, 364 11, 837, 979 502,947 9, 956,197 467, 486 9,023,206 Financialsummary. (A) ABOVE NASHVILLE. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------------- $3, 221, 638. 39 Maintenance --------------------------------------------- 64, 002. 34 Total ----------------------------------------------- 3, 285, 640. 73 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..... ...................................... $23, 061.36 $7, 018.48 $652.47 Maintenance ... .......... .. .................... . ..... , 702.32 4, 641.32 6, 427.76 Total................ ............. 26,763.68 . .............. 11,659.80 7,080.23 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------------------------- $85, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------- 7, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_---------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________ _____ __- 54, 601. 25 Receipts from sales _______ ------------ __--906. 20 55, 507. 45 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 --- 40, 000.00 15, 507. 45 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement____ ---------------- $652. 47 For maintenance of improvement -------------- 6,427. 76 7, 080. 23 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 8, 427. 22 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities __-- -------- -------------- - 703. 72 July 1, 1915, balance available -__ __---------- -------- 7,723. 50 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _______- __- 2 5,000. 00 1 Includes the expenditure of $15,450.17 received on account of failures of contractors, $1,115.08 received from sales, and $2.70 uncalled for pay due sundry persons and taken up as cash deposit, but excludes the expenditure of a reimbursement of overpayment amounting to $17.25 included in expenditures given in previous reports, 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, 8373--ENG 1915-----69 1090 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. (B) BELOW NASHVILLE. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work .---------------------------------------- $1, 713, 984. 47 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 41, 117.36 Total ----------------------------------------------- 11, 755, 101. 83 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................... ......... .................... . $51,786.72 $276,997.62 $486,967.99 Maintenance .... ........... ............................. 961.72 3,467.53 2, 677.08 Total ............ .................. ................ 52, 748.44 280, 465.15 489,645.07 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911------------------------------------------ $250, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- 305, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 June 23, 1913------------------------------------------- 200, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------- ----------------------------------- 210, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915_ ------------------------------------------- 378, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -- __-_______-________- 626, 801. 66 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 210, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 378, 000. 00 1, 214, 801. 66 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement _______ ___ __$486, 967.99 For maintenance of improvement ------------ 2, 677. 08 489, 645. 07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --- ------------ ____ __-- 725, 156. 59 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------- -11, 168. 39 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ---------------------------------------- 453, 144.17 464, 312. 56 July 1, 1915, balance available_____-- ---------------- 260, 844. 03 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ------------------------------- 11, 615, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 191.7, for works of improvement and for maintenance__22705, 000.00 2. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON CUMBERLAND RIVER. Nine locks are now in operation: Lock A, the first of the series below Nashville, and Locks Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 21 of the series above Nashville. Locks B, C, D, E, and F are still to be built, which will complete the present project of canalization of the Cum- berland River. They have an available length of 280 feet, a clear width of 52 feet between walls, and a depth of 62 feet on miter sills at low water, except at lower miter sill of Lock A, where the present low-water depth is only 1 foot. This depth will be increased to 61 feet by the construction of the next lock below. 1Includes the expenditure of $987.40 received from sales and $3.15 uncalled for pay due sundry persons and taken up as cash deposit, but excludes the expenditure of a reim- bursement amounting to $12.25 included in expenditures given in previous reports. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1091 The first allotment from the indefinite appropriation of July 5, 1884, for the operation and care of these locks was made June 26, 1905. During the calendar year 1914 the tonnage passing the locks now in operation was as follows, as nearly as could be ascertained: Lock A, 61,024 short tons; Lock No. 1, 88,957 short tons; Lock No. 2, 151,287 short tons; Lock No. 3, 111,410 short tons; Lock No. 4, 108,955 short tons; Lock No. 5, 104,157 short tons; Lock No. 6, 102,977 short tons; Lock No. 7, 97,792 short tons; Lock No. 21, 36,691 short tons. The funds were expended principally in raising the lock and guard walls and the gates at Locks 4, 6, and 7; riprapping the banks at Locks 1 and 4; dredging in channels of pools; building and re- pairing floating plant; and the general work of operating and caring for locks, dams, buildings, and grounds. All work was carried on by hired labor. The amount expended to June 30, 1915, was $621,592.95, of which $103,945.94 was expended during the fiscal year. The outstanding liabilities to June 30, 1915, amount to $1,410.47. Proposed operations.-The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. EXAMINATION AND SURVEY REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCI 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making a prelimi- nary examination and survey, provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, of Hatchee River, Tenn., and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE CHATTANOOGA, TENN., DISTRICT. This district includes the entire basin of the Tennessee River, and embraces a considerable portion of east, central, and west Tennessee, of western Virginia and North Carolina, of northern Alabama, and small portions of north Georgia, north Mississippi, and western Kentucky. District officer: Maj. H. Burgess, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engi- neers, to November 1, 1914; Lieut. Col. W. L. Sibert, Corps of Engi- neers, from November 1, 1914, to March 15, 1915; and Lieut. Col. H. Jervey, Corps of Engineers, since that date. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Tennessee River............. 1092 5. Operating and care of Muscle 2. French Broad and Little Pigeon Shoals Canal, Tennessee Rivers, Tenn ................ 1105 River ............... .... 1113 3. Clinch and Hiwassee Rivers, 6. Operating and care of Colbert Tenn. and Va............ 1108 Shoals Canal Tennessee 4. Operating and care of Hales Bar River ................... 1114 Lock, Tennessee River....... 1113 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT, GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS BEGARDING WOBRKS IN THIS DISTRICI, SEE PAGES 2855 TO 2884. 1092 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1. TENNESSEE RIVER, TENN., ALA., AND KY. SLocation.The Tennessee River is formed by the junction of the French Broad and Holston Rivers in eastern Tennessee, 4 miles above Knoxville, flows southwest into northern Alabama, thence in a generally west course across north Alabama, and from the northeast boundary of Mississippi nearly due north across Tennessee and Ken- tucky, entering the Ohio River at Paducah, 652 miles from the junc- tion of the French Broad and Holston Rivers. (See U. S. post-route map of Kentucky and Tennessee.) The method of making appropriations for the improvement in recent years has made necessary, for clearness in description, a sub- division of the river, as follows: (A) Above Chattanooga, Tenn. (188 miles): (1) Construction of Caney Creek Lock and Dam, 95.8 miles above Chattanooga; (2) open-channel work. (B) Chattanooga, Tenn., to Riverton, Ala. (237.6 miles): (1) Chattanooga to Hales Bar (construction of Hales Bar Lock and Dam), 33 miles; (2) Hales Bar to head of Browns Island, 138 miles; (3) head of Browns Island to the railroad bridge at Florence, Ala. (the "Muscle Shoals section "), 36.6 miles; (4) Florence Bridge to the head of Colbert Shoals, 21.3 miles; (5) the Colbert Shoals sec- tion, ending at Riverton, Ala., 8.7 miles. (C) Below Riverton, Ala. (226.5 miles): From Riverton to the mouth of the river. ORIGINAL CONDITION. (A) Above Chattanooga.-In its original condition this section of the river was obstructed by numerous snags and shoals of rock and gravel, where the currents were as great as 6 miles per hour and the slopes as much as 15 feet per mile. The average width was 600 to 800 feet, with a minimum available low-water depth of about 6 inches and with a minimum low-water discharge at Knoxville of about 2,000 cubic feet per second and about 5,000 cubic feet per second at Chatta- nooga. For the larger part of the year it was navigable throughout the reach for light-draft traffic. (B) Chattanooga, Tenn., to Riverton, Ala.-This section of the river can best be described by its present subdivisions: (1) The reach between Chattanooga and Hales Bar, known as the "Mountain sec- tion," was in its original condition a serious obstruction to upstream navigation at low-water periods on account of the steep slopes and consequent excessive currents. The minimum available low-water depth was about 0.7 foot and the average width of the river about 700 feet, the minimum being 275 feet. (2) The river between Hales Bar and Browns Island had a gentle slope, obstructed by numerous gravel and rock bars, with a minimum available low-water depth of about 0.8 foot, an average width of about 1,200 feet, and an aver- age slope of 0.42 foot per mile. (3) The Muscle Shoals section con- sisted of a series of rock shoals, with steep slopes, swift currents, and slight low-water depths, separated by pools with greater depths and slight slopes. The fall in the 36.6 miles between the head of Browns Island and the foot of the section at the Florence Bridge was 133.9 feet. The width of the river varied from 1,000 to 9,600 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1093 feet. These shoals were a complete barrier to upstream traffic at all times, and to downstream traffic except at high stages. (4) Be- tween the Florence Bridge and the head of Colbert Shoals was an- other reach of comparatively slight slope, the average being 0.62 foot per mile. This reach also was seriously obstructed by rock and gravel bars, with a minimum available low-water depth of about 1 foot. The average width of the river was about 1,700 feet. (5) The Colbert Shoals section consisted of two obstructions known as Colbert and Bee Tree Shoals, with steep slopes, swift currents, and small low-water depths, separated by a short interval of deeper water where the slope was small. The total fall in this section was 24.95 feet and the average width of the river 2,150 feet. Colbert and Bee Tree Shoals formed a complete barrier to navigation at extreme low stages, but were navigable for traffic in both directions at medium high stages. (C) Below Riverton, Ala.--This section of the river in its original condition was obstructed by gravel bars and by the important rock bar known as Big Bend Shoals. The slope was gentle, averaging 0.35 foot per mile; the limiting depth at low water was about 1 foot (on Big Bend Shoals), and the average width of the river was about 1,050 feet. The low water discharge varied from about 7,500 cubic feet per second at the head of the section to about 10.000 cubic feet per second at the mouth. PREVIOUS PROJECTS. (A) Above Chattanooga.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 10, 1852, and modified in 1871. A revised project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894. The amount expended on all projects prior to the present one was $809,849.02,1 not including an amount of $51,406.94, appropri- ated specifically for that part of the river between Knoxville and Kellys Ferry by the river and harbor acts of August 30, 1852, and June 12, 1860. (B) Chattanooga to Riverton.-The original project for open channel work was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1868, and covered all of the section except that portion between Browns Island and Florence. A new project for open-channel work was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, and extended in scope by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, for the Hales Bar to Browns Island and Florence to Colbert Shoals sub- divisions. The amount expended on these projects prior to the pres- ent project was $1,001,123.91.2 For the Muscle Shoals subdivision the original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 10, 1872, and modified in 1877. This project was completed, the amount expended being $3,191,726.50. (C) Below Riverton.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1868, and modified by the river and harbor acts of September 19, 1890, August 18, 1894, and March 3, 1 Includes the expenditure of $170 received from sales. 2 Corrected by an amount of $12,043.32 expended below Riverton (Annual Report for 1891, p. 2257) and previously reported in error as expended between Chattanooga and Riverton, and exclusive of reimbursements amounting to $28.21 included in the expendi- tures given in previous reports, but inclusive of the expenditure of $906.87 received from sales. 1094 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1899. The amount expended prior to the present project was $546,- 095.24.1 For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1902. PRESENT PROJECT. The present project for the entire river, except the Chattanooga to Hales Bar section and the Muscle Shoals and Colbert Shoals sections, was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, in accord- ance with report printed in House Document No. 360, Sixty-second Congress, second session, the adopted project being that recommended on the second page thereof. This report assumed the completion of the Hales Bar Lock and Dam and Colbert Shoals Canal in accord- ance with the projects for these improvements existing at that time, and these works therefore remain as parts of the present project. The Hales Bar Lock and Dam project was adopted by the river and harbor act of April 26, 1904 (H. Doc. No. 461, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) ; a change of location of the lock was authorized by the river and harbor act of January 7, 1905. The river and harbor act of Septem- ber 19, 1890, provided for the improvement of Colbert Shoals, but Congress never fixed the plan of improvement. The project, based on the report of a board of engineers of October 28, 1890 (Annual Report for 1891, p. 2317), was approved by the Secretary of War on November 28, 1890, and modified at different times subsequently. The improvement of the Muscle Shoals section was not provided for by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, as the improvement of this section was then under consideration by a special board of engineer officers, and Congress has not yet acted on the report of that board, which was printed as River and Harbor Committee Document No. 20, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The provisions of the present project are as follows: (A) Above Chattanooga-(1) Caney Creek Lock and Dam.- The present project provides for the construction of a concrete lock and dam at the foot of Caney Creek Shoals (including cost of flow- age rights), suitable for a 6-foot navigation, at an estimated original cost of $1,600,000. The following data relative to the proposed lock and dam is given: Name of lock: Caney Creek. Location: Eight miles below Kingston, Tenn., and 95.8 miles above Chatta- nooga, Tenn. Length of lock between miter sills: 300 feet. Width: 60 feet. Depth on miter sills at extreme low water: 6.5 feet. Lift of dam above extreme low water: 25.7 feet. Estimated cost: $1,600,000. (2) Open-channel work.-The present project provides for secur- ing a navigable depth of 3 feet at extreme low water, or 4 feet at ordinary low water, at an estimated original cost of 2 $1,000,000. This work is to obtain by rock excavation by dredging, and by contrac- tion works a channel 150 feet wide and 3 feet deep at extreme low water through all the shoals in the 188 miles between the head of a Includes the expenditure of $849.89 received from sales and on account of damages to dredges. sPlus the balance on hand at date of adoption of project of $57,081.35 (see pa 2, H. Doc. No. 360, 62d Cong., 2d sess.). RIVER AND HIARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1095 the river and Chattanooga, except those submerged by the Caney Creek Dam. The total estimated cost for section (A) is $2,600,0001 for original work and $25,000 annually for maintenance. (B) Chattanooga, Tenn., to Riverton, Ala.--(1) Hales Bar.- The present project provides for the construction by the Chattanooga & Tennessee River Power Co. of a lock, dam, and power house at Hales Bar, the dam to give a pool 6 feet deep at low water up to Chattanooga (33 miles) and the lock to have a length of 300 feet between miter sills and a depth of Gk feet on the miter sills at low water. The United States is to provide the plans, supervise the construction, and provide the gates, valves, operating machinery, and other appurtenances of the lock, at the estimated cost of $214,720. (2) Between Hales Bar and Browns Island.-The present project provides for the'construction of a concrete lock and dam near Crow Creek Island and open-channel work by dredging and by contrac- tion works to obtain a channel 150 feet wide and 5 feet deep at ex- treme low water through all shoals in the 138 miles in the section, except those submerged by the Crow Creek Dam, at a total estimated original cost of $3,000,000 for the lock and open-channel work and $30,000 annually for maintenance. The following data relative to the proposed lock and dam is given. Name of lock: Crow Creek. Location: 72.6 miles below Chattanooga, Tenn., and 39.6 .miles below the Hales Bar Lock. Length of lock between miter sills: 300 feet. Width of lock: 60 feet. Depth on miter sills at extreme low water: 6.5 feet. Lift of dam above extreme low water: 18.3 feet. Estimated cost: $1,036,925. (3) Muscle Shoals.-There is no present project. The canal was completed in 1890. A modified plan of improvement is now under consideration. (4) Florence to Colbert Shoals.-The present project provides for securing, by dredging and contraction works, a channel 150 feet wide and 6 feet deep at ordinary low water, or 5 feet deep at ex- treme low water, through all the shoals in the 21.3 miles of this sub- division, at an estimated cost of $690,0002 for original work (first estimated at $500,000), and $25,000 annually for maintenance. (5) Colbert Shoals.-The present project provides for the con- struction of a lateral canal 8.06 miles long, beginning at a point 228.9 miles below Chattanooga, surmounting the obstructions known as Colbert and Bee Tree Shoals, and ending at a point 237.6 8 miles below Chattanooga. The canal as constructed has a bottom width of 112 feet and an extreme low-water depth of 7 feet. There is a lift lock at the lower end having a clear width of 80 feet, a length between miter sills of 300 feet, or a clear length of 287 feet, and a minimum depth on the miter sills of 6 feet 3 inches. The first esti- mated cost for original work was $2,500,000. The revised estimate increased this to $2,847,009.70. (C) Below Riverton, Ala.-The present project provides for open- channel work by rock excavation and dredging and by contraction 1 Plus the balance on hand at date of adoption of project of $57,081.35 (see p. 2, H. Doc. No. 360, 62d Cong., 2d sess.). SPlus the balance on hand at date of adoption of project $199,068.17 (see p. 2, H. Doc. No. 360, 62d Cong., 2d sess.). SMeasured in the open river. 1096 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. works to obtain a channel 150 feet wide and 6 feet deep at ordinary low water, or 5 feet deep at extreme low water, through all the shoals in the 226.5 miles of the section, at an estimated cost of $600,000' for original work and $20,000 annually for maintenance. OPERATIONS AND RESULTS PRIOR TO THE FISCAL YEAR. (A) Above Chattanooga--(1) Caney Creek Lock.-Prior to the fiscal year surveys and borings were made for selection of the site of the Caney Creek Lock, plans and specifications were in course of prep- aration, and proceedings looking toward the acquisition of the lands required for the abutment and lock sites were under way. The amount spent on the present project to the beginning of the present fiscal year was $23,547.19, all of which was for original work. (2) Open-channel work.-The project was about.21 per cent com- pleted at the end of the last fiscal year. The improvement by open- channel methods had been prosecuted at some of the worst obstruc- tions, and was completed at Watts Bar; the degree of completion at other places being about 99 per cent at Kelly Shoals, 47 per cent at Goodfield Shoals, 35 per cent at Washington-Hazleridge Shoals, and 60 per cent at Soddy Shoals. The amount expended under the present project prior to the beginning of the present fiscal year was $382,303.95, all of which was for original work. The total amount expended for section (A) was $405,851.14. (B) Chattanooga,Tenn., to Riverton, Ala.--(1) Hales Bar.-Prior to the fiscal year the lock, dam, and power house at Hales Bar were completed and placed in operation. The foundation for a concrete warehouse was started, four lock houses were 75 per cent completed, and a sewer system for the lock houses was constructed. The amount expended under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $215,017.77, all of which was for original work. (2) Hales Bar to Browns Island.-Priorto the fiscal year surveys and borings were made and site selected for the Crow Creek Lock and Dam, and a survey was completed for the purpose of determining the extent of the flowage damage to be expected from the construction of this dam. It was unexpectedly found that the flowage damage would be so extensive that further investigation was authorized and begun for the purpose of determining the desirability of a change in the project for the improvement of this subdivision. Steps toward the acquisition of land for lock and abutment were therefore suspended. Additional surveys were made of the river between Crow Creek and Muscle Shoals in connection with this further investigation. No lock- construction work has been done under the present project between Hales Bar and Muscle Shoals. Prior to the fiscal year 18,980 cubic yards of loose material and bowlders had been removed from the lower approach to the Hales Bar Lock. The total amount expended under the present project prior to the present fiscal year was $36,331.05, all of which was for original work. (3) Muscle Shoals.-The previous project for the improvement of the Muscle Shoals subdivision was completed. (4) Florence to Colbert Shoals.-The project was about 54 per cent completed at the end of the last fiscal year. Open-channel work was carried on at Tuscumbia Bar, Buck Island Shoals, and Kogers 1 Plus the balance on hand at date of adoption of project of $100,129.71 (see p. 2, H. Doc. No. 360, 62d Cong., 2d sess.). RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1097 Island Shoals; the degree of completion of the work at these shoals being: Tuscumbia Bar, 90 per cent; Buck Island Shoals, 97 per cent; and Kogers Island Shoals, 15 per cent. The total amount expended on the present project prior to the present fiscal year was $534,562.19, all of which was for original work. (5) Colbert and Bee Tree Shoals.-The lateral canal which pro- vides navigation past the Colbert and Bee Tree Shoals was completed and placed in operation at a total expenditure of $2,321,353.70,1 all of which was for original work. The amount expended on the present project for section (B), ex- clusive of the Muscle Shoals improvement, which is considerel a pre- vious project, was $3,107,264.71,' all of which was for original work. (C) Below Riverton.-The present project was about 33 per cent completed at the end of the last fiscal year. The improvement by open-channel work was completed at Rockport Bar; the degree of completion at other places being about 40 per cent at Bear Creek Shoals, 37 per cent at Big Bend Shoals, and 10 per cent at Duck River Suck. The total amount expended on the present project prior to the present fiscal year was $272,559.49,2 all of which was for original work. OPERATIONS AND RESULTS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR. (A) Above Chattanooga--(1) Caney Creek Lock.-Preparation of plans and specifications and proceedings for the acquisition of the necessary lands were continued during the fiscal year. Failure to secure the lands and lack of funds prevented further work. The amount expended was $1,942.38, all of which was for new work. (2) Open-channel work.-During the fiscal year the improvement by open-channel work was completed at Kelly Shoals and prosecuted at Goodfield, Washington-Hazleridge, Soddy, and Dallas Shoals, the degree of completion at the end of the year being 85 per cent at Goodfield, 40 per cent at Washington-Hazleridge, 95 per cent at Soddy, and 10 per cent at Dallas Shoals. Surveys were made at Sale Creek, Coulter, and Kelly Shoals in connection with their im- provement. The amount expended was $139,118.17 for open-channel work and $47,307 for construction of warehouse at the Chattanooga boat yard, and construction and repair of floating plant, etc.; a total of $186,425.17, all of which was charged to new work. (B) Chattanooga to Riverton--(1) Hales Bar.-The construction of four brick lock houses and one concrete warehouse was completed, and other miscellaneous work of improvement was done. The work of stopping leaks under the dam was continued by the Chattanooga & Tennessee River Power Co. The amount expended by the United States was $21,536.99, all of which was for new work. (See also report on " Operating and care of Hales Bar Lock, Tennessee River.") 1Exclusive of reimbursement amounting to $3.09, which has been included in expendi- tures given in previous reports. s Exclusive of reimbursement of $0.60 included in the expenditure given in the Annual Report for 1914. 1098 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. (,)Hales Bar to Browns Island.-Duringthe fiscal year the sur- veys in connection with the investigation as to the desirability of a change in project for this subdivision were completed. The excava- tion of the lower approach to Hales Bar Lock was 10 per cent com- pleted at the end of the fiscal year. The amount expended on the subdivision was $31,436.36, all of which was for new work. (3) Muscle Shoals.-See " Operating and care of Muscle Shoals Canal, Tennessee River." (4) Florence to Colbert Shoals.-During the fiscal year open-chan- nel work was prosecuted at Tuscumbia Bar, Buck Island Shoals, and Kogers Island Shoal, the degree of completion at the end of the year being 95 per cent at Tuscumbia Bar, 97 per cent at Buck Island Shoals, and 40 per cent at Kogers Island Shoal. The amount ex- pended was $123,874.72 for open-channel work and $16,642 for con- struction and repair of floating plant, etc.; a total of $140,516.72, all of which was charged to new work. (5) Colbert and Bee Tree Shoals.-See " Operating and care of Colbert Shoals Canal, Tennessee River." (C) Below Riverton.-During the fiscal year open-channel work was continued at Big Bend Shoals, the improvement being about 75 per cent completed at the end of the year. The amount expended was $109,354.14 for open-channel work and $27,477 for construction and repair of floating plant, etc.; a total of $136,831.14, all of which was charged to new work. All work under the different improvements on the Tennessee River was done by day labor, except furnishing the machinery for the dredge Kwasind, which was by contract. CONDITION AT THE END OF THE FISCAL YEAR. (A) Above Chattanooga--(1) Caney Creek Lock.-Construction work not begun. The total amount expended under the present project was $25,489.57; outstanding liabilities amounted to $125; and the balance available, $47,385.43, was transferred to open-channel work. (9) Open-channel work.-At the end of the fiscal year the project was about 31 per cent completed. Although some of the worst ob- structions have been removed and light-draft traffic made possible over the entire section, except at periods of ordinary low water, through traffic between Knoxville and Chattanooga will not be prac- ticable throughout the year until the project is completed. The mini- mum available depth in the section above Chattanooga was about 0.5 foot at extreme low water. The total amount expended under the present project, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, was $568,729.12,1 all of which was for new work. The total amount expended for sec- tion (A) was $594,218.69. (B) Chattanooga to Riverton- (1) Hales Bar.-At the end of the fiscal year the Hales Bar Lock and Dam had been placed in operation, giving a depth of 6 feet at extreme low water from Chattanooga to Hales Bar. The total amount expended under the present project was $236,554.76,2 all of which was for new work. There were no out- 1 Includes the expenditure of $252.30 received from sales. 2 Includes the expenditure of $165.89 received from sales and $6,668.87 received from funds available for the subdivision Hales Bar to Browns Island. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1099 standing liabilities nor uncompleted contracts at the end of the year. The principal features of the lock and dam are as follows: Name of lock : Hales Bar. Location: 33 miles below Chattanooga, Tenn. Length of lock between miter sills: 300 feet. Width of lock : 60 feet. Depth on miter sills at extreme low water: 6.5 feet on lower; 11 feet on upper. Lift of dam at low water: 371 feet. Date of completion: November 1, 1913. Cost to the United States: $236,554.76.1 (2) Hales Bar to Browns Island.-At the end of the fiscal year only preliminary work had been done preparatory to beginning the execution of the present project. Work under previous projects had improved low-water conditions so as to make light-draft navigation practicable, except at low water. The minimum available depth at extreme low water was about 0.8 foot. The total amount expended under the present project, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, was $67,767.41, all of which was for new work. (3) Muscle Shoals.-As a result of work under the previous project this section is no longer a complete barrier to navigation. The depth available in the two divisions of the canal is 5 feet, but this depth was not obtained between the two divisions nor in the portions of the Muscle Shoals subdivision above and below the canal, a minimum extreme low-water depth of 1 foot being found above Lock A. The total amount expended under the previous project was $3,191,726.50, all of which was for original work. The following table shows the principal features of the locks of the Muscle Shoals Canal: Miles Lift at Date of Name or number. above Florence, Clear di mensions. extremecom- Cost. low lcomn- Cost. Ala. water. pletion. Feet. Feet. A... 29.8 60 by 249.5 3.91 1887 $104,907 B ..... ....... .. ................................------.. 28.5 60 by 249.5 13.14 1887 137,694 1-------......-- ------------------------------- 20.5 60 by 246.0 0.00 1887 116,573 2-..-..-..-............. ............. ........... .. 18.6 60 by 246.0 3.50 1887 66,055 3................................................. 16.7 60 by 245.5 12.03 1887 137,694 4 ......................................... ....... 15.1 60 by 246.0 10.09 1887 115,287 5-.... ......................................... -- .....-- 13.2 60 by 263.5 12.05 1888 137,407 6---...---..............................................-----------. 9.1 60 by 263.9 13.14 1889 148,611 7.--..-..----------------------------......................................------------.. 7.7 60 by 263.5 11.79 1889 137,407 8-.................................................. 7.0 60 by 263.5 9.88 1889 115,000 9. .................................. ............ . 6.7 60 by 263.5 11.91 1889 115,000 (4) Florence to Colbert Shoals.-At the end of the fiscal year the project was about 63 per cent completed. The available extreme low-water depth had been increased from 1 foot to 2 feet. The total amount expended under the present project, exclusive of outstand- ing liabilities, was $675,078.91, 2 all of which was for new work. (5) Colbert and Bee Tree Shoals.-The Colbert Shoals Canal had been completed and provides an extreme low-water depth of 7 feet in the canal and 6 feet 3 inches on the miter sills of the lock. The 1 Includes the expenditure of $165.89 received from sales and $6,668.87 received from funds available for the subdivision HIales Bar to Browns Island. a Includes the expenditure of $171.91 received from sales. 1100 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. total amount expended under the present project was $2,321,353.70;1 outstanding liabilities amounted to $125.21; and the balance avail- able, $650, was transferred to other works. The principal features of the lock are as follows: Name: Riverton. Location: One-half mile above Riverton, Ala. Length of lock between miter sills: 340 feet. Width of lock: 80 feet. Depth on miter sills at extreme low water: 6.25 feet on lower; 7.67 on upper. Lift at extreme low water: 26.42 feet. Date of completion: November, 1911. Cost: $776,782. The total amount expended for section (B) was $3,300,754.78. (C) Below Riverton.-At the end of the fiscal year the project was about 50 per cent completed. The available extreme low-water depth at Big Bend Shoals had been increased to 3.5 feet, but this is still the worst obstruction on the whole section. The total amount expended under the present project, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, was $409,390.63,2 all of which was for new work. LOCAL COOPERATION. (B) Chattanooga to Riverton.-(1) Hales Bar.-An act of Con- gress of April 26, 1904 (as amended by an act dated January 7, 1905), authorized the construction by private interests of the Hales Bar Lock and Dam, the power company doing the work being granted the use of the water power produced by the dam for a period of 99 years. The terms of the act require that this company purchase and deed to the United States, free of cost and within 12 months after its passage, all lands necessary to the successful construction and operation of the lock and dam, including flowage rights and rights of way to and from public highways; that the lock be constructed and given to the United States complete and free of cost, except that the United States should prepare the plans, supervise the construc- tion, and provide the lock gates and ironwork and machinery neces- sary to operate the lock when completed, at its own expense, and that the plans for the work be approved by the Secretary of War. The act further requires that the contracting company shall furnish the necessary electric current while its power plant is in operation to move the gates and operate the lock and to light the United States buildings and grounds, free of cost to the United States; and that nothing shall be done in the use of the water from the dam or other- wise that shall interfere in any way with navigation. All of the conditions imposed by the act have been complied with by the power company except the transfer of flowage rights incident to the construction of the dam. The department has held that such rights of flowage may be acquired and conveyed in the form of an easement or servitude on the land affected by the work, and it is understood that suits are pending between the power company and landowners covering flowage rights. 1 Exclusive of reimbursements amounting to $3.09, which has been included in expendi- tures given in previous reports, but inclusive of expenditures of $499.91 received from sales and $8,629 received from surety of failing contractor. 2 Includes the expenditure of $97.81 received from sales, but excludes a reimbursable amount of $0.60 included in the expenditure given in the annual report for 1914. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1101 The construction work of the power company has been completed, and the lock put in operation, but several leaks under the dam have developed, and final acceptance of the lock and dam by the United States is being delayed until the result of the company's efforts to stop them has been determined. The cost to the power company was approximately $6,686,700, not including the power-house superstruc- ture, the hydraulic installation, the electric installation, or the trans- mission lines. EFFECT OF IMPROVEMENT. The prosecution of work in various localities and the consequent lack of continuity of the improvements has resulted in no long reach of the river being made capable of uninterrupted navigation during low-water periods, except the stretch of about 200 miles from Big Bend Shoals to the mouth. Not so much benefit has followed, there- fore, as would have been secured by advancing the work progres- sively upstream from the mouth. Nevertheless, considerable im- provement has resulted, and there is an important local traffic on various reaches of the river. Freight rates have probably been affected, but information as to extent isnot available. PROPOSED OPERATIONS. (A) Above Chattanooga-(1) Caney Creek ock.-No funds are available for lock construction during the fiscal year 1916. If funds are made available for this lock and dam, it is proposed, for the fiscal year 1917, to complete the purchase of the necessary lands and to begin the work of construction. (2) Open channel work.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted during the fiscal year. For the fiscal year 1917 it is proposed to complete the open channel work at Williams, Lyons, and Sale Creek Shoals, and to begin the improvement of Coulter Island Shoals, Loudon Shoals, and North Chickamauga Shoals. (B) Chattanooga to Riverton- (1) Hales Bar.-The project hav- ing been completed, no further work of improvement is proposed. (2) Hales Bar to Browns Island.-No funds are available for lock construction during the fiscal year 1916. If funds are made available for the fiscal year 1917, it is proposed to purchase the necessary lands and to begin the construction of the Crow Creek Lock and Dam. (3) Muscle Shoals.-The old project has been completed, and there is no project at present for work of improvement in this subdivision. (4) Florence to Colbert Shoals.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be expended during the fiscal year 1916. For the fiscal year 1917 it is proposed to complete the improvement at Kogers Island Shoal, and to begin work on the Florence Shoal should there be released from other work sufficient equipment for use there. (5) Colbert Shoals.-The present project having been completed, no further work of improvement is proposed. (C) Below Riverton.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be expended during the fiscal year. During the fiscal year 1917 the improvement of the Big Bend Shoals will be completed, and dredging will be begun at several of the most obstructive of the gravel bars in the river below Big Bend. 1102 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF' ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The following estimates are submitted for the fiscal year 1917: (A) ABOVE CHATTANOOGA. (1) Caney Creek Lock: Construction of lock and dam---------------------------1 $1, 527, 000 (2) Open channel work : Operation and repair of dredge Tellico and attendant plant------------------------------------- $75, 000 Operation and repair of dredge Kwasind and attend- ant plant-----------------------------------75, 000 Operation and repair of dredge Nolichucky and attend- ant plant----------------------------------- 75, 000 Construction of two steel barges and two wooden scows 25, 000 Engineering and contingencies-------------------- 50, 000 300. 000 -v, S 000 Total estimate for section (A) ------------------- ______ 1, 827, 000 (B) CHATTANOOGA TO RIVERTON. (3) Hales Bar to Browns Island: Partial construction of lock and dam _..._._._.. $630, 000 (4) Florence to Colbert Shoals: Operation and repair of dredge Tuscumbia and at- tendant plant----------------------------------- $44, 000 Operation and repair of dredge Tennessee and at- tendant plant---------------------------------- 44, 000 Maintenance of completed channels--__--------- 10, 000 Engineering and contingencies--__________----- 22, 000 120, 000 Total estimate for section (B) 750, 000 (C) BELOW RIVERTON. Operation and repair of dredge Kentucky and attendant plant --- 4, 000 Operation and repair of dredge Watauga and attendant plant 4, 000 Operation and repair of dredge Tishomingo and attendant plant___ 4, 000 Maintenance of completed channels----------------------------- 10,000 Engineering and contingencies-------------------------------- 2, 000 Total estimate for section (C) ---------------------------- 24, 000 COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. The commerce reported for the calendar year 1914 was as follows: Above Chattanooga, 305,616 tons, valued at $2,356,992; between Hobbs Island and Guntersville (transferred on barges without un- loading from cars by Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad), 82,360 tons, valued at $8,580,310; between Cattanooga and Florence, 1.24,871 tons, valued at $3,754,313, exclusive of that transferred in cars between Hobbs Island and Guntersville; between Florence and Paducah, 454,681 tons, valued at $6,428,874. The following table gives a comparative statement of commerce for the calendar years indicated: 1 Provided the construction of this lock and dam is placed under a continuing contract authorization, the actual cash needed for the fiscal year 1917 will be only $500,000. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1103 Comparative statement. 1912 1913 1914 Section of river. Short tons. Value. Short tons. Value. Short tons. Value. Above Chattanooga ........... 478,953 $4,424,446 469, 685 $2,707,363 305,616 $2,356,992 Chattanooga to Florence '. .. 226,467 4,204,336 104,133 4,431,588 124,871 3,754,313 Hobbs Island to Guntersville 2. 89,751 7.983,259 88, 748 9,434,336 82.360 8,580, 310 Florence to Paducah.......... 373, 625 6,261, 650 480,105 6,130, 874 454,681 6,428,874 Total for river.......... 1,164,796 22, 873,691 1,142,671 22,704,161 967,528 21,120, 489 1Exclusive of freight transferred on cars by Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad between Hobbs Island and Guntersville. 2Transferred on railroad cars on barges. The commerce consisted principally of sand and gravel, iron ore, logs, marble, farm products, railroad ties and other timber products, miscellaneous commodities, and general merchandise. There is no apparent reason for the change in character of the commerce from 1912 to 1913 which would account for the different valuation for the tons moved on the river above Chattanooga and between Chatta- nooga and Florence. It is probable that for the section above Chat- tanooga, overvaluation occurred in 1912 and some undervaluation in 1913, and that for the section between Chattanooga and Florence the reverse of this was true. The reason for the decline in tons carried in the Chattanooga to Florence section was undoubtedly due to the fact that navigation past Hales Bar was suspended for almost the entire year as an incident to the construction of the lock and dam at that place. The improvements will probably not have any con- siderable effect on commerce or on freight rates until the entire im- provement is completed and through traffic is possible. Financial summary. (A) ABOVE CHATTANOOGA. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------_ $1, 342, 630. 60 Maintenance61--------------------------------------------- , 437. 11 Total -------------------- 2 1, 404, 067. 71 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ......................................... $164,352.52 $241,498.62 $188367.55 Maintenance.... .................................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------ $65, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 --- -- --- --_--------105, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---- -------------------------------------------- 510, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------------ 150, 000. 00 1No maintenance reported prior to the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905. 2Including an expenditure of $422.30, received from sales. 1104 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------- $266, 482. 51 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915- 150, 000. 00 416, 482. 51 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement--------------------------------------- 188, 367. 55 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 228, 114. 96 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------- $22, 015. 09 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts------------------------------------- 8, 500. 00 i30515 09 July 1, 1915, balance available_ _ 197, 599. 87 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project__--------------------------------- 11, 835, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_ 11, 827, 000. 00 (B) CHATTANOOGA TO RIVERTON. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $7, 473, 933. 78 Maintenance __ __- __ ____________________________ 19, 671. 41 2- Total --------- ------------------------------- 7, 493, 605.19 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............. .............. ........... $313, 203.24 $329. 177. 10 $193, 490.07 Maintenance.... .................................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $100, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_-- ------------------------------------ 130, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 485, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 -------------------------------------------- 110, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____----__-____---____- 258, 727.14 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct 2, 1914_ 110, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 Receipts from sales_ ___ - -- ___________ ______-------_ 263. 03 468, 990. 17 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_____ ------------ _______________ __ 150, 650. 00 318, 340. 17 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement --------------------------------- 193, 490. 07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________________________ 124, 850. 10 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _____________________-_ 16, 277. 53 July 1, 1915, balance available_______________________________ 108, 572. 57 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 No maintenance reported prior to the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904. 3 Corrected by an amount of $12,043.32 expended below Riverton and previously re- ported in error as expended between Chattanooga and Riverton (Annual Report for 1891, p. 2257), and exclusive of reimbursements amounting to $31.30, included in the expendi- tures given in previous reports, but inclusive of expenditures of $10,430.21 received from sales and from surety of failing contractor. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1105 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-------------------------------------- $3, 015, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance 1 750, 000. 00 (C) BELOW BIVERTON. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------__ $856, 139.69 Maintenance--------------------------------------------- 99,346. 18 Total -- ------------------------------------- 955, 485. 87 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......-.................... $42, 159.77 $230,399.72 $136, 831. 14 Maintenance.... ....................................... ......... ......... ......... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911__ --------------------------------------- $80, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------- 110, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------------- 110, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914_------------------------------ -- 123, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------ 251, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________________---__ '47, 610. 29 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 123, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915- 251, 000. 00 Receipts from sales---------------------------------- - 57. 74 421, 668. 03 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement 1------------------------------- 136, 831. 14 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------------- 284, 836. 89 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------5, 834. 50 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------------------- 279, 002. 39 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-------------------- --- --------------------- 14, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance--- ----- 24, 000. 00 2. FRENCH BROAD AND LITTLE PIGEON RIVERS, TENN. Location.-The French Broad River is formed by the junction of its north and west forks about 15 miles above Brevard, N. C., and about 204 miles above the mouth, and unites with the Holston River to form the Tennessee, about 4 miles above Knoxville. Its general direction of flow is slightly northeast from the head to Asheville, 1 Exdclusive 2 of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. No maintenance reported.prior to the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914. 8 Corrected by an amount of $12,043.32 expended below Riverton and previously re- ported in error as expended between Chattanooga and Riverton (Annual Report for 1891, p. 2257), and inclusive of an expenditure of $947.70, received from sales and damages to dredges. * Including a reimbursable amount of $0.60 which was not included in the balance unex- pended given in the Annual Report for 1914. S373--ENG 1915--70 1106 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. N. C., northwest from Asheville to the Tennessee-North Carolina State line, and west from this point to the mouth. The project pro- vides for the improvement of the 69.5 miles of the river between Leadvale, Tenn., and the mouth. The Little Pigeon River is formed by the junction of its east and south forks at Sevierville, Tenn., and flows in a northerly direction for about 5 miles, emptying into the French Broad about 281 miles above its mouth. The project pro- vides for the removal of the bar at the mouth. (See U. S. post route map of Kentucky and Tennessee.) Original condition.-In its original condition the French Broad was obstructed by rock reefs, sand and gravel bars, and by bowlders, snags, and overhanging trees, and numerous islands in the river divided the water and diminished the depth in the navigable chan- nels. Leadvale, Tenn., 691 miles above the mouth, was the head of steamboat navigation, and it is not believed that rafting or logging was practicable to any great extent above this point, because of the torrential character of the stream. At mean low water the river be- low Leadvale had an average width of about 600 feet, an average slope per mile of 2.3 feet, and a minimum available ordinary low- water depth of about 1 foot. The extreme low-water discharge at the mouth was about 1,700 cubic feet per second. The Little Pigeon, in its original condition, was obstructed by a bar at its mouth. The head of navigation was the "warehouse," about 1 mile above the mouth, and near Catlettsburg, Tenn. At mean low water the river had an average width of about 175 feet and an average slope per mile of 8.3 feet for the upper 3.2 miles and only about 1.6 feet for the lower 1.8 miles. The low-water channel depth over the shoal was less than 6 inches. The low-water discharge at the mouth is esti- mated at about 200 cubic feet per second. Previous projects.-Previous projects for the improvement of the French Broad River in North Carolina between Brevard and Ashe- ville were adopted by the river and harbor acts of August 14, 1876, and August 2, 1882. The amount expended on these projects was $43,000, all of which was for original work. There has been no previous project for the French Broad in Tennessee. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1906. Present project.-The present project, based on the report of Octo- ber 20, 1870 (Annual Report for 1871, p. 491), the report of February 7, 1876 (Annual Report for 1876, p. 718) and the report of January 3, 1891 (Annual Report for 1891, p. 2287) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880. It provides for securing during the low-water season a channel 21 feet deep from Leadvale to the mouth (69 miles) and for the removal of the bar at the mouth of the Little Pigeon River, at an estimated cost of $227,000 (first estimated at $150,000). The proposed width of boat channel was not specified in the project, but plans for improvements in recent years have con- templated securing a width of from about 65 to 90 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The expenditures had been almost exclusively applied to the reach below Dandridge, Tenn. (23 miles below Leadvale), where more good could be accom- plished, although work of minor character had been done between Dandridge and Leadvale. All of the 16 shoals below Dandridge had occasionally been under improvement, and the project depth had RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1107 been obtained from Dandridge to Huffaker Shoals, 11 miles from the mouth, except for short distances at Fox Island and Seven Island Shoals. The bar at the mouth of the Little Pigeon had been re- moved. The amount expended prior to the fiscal year was $131,500.44 for original work and $25,515 for maintenance, a total of $157,015.44. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year open-channel work was carried on at Huffaker Shoals and at Cement Shoals, the degree of completion at the end of the year being 80 per cent at Huffaker Shoals and 2 per cent at Cement Shoals. A survey was made at Seven Island Shoals. The amount expended was $14,425.51 for open-channel work and $538.98 for repairs to plant, a total of $14,964.49, all of which was for new work. All work was carried on by hired labor. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-At the end of the fiscal year the work proposed below Dandridge was about 60 per cent com- pleted. The minimum available depth at mean low water was prob- ably about 18 inches over the reach below Dandridge and about 1 foot over the entire section below Leadvale. The total amount ex- pended under the present project to the end of the fiscal year, exclu- sive of outstanding liabilities, was $146,464.93 for new work and $25,515 for maintenance, a total of $171,979.93.1 Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The work done. has improved low-water conditions, so as to make light-draft traffic practicable for the greater part of the year from Dandridge to the mouth. It is doubtful if freight rates have been affected by the improvement. Proposed operations.-Duringthe fiscal year, 1917, it is proposed to complete the improvements at Huffaker, Cement, and Seven Island Shoals, and to begin work on several of the most obstructive shoals in the reach between Huffaker Shoals and the mouth, at an estimated cost as follows: Operation of two derrick boats and attendant plant __ - _ $30, 000 Maintenance of improved channels------------------ 5, 000 Engineering and contingencies -------------------------------------- 5, 000 Total ------------------------------------------ 40, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce reported for the calendar year 1914 was 14,093 tons (exclusive of sand), valued at $243,046, and consisted principally of farm products, timber products, merchan- dise, and marble. The following table gives a comparative statement of commerce, exclusive of sand, for the calendar years indicated: Comparative statement. Calendar years. tons.Value. 1912-.......................... ...................... ................ 31,179 $825, 831 1913............15832 ................................................................ 15,832 455,746 1914------------ ---------------------------------------------------- 14,093 243, 04 1Includes expenditure of $503.01 received for sales. 1108 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $189,464.93 Maintenance _______________________ 25, 515. 00 Total------------------- -------------------- 214, 979.93 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work --------------------------------------------- $20,781.27 $4, 339. 66 $14,964.49 Maintenance..................................... ............--------------------------------------------- 2,500.00 2,500.00 ..... Total------------------....--------...-----...............--------------.............. 23,281.27 6,839.66 14,964.49 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------- --------------------------------- $15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---- ------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 -------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915_------------------------ 30, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________________________ 487. 57 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 30, 000. 00 40, 487. 57 June 30, 1.915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------------------------------ 14, 964. 49 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended.--------------- 25, 523. 08 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities- ----------- 2, 404. 54 July 1, 1915, balance available-__ _____________---------_ 23, 118. 54 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project____- -255, 515. 00 "------------------- Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance _______ 240, 000. 00 3. CLINCH AND HIWASSEE RIVERS, TENN. AND VA. (A) CLINCH RIVER. Location.-The Clinch River is formed by the junction of its north and south forks in Tazewell County, Va., and flows in a southwest- erly direction for a distance of about 332 miles to Kingston, Tenn., where it empties into the Tennessee River, 1031 miles above Chat- tanooga. The project provides for the improvement of the 192 miles of the river between the Virginia-Tennessee line and the mouth. (See U. S. post-route map of Kentucky and Tennessee.) Original condition.--In its original condition the river was ob- Structed by numerous rock shoals, bowlders, snags, and other surface obstructions. At the shoals the slopes were excessive and the cur- rents swift. Between Walkers Ferry and the mouth (126.2 miles) the average width of the river was about 300 feet, the average slope 1 Includes the expenditure of $503.01 received from sales. aExclusive of the'balance unexpended July 1, 1915, RiX~R 1109 AI~t$ tAI3RO1 IMPROVBME4TIS.10 1.89 feet per mile, and the minimum available depth at ordinary low water about 0.5 foot, though the river was not navigable at low stages on account of the bowlders and surface obstructions. The extreme low water discharge at the mouth was about 765 cubic feet per second. Clinton, Tenn., 60 miles above the mouth, was the head of steamboat navigation, but rafts were sometimes floated down from points as far upstream as Speers Ferry, Va., 201 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, based on the report of Feb- ruary 2, 1876 (Annual Report for 1876, p. 741), was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880. As subsequently extended in scope (Annual Report for 1881, p. 1863), the project provides for channel excavation, removal of surface obstructions, and the con- struction of wing dams and training walls, so as to secure a navi- gable channel of 2 feet in depth at ordinary low water from the mouth of the river to Clinton, about 60 miles, and of 1.5 feet in depth from Clinton to Walkers Ferry (Haynes), about 66 miles. From Walkers Ferry to the State line, about 66 miles, it is proposed simply to remove the loose rock and bowlders, reduce the rock ledges, and remove snags, overhanging trees, and similar obstructions, so as to assist raft and flatboat navigation at the stages at which the river is ordinarily used. The estimated cost of the work proposed is $50,000 (first estimated at $26,400). No estimate for annual mainte- nance was given in the project, nor was the proposed channel width specified. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The expenditures were applied to excavation at the rock reefs, removing surface ob- structions, and building wing dams and training walls. The amount expended prior to the fiscal year was $53,994.29 for original work and $7,252.67 for maintenance, a total of $61,246.96. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No field operations were carried on during the year. The amount expended for office expenses was $50, which was charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The entire length of river covered by the project had been worked over, but the project depths had not been obtained. However, the river was fairly free of bowlders, snags, and other surface obstructions, and at some of the shoals the velocities and slopes had been reduced and the depths in- creased, whereby the use of the river was made practicable at stages 2 to 3 feet lower than before the improvement was begun. The amount expended was $53,994.291 for new work and $7,302.67 for maintenance, a total of $61,296.96. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the improvement has been too slight to have any effect on freight rates. The improvement was of some advantage in former years in making navigation at medium and high stages less difficult and dangerous. Proposed operations.-Forthe fiscal year 1917 no wotk is proposed, as none is thought to be necessary for the maintenance of the project. Commercial statistics.-The commerce reported for the fiscal year 1914 amounted to 23,180 tons, valued at $243,766, and consisted prin- 1Includes the expenditure of $45.10 received from sales. 1110 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. cipally of farm products and timber products. The following table gives a comparative statement of the commerce for the calendar years indicated : Comparative statement. Calendar years. Short tons. Value. Value. 1912.-------.......... -- ----------------------------------------------------- 27,571 $236,892 1913..---------.....-----....-.....-- ------------------------------------------------ 23,294 173,282 1914.......----------------------------------------------------------------23,180 243,766 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $53, 994. 29 Maintenance , 302. 67 7---------------------------- Total _--------------------------------------------_ 61, 296. 96 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-----------------------------------------........................................................ 519.22 $1,336.52.. Maintenance...................................................... ....... ... ------ ..... ---------- $50.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------ $623. 57 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915_ _________-------------- 573. 57 50. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement--------------------------------------- 50.00 (B) HIWASSEE RIVER. Location.-The Hiwassee River rises in Towne County, in north- ern Georgia, and flows in a general northwesterly direction for a distance of about 132 miles, passing through the western part of North Carolina and into Tennessee, and entering the Tennessee River 36J miles above Chattanooga. The project provides for the improve- ment of the 35 miles of the river between its mouth and the mouth of the Ocoee. (See U. S. post route map of Kentucky and Ten- nessee.) Original condition.--In its original condition the river was ob- structed by rock reefs, gravel bars, snags, and overhanging trees. Below the mouth of the Ocoee the average low-water slope of the river was 0.94 foot per mile, and the maximum slope over shoals was 17 feet per mite. The minimum available depth at mean low water in the 35-mile section was about 1 foot. The width in this reach varied from 200 to 450 feet, averaging about 300 feet. The low- 1 Includes an expenditure of $45.10 received from sales. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1111 water discharge at the mouth, calculated from observations taken at higher stages, was about 1,200 cubic feet per second. Savannah Ford, 41.6 miles above the mouth, was the head of steamboat naviga- tion, and rafting and logging were not practicable above this point. Previous projects.-The original project, based on an examination made in 1874 (Annual Report for 1875, p. 809), was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 14, 1876. The amount expended under this project was $36,427.07, all of which was for original work. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1907. Present project.-The present project, based on the report of the survey ordered by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899 (H. Doc. No. 77, 56th Cong., 2d sess.), was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. The project provides for the improvement of the 35 miles of the river between its mouth and the mouth of the Ocoee by the use of spur dikes, training walls, and submerged sills, and by bank protection and dredging, at an estimated cost of $71,125. The estimated cost of maintaining the improvement was not given in the report. The depth proposed is 3 feet in the boat channel at ordinary low water, with a mean of 21 feet through the entire width of navigable channel, which is to be 164 feet, with a minimum of 116 feet allowed on one shoal. The width of dredged channels is to be 50 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Priorto the fiscal year the project section of the river had been cleared of snags and surface obstructions, and the improvements below Charleston (19 miles) had been practically completed. The amount expended under the present project prior to the fiscal year was $76,892.42 for original work and $9,509.36 for maintenance; a total of $86,401.78. Operations during the fiscal year.-Duringthe fiscal year the river was cleared of snags and surface obstructions from Charleston to the mouth. The work was done by hired labor with the use of the French Broad River fleet. The amount expended was $245.09, which was charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-About half of the work proposed was completed. The minimum draft at ordinary low water in the reach between Charleston, the present head of navigation, and the mouth was about 2 feet. The amount expended under the present project was $76,892.42 for new work and $9,754.45 for maintenance; a total of $86,646.87.1 Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The work done has improved low-water conditions, so as to make light-draft traffic practicable for the greater part of the year from Charleston to the mouth. It is doubtful if freight rates have been affected by the improvement. Proposed operations.-Nowork is proposed for the fiscal year 1917, as the amount of commerce involved does not appear to justify fur- ther expenditures at present. Commercial statistics.--The commerce reported for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 2,342 tons, valued at $138,563, and consisted principally of farm and timber products and general merchandise. 1 Includes the expenditure of $8.23 received from sales. 1112 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The following table gives a comparative statement of the commerce for the calendar years indicated: Comparative statement. Short V Calendar year. tons. Value. 1912................................................................................ 4,112 $200,800 1913 1913... ....................... -2, ..................... .... 639 2,639 55, 666 55,666 1914 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 2,342 138,563 Financialsummary. HIWASSEE RIVER. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $113, 319. 49 Maintenance _ ---------------------------- 9, 754. 45 Total_ ___--------------------------------- 123, 073. 94 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 .. New work..---------------------------------------------$c -$1,663.57......... 9 Maintenance. .-..- $250. 00 $245. 09 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------ $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__ ------------------------------ 3, 461. 78 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------- 3, 216. 69 245. 09 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------- 245. 09 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $167, 313. 78 Maintenance------------- ---------------------------- 17, 057. 12 Total ------------------------------------------- 184, 370. 90 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...--------..-....-----........----------------------.......................--------$. 2,182.79 $1,336.52 .......... Maintenance......................... ............ ...... ........ ............ 250.00 $295.09 Total------------------ --------------------------- 2,182.79 1,586.52 295.09 1 Includes an expenditure of $8.23 received from sales. 2Includes an expenditure of $53.33 received from sales. R;VER AND HAR OIR MPOVMEMENTh. 1113 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 4, 085. 35 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------- 3, 790. 26 295. 09 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------ 295. 09 4. OPERATING AND CARE OF HALES BAR LOCK, TENNESSEE RIVER. This work consists of a lock and dam at Hales Bar, 33 miles below Chattanooga, Tenn., built under contract by the Chattanooga & Ten- nessee River Power Co. under enabling acts of April 26, 1904, and January 7, 1905, the company being granted the use of the water power produced by the dam for a period of 99 years. The United States provided the gates, valves, and operating machinery and other appurtenances of the lock and supervised the construction. The dam is a solid concrete structure 1,200 feet long and about 52 feet average height, raising the water surface 37.5 feet at low water. The pool formed thereby affords a navigable depth at low water of at least 6 feet for some distance above Chattanooga. The construc- tion of this dam successfully surmounts some of the worst obstruc- tions in the Tennessee River, which heretofore existed in what is known as the " Mountain section." The available dimensions of the lock are 60 by 267 feet; lift at low water, 37.5 feet; low-water depth on upper miter sill, 11 feet, and on lower miter sill, 6.5 feet. The lock was opened to navigation on November 1, 1913. The total cost of the work to the United States was $236,554.76. The work done during the fiscal year consisted of fencing, grading, and sodding the grounds, digging a well for water supply, and installing an electric pump to operate it, and the general work of operating the lock and caring for and improving the lock, grounds, houses, and other prop- erty. The total amount expended for operating and care to June 30, 1915, was $10,971.44, of which $9,147.49 was expended during the fiscal year. The outstanding liabilities to June 30, 1915, amount to $790.39. The freight transported through the lock during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 10,394 short tons, valued at $767,406. The number of lockages, exclusive of those of Government craft, was 559. Proposed operations.-The lock and dam will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 5. OPERATING AND CARE OF MUSCLE SHOALS CANAL, TENNESSEE RIVER. This work consists of a canal in two sections, aggregating 18.3 miles in length, with a bottom width of 70 feet and an available depth in the canal of 5 feet; but the depths at extreme low water in the 1114 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. entrances and between the two sections limit the available depth to about 1 foot. The canal includes an aqueduct and 11 locks, the avail- able horizontal dimensions of the latter being 60 by 245 feet. A rail- road nearly 15 miles in length is operated in connection with the maintenance of the improvement. Fifteen streams empty into the canal, but none of them are very large. Bars are constantly forming at their mouths and also at the entrances of the canal, but they are removed by a ladder dredge as fast as they form. The canal was opened to navigation in 1890, the total cost of the work being $3,191,- 726.50. For additional details of the canal and its operation, see Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1901, pages 2440-2446, and dorrections given on page 1729 of the report for 1902. During the fiscal year the canal was operated and the lock, canal trunk and embankment, railway shops and appliances, buildings and grounds, and floating plant were cared for and maintained as usual. The total amount expended for operating and care to June 30, 1915, was $1,406,372.30, of which $46,230.15 was expended during the fiscal year. The outstanding liabilities to June 30, 1915, amount to $3,136.73. The freight transported through the canal during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 8,585 short tons, valued at $754,898. The num- ber of lockages made, exclusive of those of Government craft, was 1,594. Proposed operations.-The canal will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appro- priation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 6. OPERATING AND CARE OF COLBERT SHOALS CANAL, TENNESSEE RIVER. This work consists of a lateral canal 8.06 miles long on the left bank of the Tennessee River, immediately above Riverton, Ala. It has a minimum bottom width of 112 feet and a depth throughout of 7 feet, the minimum depth on the miter sills being 6.25 feet. Boats are passed by means of a single lock (located at the lower end of the canal, one-half mile above Riverton), with a maximum lift of 26.4 feet and with clear dimensions of 80 by 287 feet. The original project was adopted in 1890 and the construction of the lock commenced in 1893. The canal was opened to navigation in November, 1911. The total cost of the work was $2,321,478.91, including outstanding lia- bilities amounting to $125.21. The work done during the fiscal year consisted principally of exca- vating material deposited in the canal, widening the canal just above the lock, increasing the height of the levee above the mound for high- water protection, fencing the reservation, and of general work of operating and caring for the lock, canal trunk and embankments, buildings and grounds, and floating plant. The total amount ex- pended for operating and care to June 30, 1915, was $88,045.09, of which $18,968.59 was expended during the fiscal year. The outstand- ing liabilities to June 30, 1915, amount to $1,387.51. The freight transported through the canal during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 23,734 short tons, valued at $441,400. The RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1115 number of lockages made, exclusive of those of Government craft, was 276. Proposed operations.--The canal will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite ap- propriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. EXAMINATION AND SURVEY REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making a prelimi- nary examination and survey, provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, of Tennessee River, between Browns Island and the railroad bridge, below the city of Florence, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received. The duty of making the reexamination in accordance with the law for the original examination of rivers and harbors, as provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, with a view to obtaining a report whether the adopted project for Tennessee River, Tenn., Ala., and Ky., shall be modified or the improvement aban- doned, has been also assigned to the district engineer officer, and his report will be duly submitted when received. CONSTRUCTION OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON THE OHIO RIVER. The execution of surveys, preparation of plans for the locks and dams, and other matters pertaining to the slack-water improvement of the Ohio River as a whole are made the subject for consideration by a special board of officers of the Corps of Engineers, constituted at the present time as follows: Lieut. Col. Francis R. Shunk, Lieut. Col. Henry Jervey, Maj. J. C. Oakes, Maj. T. H. Jackson, Capt. H. C. Fiske, and Capt. F. B. Wilby (recorder). The actual construction of the new locks and dams and the opera- tion and care of the completed structures are under the immediate supervision and direction of the district engineer officers at Pitts- burgh, Wheeling, Cincinnati, and Louisville. The Pittsburgh section extends from the head of the river at Pitts- burgh, Pa., to Steubenville, Ohio, a distance of 65.7 miles, and in- cludes Dams Nos. 1 to 10; the Wheeling section extends from Steuben- ville, Ohio, to a point 2 miles below Huntington, W. Va., a distance of 245.2 miles, and includes Dams Nos. 11 to 28; the Cincinnati sec- tion extends from a point 2 miles below Huntington, W. Va., to a point 2 miles above Madison, Ind., a distance of 242.7 miles, and includes Dams Nos. 29 to 40; the Louisville section extends from a point 50 miles above Louisville and 2 miles above Madison, Ind., to Mound City, Ill., a distance of 408 miles, and includes Dams Nos. 41 to 54. The lock and the dam at No. 41, Louisville, are at opposite ends of the Louisville and Portland canal.. This canal is 2 miles long and provides passage around the Falls of the Ohio. FOR DISTRICT OFFICERS' REPORTS GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING CONSTRUC- TION OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON THE OHIO RIVER, SEE PAGES 2885 TO 2949. 1116 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGITEE 8, U. S. AR1Y. Location.-The Ohio River is formed by the junction of the Alle- gheny and Monongahela Rivers at Pittsburgh, Pa. It flows in a general southwesterly direction and empties into the Mississippi River at Cairo, Ill. The total length of the river is 968.5 miles. The approved project provides for canalization of the stream throughout its length. (See U. S. Geological Survey charts for the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois; scale, 1: 500,000.) Original condition.-In its original condition the Ohio River was much obstructed throughout its entire length by snags, rocks, and gravel and sand bars, and navigation was extremely difficult and dangerous. Depth at extreme low water varied from a minimum of 1 foot between Pittsburgh, Pa., and Cincinnati, Ohio (468.5 miles), to 2 feet between Cincinnati and the mouth of the river (500 miles). The depths stated represent depths on riffles; between riffles are pools, some of which attain maximum depths of 30 feet at extreme low water. The river was navigable throughout its entire length for steamboats and other craft at medium and higher stages. Previous projects.-The original project for lock and dam con- struction on the Ohio River was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1875, and provided for the construction of a lock and movable dam at Davis Island, 4.7 miles below the head of the river. Additional dams were provided for by river and harbor acts dated September 18, 1890, June 3, 1896, March 3, 1899, June 13, 1902, and March 3, 1905. The amount expended on original and subsequent projects prior to commencement of operations under the existing project, including amount expended for purchase, etc., of Louisville and Portland Canal, was $16,766,993.43. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1907. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. It contemplates the improvement of the entire Ohio River by the construction of locks and movable dams in accordance with the report submitted in House Document No. 492, Sixtieth Congress, first session, or such modification thereof as in the discretion of the Secretary of War may be advisable, and with a view to the completion of such improvement within a period of 12 years. Additional information concerning the project, including a discussion of details of construction, is given in House Document No. 1159, Sixty-second Congress, third session. The total number of locks and dams proposed by the adopted project, including those authorized under previous projects (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 18, 19, 26, and 37), was 54. A modification of the project, omitting Lock and Dam No. 42 by adjusting the lifts of Dams Nos. 43, 44, 45, and 46, was approved by the Secretary of War on September 12, 1913, thus re- ducing to 53 the total number of locks and dams in the approved project. The report upon which the project is based gives the original esti- mates, made in 1906, as $63,731,488, in addition to appropriations previously made. The annual cost of maintenance is estimated in said report at $810,000, this amount covering the salaries of the lock forces and the cost of repairs and renewals. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. . 1117 The following table gives data relative to locks contemplated but not yet commenced. Similar information concerning locks com- pleted or in course of construction is given elsewhere in this report under head of Condition at the end of fiscal year. Proposed Proposed location, dimensions of Lift at- No. lock. Depth over Estimated of Miles lower cost.l below With reference to nearest town or idth. ill. Pool Low Pitts- other geographical point. stage. water. burgh. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. 23 230.6 Millwood, W. Va................. 110 600 11.0 8.1 14.1 $1,163,909 25 260. 5 miles above mouth of Kanawha River........................... 110 600 11.0 9.0 13.7 1,212,691 27 300. 3 4 miles above Guyandotte W. Va.. 110 600 11.0 6. 4 13.1 1,185, 405 30 338.9 3 miles below Greenup, Ky.... .... 110 600 11.1 7. 5 12. 8 1, 280, 000 32 383. 7 1 mile below Rome, Ohio.......... 110 600 11.0 7. 5 12. 8 1, 380, 000 34 432.8 Chilo Ohio.....................110 600 11.0 5. 6 13. 0 1,440, 000 36 458.4 10 miles above Cincinnati, Ohio .. 110 600 11.1 7. 9 11.4 1, 440, 000 38 501.3 Mosville, Ky... 110 600 11.0 7. 3 11.6 1,240, 000 40 553.6 2miles above Madison, Ind....... 110 600 11.0 6.0 12.0 1,620,000 42........ Eliminated ................................... ................... 44 660.3 Leavenworth, Ind ............... 110 600 11.0 9.0 14.0 1,280,000 45 699.7 Addison Ky .................. 110 600 11.0 9.0 13.0 1,580,000 46 748. 5 3 miles above Owensboro, Ky_... 110 600 11.0 9.0 14.2 1,720,000 47 771.3 1J miles above Newburg, Ind.... 110 600 11.0 9.0 13.3 1,720,000 49 830. 5 71 miles belowMount Vernon, Ind. 110 600 11.0 9. 0 12. 5 1 640, 000 50 859.6 Caseyville, Ky.................... 110 600 11.0 8.0 12.8 1 480,000 51 878.0 1J miles above Elizabethtown, Ill.. 110 600 11.0 9. 0 13. 0 1,584, 000 52 913.2 1J miles below mouth of Cumber- land River....................110 600 11.0 9.0 13.4 2,248,000 53 946.0 Head of Grand Chain..--- - - - -........ 110 600 11.0 7.0 12.9 2,800,000 54 962.4 Mound City,Ill................... 110 600 29.0 ... 13.4 2,260,000 1 For Dams Nos. 23, 25, and 27 the estimated costs given in H. Doc. No. 1159, 62d Cong., 3d sess., are used, and for the remaming dams the estimated costs given in H. Doc. No. 492, 60th Cong., 1st sess., are used. 2At lowest low water. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work accom- plished prior to the beginning of the fiscal year under original and subsequent projects was as follows: Locks and Dams Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 18, and 37 were completed and in operation. Work was in progress on reconstruction of navigable-pass foundation of Dam No. 26, which failed after this dam was placed in operation in 1912. Work under original construction was in progress at Dams Nos. 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24, 28, 29, 31, 35, 39, 43, and 48, and construction of new lock and widening of the Louisville & Portland Canal at Louisville (No. 41). Nos. 7 and 9 were practically completed, while work on the others, with the exception of Nos. 35, 39, and 43, was well advanced. Work had just been commenced at the last-named dams. The amount expended for original work prior to beginning of the fiscal year exclusive of expenditures re- ported under previous projects, was $9,804,419.07. No expenditures were made for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work accom- plished during the fiscal year was as follows: Lock and Dam No. 7: A power house and two lock houses were constructed by contract. A steam-driven air-compressor plant and a duplicate turbo-compressor plant were purchased and installed under contract. The lock-operating machinery was purchased under contract and installed by hired labor. The wickets were fabricated 1118 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. by the United States and with the movable irons for dam installed by the United States. The lock approaches were dredged by the United States dredging plant. Esplanade grading and paving was done by hired labor. The amount expended during the year was $103,994.33, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 9: A power house and two lock houses were constructed by contract. A steam-driven air-compressor plant and a duplicate turbo-compressor plant were purchased and installed under contract. The lock-operating machinery was purchased under contract and installed by the United States. The wickets were fabricated by the United States and, with the movable irons for dam, installed by the United States. The lock grounds were raised under contract to flood height. All esplanade grading and paving was done by hired labor. The amount expended during the year was $69,218.53, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 10: All work on the lock and dam under the first general contract was completed; the lock gates were furnished and erected under contract; lock-operating machinery was furnished under contract; contracts were awarded for a maneuver boat, power house, and steam and turbo-compressor power plants. The amount expended during the year was $527,876, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 12: The contractor for the lock and dam proper completed both guide walls, the esplanade paving, about 30 per cent of the river wall power house, the abutment except lower wing wall, about 50 per cent of the stone paving, the Chanoine weir except movable parts, piers Nos. 2 and 3 except valve-operating gears, about 90 per cent of the foundation, 80 per cent of the leaves for bear trap No. 2, and drove a few piles for bear trap No. 1. The land power house was completed and the machinery installed under contract. Contracts were entered into for lock gates, pass and weir horses and props, recess and engine-pit covers, and service-bridge trestles and aprons. The pass and weir wickets were built by hired labor at Dam No. 28. The amount expended during the year was $265,346.78, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 13: The expenditures during the year were for rebuilding under contract a part of the retaining wall and slope pav- ing below the abutment. The amount expended was $1,550.15, all of which was for maintenance. Lock and Dam No. 14: The contractor for the lock and dam proper accomplished the following: Completed the lock except the esplanade paving, lock gates, and machinery; completed the upper guide wall and 23 per cent of the lower guide wall; bear trap and weir coffer- dam; 30 linear feet of abutment; 40 linear feet of abutment founda- tion; 82 linear feet of weir foundation; and 38 linear feet of founda- tion for Pier No. 3. The amount expended during the year was $263,211.81, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 15: The contract for the lock and dam proper was completed on April 17, 1915. The land power house was com- pleted and the machinery was installed under contract. The pass and weir wickets, built by hired labor at Dam No. 28, were installed. A contract was entered into for the lock gates. The amount expended during the year was $506,352.71, all of which was for new work. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1119 Lock and Dam No. 16: The contractor for the lock and dam proper accomplished the following: Completed the lock except esplanade, the lock gates, and machinery; completed the upper guide wall and 80 per cent of lower guide wall, 532 linear feet of foundation for navi- gable pass; and commenced the construction of cofferdam for bear traps, weirs, and abutment. The amount expended during the year was $535,103.63, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 17: The contractor for the lock and dam proper accomplished the following: Completed the lock except the esplanade, lock gates, and machinery; also completed 325 linear feet of naviga- ble pass except movable parts. The amount expended during the year was $555,605.96, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 19: The contract for the lock and dam proper was completed on February 28, 1915. The lock gates were erected under contract. The wickets were received, but not placed. About 600 linear feet of cofferdam was constructed for reinforcing the navi- gable pass. This work was done by hired labor with Government plant. The amount expended during the year was $350,041.82, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 20: The contractor for the lock and dam proper accomplished the following: Completed river wall of lock, both guide walls, the navigable pass except movable parts, the esplanade paving back to 120 feet from land wall, the piping for land power house, and fill above upper recess and below lower recess; commenced placing riprap below the lower recess; completed the walls of upper half of river-wall power house; completed the lower half of Pier No. 1 and the upper half of its foundation, and the foundation of Pier No. 2; completed the rock channeling for bear trap No. 2 and 33 per cent of its foundation. The land power house was completed and the ma- chinery installed under contract. Contracts were entered into for the lock gates, weir horses and props, service-bridge trestles and aprons, recess and engine pit covers. The pass and weir wickets, built by hired labor at Dam No. 28, were received but not installed. The amount expended during the year was $307,483.28, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 21: The construction of this lock and dam by hired labor was commenced on April 1, 1915. Four hundred linear feet of 16-foot cofferdam were constructed, and about 3,050 cubic yards of common excavation were made. A railroad siding and tem- porary buildings were constructed, a dredge and a towboat were pur- chased, and contracts were entered into for the various construction materials. The amount expended during the year was $93,259.73, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 22: The construction of this lock and dam by hired labor was commenced on April 1, 1915. Six hundred and fifty linear feet of 18-foot cofferdam were practically completed, but not pumped out, and 30,000 cubic yards of common excavation were made. A railroad siding and temporary buildings were constructed; con- tracts were entered into for the various construction materials. The amount expended during the year was $60,836.52, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 24: The contractor for the lock and dam proper accomplished the following: Completed the land wall; 90 per cent 1120 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of the river wall; the upper and lower gate recesses; 27 per cent of the upper gate track; and 16 linear feet of both upper and lower guide walls. The amount expended during the year was $217,518.71, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 26: The work of reconstructing the navigable pass by hired labor was completed on October 20, 1914. The gate tracks and bear-trap foundations were strengthened. The second slope on terraced bank at rear of lock esplanade was paved. The Government telephone line on the Kanawha River was extended to Dam No. 26. The amount expended during the year was $67,275.20, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 28: This lock and dam was completed except for the installation of 20 per cent of the machinery for river-wall power house. Four flatboats and 1 derrick boat were constructed, and 3 flatboats and 1 derrick boat partially constructed for use at Dams Nos. 21 and 22. All of this work was done by hired labor. The amount expended during the year was $287,558.95, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 29: The esplanade was paved, and the navigable pass, abutment, and upper and lower guide walls completed, all un- der the first general contract for construction of lock and dam, which was completed except erection of bear traps, completion of core wall in abutment, filling inside of abutment, etc. Work was in progress on construction of lock gates, under contract. Contract was awarded for construction of power house. The amount expended during the year was $320,890.03, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 31: The lock masonry was completed, navi- gable-pass cofferdam constructed, and filling and grading of espla- nade and construction of upper guide-wall cofferdam were in progress, all under the first general contract for construction of lock and dam. The amount expended during the year was $211,816.41, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 33: Contract for this lock and dam was awarded in February, 1915. The lock cofferdam was completed and excavation for land wall was in progress. The amount expended during the year was $9,397.66, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 35: The lock masonry, upper and lower guide walls, abutment, and first section of navigable pass were completed under contract. The amount expended during the year was $565,- 150.85, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 39: This lock and dam is being constructed by hired labor. The land wall of lock was completed to final height be- tween upper and lower gate posts; lock floor was completed between upper and lower miter sills; piling for river-wall foundation was driven, and a 7-foot concrete cap placed thereon; river-wall crib and pass crib inside of lock coffer were placed in position and partially filled; pass cofferdam was under construction. The amount expended during the year was $478,279.77, all of which was for new work. Lock No. 41 and Louisville & Portland Canal: The work of con- struction of the new lock, and widening the Louisville & Portland Canal to 200 feet was carried on under separate contracts throughout RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1121 the year. The metal work for the emergency dam in the canal was purchased, and a direct lift bridge was erected over the canal at Eighteenth Street, the work being done by contract. Dredging at the west approach to the new lock was done by day labor. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $454,101.43, all of which was for new work; of this amount $159,430.29 was expended for con- struction of new lock, etc., and the balance, $294,671.14, for widening the canal. Lock and Dam No. 43: The work of construction of this lock and dam and appurtenant structures was carried on throughout the year by day labor, field work being suspended during periods of high water. The temporary camp buildings were completed, work on four brick dwellings begun, the necessary plant and equipment installed, lock and abutment cofferdams constructed, excavation in the coffer- dams completed, the cofferdams unwatered, and the concrete work commenced. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $667,- 416.23, all of which was for new work. Lock and Dam No. 48: The work of construction of the lock and dam was prosecuted under the first general contract, and about 14 per cent of the work covered by that contract completed during the year. Work under contracts for four brick dwellings and for the metal work for wickets was completed. The wickets were completed by day labor. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $315,- 514.13, all of which was for new work. Surveys, purchase of sites, etc.: The work of the general survey of the Ohio River was continued during the year by day labor. Field work during the year covered 84.25 miles of river, in addition to 49 miles of underbank topography omitted during the preceding year. Field platting covering 299.5 miles was completed, and 163 of the maps were inked. Seven dam sites and a site for a repair station at Paducah, Ky., were purchased, titles were examined, and other work preliminary to the acquisition of the remaining sites was done. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $100,145.43. Contingencies.-Work was continued throughout the year by the Ohio River board's designing force on plans for locks and dams. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $20,376.92, and was applied to payment of salaries of the board's force and expenses inci- dent to its work. The total amount expended during the fiscal year was $7,355,322.97, of which $7,353,772.82 was for new work and $1,550.15 for main- tenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--At the close of the fiscal year 14 locks and dams were fully completed and in operation; another was so nearly completed that it was able to be operated although not entirely finished; and there was in addition an old lock, built many years before, so inadequate in dimensions that a new one was in process of construction to accommodate the traffic of the river. Counting the lock almost finished and the additional lock just men- tioned, there were 20 under construction in various stages of progress. The total expenditures under the existing adopted project to the end of the fiscal year were $17,220,690.88, of which $17,219,140.73 was for new work and $1,550.15 for maintenance. 8373°-ENG 1915-71 1122 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The following table gives data relative to locks completed or under construction at the close of the year. Similar information relative to locks contemplated, but not yet commenced, may be found elsewhere in this report under head of Present project: Location. Dimensions Lift at- Completed works. Uncompleted of lock. works. I 0 With reference to ill cd. nearest town or 0 El 2 other geograph- ical point. to0 0 o +2 WU o <6 0)0 Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1 4.7 West Bellevue, Pa. 110 600 9.5 3.1 11.4 1885 $973, 689.87 2 9.0 Coraopolis, Pa ..... 110 600 9.5 7.8 16.5 1906 977, 244.37 3 10.9 Glenosborne, Pa... 110 600 9.5 7.7 15.2 1908 1,164,175.78 4 18.6. Legionville, Pa. ... 110 600 9.5 7.6 15.9 1908 1,086,429.81 5 23.9 Freedom, Pa ... 110 600 9.0 8.5 13.4 1907 1,086,664.65 6 28.8 Beaver, Pa...... 110 600 11.0 5.7 12.6 1904 1,123,720.15 7 36.9 Midland, Pa....... 110 600 11.0 6.9 12.9 1914 21, 054, 889.70 8 46.1 Newell, W. Va.... 110 600 12.0 6.4 12.9 1911 1,167,478.94 9 55.6 New Cumberland, W. Va........... 110 600 11.0 7.4 14.0 1914 21,168,362.13... _.... 10 65.7 Steubenville Ohio. 110 600 11.0 8.4 15.5 ..... 85.0 $1,311i, 700 11 76.3 2.3 miles below Wellsburg,W.Va 110 600 11.1 7.3 14.2 1911 1,162,223.00 ...... ... 12 87.0 2 miles above Wheeling, W.Va. 110 600 11.0 8.4 12.2 .. 63.0 1,460,176 13 95.8 McMechen, W. Va. 110 600 9.5 7.3 12.8 1911 1220980.00......... 14 113.8 Woodland, W. Va. 110 600 11.0 8.3 15.1 48.0 1,395,013 15 128.9 New Martinsville, W. Va........ 110 600 11.0 7.8 13.9 .......... .... 83.9 1,256,17 16 146.4 BensRun, W. Va.. 110 600 11.2 7.8 13.8 .57.0 1, 302,667 17 167.4 4 miles above Mari- etta, Ohio...._ 110 600 11.0 8.2 13.1 .....---------..............---- 54.0 1,428,875 18 179.3 41 miles above Parkersburg, W. Va............ 110 600 11.0 6.2 13.4 1910 1 912,978.00 ,._............. 19 191.4 Little Hocking, Ohio............. 110 600 11.0 7.7 14.9 . ... 80.0 850, 000 ... 20 201.7 Belleville, W. Va.. 110 600 11.0 7.5 13.8 ............. .... 58.0 1,179,228 21 213.8 Portland, Ohjo.... 110 600 11.0 5.6 13.4 ........ ........ 1.0 1,248,686 22 220.1 Ravenswood, W. Va............... 110 600 11.2 7.8 13.0 ..... .... ... 1.5 1,222,337 24 242.0 Graham, W. Va... 110 600 11.0 7.0 13.9 S33.0 1,129,229 26 278.0 Hogsett, W. Va.... 110 600 11.0 7.5 14.2 1914 1,028,948.00...... 28 310.9 Huntington,W.Va. 110 600 11.0 7.1 13.6 ..... 99.0 1,029,336 29 319.4 3 miles below mouth of Big Sandy River... 110 600 11.0 8. O 13.7 .... ............ I 65.9 979, 767 31 358.4 3 miles below Portsmouth, Ohio............. 110 600 11.0 7.5 13.0 .................... 28.9 1,320,000 33 404.0 3 miles above Maysville, Ky... 110 600 11.0 7.0 13.0 .... 1.0 .......... 1,240,000 35 449.7 1 mile below New Richmond, Ohio. 110 600 11.0 6.4 12.6 1.... .. .. . ... . .35.6 1,440,000 37 481.3 Fernbank, Ohio... 110 600 11.0 7.8 12.3 1911 1,299,425.60 ... 39 529.6 1 mile above Mark- land, Ind........ 110 600 11.0 8.0 13.0 .................... 24.7 1,450,000 41 604.0 Louisville, Ky.... 350 }11. 0 29. 0 33.9 .................... 42.0 1,710,325 110 600 43 630.2 3 milesbelow West Point, Ky....... 110 600 11.0 9.0 14.6 44.0 .............. 1, 953,000 48 804.1 6 miles below Hen- derson, Ky...... 110 600 11.0 9.0 12.9 .............. 38.0 1,840,000 1 For Dams Nos. 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, and 29 the estimated costs stated are those given in H. Doc. No. 1159, 62d Cong., 3d sess. For the remaining dams the estimated costs stated are those given in H. Doc. No. 492, 60th Cong., 1st sess., with the exception of Nos. 41 and 43, for which, owing to modification of project (approved by the Secretary of War) providing for widening the Louisville & Port- land Canal and omission of Dam No. 42, special estimates are used. 2 Exclusive of cost of dredging approaches to locks, not yet done. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1123 Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The work of canalization of the Ohio River is not sufficiently advanced to have any appreciable effect on freight rates, but the probable results of the improvement are dis- cussed at some length in House Document No. 492, Sixtieth Congress, first session. The great future benefit of the improvement will be felt only when the slack-water system has been extended far enough downstream to permit of continuous navigation at all times (except when interfered with by floods or ice) over a considerable section of the river. It should be noted, however, that a comparison of the cost of delivery of Monongahela River coal by rail and by river t'o points in the pools above Dam No. 6, where slack water has been available for a number of years, shows a saving of from 30 to 50 cents a ton in favor of water transportation. Proposed operations.--It is expected that the funds available July 1, 1915, will be exhausted June 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the funds for which estimate is made in continuing the construction of Locks and Dams Nos. 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 29, 31, 35, 39, 41, 43, and 48, for which $4,450,000 will be required, and com- mencing the construction of six additional locks and dams, which will cost $6,300,000. Since the construction of a lock and dam will require about four years, it is not necessary that more than $5,000,000 be made immediately available, but the remainder of the amount esti- mated, viz, $5,750,000, should, for economical work, be covered by a continuing-contract authorization. Commercial statistics.-The nature of the commerce in recent years remains about the same, and no material change in lines of transportation has been made so far as known. About 45.5 per cent of the tonnage for the calendar year 1914 was coal and the remainder miscellaneous freight. Comparative statement. Short tons.. Value. Passengers. Part calendar year 1912 (Apr. 1 to Dec. 31): Through locks and open river .................... 6,998,747.3 34, 617,358.81 1,203, 674 Ferries -------------------------------------- 1,619,621.7 36, 446, 870.87 2, 628, 615 Total.. ................................ 8, 618, 369. 0 71,064,229. 68 3, 832, 289 Calendar year 1913: Through locks and open river...................... 8,412,603.8 40, 940, 511. 71 1,320, 952 Ferries........................................ 1,401,519.5 36, 086, 390.07 2, 949, 834 Total................................................... 9,814,123.3 77,026, 901.78 4,270,786 Calendar year 1914: Through locks and open river...................... 7, 589,161.5 38, 068, 685. 74 1,307, 728 Ferries................................ ... 1,941,148.0 55, 225, 794.14 2, 648,183 Total .......................................... 9,530,309.5 88 13, 9322942479- 955, 911 1 ! 1124 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. BMY. Financialsum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------- _--_------------------ $32, 686, 708. 56 Maintenance -___----------- 1, 550. 15 Total - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32, 688, 258. 71 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New wort ............... .......................... $2,306,292. 48 $4, 267,384.41 $7, 353,772.82 Maintenance. .......... .1........... . -----......... .......................... 1,550.15 Total........ ..................................... 2,306,292.48 4,267,384.41 7,355,322.97 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911__ $2, 000, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1911_ 1, 710, 000. 00 July 25, 1912__ 3, 200, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912__ 1, 141, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913- 1, 800, 000. 00 June 23, 1913--------__ 1, 673, 000. 00 Aug. 1, 1914------------------------------------- 4, 176, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ------ ------------------------ 1, 750, 000. 00 Mar. 3, 1915------------------------------------ 3, 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915- 3, 330, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--__-- ____________________ 4, 430, 809. 40 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914_ 4, 176, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 1, 750, 000. 00 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Mar. 3, 1915_ 3, 200, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 3, 330, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1913_ 23, 500. 00 Receipts from sales___ ____ 2, 470. 25 16, 912, 779. 65 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement---------------$7, 353, 772. 82 For maintenance of improvement----------- 1, 550. 15 7 55. 32299 _07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------9, 557, 456. 68 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------ 219, 462.36 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ----------------------------------- 6, 614, 800. 38 6, 834, 262. 74 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------- 2, 723, 193.94 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 4, 1913 _____ ----------------------------------------------- 3, 200, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization --------------- 3, 200, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----------------------------------138, 601, 488.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement________________ _ 1 5, 000, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1125 IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE PITTSBURGH, PA., DISTRICT. This district includes the Ohio River in the State of Pennsylvania, and its tributaries including Monongahela River, Pa., and W. Va.; Allegheny River, Pa., and N. Y.; and Beaver River, Pa., and Ohio. with their tributaries and drainage areas; also Locks and Dams Nos. 8, 9, and 10, below the Pennsylvania State line. District officer, Lieut. Col. Francis R. Shunk, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer, Lieut. Col. H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engi- neers, to November 1, 1914; Lieut. Col. W. L. Sibert, Corps of En- gineers, from November 1, 1914, to March 15, 1915; and Lieut. Col. Henry Jervey, Corps of Engineers, since March 15, 1915. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Monongahela River, Pa. ....... 1125 6. Ohio River above Steubenville, 2. Operating and care of locks and Ohio........................ 1115 dams, Monongahela River, 7. Operating and care of locks and W. Va., and Pa............. 1130 dams, Ohio River, above 3. Allegheny River, Pa., open- Steubenville ................. 1137 channel work. ............. 1131 8. Harbor at Pittsburgh, Pa ... ... 1138 4. Allegheny River, Pa., construc- 9. Youghiogheny River, Pa....... 1141 tion of locks and dams....... 1133 5. Operating and care of locks and dams, Allegheny River, Pa.. 1137 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2951 TO 2979. 1. MONONGAHELA RIVER, PA. Location.-The Monongahela River is formed by the junction of the Tygarts Valley and West Fork Rivers, about 1 mile south of Fairmont, W. Va., and flows in a northerly direction 128 miles to its junction with the Allegheny, forming the Ohio River at Pitts- burgh, Pa. The entire river is under improvement. (See U. S. Geological Survey charts for Pennsylvania and West Virginia, un- numbered.) Original condition.-In its original condition, prior to 1840, the river was navigable for steamboats only at high stages. Light-draft flats and rafts could be floated downstream at a low-water depth of 12 inches for the entire length of the river. Previous project.-The original project for Monongahela River, Pa., was adopted February 5, 1872, and modified by project adopted June 3, 1896. The original project for Monongahela River, W. Va., was adopted March 13, 1897. Under these projects, all completed, there has been expended a total of $5,528,767.68. For scope of the previous projects see Appendix, page 1910. Present project.-The present project includes the reconstruction and enlargement of certain of the locks and dams purchased from the Monongahela Navigation Co. under authority of the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, and additions to floating plant and equip- 1126 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. ment, provided for by river and harbor acts from time to time, as follows: Enlargement and improvement of Lock and Dam No. 6, additional works at Lock No. 3, and for new repair steamer and new dredge boat with equipment, by the act of March 3, 1899, at an estimated cost of $185,556 (see Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1897, pp. 2423-2424); also acquisition of land and additional im- provements at Nos. 5 and 6, authorized by the act of March 3, 1905, at a cost of $7,850 (see Annual Report for 1904, p. 460). Rebuilding of Lock and Dam No. 2, by the act approved June 13, 1902, "in accordance with the report submitted by the engineer in charge, dated February 4, 1902 " (not printed), at an estimated cost of $655,961; estimate increased in 1910 to $698,961. (See Annual Report for 1909, p. 1756.) Rebuilding of Lock and Dam No. 3, by the act approved March 3, 1905, at an estimated cost of $589,196. (See H. Doc. No. 209, 58th Cong., 2d sess.) Reconstruction of Lock and Dam No. 5, by the act approved March 2, 1907, at an estimated cost of $756,042. (See H. Doc. No. 209, 58th Cong., 2d sess.) Reconstruction of Lock and Dam No. 6, by the act approved March 4, 1913, at an estimated cost of $356,400 (see H. Doc. No. 1217, 62d Cong., 3d sess.) ; estimate increased during the past year to $418,860. On account of the dangerous condition of Locks and Dams Nos. 1 and 4, their reconstruction under allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and har- bor act approved March 3, 1909, was authorized by the Secretary of War, and report thereon is made under the head of operating and care of locks and dams, Monongahela River, W. Va. and Pa. The new Locks Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 5 have double chambers 56 feet by 360 feet. Lock No. 4 now has one lock 56 feet by 227 feet; the present alterations will provide two locks 56 feet by 360 feet. Lock No. 6 now has one chamber 50 feet by 164 feet; the present altera- tions will provide one additional chamber 56 feet by 360 feet. The dams are all fixed structures. Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 5 are concrete with movable tops, No. 9 masonry, Nos. 4, 6, 7, and 8 timber crib, and Nos. 10 to 15, inclusive, concrete. The depth on the sills of Locks Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 is 8 feet; Lock No. 6, 7 feet. The distance from the mouth of the river to Lock No. 6 is 68.7 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The system of Locks and Dams 1-7 was acquired by the United States on July 7, 1897, at a cost of $3,761,615.46. Slackwater navigation had been com- pleted from Pittsburgh, Pa., to 4 miles above Fairmont, W. Va. Ad- ditions to Locks and Dams Nos. 3, 5, and 6, and additions to plant authorized by act of March 3, 1899, and March 3, 1905, completed. Locks and Dams Nos. 2, 3, and 5 had been rebuilt and the work com- pleted except for some minor details. The cofferdam at Lock No. 6 was completed and excavation started. The amount expended for new work subsequent to previous projects is $2,327,725.68. Operationsand results during fiscal year.-The following has been accomplished: At Locks 2 and 5, capstans installed; at Lock 6, cofferdam inclosing the site of the new lock was completed and the river and middle walls completed from upper end to lock-gate re- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1127 cess. Due to lack of funds work was suspended from September 1, 1914, to May 3, 1915. The expenditures for the year for new work were $64,280.03. Condition of work at end of fiscal year.-At Lock No. 6, 40 per cent of the approved project is completed. Lock No. 2, completed except extension of lower guide wall. Locks Nos. 3 and 5, com- pleted except raising upper miter sill, river chamber. The maxi- mum draft in the shoalest part of present project is 7 feet at Lock No. 6; of entire river, 5 feet at Lock 8. The total expenditure for work under adopted projects subsequent to expenditures under Previous projects is $2,392,005.71. Location. Dimensions. Lift at Per Date of normal cent No. Miles pool corn- corn- Cost. above Nearest town. Width. length, stage.pleted. plion. mouth. length. tage. p Feet. Feet. Feet. 1 1.9 Pittsburgh, Pa.... .... ..---.-- ---.. 56 360.0 4.40 98 ........ $434, 045.00 2 11.2 Braddock, Pa-... --------------- 56 362. 5 7. 85 98 ........1 698,970. 21 3 23.8 Elizabeth, Pa-_--....-------. ---.-. 56 360.0 8.65 97 ... 1590, 076.64 4 41.2 North Charleroi, Pa-................ 56 2360. 11.10 60 ........ 1555,000.00 5 56.7 Brownsville, Pa.................... 56 360. 0 11.89 99 ........ 1 761,684. 42 6 68.7 Rices Landing, Pa................. 50 165.4 12.84 42 ........ 418,860.00 7 82.7 New Geneva, Pa-----. ---.. -....-.. 50 159.0 9.44 ........ 1883 211,941.00 8 87.5 Point Marion, Pa ...---.- ...- ..- . 50 161.6 10.63 ........ 1889 245,900.00 9 93.3 Hoards Rock, W. Va ............ 50 160.0 12.22 ........ 1879 191,000.00 10 102.6 Morgantown, W. Va........... 56 182.0 11.22......... 1903 228,358.89 11 104.9 Uffington, W. Va... 56 182.0 10.67 ........ 1903 245, 582.66 12 109.8 Little Falls, W. Va - :....:.. 56 182. 0 10.67 ........ 1904 218, 464. 60 13 111.8 ..... do........................... 56 182.0 10.67 ......... 1904 208,604.76 14 115.5 Lowsville, W. Va ................. 56 182.0 10.67 ........... 1904 228, 040.12 15 124. 1 Hoult, W. Va ... ........... 56 182.0 10.67 ........ 1904 193,742. 77 1 Estimated. 2 Land lock. 3 River lock. Local cooperation.-Seven locks and dams between Pittsburgh and the West Virginia State line were built by the Monongahela Naviga- tion Co. from 1840 to 1885. These have been purchased by the United States. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement of the Monongahela River on freight rates is marked. From Brownsville, on the Monongahela River, to Pittsburgh, 56 miles, the rate on coal is 38 cents per ton. From a point on the unimproved Allegheny River, 56 miles above Pittsburgh, to Pittsburgh the freight rate is 60 cents per ton. Proposed operations.--The work remaining to be done is the com- pletion of upper guard wall at Lock No. 6, and an additional appro- priation of $29,460 will be necessary for the year ending June 30, 1917. The need of this additional amount is not due to any modifica- tion of the project, but is an increase of the estimate on account of additional cost of the work due to closing down work awaiting the appropriation of funds to unforeseen difficulties and expense con- nected with construction of cofferdam, etc. The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. Com/mercial statistics.-The total commerce of the Monongahela River, consisting of coal, sand, gravel, iron and steel products, and general merchandise is estimated by taking all the downstream ton- nage at Lock 3 except iron and steel products, the downstream ton- 1128 REPORT OrP THE CIEP OF E1NGINEERS,I U. S. ARMY. nage of iron and steel products at Lock 1 and all upstream tonnage at Lock 1 plus the coal mined and shipped in pools 1 and 2. This is manifestly a conservative estimate. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............ ...... ........ . .............. ................... 11,575,329 $22,525,590 1913.... .......... .. ..----------------------------------------------------------... .. 12,039,175 23,431,560 1914......................................................................... 110,373,969 120,713,656 1 Decrease on account of depression in business. Financialsunfrary. REBUILDING LOCK AND DAM NO. 2. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $684, 577. 11 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work --------------------------------------------- $-------$--------$ Maintenance .......................................................... ....................... APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __________________-_______ _ $14, 393. 10 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__________________________ ___--14, 393. 10 REBUILDING LOCK AND DAM NO. 3. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------- ----------------------- 577, 193. 69 Maintenance------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................................... $..........$......... ....... Maintenance........................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________________________ $12, 882.95 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--__-____- __ __________ _._._.12, 882. 95 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------------------------ 112. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ---- _.-------- - -_-_____ 12, 770. 95 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1129 REBUILDING LOCK AND DAM NO. 5. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------- $754, 596. 84 Maintenance ...- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ....-.-.................-................-.... ..- ... $...... . $ $ ...--- -$ Maintenance... ........................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------ $7,089. 58 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 7, 089. 58 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------36. 40 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 7, 053. 18 REBUILDING LOCK AND DAM NO. 6. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---- -------------------------------------- $185, 348. 78 Maintenance -__------_--- __------------_---------------------- New work ...................................................... $7,358.70$113,710.05 $64,280.03 Maintenance....................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------- $178, 200. 00 ------------------------------- Mar. 4, 1915----------_____________________ 211, 200.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 57, 131. 25 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 211, 200. 00 268, 331. 25 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement------------------------------------------- 64, 280. 03 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- 204, 051.22 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------------------- 69, 419. 34 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------- ---------- 134, 631. 88 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------------------------- 29, 460. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement ------------------------ 29, 460. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1130 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------- __---------- ----------- $7, 920, 773. 39 M aintenance----- - -- ----- -- --------- ----- - Maintenance New work----------------------------------------------.......$7, 358. 70 $113, 710.05 $64, 280.03 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913 $178, 200. 00 _------------------------------------------------- Mar. 4, 1915--- - - - _-- _ __ ___ _211, 200. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__________________________ 91, 496. 88 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 211, 200. 00 302, 696. 88 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------- 64, 280. 03 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ___ _______----__--238, 416. 85 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ______---_____ ___ __- 69, 567. 74 July 1, 1915, balance available_________________________________ 168, 849. 11 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project__________________________----2 29, 460. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement ______________________ 29, 460. 00 2. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS, MONONGAHELA RIVER. Location.-The 15 locks and dams in the Monongahela River are distributed from Pittsburgh, Pa., to Fairmont, W. Va., at intervals varying from 2 miles to 17.4 miles. Present project.-To repair and rebuild the locks and dams as occasion requires and to maintain the pools in the condition con- templated by the project for improvement. Operations and results prior to'the fiscal year.-Necessary repairs were made to the locks, dams, operating machinery, etc. Among the principal repairs were the rebuilding of Lock No. 1 and the placing of a new concrete top on the dam and the work of rebuilding Lock and Dam No. 4. For this latter work about 80 per cent of the pile driving and 30 per cent of the concrete was completed for the outer lock. The amount expended for operating and care to the beginning of the fiscal year was $4,403,473.73. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Necessary repairs of a minor nature were made to the floating plant, locks and dams, operating machinery, etc. A new water turbine power house was 1This amount includes all expenditures on the river, including those works for which no financial summary is submitted in the present report. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1131 built at Lock No. 2 and the plant installed. At Lock No. 4 the new outer lock was practically completed. Two breaks in the top of Dam No. 11 were repaired. An examination of Dams Nos. 10 and 11 was made, and on account of the poor quality of the concrete, which lacked a sufficient quantity of cement, Dam No. 11 and the middle section of Dam No. 10 were reported unsafe. Snags, wrecks, and other obstructions were removed from the channel and a sufficient channel depth maintained by dredging throughout the year. Power capstans, to facilitate locking, were installed on the lock walls at Locks Nos. 1, 3, and 5. The buildings at Locks Nos. 7 to 15, inclusive, were repaired and painted. Important repairs were made to the filling and emptying valves at Lock No. 2. The action of the sul- phuric acid in the water and the grinding by sand at high velocity is the chief cause for the failure of the valves and the repairs to the lock gates at this location. The steamers Slackwater and T. P. Rob- erts were placed on the docks and extensive repairs made. A new repair and quarter boat was completed and placed in commission. Two hulls for derrick boats, 2 needle flats, and 10 skiffs were built. A large number of wickets were built for the Ohio River locks and dams. The harbor at the boat yard was extended and deepened and a crib built along the bank, to afford additional space for boat build- ing. The patrol of the banks, to prevent improper deposits, and the inspection of work done under department permits was continued. In accordance with the approval of the department nine gauging sta- tions were established in cooperation with the United States Geologi- cal Survey and the Water Supply Commission of Pennsylvania. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $527,445.28. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Lock and Dam No. 1 is com- pleted except the installation of the Betwa wickets and the building of a small crib along the abutment below the dam. Sixty per cent of the work of rebuilding Lock No. 4 is completed. All the locks and dams are in good condition and do not require any extensive re- pairs, except the dams at Locks Nos. 10 and 11. The total expendi- tures for operating and care to the end of the fiscal year were $4,930,919.01. Proposed operations.--The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 3. ALLEGHENY RIVER, PA.--OPEN-CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT. Location.-The Allegheny River rises in northern Pennsylvania, flows northwestward into New York, and thence southward to Pitts- burgh, Pa., where it joins with the Monongahela, River to form the Ohio. Its length is 325 miles. The project for open-channel im- provement extends from New York State line to the mouth, a dis- tance of 214 miles. Slack-water improvement from Natrona, Pa., to the mouth, 24 miles, has reduced this distance to 190 miles. (See U. S. Geological Survey charts for Pennsylvania and New York, un- numbered.) Original condition.-The river originally contained obstructive bowlders, snags, islands, bars, and shoals, making navigation hazard- 1132 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. ous and practicable only at the higher stages. Rafting, logging, and light steamboating extended from Olean, N. Y., to Pittsburgh, Pa., 255 miles. Under a 3-foot stage the river was not navigable with safety. Previous project.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879, which contemplated improvement between French Creek and the mouth by the removal of bowlders and snags and the construction of low dams and dikes to close secondary channels and concentrate the low-water flow on shoals. The project was extended by the act of August 2, 1882, to include improvement from the New York State line to the mouth. No definite channel width has been adopted. Additional works have been constructed and the works maintained as funds were appropriated from time to time. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The river was cleared of rock and snag obstructions and 10 low dams and dikes were con- structed. The work done permits safe navigation on stages from 2 to 3 feet lower than formerly. The amount expended to the begin- ning of the fiscal year was $197,000 for original work and $72,313.20 for maintenance, a total of $269,313.20. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No construction work was performed, owing to lack of funds. Inspections were made of work being done under department permits and to prevent unau- thorized fills. The expenditure for inspection work was $986.34. Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-The regulating dikes, although deteriorated and in need of repairs, still perform their function, and a clear channel is available for navigation from the New York State line to the slackwater improvement. The total expenditure for orig- inal work was $197,000 and for maintenance $73,299.54, a total of $270,299.54. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Whether the channel improvement has caused reduction in freight rates is not known. Rail rates are much higher than actual cost of water shipments. Proposedoperations.-Anestimate for the repair of Red Bank Dike, at a cost of $8,000, of dams or dikes at Hickory, Tionesta, Pithole, Cowanshannock, and Nicholsons, at $4,000, and the removal of bowl- ders and snags, at $3,000, a total of $15,000, is submitted. Commercial statistics.-Following is a comparative statement of commerce on the open river above slackwater, which consists of coal, sand, gravel, iron and steel products, and general merchandise: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. ...... .......------------------------------------------------------------ 1,815,219 $4, 396,460 1913............................................................................. 2,159,630 5,270,468 1914.. ------------------------------------------------------------ 1,945,586 4,365,780 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1133 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------------- $197, 000. 00 Maintenance------- ------------------------------------ 73, 299. 54 Total ----------------------------- ----- 270, 299. 54 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-............. ....... ....... .............. ....... - ... ... . ..... Maintenance..-----....................------------..............-................--------- $875.48 $1,226.03 $986.34 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913_--------------------________ $2,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _ ---------- 2, 311. 32 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement--------- ----------------------------- 986. 34 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------_ 1, 324. 98 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-------------------- _ 15, 000. 00 4. ALLEGHENY RIVER, PA., CONSTRUCTION OF LOCKS AND DAMS. Location and original condition.-See "Allegheny River, open- channel improvement, page 1131. The canalization project extends from the mouth to Rimerton, Pa., a distance of 61 miles. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project contemplates the construc- tion of locks and dams as follows: Construction of Lock and Dam No. 1 by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886. The dam is movable, having 500 feet of Chanoine wickets and two 93-foot steel bear-trap gates. The lock chamber is 55 feet wide by 286 feet long. The depth on lower sill is 8 feet measured from lower pool and 3 feet from low water. The original estimate was $600,000. (Annual Report, 1891, p. 2366.) Construction of Locks and Dams Nos. 2 and 3 by the act of June 3, 1896. Lock and Dam No. 2 is located at Aspinwall, Pa., 7 miles from mouth. The dam is fixed, built of concrete. The lock chamber is 56 feet by 291 feet. Depth on sill is 11 feet measured from lower pool. Lock and Dam No. 3 is located at Springdale, Pa., 17 miles above mnouth and extends slackwater for a distance of 24 miles above the mouth. The fixed dam is of the timber crib type. The lock is 56 feet by 290 feet. The depth on lower sill is 8 feet. The original estimate for these two structures was $500,000. (Annual Report for 1896, p. 2214.) The construction of Locks and Dams Nos. 4 to 8, inclusive, by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, as modified by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. These have not been commenced. Dams are to be fixed, built of concrete. Tentative dimensions of 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1134 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. locks are 56 feet by 360 feet, with 8-foot depths on miter sills. Their construction will extend slackwater from the mouth to Rimerton, Pa., a distance of 61 miles. The estimated cost is $2,788,000. (H. Doc. No. 540, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) Proposed locks and dams. Proposed location. Proposed dimen- sions of lock. Lift at No. normal Date of com- Estimated of pool pletion. cost. dam. Miles Nearest town or other refer- stage. above Width. Length. mouth. ence. Feet. Feet. Feet. 4 24.0 Natrona, Pa................. 56 360 12 No work done. $483,000 5 31.6 Murphys Island, Pa......... 56 360 12 ..... do-...----..... 580,000 6 37.0 Clinton, Pa ............. , 56 360 12 ..... do ..---..... 619,000 7 46.0 Kittanning, Pa.............. 56 360 13 .....-----do........ 580,000 8 53.3 Mosgrove, Pa............... 56 360 15 ..... do-----.. ----...... 526,000 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Slack-water im- provement was completed from the mouth to Natrona, Pa., 24 miles. The abutment of Dam No. 3 which failed in January, 1907, and a portion of the dam which was blown out at the same time were restored at a cost of $238,682.57. The amount expended to the be- ginning of the fiscal year was $1,454,424.33 for new work and $238- 682.57 for maintenance, a total of $1,693,106.90. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--No work was done. Expenditures for maintenance during the fiscal year were $132.50 in payment of outstanding bills. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The maximum draft at nor- mal pool stage on shoalest bar at head of 14-Mile Island, in pool No. 2, is 6.5 feet. The total expenditures to the end of the fiscal year were $1,454,424.33 for new work and $238,815.07 for maintenance, a total of $1,693,239.40. Completed locks and dams. Location. Dimensions. No. Lift at Date of of Miles normal comple- Cost. dam. above Nearest town. Width. learngt sage. tion. mouth. length. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1 1. 7 Pittsburgh, Pa.................. 55 286 7.0 Dec., 1902 $594,373.07 2 7.0 Aspinwall, Pa............. ..... 56 291 11. 0 Oct., 1908 544,947, 90 3 17. 0 Springdale, Pa .................. 56 290 10. 5 Dec., 1904 315, 103. 36 Local cooperation.-There was no local cooperation in the con- struction of the existing locks and dams. As regards Locks and Dams Nos. 4 to 8, the condition was imposed by the act of March 4, 1913, that no part of the funds appropriated for their construction is to be expended until the Secretary of War shall have received satisfactory assurance that the channel spans of the bridges forming RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1135 unreasonable obstructions to the navigation of the Allegheny at Pittsburgh will be modified. Such assurance has not been received. Effect of improvement.-No noticeable reduction in freight rates has occurred, nor will likely occur until additional locks and dams are completed and obstructive bridges at Pittsburgh are modified. Rail rates are much higher than actual cost of present water ship- ments. Proposed operations.-Pendingthe fulfillment of the conditions imposed by Congress precedent to the commencement of work, no estimate is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-Following is a comparative statement of the commerce on slack-watered section from Natrona to mouth, con- sisting of coal, sand, gravel, iron and steel products, and general merchandise: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................................................................. ............. 1,815,219 $4,396,460 1913 ..................................................................... .......... 2,159,630 5,270,460 1914.................................................................................. 1,945,586 4,365,780 Financial summary. LOCKS AND DAMS NOS. 1, 2, AND 3. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------- $1, 454, 424. 33 238, 815. 07 Total,,,_, Total-- __i_--------- --------------------------------------------- 1, 693, 239. 40 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_______________-- _- $19, 550.43 Receipts from sales of condemned property 7.00 19, 557.43 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for mainte- nance of improvement___________-__-- - ____---__-- 132.50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_______-__--___-_----_____---_ 19, 424.93 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ______- -_______-- $60. 80 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts___ 825. 00 885. 80 July 1, 1915, balance available. ---------------------------- 18, 539. 13 1136 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. LOCKS AND DAMS NOS. 4 AND 5. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: Maintenance, ..... Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ......................................... ..... .............. Maintenance........ .................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-----------------------------------------$300, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ________________-____________ 300, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -----.--.-- ___---------- 300, 000. 00 Amouht (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------------------------------- 2, 488, 000. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- $1, 454, 424. 33 Maintenance -------------------------------------------- 238, 815. 07 Total------------------------------------------------- 1, 693, 239. 40 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...... ............ ............... ....................... ... Maintenance ..................................................... ........ $7,226.38 $2,446.70 $132.50 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------- 300, 000. 00 $---------------------------------- July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __---__--------- 319, 550. 43 Receipts from sales of condemned property-- ------- ------- 7. 00 319, 557. 43 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for mainte- nance of improvement __________-- 132. 50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _____-- --- _________ 319, 424. 93 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities____________________ $60. 80 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts___ 825. 00 885. 80 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------------318, 539. 13 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------ - --------------------- 2, 488, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1137 5. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS, ALLEGHENY RIVER, PA. Location.-Three locks and dams in operation extend slackwater from the mouth of the river to Natrona, Pa., a distance of 24 miles. Presentproject.-To repair and renew the locks and dams as occa- sion requires and to maintain pools in the condition contemplated by the project for improvement. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-Lock and Dam No. 1 has been maintained and operated since January 1, 1903, Lock and Dam No. 2 since November 10, 1906, and Lock and Dam No. 3 since November 29, 1904. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $453,971.88. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Locks and Dams Nos. 1, 2, and 3 were maintained in good condition and operated as occasion required. Repairs of minor importance to the structures and operating plants were necessary. A new maneuver boat was con- structed for Dam No. 1. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $33,874.79. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-All locks and dams were in a good state of repair. The total amount expended to the end of the fiscal year was $487,846.67. Proposed operations.-The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 6. OHIO RIVER ABOVE STEUBENVILLE, OHIO. For report on Locks and Dams Nos. 7, 9, and 10, Ohio River, see report of Ohio River Board, pages 1115 to 1124. 7. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS, OHIO RIVER, ABOVE STEUBENVILLE, OHIO. Location.-Nine locks and dams in the Ohio River are distributed from Pittsburgh, Pa., to New Cumberland, W. Va., 55.6 miles, at intervals varying from 1.9 miles to 9.5 miles. Present project.-To repair and renew the locks and dams as occa- sion requires and to maintain the pools in the condition contemplated by the projects for improvement, with a view to maintaining a navi- gable depth of 9 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The locks and dams were placed in operation as follows: No. 1, October 7, 1885; No. 2, October 13, 1906; No. 3, February 1, 1908; No. 4, February 1, 1908; No. 5, November 21, 1907; No. 6, August 3, 1904; No. 8, July 14, 1911. Locks and Dams Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive, and Lock and Dam No. 8 were operated as occasion required, and necessary repairs were made to the structures and operating plants. The principal repairs included rebuilding lock gates at Dam No. 1 twice, and rebuilding lock operating plant, bear-trap gate, back channel dam and maneuver boat at Dam No. 1, and rebuilding lower leaves of bear-trap maneuver boat and lower lock gate at Dam No. 6. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $1,507,569. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Lock and Dam No. 7 was placed in operation on September 16, 1914, and Lock and 83730 ---ENG 1915-----72 1138 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Dam No. 9 on November 2, 1914. Necessary repairs of minor im- portance were made to the locks and movable dams, their floating and power plants, operating machinery, etc. New maneuver boats were constructed for Dams Nos. 1 and 6. A new lower gate track rail was constructed in each of Locks Nos. 2, 3, and 4. Steel water seals and rebushed wheels were placed on lower sides of lock gates at Locks Nos. 2, 3, and 4. New worm gear valve operating devices were installed on beartrap piers of Dams Nos. 3 to 9, inclusive. Ninety new horses and 40 wickets were procured for Dam No. 1, and a few horses, props, and wickets for each of Dams Nos. 2 to 6, inclusive. Large derrick stones were placed at beartraps at Dams 5, 7, and 9 to prevent undermining of foundations. Buildings, floating plants, steel parts of locks, machinery, etc., were painted where necessary. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $186,579.73. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Locks and Dams 1 and 2 are still in condition for service, although constantly in need of exten- sive repairs to all of the movable parts of the dams. Locks and Dams Nos. 3 to 9, inclusive, are in good state of repair. When the dams are raised, the pools afford a navigable depth for a maximum draft of 9 feet,' as contemplated in the project for improvement, ex- cept in Pool No. 6, where only 8 feet draft is available because of gravel deposits. The total expenditures to the end of the fiscal year were $1,694,148.73. Proposed operations.-The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and har- bor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The commerce through Lock and Dam No. 1 is as follows, made up of coal, sand, gravel, iron and steel products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912. ............................................................ 3,133,159 $9,161,357 1913...................... ... ........................................ 4,033,685 11,797,043 1914...... ......................... ............................ 4,282,106 10,538,682 8. HARBOR AT PITTSBURGH, PA. Location.-The harbor comprises that portion of the Ohio River lying above Davis Island Dam, a length of 4.7 miles; that p'ortion of the Allegheny River lying between its mouth and Aspinwall, a length of 7 miles; and that portion of the Monongahela River lying between its mouth and McKeesport, a distance of 15.5 miles; a total length of 27.2 miles. Original condition.-In its original condition the harbor depths were from 3 to 4 feet at ordinary low water and still lower stages oc- curred at times. Structures had been built and fills made, which en- croached upon the river. Bars had formed at different points along the river, and bowlders and sunken logs formed obstructions to navi- gation. Previous projects.--None. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1139 Present project.--The existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and contemplated improvement and maintenance. (See Annual Report for 1899, p. 2399.) As regards improvement the project provided for dredging a channel in the har- bor below Dams Nos. 1 on Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers 10 feet deep at pool level and with widths varying as follows: 500 feet below, and a less width above, the Smithfield Street bridge on the Monongahela River; widths limited by lines joining ends of channel spans of adjacent bridges on the Allegheny River, except above the Panhandle Railroad bridge, where the dredged channel was to have a width of 570 feet. Provision was also made for raising the old riprap dam across the Brunot Island back channel, for the establishment of harbor lines, and for the removal of obstructive fillings beyond the harbor lines. With respect to improvement the project is completed. As regards maintenance it contemplates dredging and snagging with a view of maintaining average channel widths as follows: On the Ohio, about 1,100 feet; on the Allegheny, about 930 feet; and at differ- ent parts of the Monongahela, from 750 to 950 feet; maintenance of harbor lines and inspection incident thereto, all as provided for by river and harbor acts from time to time. The present estimated an- nual cost is $5,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The harbor had been maintained in good condition by dredging, snagging, and police measures. The amount spent from 1900 to 1914 for improve- ment according to the conditions of the project was $110,662.90 and for maintenance prior to fiscal year $63,112.75, a total of $173,775.65. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work for the year consisted in the patrol of banks to prevent improper deposits, the inspection of work being done by sand dredges, examinations at landings and tipples where scraping had been done by permission of the district officer, examination and study of drawings submitted with applications for permits, inspection of work being done under de- partment permits. New tracings of harbor-line sheets between Pittsburgh and McKeesport, Pa., were approved by the Assistant Secretary of War June 29, 1915. The amount expended during the fiscal year is $2,712.61 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The condition of the harbor is such as meets the requirements of navigation at the present time except that navigation on the Allegheny River above the Sixth Street Bridge is restricted by low bridges. At present the maximum draft that can be carried is 9 feet. The total expenditure for improvement was $110,662.90, and for maintenance to the end of the fiscal year is $65,825.36, a total of $176,488.26. Local cooperation.-The city of Pittsburgh has improved the wharf along the Monongahela River by paving and constructing a system of roadways costing $21,901.95. The work done by sand dredges and by private interests in dredging at landings, etc., has considerably improved the harbor conditions; the cost of this work is unknown. Effect of improvement.--The effect of the improvement is to make fully available for the city of Pittsburgh the improvements of the adjacent rivers and so to aid the effect of these improvements on freight rates. 1140 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS. U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.-Proposedoperations are maintenance of the harbor by dredging, .maintenance of harbor-line markings, patrol of banks, inspection of work of sand dredges, supervision of work done under department permits, examinations where authorized scraping or dredging is done, marking harbor lines on the ground where necessary to define limits of fills or structures, examination and study of plans submitted with requests for permits, examina- tions and soundings where occasion requires, and the operation of an inspection and survey boat. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of harbor, $5,000. Commercial statistics.-The following is a comparative statement for the past three years, which consisted of coal, sand, gravel, iron and steel products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912......... ............................ ....................... 12,476,323 $25,364,365 1913........ .............. ................................... 13,308,796 27,056,709 1914........ ......................... ............. ................ 11,143,390 23,023,701 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $110, 662. 90 Maintenance---------------------------------_ ____ 65, 825. 36 Total-------------------------------------- --------------- 176, 488.26 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................ ......................... $5,129.07 $5,000.00 $2,712.61 Maintenance.... .............................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--- --------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912----------------------------------- ---------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ...---------------------------------------------- 2, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------- 7, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__. 2, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915... 7, 500. 00 10, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------ 2, 712. 61 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 7, 287. 39 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__------------__------ .60 July 1, 1915, balance available --------------.........-- -_7, 286. 79 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-- ..... -- -_, 5, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. BIVER AND -HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1141 9. YOUGHIOGHENY RIVER, PA. Location.-The Youghiogheny River rises in western Maryland and follows a general northwesterly course to its mouth at McKees- port, Pa., where it flows into the Monongahela River after traversing a distance of 123 miles. Original condition.-In its original condition the river was nav- igable only in times of freshet. The construction of Dam 2, Monon- gahela River, in 1841 gave slack water about 7 miles above its mouth. In 1848 a private corporation, chartered by the State of Pennsyl- vania, built two locks and dams, extending slack water to West New- ton, Pa. These works were badly damaged by ice and were finally abandoned in 1865. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for the canalization of the river from its mouth to West Newton, Pa., a distance of 19.5 miles, by the construction of three locks and dams, at an estimated cost of $1,050,000. The dimensions of locks are to be 360 feet between miter sills and 56 feet wide, with an available depth on miter sills of 8 feet. The report upon which the above estimate is based is published in Rivers and Harbors Committee Document No. 9, Sixty-first Con- gress, second session. Proposed Location. dimensions of locks. Lift at No. normal Date of Estimated pool completion. cost. Miles stage. above Town. Width. Length. mouth. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1 1.7 Christy Park, Pa................ 56 360 9.75 No work done. $350,000.00 2 8.8 Coulter, Pa .................... 56 360 10.00 ..... do........ 350,000.00 3 13.4 Industry, Pa................... 56 360 10.00 ..... do........ 350,000.00 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A survey of the river was made between its mouth and West Newton, Pa., and a map prepared in 27 sheets, including the index sheet. Tentative locations were laid down on sheets of this survey and borings were made at these locations, which indicated rock at the proposed sites of Dams 2 and 3. The total expenditures prior to fiscal year, $12,037.02. Inquiries were made in regard to securing property for the site of proposed Lock and Dam No. 1. No work of construction had been done. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations during the fiscal year consisted almost entirely in examinations and inspec- tions to prevent improper filling and the placing of unlawful struc- tures over the banks. Soundings were made for a distance of 1.5 miles above the mouth of the river to determine the channel condi- tions. Expended during the year, $157.73 for improvement. Condition at end of the fiscal year. Backwater from pool No. 2, Monongahela River, permits navigation for a distance of 2 miles from the mouth. The total expenditures to the end of the fiscal year were $12,194.75, for improvement. 1142 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-None. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to carry on only such work as is necessary to prevent improper deposits or the building of un- authorized structures over the banks of the river and supervision of work being done under department permits. No work of construc- tion can be undertaken until funds sufficient to provide for at least one lock are available. Commercial statistics.-The following is a comparative statement of the commerce on the stream for the past three years, which con- sisted of coal, sand, and gravel: Comparative statement. Calendar year. tort Value. 1912.... ............................................................... 157,177 $246,453 1913................................................. 165,471 259,513 1914............................................................... 140,798 212,887 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $12, 194. 75 Maintenance-- ----------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................ ....... $178.04 $98.05 $157.73 Maintenance . .............................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------------- $87, 962.98 Deduction on account of transfer by river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------------------------------- 87, 805. 25 157. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement------------------------ ----------------------- 157. 73 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------------------------------------- 1, 050, 000. 00 EXAMINATION AND SURVEY REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making a prelim- inary examination and survey, provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, of Youghiogheny River, up to West Newton, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1143 IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE WHEELING, W. VA., DISTRICT. This district includes all navigable streams (except the Mononga- hela and Guyandot Rivers) in the State of West Virginia. District officer: Maj. J. P. Jervey, Corps of Engineers, to Septem- ber 30, 1914; Capt. F. B. Wilby, Corps of Engineers, from Sep- tember 30 to December 7, 1914; and Maj. T. H. Jackson, Corps of Engineers, since December 7, 1914. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. H. C. Newcomer, Corps of En- gineers, to November 1, 1914; Lieut. Col. W. L. Sibert, Corps of Engineers, from November 1, 1914, to March 15, 1915; and Lieut. Col. Henry Jervey, Corps of Engineers, since March 15, 1915. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Movable dams in Ohio River 3. Operating and care of locks between Steubenville, Ohio, and dams on Little Kana- and the mouth of the Big wha River, W. Va _______ 1144 Sandy River______________1115 4. Operating and care of locks 2. Operating and care of Locks and dams on Kanawha and Dams Nos. 11, 13, 18, River, W. Va- _.-----_ 1146 26, and 28, Ohio River_ __ _ 1143 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS' DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2981 TO 2997. 1. MOVABLE DAMS IN OHIO RIVER BETWEEN STEUBENVILLE, OHIO, AND THE MOUTH OF BIG SANDY RIVER. For report on Locks and Dams Nos. 12 to 28, Ohio River, see report of Ohio River Board, pages 1115 to 1124. 2. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS NOS. 11, 13, 18, 26, AND 28, OHIO RIVER. Location.-These locks and dams are located as follows: Miles below Dam No. Nearest town. Pittsburgh, Pa. 11......................................................... Wellsburg, W. Va ........ 76.3 13................. .......................................... McMechen W . Va .......... 95.8 18.............. ...................................... Vienna, W. Va............. 179.3 26...... ....................... "....... ... ...... Hogsett, W. Va............. 278.0 28................ ............................ Huntington, W. Va...... 310.9 Present project. The present project consists in operating and maintaining the 5 locks and dams provided by the previous projects. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Locks and Dams Nos. 11, 13, 18, and 26 were completed and placed in operation on the following dates: Dam No. Aug. 1, 1911_________ -- _______ 11 Aug. 1, 1911_______------------------------------------ 13 May 1, 1910--------------------------_ 18 Aug. 1, 1912----------------- -------------------------- 26 1144 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMIY. On August 8, 1912, the navigable-pass foundation at Dam No. 26 was washed out of position, and its reconstruction by hired labor with Government plant was completed on October 20, 1914. Pay- ment for this work was made from funds for improving the Ohio River. The amount expended for operating and care of these locks and darhs prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $165,887.20, all of which was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The repairs to the navigable-pass foundation at Dam No. 26 were completed, and the structure was again placed in operation on October 20, 1914. Dam No. 28 was placed under operation and care on March 1, 1915. The locks and dams (except Nos. 26 and 28) were operated as occasion required. The necessary repairs for the maintenance of the works were made by hired labor with Government plant. The amount ex- pended during the fiscal year was $60,390.50, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--All of the structures are in good condition, except Dam No. 13, where some trouble has been ex- perienced with the bear traps. The total expenditures for operating and care of these works to the end of the fiscal year was $226,277.70, all of which was for maintenance. Effect of improvement.-The canalization of this section of the river is not far enough advanced to benefit navigation and has, there- fore, had no effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.--The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 3. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON LITTLE KANAWHA RIVER, W. VA. Location.-This river rises on the western slope of Laurel Hill, W. Va., flows northwesterly for about 158 miles, and empties into the Ohio River at Parkersburg, W. Va., about 184 miles below Pitts- burgh, Pa. It is improved for a distance of 48 miles from its mouth. Its drainage area is approximately 2,288 square miles. Original conditions.-At the time of adoption of original project there were four locks and dams, owned by private corporation, which afforded a navigable depth of 4 feet for 40 miles above the mouth of the river, or 2 miles above Burning Springs, W. Va., which was the head of steamboat navigation. Above this point the river was ob- structed by logs, bowlders, etc., rendering hazardous the floating of timber (the principal commodity). These four locks (Nos. 1 to 4) were purchased by the United States on November 1, 1905, at a cost of $75,000. The river varies in width from 125 feet at Burnsville (122 miles above the mouth) to 300 feet at its mouth. Previous projects.--The original project, adopted by the act ap- proved August 14, 1876, was modified by the acts of June 14, 1880, and March 3, 1905. The amount expended on original and subse- quent projects prior to commencement of operations under the exist- ing project was $496,663.60, including the purchase price of the locks. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1912. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1145 Present project.-The present project consists in operating and maintaining the five locks and dams provided by the previous proj- ects (four purchased from the Little Kanawha Navigation Co. and one built by the United States). These locks and dams afford a navigable depth of 4 feet from the mouth to Creston, W. Va. (48 miles above the mouth of the river). Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The five locks and dams were completed and in operation. The amount expended for operating and care of these works prior to beginning of the fiscal year, exclusive of expenditures reported under previous projects, was $131,385.07. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-Minor repairs were made at the various locks and dams during the year by hired labor with the use of Government plant. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $11,908.90, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The five locks and dams are in fairly good condition. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water through the channel over the shoalest part of the river between its mouth and Creston is 4 feet. Above Creston, in open channel, it is hardly 6 inches. The following data is given concerning the locks and dams: Location. Location. Clear dimen- sions. Depth at low Lift at Date Lock water normal No. nis-over norm f cornm- Cost. Dis- lower pool pletion. Nearest town. tance Width. Length. miter levels. mabove sills. mouth. Miles. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Purchased Nov. 1, 1 Parkersburg, W. Va... 3. 5 22. 7 121 10. 1 116.5 1874 1905, from Little 2 Slate W. Va.......... 14.5 22.7 125 4.0 10.7 1874 Kanawha Navi- 3 Elizabeth, W. Va..... 25.5 22. 7 125 4.0 11.3 1874 gation Co. at a 4 Palestine, W. Va...... 31.0 22. 7 125 4. 12. 2 1874 total cost of $75.000. 5 Ivan, W. Va. ......... 40. 5 26. 0 125 4.0 12. 4 1891 $167,875. 1 Lift at low water in Ohio Rliver. The total expenditure under the existing project for operating and care to the end of the fiscal year was $143,293.97, all of which was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation in the improvement of this river since the adoption of the project for its improvement. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that this improvement has tended to lower freight rates. Proposed operations.-The project for the improvement of this river has been completed. Future operations will consist in oper- ating and maintaining the locks and dams, and keeping the channel free from obstructions, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar years 1912, 1913, and 1914, consisting of timber products, etc., was as follows: 1146 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912... .... .... ............ . ................................. 89,202 $3,511,833 1913...... ........................................................ 97,099 3,409, 733 1914..... ... ........ .................................................. 73,921 4,315,893 4. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON KANAWHA RIVER, W. VA. Location.-This river lies entirely within the State of West Vir- ginia. It is formed by the junction of the New and Gauley Rivers a short distance above Kanawha Falls, flows about 97 miles in a gen- eral northwesterly direction, and empties intQ the Ohio River at Point Pleasant, W. Va., which is 263 miles below Pittsburgh, Pa., by water. It is improved from its mouth to about 90 miles. Its drainage area is about 12,000 square miles. Original condition.-At the time of the adoption of the original project the States of Virginia and West Virginia had improved the river, chiefly by dredging chutes through the shoals and building wing walls and dikes for the purpose of extending the period of navigation. Tolls were levied on the traffic for payment of the ex- penses of the improvement. This work afforded navigation for packets and small freight-carrying barges and flats for about 90 miles above the mouth of the river for a portion of each year. Above Loup Creek (90 miles above mouth) the slope of the river increases so rapidly and the shoals are so numerous and badly obstructed by rocks and bowlders that navigation is practically unfeasible. The river ranges in width from 600 feet in its upper portion to about 700 feet near its mouth. Previous projects.-The original project, adopted by the act ap- proved March 3, 1873, was modified by the act approved March 3, 1875. The projects for the improvement of this river have been completed. The amount expended on original and subsequent proj- ects prior to commencement of operations under existing project was $4,298,041.93. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1913. Present project.-The present project consists in operating and maintaining the 10 locks and dams provided by the previous proj- ects. These locks and dams afford a navigable depth of 6 feet from the mouth to about 2 miles below Loup Shoals (88 miles above the mouth of the river). Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The 10 locks and dams have been completed and placed in operation. The amount expended for operation and care of these works prior to beginning of the fiscal year, exclusive of expenditures reported under previous projects, was $1,463,436.41. Operations and results durinqg the fiscal year.-Minor repairs were made at the various locks and dams during the year by hired labor with the use of Government plant. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $107,982.88, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-This river is improved by a system of 10 locks and dams, 2 fixed dams (Nos. 2 and 3), and 8 RIVER AND .t1ARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1147 movable dams of the Chanoine type (Nos. 4-11). The structures are in fairly good condition. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean low water through the channel over the shoalest part of the river between its mouth and a point about 2 miles below Loup Shoals (88 miles above the mouth of the river) is 6 feet, with the pools full. Above that point the minimum depth in the open channel is less than 1 foot. The following data is given concerning the locks and dams: Location. Clear dimen- sions. Depth at low Lock water Lift Date LNo. Dis- over at low of com- Cost. Stance ilower water pletion. Nearest town. abovnceWidth.Length. miter mouth, sills. mouth. Miles. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. 2 Montgomery, W. Va............... 84; 50 271 8.67 10.33 1887 $353,608 3 Paint Creek, W. Va................. 79J 50 272 7.00 13. 67 1882 1490,000 4 Coalburg, W. Va........-- .......-- 731 50 274 6. 75 7. 25 1880 1 275,000 5 Marmet, W. Va..................... 67 50 274 6.50 7. 50 1880 1275,000 6 Charleston, W. Va.............. 54 55 313 6.75 8.50 1886 337,625 7 St. Albans, W. Va ...-.............. 44 55 313 6. 75 8. 25 1893 341,136 8 Winfield, W. Va............----- ..---. 36 55 313 8.25 8.00 1893 281,975 9 Frazier's Bottom, W. Va..........------.. 251 55 313 7.50 6.25 1898 307,120 10 Buffalo, W. Va .................... 19 55 313 7.00 7.00 1898 282,006 11 Point Pleasant, W. Va ............. 55 313 6.08 10.92 1898 637,803 Estimated. The total expenditures under the existing project for operating and care to the end of the fiscal year was $1,571,419.29, all of which was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Therehas been no local cooperation in the im- provement of this river since the adoption of the project for its im- provement. Effect of improvement.-The improvement of this river having been so gradual it is difficult to give the exact effect which it has had upon freight rates. There is no doubt, however, that where transpor- tation by the Kanawha River is available, the rates are regulated thereby. Proposed operations.-The project for the improvement of the river has been completed. Future operations will consist in operating and maintaining the locks and dams and keeping the channel free from obstructions by use of a dredging and snagging plant, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropria- tion provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar years 1912, 1913, and 1914, consisted generally of coal, timber products, etc. Comparative statement. Year. Tons. Value. 1912................................... ............................ 1,319,154 $4,584,459.93 1913................................................................... 1,416,804 6,277,149.78 1914...................................................................... 1,138,772 4,693,203.56 1148 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE FIRST CINCIN- NATI, OHIO, DISTRICT. For general improvement work this district includes the Ohio River frontage of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, West Virginia, and Ken- tucky, extending from the Pennsylvania State line to the mouth of the river, a distance of 928.7 miles. It also has charge of similar work on the Licking River, Ky. For lock and dam construction, the district comprises the stretch of Ohio River from 3 miles below Catlettsburg, Ky. (mouth of the Big Sandy River), to 1 miles above Madison, Ind., a distance of 234. miles, within which are located Dams Nos. 29 to 40, both in- clusive. District officer: Lieut. Col. H. Jervey, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engi- neers, to November 1, 1914; Lieut. Col. William L. Sibert, Corps of Engineers, November 1, 1914, to March 20, 1915; and Lieut. Col. H. Jervey, Corps of Engineers, since March 20, 1915. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Ohio River (general improve- 6. Construction of Lock and Dam ment) .................... 1148 No. 39, Ohio River (Ohio 2. Construction of Lock and Dam River Board) .-------------.1115 No. 29, Ohio River (Ohio 7. Operating and care of Lock River Board)............. . 1115 and Dam No. 37, Ohio River. 1152 3. Construction of Lock and Dam 8. Operating snagboats on the No. 31, Ohio River (Ohio Ohio River................. 1153 River Board). -........ 1115 9. Raising- and strengthening 4. Construction of Lock and Dam levees at Cairo, Ill.......... 1154 No. 33, Ohio River (Ohio 10. Raising and strengthening River Board). ..........-.- 1115 levees at Mound City, Ill.... 1156 5. Construction of Lock and Dam No. 35, Ohio River (Ohio River Board).....--......... 1115 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT, GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 2999 TO 3023. 1. OHIO RIVER (GENERAL OPEN CHANNEL WORK). Location.-This river is formed by the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, at Pittsburgh, Pa., 968.5 miles above the Mississippi River, into which it empties; it flows through the south- western portion of Pennsylvania, and past the States of Ohio, In- diana, Illinois, West Virginia, and Kentucky. (See U. S. Geological Survey maps for these States on scale 1: 500,000.) Original condition.-Prior to the commencement of the work in 1827, the river was much obstructed throughout its entire length by snags, rocks, and gravel and sand bars, and navigation was ex- tremely difficult and dangerous. Depth at extreme low water varied from a minimum of 1 foot between Pittsburgh, Pa., and Cincinnati, Ohio (468.5 miles), to 2 feet between Cincinnati, Ohio, and the mouth of the Ohio (500 miles). The depths stated represent mini- mum depth on riffles; between riffles are pools, some of which attain maximum depths of 30 feet at extreme low water. Previous projects.-None. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1149 Present project.--The project for open-channel work on the Ohio River was first authorized by act of Congress approved March 3, 1827, providing for the removal of obstructions and deepening of channel. This general project has been followed ever since the work was first begun in 1827. In general terms, the design of the project is to aid navigation by increasing the low-water depth in the channel and ultimately to secure a minimum channel depth of from 4 to 6 feet at low water from Pittsburgh to the mouth of the river, a dis- tance of 968.5 miles, the principal features of the work being the removal of snags, rocks, and wrecks from the general channel; the direct improvement of bars and shoals by dredging and rock excava- tion; the construction, repair, and maintenance of low dikes and dams to concentrate and direct the flow of water in improved chan- nels; bank protection and the construction and repair of levees where required in the interest of navigation; the construction, repair, and maintenance of ice piers and harbors; miscellaneous improve- ments, including surveys, establishment of harbor lines, and regula- tion of encroachment and deposits on the banks of the river or in its channel. No estimate of cost is found of record for the entire work of im- provement by diking, dredging, and snagging, but it is estimated that from $150,000 to $300,000 per year will be required for a num- ber of years to come. This project is more or less affected by that for complete canaliza- tion of the Ohio River by means of locks and dams, but the-general improvement will be necessary, although to a lessened extent, to pro- vide for navigation at times when the dams must remain down on account of danger from ice. The width of the river at low water varies from 525 feet, 29 miles below Pittsburgh, to 3,700 feet at Louisville, Ky., 602 miles below Pittsburgh. The distance between banks varies from 890 feet at the Narrows, 105 miles below Pittsburgh, to 5,910 feet at the head of Grand Chain, 946 miles below Pittsburgh. The discharge of the river varies between 1,200 cubic feet per second (minimum low-water discharge) and 434,000 cubic feet per second (maximum high-water discharge) at Pittsburgh, and between 27,500 cubic feet per second (minimum low-water discharge) and 1,500,000 cubic feet per second (maximum high-water discharge) at the mouth of the river. The extreme range of river stages varies from 32.9 feet at Pittsburgh, Pa., to 69.2 feet at Cincinnati, Ohio, 46.7 feet at Louisville, Ky. (head of the falls), 48.1 feet at Evansville, Ind., and 53.2 feet at Cairo, Ill. (mouth of the river). Operationsand resultsprior to the fiscal year.--Operations have re- sulted in the improvement of many of the most troublesome por- tions of the river and much benefit to navigation. The river has been continually cleared of rocks and snags; dredging has been carried on annually at troublesome bars, and dikes and back channel dams constructed to divert the water into a single channel; and ice piers have been constructed for harbors of refuge in times of ice. The improvements made have provided fairly convenient channels over shoal places for light-draft local freight and passenger service during ordinary low-water periods. The amount expended prior to the fiscal year was $7,477,958.45, of which $5,794,785.83 was for new work and $1,683,172.62 for maintenance. 1150 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The low dikes and dams at Sisters Islands (contract work) were completed; repairs to miscellaneous dikes by hired labor (Raccoon Island) completed; re- building ice piers at Gallipolis, Ohio, by contract completed; the U. S. dipper dredges Ohio and Oswego (hired labor) were employed throughout the season on the upper Ohio widening channel and cut- ting off creek bars; the U. S. suction dredge Indiana (hired labor) was principally occupied with shoals on the lower Ohio; hired dredges under contract were employed on shoals at Brush Creek, Manchester Island, Cabin Creek, Brooks Bar, Charleston Bar, Nine Mile, Rising Sun, Gunpowder, and Vevay. The most important of these dredging operations was the cutting of a channel 4 feet deep and about 100 feet wide for a distance of more than 1 mile through the hard gravel bar (part consolidated) at Nine Mile; this work was immediately made use of by boats plying upstream from Cincinnati, and furnished an outlet from the pool formed by Dam No. 37, with- out which navigation interests would have been seriously crippled during the long low-water season of 1914. The construction of float- ing plant made such progress that eight new steel dump scows were completed under contract, and two additional dipper dredges, under contract, will go into commission during the working season of 1915. The total amount expended during the year is $441,158.75, of which $427,106.80 was for new work and $14,051.95 for mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Owing to the character of the work and the absence of any plan covering in detail the entire work to be done, it is impossible to estimate what proportion the work done bears to that which will ultimately be accomplished. The original plan of improvement has been modified in late years by the construction of locks and movable dams (to provide a 9-foot stage), under separate appropriations, but the general improvement project as outlined above is still necessary, although to a lessened extent, to provide for navigation when the dams are lowered. In the pools formed by the movable dams 9-foot navigation is possible, but at other points the draft varies from 1 to 3 feet over shoals at extreme low water. The total amount expended up to the end of the fiscal year is $7,919,117.20, of which about $6,221,892.63 was for new work and $1,697,224.57 for maintenance. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-No data is available as to the effect of the improvement thus far made on freight rates. Reference is, however, made to report of 1906 on this subject by the Ohio River board (H. Doc. No. 492, 60th Cong., 2d sess.), in which statements are made of present and prospective commerce and the effects of improve- ments on freight rates, etc. Proposedoperations.-Willinclude repairs on low dikes and dams; the continuance of dredging operations with four dipper dredges and one suction dredge owned by the United States, assisted by hired dredges to such extent as funds will permit; the supervision of harbor lines and permits and such minor examinations and surveys as may be required. It is expected that all the funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. RIVER AND *HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1151 Estimate. Supervision of harbor lines and permits________________________ $7, 500 Minor examinations and surveys_ ___________________ 5, 000 Dredging operations: Operating 4 dipper dredges and 4 tenders___________________ 145, 000 Operating 1 hydraulic dredge and tender --------------------- 40, 000 Hired dredging plants_______ 120, 000 Repairs to low dikes and dams --------------------------------- 10, 000 Repairs to dikes at Grand Chain___________________________________ 40, 000 Removal of rock bar at Falling Run ----------------------------- 7,500 Removal of old ice piers at Hartford and Pomeroy ----------------- 10, 000 General administration, etc ------------------------- -- -------- 30, 000 Contingencies ------------------ ---------------------- 94, 500 509, 500 Commercial statistics.-About 45.5 per cent of the tonnage for the calendar year 1914 is coal and the remainder miscellaneous freight. The nature of the commerce in recent years remains about the same, and no material change in lines of transportation has been made so far as known. Comparative statement. Short tons. Value. Passengers. Part calendar year 1912: Through locks and open river ....... ......... 6, 998, 747.3 $34,617,358.81 1,203, 674 Ferries..................... 1,619, 621.7 36,446,870.87 2,628,615 Total.................. ....... .......... 8,618, 369.0 71, 064, 229.68 3,832,289 Calendar year 1913: Through locks and open river........................ 8,412,603.8 40, 940, 511.71 1, 320, 952 Ferries................................. ......... .. 1,401,519.5 36,086,390.07 2,949,834 Total............ ... . .................... 9, 814,123.3 77, 026, 901.78 4,270,786 Calendar year 1914: Through locks and open river ...................... 7, 589,161.5 38, 068, 685.74 1, 307, 728 ......................... Ferries .................... 1,941,148.0 55,225,794.14 2,648,183 Total ................ ........................ 9,530,309.5 93,294,479.88 3,955,911 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------- --------------------------- $6, 221, 892. 63 Maintenance ------------------------------------- -- 1, 697, 224. 57 Total --------------------------------- ------ ---- 7, 919, 117. 20 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................ ......................... $381,276.01 $268,276.23 $427,106.80 Maintenance...................................................... 20,202.33 18,545.47 14,051.95 Total............ .............. .................... 401,478.34 286,821.70 441,158.75 1152 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $229, 500. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------ 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------ ---------------------- _------------- 550, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 -- ------------------------------------------- 19, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 310, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_---------____--_____ ______ 650, 296. 55 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 19, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 310, 000. 00 Receipts from sales __--...__....__ 719. 83 980, 016. 38 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ________-- ____ _ $427, 106. 80 For maintenance of improvement ---------- 14, 051. 95 441, 158. 75 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 538, 857. 63 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-----------------5, 330. 22 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ------------------------------------ 109, 610. 14 114, 940. 36 July 1, 1915, balance available- ------------- --------- _ 423, 917. 27 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------ --------------------------- Indefinite. Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance______ 509, 500. 00 2-6. OHIO RIVER, CONSTRUCTION OF LOCKS AND DAMS NOS. 29, 31, 33, 35, AND 39. For reports on construction of Locks and Dams Nos.. 29, 31, 33, 35, and 39, Ohio River, see report of Ohio River Board, pages 1115 to 1124. 7. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 37, OHIO RIVER. Location.-On Ohio River at Fernbank, Ohio, in the extreme south- western part of the State, 487.2 miles above its mouth and 12.8 miles below Cincinnati. (See U. S. Geological Survey chart for State of Ohio on scale 1: 500,000.) Original condition.-Before this lock and dam was constructed the stretch of river now slack-watered and extending a distance of about 22 miles upstream, contained two high bars which caused a suspension of navigation at low-water stages in the summer and fall. In the low-water season there was insufficient water in the river to provide for the movement of coal boats and barges from the harbors to the coal elevators. Present project.-On January 1, 1911, this work was placed under the permanent indefinite appropriation for operating and care pro- vided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The lock and dam were operated, and with attendant plant maintained in a serviceable 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1153 condition. The amount expended prior to the fiscal year for opera- tion and maintenance is $70,759.76. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations during the year consisted in operation and maintenance of the lock and dam and Government plant by hired labor. The amount expended during the year for operation and maintenance is $21,743.60. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-When the movable dam is up 9-foot navigation is provided in the pool formed by this dam for a distance of about 22 miles above and for about 2 miles up the Lick- ing River. The full benefits of the improvement can not be derived until all the dams in the series are completed, but a great improve- ment of low-water conditions in the Cincinnati, Ohio, harbor has re- sulted so that coal-carrying vessels can now be moved freely about the harbor. Amount expended to end of the fiscal year for operation and maintenance, $92,503.36. Proposed operations.--The lock and dam will be operated and maintained under allotments from funds provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The tonnage passing the lock and dam is principally coal and the remainder miscellaneous freight. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. Passengers. 1912.....-----------..----------------------------------------.................................................... 957,781 $9,513,652 90,828 1913---....---....---------------------------------------------........................................................ 1,988,434 9,953,466 104,078 1914 ................................................................ 1,702,260 14,418,122 107,584 8. OPERATING SNAG BOATS ON THE OHIO RIVER BELOW THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE LINE. Location.-From the Pennsylvania State line (about 40 miles be- low the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) to the Mississippi River, into which the Ohio empties, is a distance of 928.5 miles. It flows past the States of Ohio, Indiana, West Vir- ginia, Illinois, and Kentucky. (See U. S. Geological Survey charts for these States on scale 1:500,000.) Original condition.-Owing to caving banks and other natural causes, the Ohio River was originally much obstructed by snags, sunken logs, etc., and in addition wrecks were of frequent occur- rence on the river, rendering navigation hazardous. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The project is an outgrowth of that for im- proving Ohio River by open-channel work. The cost of removing snags, wrecks, and other obstructions on the Ohio River was borne by that appropriation until 1890, when the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, contained the following provision: SEC. 13. That for the purpose of securing the uninterrupted work of operat- ing snag boats on the Ohio River, and removing snags, wrecks, and other ob- structions in said river, the Secretary of War, upon the application of the Chief of Engineers, is hereby authorized to draw his warrant or requisition from time to time upon the Secretary of the Treasury for such sums as may be 0 8373 -- ENG 1915-73 1154 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. necessary to do such work, not to exceed in the aggregate for each year the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, provided, however, that an itemized statement of said expenses shall accompany the annual report of the Chief of Engineers. The above amount was increased to $50,000 by section 3 of the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Continuous work of removing obstructions from the channel of the river has been car- ried- on to provide for unobstructed navigation. The amount ex- pended prior to the fiscal year for maintenance is $726,100.74. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The channel of the Ohio River from the Pennsylvania State line to its mouth, 928.5 miles, was cleared of all obstructions that could be found. The U. S. snag boat E. A. Woodruff operated below Cincinnati, and the light-draft snagging plant, consisting of the snag boat Iroquois and the derrick boat Mingo operated above Cincinnati. The total amount expended during the year for maintenance is $51,963.58. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Owing to natural causes, snags, etc., are continually being deposited into the river, and wrecks are of frequent occurrence, rendering continuous work neces- sary to provide for unobstructed navigation. For this reason no statement can be given of the proportion of the work accomplished. The existing plant is, however, sufficient to keep the river thor- oughly clear of obstructions. The total amount expended to the end of the fiscal year for maintenance is $778,064.32. Effect of improvement.-The benefits accruing from this work to river commerce are plainly shown by the yearly reports of obstruc- tions removed, which obstructions, if permitted to remain, would make navigation highly dangerous at ordinary stages and hazardous at any time. Proposed operations.-No estimate is made, as funds for carrying on operations under this project are provided for by the permanent annual appropriation authorized by act of June 3, 1896. 9. RAISING AND STRENGTHENING LEVEES AT CAIRO, ILL. Location.-The location of this work is in the State of Illinois at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers on the alluvial plain formed by these rivers. Two sides of the levee inclosure run parallel to the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, respectively, while the third side runs 4.7 miles parallel to the Cache River, a tributary of the Ohio, about 5 miles above its mouth, thence runs across a small neck of land and joins the Mississippi levee. (See U. S. Geological Survey map for State of Illinois on scale 1: 500,000.) Originalcondition.-The entire area included by the levees was sub- ject to overflow in all high-water seasons, and the site of the city of Cairo subject to overflow in even moderate rises. Previous to 1912 no work had been done here by the United States, but local interests had raised the streets of Cairo and the greater part of the area an average of about 10 feet. The levees of the city of Cairo had been built to a height varying from 54 to 57 feet above zero on the Cairo gauge and the Cairo drainage district levees to an average height of 53.5 feet above zero on the same gauge. The zero of the gauge is about 1 foot above low water. Previous projects.-None, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1155 Present project.-The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, con- tained the following provision: Improving Ohio River: For the raising and strengthening of the levees in the city of Cairo, Illinois. on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and in the Cairo drainage district, which shall be considered extraordinary emergency work, two hundred and fifty thousand dollars: Provided, That the city of Cairo shall ex- pend, or cause to be expended, the same amount for the same purpose. These levees extend over a distance of approximately 20 miles. The present project contemplates raising and strengthening the Cairo City levees to a height of 60 feet above zero; the Cairo drainage dis- trict levees to a height of 57 feet above zero; the work to be done jointly by the United States, the city of Cairo, the Cairo drainage district, and the State of Illinois, the total amount available from all sources being about $900,000. The State appropriation applies only to the Cairo City levee. An agreement was reached between the various interests as to the allotment of work to be done by each, as follows: Name of levee. oLength of levee. Work to be done by- Miles. Cache River................... 5.3 United States. Mobile and Ohio .............. 6.3 1.7 miles by United States; 4.6 miles by Cairo drainage district. Cairo City .................... 5.5 3.4 miles by United States; 2.1 miles by State of Illinois; special work, city of Cairo. Big Four............ .......... 3 Cairo drainage district. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The levee had been built to the contemplated height, but a growth of sod on the slopes had not been secured. The amount expended prior to the fiscal year was $245,271.20. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations during the fiscal year were to fill gutters washed in the slopes by heavy rains and to endeavor to start a growth of Bermuda grass sod where it had not taken hold. The amount expended during the fiscal year is $3,735. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The levees at the end of the fiscal year were in good condition as to grade and slope, but needed a growth of Bermuda sod in some places. The total amount expended on this project is $249,006.20. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of- July 25, 1912, appropriating $250,000 for this project, contained the proviso that the " City of Cairo shall expend, or cause to be expended, the same amount for the same purpose." Satisfactory evidence having been furnished that this provision would be complied with, authority to begin work was granted by the Secretary of War on August 15, 1913. The expenditures by the cooperating parties to the end of the fiscal year were: Cairo drainage district ------------------------------------ $347, 788 City of Cairo------------------- -------------------------- 48, 130+ State of Illinois------------- --------------------------- 250, 000 Effect of improvement.-The improvement has no known effect on freight rates, but will keep the railroad lines to Cairo open during high-water periods. 1156 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.-None,as the project will be completed when the $250,000 appropriated has been expended. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------- ------- --------- $249, 006. 20 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........ $245,271.20 $3,735.00 Maintenance.......................................... ............... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ $250, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------ 4, 728. 80 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement --- -- --------------------------------- 3, 735. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------ ------------- 993. 80 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 923. 33 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------------- 70. 47 10. RAISING AND STRENGTHENING LEVEES AT MOUND CITY, ILL. Location.-Mound City, Ill., is located on the Ohio River about 9 miles above its mouth. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of Illinois on scale 1: 500,000.) Original condition.-The land within the levee inclosure is in the Ohio River flood plain, with a general elevation of about 47 feet above zero on the river gauge. Levees had been constructed to a height of about 53.5 feet above zero on the river gauge. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, con- tained the following provision: For the raising and strengthening of the levees in the city of Mound City, Illinois, on the Ohio River, which shall be considered extraordinary emergency work, $20,000, on the condition that the city of Mound City shall furnish an equal amount for the same purpose. The funds available are to be applied in raising and strengthening the levees to a height of 59 feet above zero on the gauge as far as they permit. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The levees had been built to an elevation of 59 feet above zero on the gauge, but sev- eral slides had developed. Previous to the fiscal year there had been expended on the project $19,668.88 from Government funds and $19,668.89 from contributed funds. Operations and results during fiscal year.-The balance of the appropriation, $331.12, and of contributed funds, $331.11, was ex- pended in repairing slides. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1157 Condition at end of fiscal year.-The levee is in good condition and the project completed. Total amount expended, $20,000 Gov- ernment funds and $20,000 contributed funds. Local cooperation.-Under the provisions of the act of July 25, 1912, the city of Mound City paid $20,000 into the Treasury of the United States and the commencement of work was authorized by the Chief of Engineers on March 22, 1913. In addition to the above payment into the Treasury, the State of Illinois contributed $50,000 for the Mound City levees, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad contributed about $21,000 worth of work, the city of Mound City expended about $8,000, the Illinois Central Railroad $6,000, and factories and individuals $6,000. Effect of improvement.-The work has no known effect on freight rates and benefits commerce only by keeping the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad open for traffic during high- water periods. Proposed operations.-None, as project is completed. Financialsum/mary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------- ------------------------------ $20, 000.00 M IVAmount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915--------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1 1914 1915 New work..... . ....................................... $231.80 $19,437.08 $331.12 Maintenance.... ... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ---------- ------------------------------ $20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- 331. 12 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ----------------------------------------------- 331. 12 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------- ----------------------- 20, 000. 00 Maintenance----------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........ .......... ................. $231.81$19,437.08 $331.11 Maintenance.................................... ..... Amount contributed by city of Mound City, Ill _----------------- $20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__-------------------------------,_, 331. 11 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement -------------------------------------------- -- 331.11 1158 .REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. EXAMINATION AND SURVEY MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF JULY 25, 1912. Reports dated January 29, 1913, and January 20, 1915, on pre- liminary examination and survey, respectively, of Ohio River at or near Elizabethtown, Ill., required by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pur- suant to law, and were transmitted to Congress and printed in House Document No. 1607, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The im- provement of the locality by the United States in the manner pro- posed is not deemed advisable at the present time. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making a pre- liminary examination and survey, provided for by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, of Licking River, Ky., for a distance 6f about 10 miles above its mouth, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE LOUISVILLE, KY., DISTRICT. This district comprises that part of Kentucky included between the watersheds west of the Kentucky River and north of the Cum- berland River, the basin of the Wabash River in Indiana and Illinois, the Falls of the Ohio River at Louisville, Ky., and the existing and proposed locks and dams in the Ohio River between Louisville, Ky., and the mouth of the river, numbered 41 to 54, inclusive. District officer: Maj. John C. Oakes, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engi- neers, to November 1, 1914; Lieut. Col. William L. Sibert, Corps of Engineers, from November 1, 1914, to March 20, 1915; and Lieut. Col. Henry Jervey, Corps of Engineers, since that time. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Falls of Ohio River at Louis- 6. Operating and care of lock and ville, Ky. (Lock and Dam dam at Grand Rapids, Wa- No. 41, Ohio River)........ 1115 bash River................. 1161 2. Lock and Dam No. 43, Ohio 7. Operating and care of locks and River ..................... 1115 dams in Green and Barren 3. Lock and Dam No. 48, Ohio Rivers, Ky.................. 1162 River...-.................. 1115 8. Operating and care of lock and 4. Surveys, Ohio River........... 1115 dam in Rough River, Ky.... 1166 5. Operating and care of Louis- ville & Portland Canal, Ky.. 1159 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3025 TO 3057. 1-4. OHIO RIVER, LOCKS AND DAMS NOS. 41, 43, AND 48, AND SURVEYS. For reports on Falls of Ohio River at Louisville, Ky. (Lock and Dam No. 41, Ohio River), construction of Locks and Dams Nos. 43 and 48, and surveys of Ohio River see report of Ohio River Board, pages 1115 to 1124 and Appendix, page 1914. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1159 5. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOUISVILLE & PORTLAND CANAL. Location.-The canal passes around the Falls of the Ohio River on the Kentucky side at Louisville, Ky., 362 miles from the mouth of the Ohio River. Length of canal, 27 miles. Original condition.-Priorto the construction of the canal boats could not pass the falls except at very high stages of the river. The United States acquired an interest in the canal in 1826 by becoming a stockholder in the corporation controlling it. The original canal was completed in 1830. At that time it had a width of from 64 to 68 feet at normal stages, with a depth of nearly 3 feet at extreme low water. It had three combined lift locks, each with a lift of 81 feet, a width of 50 feet, and a length of 200 feet. There was no dam at the head of the canal. The canal was subsequently enlarged and new locks built. Previous projects.-The original project for operating the canal was adopted by the act of May 11, 1874, which provided for the assumption by the United States of the entire control of the canal by the payment of certain debts, the purchase of bonds, etc., and provided that the canal should be held " free of all tolls and charges except such as are necessary to pay the current expenses of said canal and to keep the same in repair." Tolls were completely abol- ished after July 1, 1880, pursuant to the act of May 18, 1880. The amount expended on the original project was derived from tolls, rents, etc., and amounted to $417,069.38 for maintenance. (Annual Report for 1882, p. 1893.) For more extended information con- cerning original conditions, purchase, and improvement of this canal see Appendix, page 1914. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the act of March 3, 1881, which provided for the expenses of operating and maintaining the canal for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, and for " operating and keeping in repair" certain works, including the canal, thereafter. Since the latter date funds for operating and keep- ing the canal in repair have been provided by annual allotments under the above act and under section 4 of the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, and section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. The general project contemplates the operation of the canal locks, the operation of the dredging plant to keep the canal free from deposit, and the repair of existing structures so as to keep the whole system in good serviceable condition. There was no " original " esti- mate for the continuing cost of maintenance. Funds are provided by allotments, as stated above, under estimates submitted annually at the beginning of each fiscal year. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The canal, locks, and dredging plant 'ere operated, and these and the appurtenant structures and plantwere kept in good repair. Navigation was afforded around the Falls of the Ohio River at times when passage could not be made by the open-river channel. The amount expended from the adoption of the present project to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915, all of which was for maintenance, was $2,850,146.90. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operationsduring the year consisted in the operation and maintenance of the canal, locks, dams, and dredging plant. This work was carried on by hired labor with Government plant. In addition to the usual work of pass- 1160 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. ing traffic, operating the movable dams, and making ordinary current repairs to plant and structures, certain extensive repairs and replace- ments were made, at a total cost of $32,392.19, all of which was for maintenance. This work was done partly by contract and partly by day labor. The net expenditures during the year, exclusive of out- standing liabilities, all of which were for maintenance, were $119,- 402.87. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The present canal is about 2+ miles long and 87 feet wide at its narrowest point, with a capacious basin at its head. It has two masonry locks in flight, each 350 feet long between miter sills, with a clear width of 80 feet, and a dry dock. The canal is available to navigation at all stages of the river less than 12.7 feet, upper canal gauge. The zero of this gauge is 403.004 feet above mean tide at Sandy Hook, N. J. The depth of water in the canal is regulated in part by a movable dam at the head of the canal. The system as a whole is in good condition. The maxi- mum draft that can be carried through the canal at pool stage is 9 feet. The canal is being widened, and a new and larger lock (Lock No. 41, Ohio River) is under course of construction alongside the present ones. The total expenditures under the existing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year, all of which have been for maintenance, are $2,969,549.77. Local cooperation.-The original canal, completed in 1830, was constructed and maintained by a local corporation. In 1860 an en- largement and extension of the canal, including new locks, was begun by the corporation. The management of this work was taken over by the United States in 1868. The operation of the canal and collection of tolls remained under the corporate management until June 11, 1874, upon which date the entire control of the canal was assumed by the United States, pursuant to the act of May 11, 1874. Since June 11, 1874, there has been no local cooperation. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has permitted naviga- tion around the Falls of the Ohio River at Louisville, Ky., at stages when the river channel could not be used. Proposed operations.-Itis proposed to continue the operation and maintenance of the canal, in accordance with the adopted project, from funds to be provided by allotments from the permanent indefi- nite appropriation for operating and care of canals, etc., section 6 of river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the current year con- sisted of 693,322 tons of coal, valued at $1,459,625; 24,076 tons of manufactured iron, valued at $1,685,320; and 106,831 tons of other freight, valued at $9,071,387. Compartive statement of commerce passing through the Louisville Portland Canal and through the open river channel over the falls of the Ohio River. Year. Via canal. Via open river. Total. Value. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. 19131........................... ............... 1,172, 158 274, 69 1,446,788 19132.................. ................ . 875, 790 292,708 1,168,499 12,339,783.77 1914 2............................................... 747, 354 76, 874 824, 228* 12, 216, 331.29 1Fiscal year. 2Calendar year. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1161 6. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCK AND DAM AT GRAND RAPIDS, WABASH RIVER. Location.-In Wabash River, 97 miles above the mouth, about 1 miles above Mount Carmel, Ill., and 31 miles below Vincennes, Ind. The lock is in Knox County, Ind., and the abutment end of the dam in Wabash County, Ill. (See U. S. Geological Survey chart, " Indiana- Illinois, Patoka quadrangle.") Original condition.-Originally an obstruction known as Grand Rapids, having a fall of about 4.5 feet in a distance of 700 feet, existed at this point (Annual Report for 1884, p. 1763), making the river impassable to navigation at ordinary stages. To overcome the obstruction a lock and dam were built about 1842 by private enter- prise, but in 1872 this work had become almost totally useless, and in 1873 the rapids formed an insuperable obstruction. (Annual Reports for 1872, p. 474, and 1873, p. 517.) The present lock and dam were completed by the United States in 1893. Previous projects.-There was no previous project for the opera- tion of this lock, the expenses of operation being borne by appropria- tions for improving Wabash River until March 1, 1897. For scope of previous projects for the improvement of the river and more ex- tended information concerning original condition, the purchase of the original lock and dam, and the construction of the present struc- tures, see Appendix, page 1923. Present project.-The present project was adopted by section 4 of the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, and continued in force by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909, which pro- vide for the " preserving and continuing the use and navigation of said canals, rivers, and other public works, without interruption" (those belonging to the United States). The first and subsequent annual subprojects, under the acts mentioned, proposed the operation of the lock and the maintenance of it and the appurtenant structures in good serviceable condition. Operations under the present project were begun March 1, 1897. (Annual Report for 1897, p. 2455.) There was no original estimate for the continuing cost of maintenance. Funds are provided by allotments under estimates submitted annu- ally at the beginning of each fiscal year. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--Extensive work for the improvement of Wabash River was carried on in former years, involving a total expenditure of $810,212.07. Of this work nothing remains except the lock and dam at Grand Rapids and a number of cuts through rock bars. Navigation has been permanently benefited only to the extent of slack water, for about 12 miles above the lock. The lock was operated and it and the appurtenant structures kept in repair. The amount expended from the adoption of the present project to the beginning of the fiscal year, all of which was for main- tenance, was $80,836.31. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations during the year consisted in operating the lock and caring for the property. The work was done by day labor. The expenditures during the year, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, all of which were for maintenance, were $2,586.36. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Nothing remains of the im- provements on this river except the lock and dam at Grand Rapids 1162 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. and a number of cuts through rock bars. The lock gates and dam have deteriorated, and will soon have to be replaced. The location, principal dimensions, etc., of the lock are as follows: Name: Lock at Grand Rapids, Wabash River. Distance from Mount Carmel, Ill----------------------- miles__ 1 Distance from Terre Haute, Ind-------------------------do 117 Distance from mouth of river----------------do____ 97 Clear length of chamber--------------------------------feet 214 Clear width of chamber-------------------------------do--...-- 52 Depth on lower miter sill (at low water) --------------- do---- 3. 2 Depth on upper miter sill-------------- ----------------- do---- 5. 08 Length of dam--------------------do ---- 1, 095 Date of completion__________________ 1893 Cost__--------------------------------- $260, 000 The total expenditures under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year, all of which have been for maintenance, were $83,422.67. Local cooperation.-The original lock and dam, completed about 1842, were constructed by a private corporation. The property, rights, and franchises of this corporation were purchased by the United States during the fiscal year 1875. (Annual Report for 1875, p. 738.) Since that year there has been no local cooperation. Effect of the improvement.-The improvement has afforded slack- water navigation about 12 miles above the lock at Grand Rapids. The improvement is of little value, as through navigation of the river is impracticable. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to continue the operation and maintenance of the lock, in accordance with the adopted project, from funds to be provided by allotments from the indefinite appropriation for operating and care of canals, etc., section 6 of river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The commerce during the calendar year 1914 consisted of 113 tons of corn, valued at $2,261, and 74 tons of other freight, valued at $7,120. Compartaive statement of commerce passing through the lock at Grand Rapids, Wabash River. Year. Short tons. Value. 19131....................................................................... .......... 1,------------------18 19132 ....................................................................... 1, 252 $25, 910. 40 19142-.......................... *..... ........................... ............ 187 9,381.00 1 Fiscal year. 2 Calendar year. 7. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON GREEN AND BARREN RIVERS, KY. Location.-Green River rises in Green County, Ky., flows in a northwesterly direction, and empties into the Ohio River about 8 miles above Evansville, Ind. The head of slack-water navigation is at Mammoth Cave, Ky., 196 miles from the mouth of the river. Barren River rises in Barren County, Ky., flows in a northwesterly direction, and empties into Green River one-half mile above Lock No. 4, Green River. The head of navigation is at Bowling Green, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1163 29- miles above the mouth of the river and 179 miles above the mouth of Green River. Original condition.-Little is known of the original condition of these rivers. The original system of slack-water navigation, with head of navigation at Bowling Green, Ky., was completed by the State of Kentucky in 1841. It included four locks in Green River and one lock in Barren River. When the United States assumed possession of these improvements, in 1888, navigation of the system was broken at Lock No. 3, Green River, the river wall at that lock having fallen into the river; the lower end of the land wall at Lock No. 1, Barren River, was badly cracked and liable to fall at any time; and both walls at Lock No. 2, Green River, were in a danger- ous condition. The channels of the pools were much obstructed by snags and landslides. Previous projects.-There was no previous project for the opera- tion and maintenance of these improvements. For the scope of previous projects for additional improvements now incorporated in the system, and for more extended information concerning the original improvements, see Appendix, page 1926. Present project.-The river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, appropriated $135,000 for the purchase of the then existing im- provements. The present project was adopted by section 4 of the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, and continued in force by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909, which provides for the "preserving and continuing the use and navigation of said canals, rivers, and other public waters without interruption" (those belonging to the United States). The first subproject for work on these rivers, under tle acts mentioned, was approved January 4, 1889, and proposed the restoration, so far as practicable, of the former structures to good, serviceable condition, the construction of new ones where required, the operation of the locks, the removal of snags, landslides, and deposits from the entrance to the locks, etc. This in general constitutes the existing project, and, the former structures having been restored and additional ones built, now contemplates the operation of the locks and maintenance of the system in good navigable condition. There was no original estimate for the con- tinuing cost of maintenance. Funds are provided by allotments from the indefinite appropriation for operating and care, etc., acts of July 5, 1884, and March 3, 1909, under estimates submitted annually at the beginning of each fiscal year. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The United States assumed control of the system December 11, 1888. The several service- able locks of the former system and appurtenant structures were thoroughly repaired; Lock No. 2, Green River, was rebuilt, and two additional locks, Nos. 5 and 6, Green River, were constructed. The system as a whole was maintained in good condition, affording navi- gation throughout the system for boats not exceeding 35 feet in width, 138 feet in length, and draft not exceeding 5 feet. The amount ex- pended from the adoption of the present project to the beginning of the fiscal year, all of which was for maintenance, was $1,890,898.34. This amount does not include the sum paid for the original improve- ments ($135,000) nor the cost of reconstructing Lock No. 2 and 1164 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. building Locks Nos. 5 and 6, Green River, funds for those works having been provided by specific appropriations. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations during the year consisted in the operation of the locks and snagging and dredging plants and the maintenance of the system in good, service- able condition. In addition to ordinary repair work, certain exten- sive repairs and replacements were made, at a total cost of $39,967.08. The work was carried on by hired labor. The net expenditures dur- ing the year, exclusive of outstanding liabilities, all of which were for maintenance, were $98,617.12. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The system as a whole is in good condition. It comprises 7 locks, with fixed dams, and affords through navigation throughout the year for boats of 5-feet draft or less and not exceeding 138 feet in length and 35 feet in width, from Lock No. 1, Green River, to Mammoth Cave, a distance of 1871 miles, or from Lock No. 1, Green River, to Bowling Green, Ky., on Barren River, a distance of 171 miles. Through navigation to the Ohio River is afforded except at low stages of that stream, at which times there is insufficient water on the lower miter sill at Lock No. 1, Green River. At extreme low water in the open river below Lock No. 1 there is only about eight-tenths of a foot of water on the lower miter sill of Lock No. 1. This depth will be increased to 9.3 feet as a result of the completion of Dam No. 48, Ohio River, which is now under construction. The total expenditures under the existing proj- ect up to the end of the fiscal year, all of which have been for main- tenance, were $1,989,515.46. The following table shows the location, cost, principal features, etc., of the locks and dams included in the system: Green River. Barren River. Number of lock.................................. . 1............. 2 ........ 3........... 4...... ..... 5 . ............. 6........... 1. Nearest post office and town......................... . Spottsville.... Rumsey....... Rochester..... Woodbury.... Glenmore..... Brownsville... Greencastle. Completed ....... .................................... 1835-1840..... 1895........... 1833-1836...... 1839.......... 1899......... 1905.......... 1841. Cost.... .......................................... $179,110....... $160,079...... $121,377....... $125,718....... $180,000....... $180,000....... $135,734. Material..................... ........................... Sandstone...... Sandstone..... Sandstone..... Sandstone..... Concrete...... Concrete...... Sandstone. Distance from mouth of river.................................. 8.5 miles...... 62.8 miles..... 108.05 miles... 149.5 miles.... 167.5 miles... 180.75 miles... 15 a n d 1 6 5 miles. Elevation, lower miter sill, above sea level ...................... 328.702 feet.... 343.444 feet.... 357.444 feet.... 373.654 feet.... 391.114 feet....402.814 feet.... 391.464 feet. Elevation, crest of dam above sea level .......................... 349.695 feet.... 363.944 feet.... 380.081 396.404 feet.... feet.... 409.814 feet....420.814 feet.... 411.274 feet. Length of pool.... .................................. 54.3 miles.....45.7 miles....41 miles....... 18 a n d 15.5 13.25 miles.... 16 miles....... 20 m i e s miles. (about). Elevation of pool above low water on lower miter sill at Lock 20.1993 feet.... 34.4483 feet.... 50.9933 feet.... 66.9083 feet.. 91.3183 feet.... 80.3183 feet.... 81.7783 feet. No. 1, Green River. Available length of chamber .................................. 138feet.. 145feet....... 138feet.... 138feet.. 145feet........ 145feet........ 143feet. z Available width of chamber ..................... .............. 35.5 feet....... 36 feet......... 35.83 feet...... 35.83 feet...... 36 feet........ 36 feet......... 35.56 feet. Lift...................................................... 20.1993 feet.... 14.249 feet..... 16.137 feet..... 16.324 feet..... 13.41 feet......11feet......... 14.87 feet. ti Depth on lower miter sill ....................................... 0.7937 foot..... 6.251 feet...... 6.5 feet........ 6.427 feet.....5.29 feet.......7 feet..........4.94 feet. d Depth on upper miter sill .................................... 6.928 feet...... 8.4 feet........ 7.287 feet...... 6.68 feet.......7.7 feet........ 8 feet.......... 7.3 feet. Top of lock wall above crest of dam ....................... . 11.758 feet 1...9.6 feet....... 9.833 feet...... 9 feet......... 9.3 feet........10 feet.........10.85 feet. Top of lock wall above lower miter sill, on gauge....... .... 32.9583 feet.... 30 feet......... 32.3 feet....... 31.3 feet....... 27.9 feet........28 feet........ 30.3 feet. Top of lock wall above lower miter sill actual................ 32.751 feet 1...30.1 feet....... 32.47 feet...... 31.75 feet...... 28 feet.........28 feet......... 30.66 feet. W Top of lock wall above upper miter sill......................... 18 feet 1......18 feet ........ 17.12 feet...... 15.68 feet..... 17 feet......... 18 feet........18.15 feet. 0 Upper sill above lower sill..................................... 14.065 feet..... 12.1 feet....... 15.35 feet...... 16.07 feet....11 feet.........10 feet........ 12.51 feet. Depth on lock walls, highest water...... . ................. 19.6 feet...... 10.9 feet....... 15.7 feet...... 19.2 feet.... ......... ............... 17.2 feet. Length of dam............................................. 528 feet....... 598 feet........ 353 feet...... 381 feet........ 282 feet........ 220 feet........ 268 feet. Base of dam ................................................. 46.5 feet...... 40 feet.........65.3 feet......50 feet.........30 feet.........24 feet........ 69 feet. b Width of apron .............................................. None......... 15 feet.........10 feet........ 10 feet.........16 feet.........20 feet.........10 feet. tid 1 Top of walls not same level throughout. 9 -I2 tx t4 H 1166 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Local cooperation.-The original improvements were completed by the State of Kentucky in 1841. The State retained control of the system until 1868, when it was leased to a corporation for a term of 30 years. The United States purchased the rights of the corporation pursuant to the river and harbor act of August 1, 1888, and assumed control of the system December 11, 1888, since which date there has been no local cooperation. Effect of the improvement.-The improvement has afforded unin- terrupted navigation over about 217 miles of river, and opened to commerce a large section of country otherwise practically inaccessible. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to continue the operations and maintenance of the system, in accordance with the adopted project, from funds to be provided by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation for operating and care of canals, etc., sec- tion 6 of river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The commerce during the calendar year 1914, passing Lock No. 1, Green River, the gateway to the system, consisted of 141,688 tons of timber, valued at $1,020,154; 137,532 tons of railroad ties, valued at $864,489; and 32,320 tons of other freight, valued at $2,515,286. Comparative statement of commerce passing Lock No. 1, Green River. Year. Short tons. Value. 19131............................................................................... ...... 302,610 ............ 1913............. ......... ...... ....................................... 373,081 $5,610,321 19142.................. ................................................. ...... 311,540 4,399,929 1 Fiscal year. Calendar year. 8. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON ROUGH RIVER, KY. Location.--This stream is one of the principal tributaries of Green River, and lies wholly within the State of Kentucky. It rises in Meade, Hardin, and Breckinridge Counties, flows westwardly in a tortuous channel, and empties into Green River at Livermore, 71 miles from the mouth of that river. Its length is about 126 miles. The improved portion of the river extends from its mouth to Hart- ford, Ky., a distance of about 291 miles. Original condition.-Originallythis river was much obstructed by snags, sunken logs, stumps, bowlders, and bars in the bed of the stream, and by overhanging trees on its banks. Backwater from Dam No. 2, Green River, affected 8 miles of the river above its mouth. A timber-crib lock and dam had been built on the river about 8 miles above its mouth, but at the time the United States took charge of the improvement, in 1890, the structures had been abandoned and were completely in ruins. A lock and dam was built by the United States near the site of the old structures and opened to navigation December 12, 1896. Previous projects.-There was no previous project for the opera- tion and maintenance of the existing improvements. For scope of RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1167 previous projects for improvement of the river, see Appendix, page 1928. Present project.-The present project was adopted by section 4 of the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, and continued in force by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909, which pro- vide for the " preserving and continuing the use and navigation of said canals, rivers, and other public works without interruption" (those belonging to the United States). In relation to this stream it contemplates the operation of the lock, keeping the improved portion of the river free from snags, bars, and other obstructions, and main- taining the property in good condition. There was no original esti- mate for the continuing cost of maintenance. Funds are provided by allotments from the indefinite appropriation for operating and care, etc., acts of July 5, 1884, and March 3, 1909, under estimates submitted annually at the beginning of each fiscal year. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The United States took charge of the improvement in 1890. The stretch of river from the mouth to Hartford, Ky., was cleared of obstructions and a lock with fixed dam built at a point about 8 miles from the mouth of the river. The lock was operated from December 12, 1896, to the be- ginning of the fiscal year, and afforded slack-water navigation for boats with draft not exceeding 4 feet from the mouth of the river to a short distance above Hartford, Ky., a distance of 29 miles. The amount expended from the adoption of the present project to the beginning of the fiscal year, all of which was for maintenance, was $25,165.33. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--The lock has been operated throughout the year, and it and the appurtenant structures kept in good serviceable condition. Repairs and replacements were made at a total cost of $1,180.68. The work was done by hired labor. The expenditures during the year, exclusive of outstanding liabil- ities, all of which were for maintenance, were $2,110.64. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The'river from its mouth to Hartford, Ky., is in good navigable condition, and the lock and appurtenances are in a thorough state of repair. The location and principal dimensions, etc., of the lock are as follows: Name: No. 1, Rough River. Distance from the mouth of the river at Livermore, Ky ___miles__ 8 Distance from Hartford, Ky _ -- __ _ ________ _do-... 21 Distance from Lock No. 2, Green River, Rumsey, Ky --.. do -.. 16 Clear length of chamber - feet__ 123 Clear width of chamber----------------------------do. 27 Lift, at pool stage_---------------------------------do 9. 4 Depth on lower sill __do-- 4. 9 Depth on upper sill _____________________-do 6. 8 Length of dam----------------------------------------do 185 Date of completion ------------------------------------------- 1896 Cost -------------------------------------- $72, 186. 35 The total expenditures under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year, all of which have been for maintenance, were $27,275.97. 1168 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Local cooperation.-A lock and aam, built of timber cribs, was constructed by a stock company near the site of the present structure shortly after the war. The venture became unprofitable, and the structures had been abandoned and were in ruins when the United States assumed control of the improvement in 1890. There has been no other local cooperation. Effect of the improvement.-The improvement has afforded slack- water navigation at all stages of the river from its mouth to Hart- ford, Ky. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to continue the operation of the lock, and maintain the improvement in good serviceable condi- tion, in accordance with the adopted project, from funds to be pro- vided by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation for operating and care of canals, etc., section 6 of river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The commerce during the calendar year 1914 consisted of 25,399 tons of timber, valued at $182,873, and 2,377 tons of other freight, valued at $18,555. Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Value. 19131....................................................................... 32,909 . 191342............ ...... ........................................... .......... 40,365 283,806 1914............. .............................................. 27,776 201,428 1Fiscal year. 2Calendar year. EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys, provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly sub- mitted when received: 1. Pond River, Ky. 2. Mud Creek, Butler County, Ky. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE SECOND CINCIN- NATI, OHIO, DISTRICT. This district includes certain tributaries of the Ohio River in the States of Ohio, West Virginia, and Kentucky. District officer: Lieut. Col. H. Jervey, Corps of Engineers, until November 2, 1914; Lieut. Col. Wm.L. Sibert, Corps of Engineers, from November 2, 1914, to March 15, 1915; Lieut. Col. H. Jervey, Corps of Engineers, from March 15 to June 30, 1915. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engi- neers, until October 31, 1914; Lieut. Col. Wm.L. Sibert, Corps of Engineers, from October 31, 1914, to March 20, 1915, and Lieut. Col. H. Jervey, Corps of Engineers, after that date. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1169 IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Operating and care of locks and 5. Kentucky River, Ky.......... 1176 dams on Muskingum River, '6. Operating and care of locks and Ohio......... ............. 1169 dams on Kentucky River, 2. Guyandot River, W. Va........ 1171 Ky ..................... 1179 3. Big Sandy River and Levisa and Tug Forks, W. Va. and Ky... 1172 4. Operating and care of locks and dams on Big Sandy River, W. Va. and Ky., including Tug and Levisa Forks ............. 1176 FOR THE DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3059 TO 3090. 1. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON MUSKINGUM RIVER, OHIO. Location.-This river is formed at a point near Coshocton, Ohio, by the junction of the Walhonding and Tuscarawas Rivers, flows in a southerly direction and empties into the Ohio River at Marietta, Ohio, a distance of 107 miles. The portion of the river covered by the slack-water system, which comprises 11 locks and dams, gives, in connection with the improvement of the Ohio River, slack-water navigation with a depth of 6 feet at low water from that stream to Dresden, Ohio, a distance of 91 miles. Original condition.-The slack-water improvement of this river was begun by the State of Ohio in 1837 and completed in 1841, by the construction of 12 locks, 11 dams, and 5 short lengths of canal, creating slack-water navigation from its mouth to Dresden, a dis- tance of 91 miles. Each dam had a lock connected with it, except at Zanesville, where there was a flight of two locks. At six of the dams the lock adjoined the dam, and passage from one pool to an- other was immediate. At the other dams passage was made by a lateral canal of lengths varying from 132 miles to two-sevenths of a mile. When the United States took over this improvement, in 1887, navigation was suspended, for the reason that the entire system was badly in need of repairs, two of the dams being broken and several other serious breaks occurring shortly after the transfer of the im- provement to the United States. Present project.-The present project consists in operating and maintaining the locks, dams, and canal acquired from the State. These structures afford a navigable depth of 6 feet from Marietta to Dresden, Ohio, a distance of 91 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A 6-foot slack- water depth from Lock No. 1 to Dresden, a distance of 91 miles, had been established by restoring the system to a navigable condition. The expenditures had been $2,089,416.79. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Under allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation (sec. 6 of the act of Mar. 3, 1909) for operating and care of canals and other works of navigation the completed locks and dams and floating plant have been operated and maintained in a serviceable condition. Amount expended during the current fiscal year, $184,323.68. 0 8373 -- ENG 1915-74 1170 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at end of fiscal year.-At the close of the year this im- provement was in good navigable condition, with a 6-foot slack- water depth from Lock No. 1, Marietta, to Dresden, Ohio, a distance of 91 miles. Data relative to the characteristics and status of the several locks and dams are given in the following statement: Location. Dimensions in the clear. Depth No. at low Date of water Liftofco- lock Miles on at low of cl- Cost. and lower water. d Distance from lock with reference from Width. Length. er water on. to nearest town. mouth idth. Lgth. miter of river. sill. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1 At Marietta, Ohio. ......... ... 0.25 56 366 11 1890 2$327,500 00 2 5.75 miles below Marietta, Ohio... 5.75 36 160 6 10. 467 1840 91,000.00 3 At Lowell, Ohio .............. 13. 87 36 160 6 14. 477 1840 160, 000.00 4 At Beverly, Ohio ...... ...... 24. 71 36 160 6 9. 424 1840 122,000.00 5 6.1 miles above Stockport, Ohio... 32.97 36 160 6 10. 899 1840 91,000. 00 6 At Stockport, Ohio................ 39.11 36 160 6 12.049 1840 88,000.00 7 At McConnelsville, Ohio........ 48.22 36 160 6 10.138 1840 127,000. 00 8 0.3 mile above Eagleport, Ohio.... 56.00 36 160 6 10.992 1840 90, 000.00 9 0.5 mile below Philo, Ohio........ 66.84 36 160 6 11.281 1889 3 86, 000.00 10 At Zanesville,1 Ohio 4............... 75.82 35.82 158. 15.719 66' 519 8 1840 127, 000.00 A35.52 156. 6f 11 7 miles above Dresden, Ohio...... 84.14 36 160 6{11.38 1910 7 143,095.66 1 Extreme lift with Ohio River Dam No. 18 lowered. 2 Cost of new lock enlarged to admit Ohio River boats; original cost of lock and dam, $131,000. 3 Cost of new lock; original cost of lock, dam, and canal approximately $206,000. 4 Double lock. 5 Crest of movable dam. 6 Crest of fixed dam. 7 Cost of new lock and dam. Total expenditure, 740.47. $2,273, NOTE.-Original cost to the State of Ohio of the locks and dams constructed on this river was approxi- mately $1,300,000. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation, except that the entire system of slack-water improvement on this river, which was ceded to the United States in 1887, was originally con- structed by the State of Ohio. Proposed operations.-The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and har- bor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The commerce carried on this stream con- sists of brick, coal, crossties, lumber, sand, gravel, live stock, and miscellaneous farm and manufactured products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....... ....... .............................. ................ 66,214 $3,219,764 1913...-.................--.. ..................... 61,755 1,294,080 1914............. ....................................... ....... 61,773 1,081,747 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1171 2. GUYANDOT RIVER, W. VA. Location.-The river flows from its source in the Cumberland Mountains, in southwestern West Virginia, in a generally north- westerly direction to the Ohio River at Huntington, W. Va., 12 miles above the mouth of Big Sandy River. Its length is 170 miles, the lower 82 miles of which, from Logan, W. Va., to the mouth, are considered as included in the project for improvement. Original condition.-At the time of the adoption of the original project for this stream a few old dams constructed by a private com- pany under the auspices of the State of Virginia shortly before the Civil War were in ruins, and the stream varied from the usual pre- cipitous mountain torrent in its headwaters, through the successive stages of pools and ripples in its intermediate regions to the winding sluggish stream, through alluvial deposits in its lower courses varied by its own freshets and floods and backwater from Ohio River stages. The channel varied in width from 250 to 350 feet. Navigation was possible only for floating out into the Ohio River small rafts of tim- ber at flood stages and for push boats at ordinary stages for a dis- tance of about 82 miles from its mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project provides for a clear channel width of 30 feet, with governing depth of 18 inches for five months of the year from mouth of river to Logan, W. Va., a distance of about 82 miles, by removing rocks, snags, and other obstructions, with a view to facilitating the operation of push boats and the floating out of logs and rafts to the Ohio River. Estimated cost, $10,000. Modified in 1910 to include bank revetment near Barboursville, W. Va.; esti- mated cost, $5,000. This project, originally adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of June 18, 1878, was based on House Docu- ment No. 75, part 8, Forty-third Congress, second session. The work was carried on intermittently until 1899, when the funds were ex- hausted. The project was revived by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 558, 60th Cong., 1st sess.), which added bank revetment near Barboursville, W. Va., at an estimated cost of not to exceed $2,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-As funds have been made available the channel from the mouth of the river to Logan, W. Va., a distance of 82 miles, has been cleared of obstruc- tions, overhanging trees removed, and the caving bank which threat- ened the town of Barboursville, W. Va., revetted. The amount ex- pended prior to current fiscal year for improvement and mainte- nance was $27,633.31, of which $18,500 was for new work and $9,133.31 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The available bal- ance of $2.18 was applied to investigating complaint of felled timber on the banks of the lower river. Total amount expended during the year was $57.95, charged as maintenance. Of this amount $55.77 was in payment of outstanding liabilities of previous year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Exact details of the avail- ability of the improvement for navigation on June 30 are not known, since the funds available were not sufficient to permit of an examina- tion necessary to determine its navigable condition. It is believed, 1172 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. however, that all the existing navigation, consisting chiefly of float- ing out logs at high water, received adequate accommodation. For the same reason it is not possible to state with any accuracy the head of navigation on the stream, since this varies with the season and from year to year with the height of maximum flood that can carry out the logs. The total expenditures for improvement and mainte- nance under existing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year were $27,691.26, of which $18,500 was for new work and $9,191.26 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of the project, and there have been no contributed funds or local cooperation except as noted under subheading Original condition. Effect of improvement.-No reasonably definite data with respect to freight rates are available. It may be stated, however, that the principal navigation is the floating of logs, which traffic adapts itself to the stage of river and, it is believed, would not move by rail regardless of rates. Proposed operations.-Funds being exhausted no further opera- tions are proposed and no estimate for further appropriations is submitted. Commerical statistics.-No reasonably definite data with regard to commercial statistics have been practicable to obtain; the commerce consists almost entirely of floating out logs at high water and would probably average 150,000 to 200,000 short tons per year, valued at 1,500,000. Financialsum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $18, 500. 00 Maintenance-------------- --------------- 9, 191.26 Total 691. 26 2------------------------------7 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............. .............. ........................ .... ....... 1. 16 .. ............... Maintenance.......................... ........................ 28.61 $1,289.32 $57.95 Total................ ........................ ........ 29.77 1,289.32 57.95 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ___ ____----------------$57.39 Receipts from sales______________--_-- _--__ .56 57. 95 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------------579 improvement ________________________ 57.95 3. BIG SANDY RIVER AND LEVISA AND TUG FORKS, W. VA. AND KY. Location.-This river is formed at Louisa, Ky., by the junction of the Levisa and Tug Forks, flows slightly west of north therefrom, and empties into the Ohio River between Catlettsburg, Ky., and Kenova, W. Va., just below Huntington, W. Va. Its length, 27 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1173 miles, is entirely included in project, except one-quarter mile from Lock No. 1 to the mouth, which is governed by the improvement of the Ohio River. Levisa Fork rises in southwestern Virginia, in and beyond the Cumberland Mountains, and runs in a generally northerly direction. Its length is 142 miles, the lower 88.5 miles of which from Louisa to Pikeville, Ky., are included in project. Tug Fork has it headwaters in the Mountains of McDowell County, W. Va., and flows generally northwesterly. Its length is 137 miles, the lower 58.1 miles of which from Louisa Ky., to the mouth of Pond Creek, just above Williamson, W. Va., are included in the project. Original condition.--At the time of the adoption of the original project for this stream and its tributaries the channel was much ob- structed by snags, bowlders, leaning trees, etc., and small expendi- tures had been made by local State authorities in removing the worst of these obstructions, with the result that navigation of various kinds was possible for various periods of the year, according to stages, including small steamboats; push-boat navigation, however, was the principal transportation reliance toward the headwaters. Floating out logs by means of "splash dams" in the tributaries has always been one of the heavy navigation items. No data are available as to exact availability of channel at the time. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted in the river and harbor act of July 18, 1878, and modified by the river and harbor acts of June 14, 1880, and July 13, 1892. Total expenditures on origi- nal and modified project, $380,431.16. For scope of previous proj- ects, see Appendix, page 1929. Present project.-This project is for 2 locks and dams on the main river, 2 locks and dams out of a total of 8 on Tug Fork, and 2 out of a total of 10 locks and dams on Levisa Fork, the whole plan of im- provement being designed to give, in connection with the improve- ment of the Ohio River, slack-water navigation, with a depth of 6 feet at low water, from that stream to Louisa, Ky., a distance of 27 miles; thence to the mouth of Pond Creek on Tug Fork, a distance of 58.1 miles, and to Pikesville on Levisa Fork, a distance of 88.5 miles, together with clearing the streams for a more or less indefinite distance above the points not yet reached by slackwater. All dams are movable, of the needle type. This project, originally adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, was based on House Document No. 456, Fifty-fifth Congress, second session, and involved the construction of two locks and dams below Louisa, Ky., which was enlarged by the river and harbor acts of June 13, 1902, and June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. No. 235, 56th Cong., 2d sess.), to include 2 locks and dams each on Tug and Levisa Forks, respectively, at an estimated cost of $225,000 each, and also provided for the raising of the crest of Dam No. 3, at an estimated cost of $35,000. The river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, added regulating works at the mouth of river, at an estimated cost of $40,000, and the river and harbor act of March 3, 1907, included a service bridge at Lock No. 1, at an estimated cost of $7,000, later increased to $10,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A 6-foot slack- water depth from Lock No. 1 on the main river to Webb, W. Va., 1174 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. on Tug Fork, a distance of 39 miles, and to Old Peach Orchard, Ky., on Levisa Fork, a distance of 45 miles, had been established by the construction of three locks and dams on main river and one each on Tug and Levisa Forks. The sites for Lock No. 2, Tug Fork, and Lock No. 2, Levisa Fork, have been located but not purchased. Regulating works at mouth of river have been partially completed, and raising the crest of Dam No. 3 and construction of service bridge at No. 1 (main river) have been completed. Channel was cleared of obstructions when funds were available. The amount expended prior to current fiscal year was as follows: Big Sandy River, including Tug and Levisa Forks, general im- provement ------------------------------------------ $1, 180, 836. 41 Big Sandy River, maintenance___________________ $1, 381. 19 Levisa Fork, maintenance _________-__ 32, 192. 41 Tug Fork, maintenance- ------------------------ 31, 284. 06 64, 857. 66 1, 245, 694. 07 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations under the present project have been suspended pending action by Congress on report of the preliminary examination of Tug and Levisa Forks made in compliance with the provisions of the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. This examination was made by a special board of Engineer officers, was completed during the fiscal year 1914, and the report is printed in House Document No. 1159, Sixty-third Con- gress, second session. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the close of the fiscal year the approved project had been about 20 per cent completed. The work accomplished comprises the construction of three locks and dams on main river and the lower one on each of the forks; the site selected for the second lock and dam on each fork, but the land not purchased and construction not begun; partial completion of regulating works at mouth of the river; raising the crest of Dam No. 3; and clearing the channels of obstructions. The available depth throughout is variable; in the pools the reference is to pool level and the general navigable depth is 6 feet, except below Lock No. 1, main river, the navigable depth is uncertain and will remain so until the regulating works below Lock No. 1 and Dam No. 29, in the Ohio River, immediately below Catlettsburg, are completed. The mini- mum draft that can be carried over the shoalest portion of the forks at mean low water above the completed works is uncertain and changeable, owing to the constant movement of the bottom and the fact that obstructions naturally renew themselves. The main river is navigable by steamer from its mouth to Louisa, Ky., a distance of 27 miles and from there up the Levisa Fork a distance of 18 miles and up the Tug Fork a distance of 12 miles. For pole boats, rafts, etc., and for steamboats during winter and spring months, the head of navigation is taken at Pond Creek on Tug Fork and Pikeville on Levisa Fork. The total expenditures under existing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year were $1,245,694.07, $64,857.66 of which was for maintenance and $1,180,836.41 for new work. Data relative to the characteristics and status of the locks and dams that have been constructed are given in the following table: RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1175 Location. the clear). (in Depth Dimensions No.at low of water Lift at Date Dateofof lock lockon Miles lower low water. c-lm- Cost. and With reference to nearest town. from Width. Length. miter tion. dam. mouthsill. of river. sill. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1 Catlettsburg, Ky ................. 55 158 6 22. 5 1904 $318,417. 64 2 Two miles below Buchanan, Ky.. 13 55 158 6 12. 6 1905 278,893.10 3 Louisa, K.....................26 52 158 6 10.6 11896 396,304. 98 T Saltpeter, . Va................. 31 55 158 6 12. 0 1911 268, 452. 26 1L Chapman,Ky...................35 55 158 6 11.0 1911 250,128. 70 1Crest raised in 1909. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of the project and no contributed funds or local cooperation, except that small expenditures had previously been made by local State authorities in removing channel obstructions. Effect of improvement.--It is believed that the improvement has had no material effect on freight rates or the nature of commerce. Since the construction, in recent years, of railroads with many short branches and spurs to the coal mines the commerce of all kinds has gradually become less until in the last few years it has almost become negligible and is practically confined to timber and crossties. Proposed operations.-No further operations under this project are proposed pending the further action of Congress. Commercial statistics.-The commerce carried on this stream and its forks consists principally of timber, railroad ties, farm products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..... ............... ...... - ........................... 188,743 $1,799,634 1913 .......................... - -............................ .................... 172,403 1,669,205 1914............ ..................... ..........................................- 175,758 1,692,265 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work______------------------------ ------- $1, 561, 267. 57 Maintenance--------------------------------------------- 64, 857. 66 Total------------------------------------------------ 1, 626, 125. 23 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................... $11, 233.47 $3,153.38 50.00 Maintenance............................ 1176 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------- $93, 387. 50 Receipts from sales -___- -_________--------------- - 21. 02 93, 408. 52 Deduction on account of transfer under the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------- 89, 238. 25 July 1, 1915, balance available _______--- ------ __ ----- 4,170. 27 4. OPERATION AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON BIG SANDY RIVER, W. VA. AND KY., INCLUDING TUG AND LEVISA FORKS. Under allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation (sec. 6 of the act of Mar. 3, 1909) for operating and care of canals and other works of navigation the completed locks and dams and floating plant have been operated and maintained in a serviceable condition. Total amount expended to end of last fiscal year ____-- _____ $274, 123. 59 Amount expended during the current fiscal year__-...------ _ 38, 684. 41 Total expenditures_--- ______________ 312, 808. 00 Proposed operations.-The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and har- bor act of March 3, 1909. 5. KENTUCKY RIVER, KY. Location.-This river is formed at a point near Beattyville, Ky., by the junction of the North, Middle, and South Forks, flows in a northwesterly direction, and empties into the Ohio River at Carroll- ton, Ky. Its length of 254.5 miles is entirely included in project, except 4 miles from Lock No. 1 to the mouth, which are governed by the improvement of the Ohio River. Original condition.-Five locks and dams built by the State of Kentucky about 1835 provided slack-water navigation from Lock No. 1, 4 miles from the mouth, to Oregon, Ky., approximately 97 miles from the mouth. When the United States took over this im- provement in 1879 these works were in a state of ruin, so that the navigable capacity in depth and width fluctuated from virtually nothing at low water to a substantial amount at high water. (An- nual Report for 1913, p. 1032.) Previous projects.-None. Present project.-This project is for 14 locks and dams to give, in connection with the improvement of the Ohio River, slack-water navigation, with a depth of 6 feet at low water, from that stream to above the junction of the three forks, a distance of 254.5 miles. For information relative to the locations and characteristics of the several locks and dams, see the tabulated statement in the subsequent para- graph headed Condition at end of fiscal year. All dams are fixed dams, but Nos. 11 to 14, inclusive, have 6-foot movable crests. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1177 This project, originally adopted by Congress in the river and harbor act of 1879, was based on a report printed in House Document No. 47, Forty-fifth Congress, third session, and on page 1398 of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1879-without maps in either case-and involved restoration of the State works to be ceded to the United States and extension of slack-water improvement up- stream to Three Forks by 12 additional locks and dams, or 17 in all. Estimated cost, $1,074,402. In 1899 the estimate was revised to pro- vide for the completion from inauguration with a total of 14 locks and dams for an amount of $4,865,550. (Annual Report, for 1899, p. 2513.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A 6-foot slack- water depth from Lock No. 1 to Lock No. 13-a distance of 235.5 miles-had been established by the restoration of the 5 State locks and dams, the construction of 7 new locks and dams, and the partial construction of the remaining 2 of the total of 9 new locks and dams proposed. The amount expended prior to current fiscal year was $3,914,007.13, a small amount of which (incapable of separation) was for maintenance of the old State locks before they were placed under the indefinite appropriation for operating and care. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the year work was carried on under the continuing contract system at Dam No. 13 and Lock and Dam No. 14, surveys were made and some snagging done above Lock No. 14. All of the contract authorization referred to has been appropriated. Dam No. 13 was completed. The amount expended on this work during the year was $35,497.30. At Lock No. 14 the lock itself was practically completed except the em- bankment and paving and a small amount of work done on the dam. The amount expended during the year was $107,471.20. Surveys of the North, Middle, and South Forks to the upper limits of slack water were made at a cost of $1,270.43 to care for claims for possible damage against the United States due to submerged land, destroyed fords on side streams, etc., which may arise after the completion of Dam No. 14. Snagging work was done by hired labor at a cost of $2,271.45 and consisted of clearing the channel of overhanging trees, bowlders, and other natural obstructions in the pool to be formed by Dam No. 14. The expenditures during the year were $143,509.61 for new work. Condition at end of fiscal year.-At the close of the fiscal year 96.43 per cent of the approved project had been completed. The maximum draft that can now be carried at pool level from Lock No. 1 to Lock No. 14 -a distance of 244.4 miles-is that determined by the control- ling depth (6 feet) of this section. At ordinary low water a depth of 6 feet or more is available from Lock No. 1 to the Ohio River, 4 miles below; but pending the completion of works of improvement on that stream at Louisville, Ky., only about 2z feet can be carried over the lower sill of Lock No. 1 at extreme low water. The total expenditures under the existing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year were $4,057,516.74, a small amount of which (incapable of separation) was for maintenance. 1178 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Data relative to the characteristics and status of the several locks and dams are given in the following statement: Dimensions in Depth No. Miles the clear. at low lock Distance from lock with ref- from water Lift Date (orf Cost and erence to nearest town. of lower water. comple- dam. river. Width. Length. miter tion. sill. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1 4 miles below Carrollton, Ky.. 4.0 38 145 6 21. 25 1836-1844 $220, 300.17 2 At Lockport, Ky......... ... 31.0 38 145 6 13.94 1836-1844 151, 983.01 3 At Gest, Ky ............... 42.0 38 145 6 12. 51 1836-1844 135, 857. 54 4 1.5 miles above Frankfort, Ky. 65.0 38 145 6 13.87 1836-1844 131,607.96 5 3 miles above Tyrone, Ky .... 82.2 38 145 6 14.53 1836-1844 137, 436. 85 6 3 miles northwest of Salvisa, Ky .96.2 52 147 6 14. 42 1891 314, 864. 70 7 1.5 miles above High Bridge, Ky..................... 117.0 52 148 6 15.30 1897 290 768.44 8 4 miles above Little Hickman. 139. 2 52 146 6 18. 00 1900 275, 463.14 9 0.5 mile above Valley View, Ky 157. 52 148 6 18. 00 1903 237,645. 75 10 1.5 miles above Ford, Ky...... 176.5 52 148 6 17. 00 1904 221,499. 58 11 1.5 miles north of College Hill, K ......................... 200. O 52 148 6 18.00 1906 296 592.95 12 2 miles below Irvine, Ky.... 220.8 52 148 6 18.00 1910 425, 693.33 13 2 miles above Willow, Ky..... 239.5 52 148 6 18.00 1914 460, 365. 82 14 At Heidelberg, Ky............ 248. 4 52 148 6 18. 00 80. 58% 284,019. 71 Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of the project and there has been no local coopera- tion, except that the lower five locks and dams were originally con- structed by the State of Kentucky and ceded to the United States in 1879. (Annual Report for 1913, p. 1033.) Effect of improvement.--The principal commerce of the river is timber, which can be most advantageously handled as loose logs, but as the improvement has advanced it has been found necessary to re- strict this traffic to rafting and towing, which has worked a hardship on this industry. On the lower river there is some commercial move- ment of coal, sand, gravel, etc., upstream from the Ohio, none of which would be practicable except for slack-water improvement. Of late years it is probable that the improvement has had no effect on freight rates. During the early years of the improvement on the lower river it was thought to have beneficially affected the rates there. (Annual Report for 1913, p. 1036.) Proposed operations.-It is proposed to complete the project by completing the construction of Lock and Dam No. 14 by contract, there remaining about 20 per cent of the work to be done, for which the funds already appropriated are sufficient. Commercial statistics.-The commerce carried on this stream con- sists of coal, iron and steel, timber, whisky, fluorspar, and miscella- neous farm products, including live stock. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 186,300 $2, 220,000.00 1912.............................................................................................. 1913 ...... .......................... ........................... 211,794 2,307,047.32 1914.........................................................204,696 2,355,261.23 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1179 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------------- $4, 057,516.74 Maintenance---------------------------------------------_ 0. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......... $......................................$108,887.5 $80,207.41 $143, 509.61 Maintenance... ................................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------- $100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1911-------------------------------------------------- 65, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912------------------------------------------------- 168, 000. 00 June 23, 1913-------------------------------------------------82, 650. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------- 292, 962. 57 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------- 744. 70 293, 707. 27 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ----------------------------------------------- 143, 509. 61 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_------------------------------- 150,197. 66 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------- $18, 985. 37 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 63, 543. 83 82, 529. 20 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------------------- 67, 668. 46 6. OPERATION AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON KENTUCKY RIVER, KY. Under allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation (sec. 6 of the act of Mar. 3, 1909) for operating and care of canals and other works of navigation, the completed locks and dams and floating plant have been operated and maintained in a serviceable condition. Total amount expended to end of last fiscal year_ --------------- $2, 493, 183. 36 Amount expended during the current fiscal year----------------- 169, 404.44 Total expenditures----------------------------- -- 2, 662, 587. 80 Proposed operations.--The locks and dams will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent in- definite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. EXAMINATION MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF JULY 25, 1912. Report dated February 27, 1914, by a board of engineers on examination of Tug and Levisa Forks of Big Sandy River, Ky. and W. V7 a., required by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, was duly submitted and reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers 1180 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. and Harbors, pursuant to law. The report was transmitted to Con- gress and printed in House Document No. 1159, Sixty-third Con- gress, second session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making a pre- liminary examination and survey, provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, of South Fork of Kentucky River, Ky., with a view to constructing an additional lock and dam, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE DULUTH, MINN., DISTRICT. This district includes all harbors and waterways on the American side of Lake Superior. District officer: Maj. Ernest D. Peek, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. J. G. Warren, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Harbor at Grand Marais, Minn. 1180 8. Operating and care of water- 2. Harbor at Agate Bay, Minn .... 1182 way across Keweenaw Point, 3. Harbor at Duluth, Minn., and from Keweenaw Bay to Lake Superior, Wis-.....-...... 1184 Superior, Mich.............. 1199 4. Harbor at Port Wing, Wis...... 1189 9. Harbor of Refuge, Marquette 5. Harbor at Ashland, Wis..... . 1191 Bay, Mich. .... . .. . .. . . ... 1200 6. Harbor at Ontonagon, Mich . ... 1194 10. Harbor at Marquette, Mich.. .. 1201 7. Keweenaw Waterway, Mich... 1196 11. Harbor of Refuge at Grand Marais, Mich............... 1203 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3091 TO 3111. 1. HARBOR AT GRAND MARAIS, MINN. Location.-The harbor is situated on the north shore of Lake Superior, 110 miles northeasterly from Duluth, Minn. It is a bay one-half mile long and one-fourth mile wide, with an opening on the lake side of 1,035 feet, and with an area of 61 acres. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 9.) Original condition.-There was a maximum depth of 14 feet over a very limited area, the general depth being only 8 to 9 feet at mean low water. It afforded some protection from northeast storms, but very little from south and southeast storms. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The project was adopted by river and harbor act of March 3, 1879. It contemplates building breakwater piers from the east and west points of the bay to narrow the entrance which was 1,035 feet in width, thus affording protection to the harbor. It also provides for dredging an anchorage area of 26 acres to a depth of 16 feet. The plane of reference is low water datum which is 601.75 feet above mean tide at New York. The original estimate of cost was $139,669.40 and is based on an examination made in 1874 (H. Ex. Doc. No. 75, 43d Cong., 2d sess.). This estimate (Annual Rept. for 1898, p. 2217), was later increased to $163,954.63 for im- provement only. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1181 water datum, 300 feet wide and 18 feet deep at the harbor end, and 500 feet wide and 20 feet deep at the lake end, all at an estimated cost of $450,000 No estimate for maintenance. The project was extended by action of the Chief of Engineers on December 21, 1894, to provide for closing the natural entrance 5,770 feet wide by a dike at an estimated cost of $34,000, making a total estimated cost of the entire project $484,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Breakwaters, each 350 feet long, were constructed from the east and west points of the bay, and an anchorage area of 26 acres dredged to a depth of 16 feet. This work was completed August 13, 1901. It has resulted in a more protected harbor which is the only safe refuge in the 125- mile stretch of rugged coast between Agate Bay and the International boundary. The amount expended on the existing project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was, $160,936.68 for improvement, and $7,524.49 for maintenance, a total of $168,461.17. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. The expenditures, $1,404.60, were for administration, contingencies, and proportionate part of cost of new floating plant. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project is con- sidered completed. The breakwaters afford the desired protection to the harbor. A maximum draft of 15 feet at low water can be carried over an area of 26 acres under improvement where originally there was a minimum depth of 8 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year, not including outstanding liabilities, was $160,936.68 for improvement, and $8,929.09 for maintenance, a total of $169,865.77. The approved project was completed at a cost of $3,017.95 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effects of impro'vement.-As a harbor of refuge, it has been of un- questioned benefit to commerce. Proposed operations.-It is contemplated to repair the wooden superstructure of the east breakwater, which is decayed, and to refill the cribs where the rock has settled. The amount recommended for expenditure in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917 ($6,000), will be for maintenance. Commercial statistics.-Receipts for the current year consist prin- cipally of coal, general merchandise, and building material; and ship- ments consist principally of fish and forest products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........................ ........... ................ 9,246 $265,929 1913............ 5,480 199, 648 1914.... .. ....................... ................... 2,216 198,037 No new lines of transportation were established during the year. 1182 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsumm'ary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $160, 936. 68 Maintenance------------------------ ------------------ 8, 929. 09 Total ---- ---------------------- 169, 865. 77 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................................. .................... Maintenance ...... ............................................. $996.04 $1,033.39 $1, 404.60 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__ _______-___________ $5, 888. 83 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement , 404. 60 1---------------------------- July 1, 1915, balance unexpended.__..- _.--- ---- ---- 4, 484. 23 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ _-- ______-- - 16, 000. 00 2. HARBOR AT AGATE BAY, MINN. Location.-The harbor is situated on the north shore of Lake Supe- rior, 27 miles northeast from Duluth, Minn. It is a natural bay or indentation three-fourths of a mile long by one-half mile wide. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 9, Lake Superior.) Original condition.-Before improvement there was ample depth for navigation, with 18 feet at mean low water, over the greater por- tion of its area. It was exposed to storms from the southwest and to reverse swells from severe northeast storms. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886, and contemplates the narrowing of the natural entrance, thus affording protection from southwest storms and re- verse swells from northeast storms, by the construction of break- waters extending from the east and west points of the bay; also a small amount of dredging. The cost was estimated at $160,000 for an east breakwater only and the dredging. (H. Ex. Doc. No. 94, 48th Cong., 2d sess.) On January 4, 1887, the Secretary of War approved a revision of the project which provided for the construc- tion of two breakwater piers on a line toward each other from the eastern and western points of the bay, 1,000 and 900 feet long, respec- tively, at an estimated cost of $213,000. This estimate was later increased to $244,208 (Annual Report for 1887, p. 1952), with an estimate of $2,000 annually for maintenance after completion. The plane of reference, called low-water datum, is 601.75 feet above mean tide at New York. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1183 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed November 1, 1901, and fulfills very effectively the purpose for which it was designed. The west breakwater is 900 feet long and the east breakwater 1,050 feet. They are timber cribs filled with rock resting on a rubble mound embankment. The harbor thus protected has an area of 109 acres. The amount expended on the approved project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $234,057.53 for improvement and $25,718.98 for maintenance, a total of $259,776.51. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations con- sisted in repairs to breakwaters and was a completion of work begun in June, 1914. This consisted of renewing decking and wall timbers on 825 feet of the west breakwater and minor repairs to east break- water. A total of $3,538.72 was expended on this work, of which $552.76 was spent during the fiscal year. This work was for main- tenance and was done by purchase of material, hire of labor, and United States floating plant. The expenditures during the year were $2,579.79 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed with the exception of maintenance. No deterioration has taken place aside from natural decay of timber in superstructure, wear from ice, and damage from collision by vessels. Vessels drawing 20 feet of water can safely navigate the harbor to the ore docks. The depth at the entrance is over 50 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year, not including outstanding liabilities, was $234,057.53 for improvement and $28,298.77 for main- tenance, a total of $262,356.30. The approved project for improve- ment was completed at a cost of $10,150.47 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. The Duluth & Iron Range Rail- road Co. built and maintain a passenger wharf, the original cost of which was $1,800. Boats are permitted to tie up at this wharf with- out charge. Effect of improvement.-It is estimated that the saving in cost of transportation by water as compared with that by rail for the re- ceipts and shipments of this harbor is approximately $2 per ton, which amounts to $13,336,010 for the year 1914. The Government improvements have been an indispensable aid to this commerce. Proposed operations.-The superstructure of the east breakwater is badly decayed and will be repaired at an early date. No estimate is submitted for the work, as the available funds are considered sufficient. Commercial statistics.-Receipts during the calendar year 1914 consisted of coal and cement, and the shipments were iron ore and forest products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................----.--- ....-.............. ....... ................... 10,895,572 $28,994,539 1913 ........................................ .. ........................... 11,758,009 31,758,689 1914 ........... ................................................ 6,668,005 16,129,988 No new lines of transportation were established during the year, but several new boats were added to the old lines. 1184 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summ~cry. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work, ------------------------------------- $234,057. 53 Maintenance__ ---------------- 28, 298. 77 Total --------------------------------------------------- 262, 356. 30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................ ........ ........ ...... ......... ... Maintenance....................................................... $710.35 $3, 488.71 $2,579.79 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------------$2, 000. 00 ---------------------------------------------------- Oct. 2, 1914_, 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_________-_________ 1, 010. 18 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 5, 000. 00 6, 010. 18 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-- ------------------------ 2, 579. 79 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- ___--_____- -_- 3, 430.39 3. HARBOR AT DULUTH, MINN., AND SUPERIOR, WIS. Location.-This harbor is at the extreme western end of Lake Superior, a distance of 395 miles from its outlet at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. The cities of Duluth, Minn., and Superior, Wis., are situated on the north and south sides, respectively, of Superior Bay and its tributaries, St. Louis Bay and St. Louis River, which, together with Allouez Bay and the mouth of Nemadji River at the south, or Wis- consin end of Superior Bay, unite to form what is now known as Duluth-Superior Harbor. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 9, Lake Superior.) Originalcondition.-Before improvement the natural and only en- trance was Superior entry which was obstructed by shifting bars with but 9 feet of water. The bays averaged 8 or 9 feet depth with a natural channel through them with limiting depth of 14 feet and available width of from 100 to 500 feet. Nine feet was the greatest draft that could reach the Superior docks one-half mile distant from the natural channel. The datum plane of 1861 was 604.17 feet above mean tide at New York; the present datum is 601.64. Previous projects.-Superior-and Duluth were separate improve- ments until consolidated by river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. The original project for the harbor at Superior City was adopted by river and harbor act of March 2, 1867; for Duluth Harbor by river and harbor act of March 3, 1871. These projects were modified by river and harbor acts of March 3, 1873, March 3, 1881, July 5, 1884, August 5, 1886, August 11, 1888, and July 13, 1892. The amount ex- pended prior to the present project was $1,548,183. For scope of previous projects see Appendix page 1929. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1185 Present project.-The present project provides for rebuilding the piers at the Duluth and Superior entrances and for securing channels of varying widths and a uniform depth of 20 feet throughout the harbor, with such additional depths in"the basins, entrances, and the lake approach to the entrances as may be necessary to insure the ex- istence of the project depth under all conditions of weather. This consolidated project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, in accordance with the report printed in House Executive Document No. 59, Fifty-third Congress, third session, at an estimated cost (for drdging alone) of $3,130,553. The law provided, how- ever, that the project could be modified in the interests of commerce as the Secretary of War might direct, but without increasing the estimated cost. Under this provision the Secretary of War on May 9, 1901, authorized the omission of dredging the Minnesota Point Chan- nel, reducing the limits of dredging in the St. Louis River as or- iginally projected, the shortening of the Allouez Bay Channel, and reducing the width of the Twenty-first Avenue Channel in St. Louis Bay from 200 to 100 feet. Additions to this project have been au- thorized as follows: By the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, to cover rebuilding the piers at the Superior entry at an in- crease in cost of $650,000. By the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, to provide for the enlargement of the plan for the Superior entry, in accordance with the report printed in House Docu- ment No. 82, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session, at an estimated cost of $1,703,000, by means of widening the entrance to 500 feet and dredging to a depth of 24 feet between revetments which extend only to the shore line; this entrance to be protected by converging piers, or breakwaters, whose lake ends should be located at the 30- foot contour in prolongation of the entrance channel 600 feet apart and diverging until they are 2,100 feet apart at the shore line, the space between these piers and the shore to be dredged to form a stilling basin with a central channel between the pierheads and the revetted entrance 600 feet wide and 30 feet deep, the bay channel just within the entrance to be widened on the north side; also to include additional dredging near the draw span of the Northern Pacific Railroad bridge at an estimated cost of $55,500. By section 4 of the administrative act approved May 28, 1908, to include dredging an additional area for the basin inside the Duluth entrance to a depth of 22 feet, as recommended in House Document No. 221, Sixtieth Congress, first session; estimated cost $550,800, later increased to $672,000. The total estimated cost of this project and all its modifica- tions is $6,211,053. No estimate for maintenance submitted. Operations and results priorto the fiscal year.-The present project is regarded as completed, and provides 17 miles of dredged channels with bottom widths of 100 to 600 feet, 20-foot navigable depth and turning basins at channel junctions. The Duluth Harbor basin, comprising 419 acres, was dredged to a navigable depth of 22 feet, or about 91 per cent complete. The lake approach to the Duluth en- trance was dredged to a depth of 30 feet with a width of 330 feet. The Duluth Canal, built conjointly by the city of Duluth and the Northern Pacific Railway Co. in 1870, was taken over by the United States and widened to 300 feet, and the old wooden piers replaced with 3,460 feet of new piers with stone-filled crib substructure sur- 8373 --ENG 1915--75 1186 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. mounted with concrete superstructure. The old stone-filled wooden piers at Superior entry were removed and replaced with 3,696 linear feet of all-concrete revetments founded on piles, and the canal wid- ened to 500 feet. Two outer converging breakwaters with a 600-foot entrance were built. These breakwaters are of rubble-mound con- struction and comprise 900 linear feet of breakwater heads composed of stone-filled timber cribs founded on piles, surmounted by a con- crete superstructure, 4,205 linear feet of rubble-mound breakwater, and 896 linear feet of concrete shore revetment founded on piles. A breakwater-protected stilling basin with 24-foot depth and an area of 35 acres was 90 per cent completed. Superior Harbor basin, containing 98 acres with 20-foot depth, completed. North side inner channel widened 200 feet, with depth of 22 feet below low-water datum. All revetments have been riprapped. The Superior entry is 6 miles distant from the Duluth Canal. The land necessary for the Duluth Canal has been acquired by deed of gift, purchase, or condemnation, at a cost of $53,919.05. The land for the improvement at Superior entry, the mouth of the Nemadji River, and a marshy island in the St. Louis River was obtained by condemnation pro- ceedings at a cost of $42,798.94. A small parcel of land at the end of Grassy Point and certain lands in Spirit Lake were purchased at a cost of $3,146.20. A site for a vessel yard on Minnesota Point near the Duluth Canal was acquired by purchase and condemnation at a total cost of $7,200, and the vacation of a portion, of a street was effected through the city authorities. This property was improved by building a bulkhead and landing pier, dredging a slip, filling the yard with sand, building one storehouse, moving to the site four Government buildings from leased ground and one from Superior entry. The cost of this improvement was about $17,750. The new piers at Duluth Canal were equipped with 67 iron lamp-posts and during the season of passenger traffic the current for lighting them is furnished by the city without cost to the United States. Concrete sea and park walls inclosing the Government lands at the Duluth Canal were built and the lands filled to grade. An engineer building for offices and watchman's accommodations at a cost of about $25,000 was constructed on the land north of the canal. The present project was regarded as 99.4 per cent completed. A total of $5,869,819.25 was expended prior to the fiscal year of 1915, but subsequent to ex- penditures under previous projects, of which $5,177,055.57 was for improvement and $692,763.68 for maintenance. Operations and results, during the fiscal year.-Duluth Harbor Basin was completed by dredging an additional area of 11.5 acres under contract, thereby bringing in as a part of the basin 15.5 acres of what was Rices Point Channel. The amount dredged was 283,536 cubic yards at a cost of 7.9 cents per yard, a total of $22,399.34. Supe- rior Entry stilling basin was completed by dredging by contract of an additional area of 5.9 acres. The amount dredged was 158,047 cubic yards at a cost of 7.5 cents per yard, amounting to $11,853.53, or a total of $32,584.79 for work of improvement. The survey steamer Gen. C. B. Sears was under construction. The following items were accomplished by hired labor with United States plant. The canal concrete revetments at Superior entry were riprapped with stone for 1,600 linear feet, at a cost of $5,988. The base line monuments were repaired and lost survey marks relocated RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1187 at a cost of $964.53. Ice soundings over 343 acres were made at a cost of $584.13. Total expenditures during the year were $106,814.53, of which $52,318.43 was for maintenance and $54,496.10 for new work. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The present project is re- garded as completed, and the following has been accomplished: Sev- enteen miles of channels dredged to a depth of 20 feet, with a width of 100 to 600 feet and with turning basins at channel junctions; the Duluth Harbor Basin, with an area of 446 acres, dredged to a depth of 22 feet, the approach to Duluth entrance to a depth of 30 feet, and the Duluth Canal to 24 feet. At Superior entry the 500-foot channel deepened to a depth of 24 feet; the approach, 600 feet wide, to 30 feet; and the stilling basin, with an area of 35 acres, protected by the breakwaters, to a depth of 24 feet, together with the widening of the north side of the inner channel by 200 feet. The original estimate of cost of improvement at Superior Entry, including 20 per cent for ad- ministration and contingencies, was $1,702,999.20. The actual cost of the completed work, without credits for plant sold, transferred, etc., was $1,510,454.78. The maximum draft that can be carried in this harbor and up the St. Louis River to a point opposite the southerly end of Big Island is 20 feet at low water. Total expenditures under the present project to close of fiscal year, not including outstanding liabilities for new work, are $5,231,551.67; for maintenance, $745,- 082.11; total, $5,976,633.78. The project has been completed for $5,231,551.67, or $979,501.33 less than the approved estimate. Local cooperation.-Congress,by the river and harbor act of Au- gust 18, 1894, authorized the Secretary of War to accept donations of land for the Duluth Canal site. The city of Duluth donated lands for that purpose which cost the city $12,237.04; acceptance was made by the Secretary of War July 12, 1897. The following work has been done for the benefit of the public with funds supplied by other sources than Congress: In 1870 the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railway Co. built 400 linear feet of outer breakwater at Duluth. Estimated cost, $50,000. In 1870 the city of Duluth and Northern Pacific Railway Co. conjointly expended $43,791.84 in cutting Duluth Ship Canal through Minnesota Point. In 1871 and 1872 the city of Duluth built 4,490 linear feet of dike across Superior Bay at a cost of $76,404.38. No conditions were imposed by law and there was no cooperation other than stated. Effect of impArovement. From comparison with the rate on freight passing through St. Marys Falls Canal with railroad rates, the saving through water transportation appears to be $2 per ton, and for the 33,535,704 tons received and shipped at this harbor in 1914, amounts to $67,071,408. Proposed operations.-The available funds will be exhausted June 30, 1916. Additional funds will be required for maintenance for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, and an estimate of $43,000 is sub- mitted. Repairs to breakwaters and piers, $3,000. Operation of one steamer, floating derrick, pile driver, and scow (in part), $5,000. Operation of dredging plant, consisting of one dipper dredge, steam tug, and three scows (in part), $18,000. Operation of harbor patrol, $7,000. Maintenance of buildings ,vessel yard, dock, and grounds, $2,000. Administration and contingencies, $8,000. 1188 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-In value receipts consist principally of coal, general merchandise, and oils; shipments consist principally of iron ore, grains, copper, and lumber. Oomparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912................... ............................................ 41,474,776 $320,921,932 1913........................................................................... 46,875,416 352,595,577 1914........................................................................... 33,535,704 287,002,960 With deeper channels and commodious anchorage basins the ten- dency has been to increase the dimensions of vessels and weight of cargoes. No new lines of transportation were established during the year, but seven new boats were added to the old lines and as many were lost during the same period. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $6, 779, 734. 67 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 745, 082. 11 Total--------------- --------------------------- 7, 524, 816. 78 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................... ...... .. ..... . . ............... $201,400.00 $260,127.55 $54, 496.10 Maintenance..... ................................................ 50, 034.40 41, 000.00 52, 318.43 Total......................................... 251, 434.40 301, 127. 55 106, 814.53 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------- $150, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------- --------------------- 375, 280. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 278, 312. 69 Receipts from sales and miscellaneous-------------------------15, 791. 37 294, 104.06 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year : For works of improvement ----------------- $54, 496. 10 For maintenance of improvement--------------- 52, 318. 43 106, 814. 53 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------- ----------------- 187, 289. 53 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-----------------25, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts- 100, 000. 00 125, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available---- --------------------------- 62, 289. 53 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement -------------------- 43, 000. 00 1 Increased $150 over the amount reported in last annual report, received from sale of boiler and not previously taken up. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1189 4. HARBOR AT PORT WING, WIS. Location.-The harbor is situated on the south shore of Lake Su- perior 34 miles east of Duluth, and consists of the improvement of the mouth of Flag River. (See U. S. Lake Survey No. 9, Lake Su- perior.) Originalcondition.-Previousto Government operations the harbor was improved with jetties and dredging by private interests. The jetties at the entrance were rough timber cribs 250 feet long and 270 feet apart. A channel varying in width from 70 to 130 feet was dredged permitting a draft of 13 feet at low water to a point 2,000 feet inside the entrance piers. No regular commerce had developed, owing to the unstable nature of the channel which was subject to serious shoaling from freshets in the river. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902 (H. Doc. No. 114, 56th Cong., 1st sess.), provides for the construction of two parallel piers at the entrance 200 feet apart and 800 feet, and 825 feet long, respectively. At the inner end of the east pier a square return pile revetment to be con- structed to preserve the sand spit from erosion, also a pile revetment along the east bank. A channel 150 feet wide with 15-foot depth to be dredged between the piers and 500 feet along the pile revetment parallel to the spit. The depths are referred to low water datum which is 601.75 feet above mean tide at New York. The approved estimate of cost was $44,992, which was increased to $56,539 in 1908. There was no estimate for maintenance. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Two entrance piers 800 and 601 feet long, respectively, were constructed. A pile revet- ment 45 feet in length was built at the inner end of the east pier and at right angles to it, also a pile revetment 100 feet long at the inner end of the west pier to prevent erosion. An entrance channel 100 feet wide, and extending from deep water in the lake to a distance of 200 feet inside of the inner end of the east pier, and a portion of the turning slip 150 feet wide, and extending 200 feet east of the face of the east pier was dredged, all to a depth of 15 feet below low water datum. The improvement has been maintained by dredging shoals and repairing piers. The amount expended on the project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $43,556.45 for improve- ment, and $17,024.40 for maintenance, a total of $60,580.85. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work done was all for maintenance. It consisted of bolting timbers to the rear and outer end piles of the piers to protect them from the damage caused by ice; refilling portions of the piers with rock where the filling had settled and reinforcing the pile revetment at the south end of the west pier with riprap to prevent erosion. The piers were protected from ice for a total length of 660 feet, and 339 tons of rock were used in filling piers and for riprap. The work was done by Government plant, hired labor, and purchase of material, at a total cost of $1,146.63. The expenditures during the year were $8,119.01. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The proportion of the present project accomplished up to the end of the fiscal year is 80 per cent. Where originally there was an unstable depth of 13 feet there is now a channel 15 feet deep at low water, permitting a draft of 14 feet, 1190 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. with a least width of 80 feet extending from deep water in the lake through the piers and 200 feet inside the inner end of the east pier, and a turning slip 150 by 200 feet to the east and inside of the end of the east pier. The seas entering the piers are cutting away the sand spit at the inner end of the west pier in a way that will probably necessitate the extension of the pier 224 feet to its full projected length in the near future. Private interests maintain a channel along the lumber dock inside the harbor. This channel at the present time has a depth of 13 feet below low-water datum, with a minimum width of 50 feet, for a distance of 500 feet above the Government improvement. The expenditures under the present project up to the end of the fiscal year, not including outstanding liabilities, were $43,556.45 for improvement and $25,143.41 for maintenance, a total of $68,699.86. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, by which the project was adopted, provided that before the commence- ment of operations the United States should be given a clear title, without cost, to all lands needed for the improvement. This pro- vision was complied with by a deed to the United States, dated July 9, 1902, conveying 7 acres of land at the harbor entrance. Private interests have maintained a channel along the lumber wharf for dis- tances varying at different times from 500 to 2,000 feet above the Government improvement. This channel' fills up with material brought down the river by freshets and has to be redredged often. Effect of improvement.-The construction of the harbor has been an essential factor in the development of the commerce of Port Wing, whereas there was practically none prior to commencement of im- provements. Proposed operations.-Thework to be done during the year ending June 30, 1917, will be maintenance, consisting of repairs to piers and dredging to remove shoals. This work will be done by Government plant, hired labor, and purchase of material. No estimate is sub- mitted for the work, as available funds are considered sufficient. Commercial statistics.-Receipts consist principally of miscellane- ous merchandise, cement, and manufactured iron; shipments consist principally of fish and farm products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ..... ......... ........... ................................... 11,999 $199,807 1913 ............. .......................................................... 11,712 192,516 1914... ............................................................ 1,986 78, 541 No new lines of transportation were established during the year, but several new boats were added to the old lines. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------- $43, 556. 45 Maintenance ------------------- 25, 143. 41 Total ---------------------------------- 68, 699. 86 RIVER A1tI HAl3OR TMPILOVEMET9. 1191 191 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......... ................... .... ...... .............. ... ........ Maintenance..................... .. ....................... ....... $537.65 $3,266.96 $8, 119.01 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- $3,000.00 July 25, 1912----------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------ ----- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- 19, 411. 15 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement __----- ---------------------------- 8,119. 01 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------------11, 292. 14 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----------------------------------------------2, 237. 00 5. HARBOR AT ASHLAND, WIS. Location.-The harbor is situated at the head of Chequamegon Bay, on the south shore of Lake Superior, 95 miles by water east of Duluth and 348 miles west from Sault Ste. Marie. The bay, about 5 by 12 miles, had ample natural depth for commerce and is separated from the lake by a sand spit with a deep channel 2 miles wide be- tween this spit and the mainland. This entrance channel is partly sheltered from lake storms by the Apostle Islands. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 9, Lake Superior.) Original condition.-Before improvement by the United States the depth along the harbor front varied from 8 to 20 feet, the west- erly portion being from 8 to 13 feet deep, 8 feet at low water being the minimum usable depth. The harbor was subject to more or less disturbance from waves generated within the bay, which made it dangerous for vessels to lie on the windward side of docks in north- east storms. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for the construc- tion of a breakwater 8,000 feet long, with a detached arm approxi- mately 4,700 feet long extending to the shore parallel to the main breakwater (prolonged) and 2,600 feet to the eastward; a dike to close a breach in Chequamegon Point at the mouth of the bay; and a dredged channel 20 feet deep and 200 feet wide along the dock front 150 feet outside the harbor line. This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 5, 1886, following a report recommending a breakwater 7,900 feet long at a cost of $125,000 and the removal of an 11-foot shoal in front of the wharves at a cost of $11,000 (see H. Ex. Doc. No. 89, 48th Cong., 2d sess.), and a later report recommending a breakwater 8,000 feet long at a cost of $132,377.02 and $10,000 for dredging the shoal to a depth of 12 feet (Annual Report for 1886, p. 1674). Before any work was begun a board of engineers recommended that the 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1192 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. breach in Chequamegon Point be closed, and that a channel along the wharf front be dredged to accommodate the largest vessels that could pass the St. Marys Falls Canal, which provided at that time for the passage of vessels drawing 16 feet. (Annual Report for 1887, p. 1966.) The river and harbor act of August 11, 1888, appro- priated $60,000 for "continuing improvement on the enlarged proj- ect." On the completion of the Poe Lock in 1896 with an available depth of 20 feet the dredging at Ashland Harbor was carried to a similar depth. By the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, the ex- tension of the breakwater to the shore was authorized; but the act of June 6, 1900, directed that in lieu of this extension there should be substituted a detached breakwater extending 4,700 feet out from the shore at a point 2,600 feet east of the main breakwater (pro- longed) and parallel thereto. In each case the additional work was authorized without formal prior estimate by the War Department. The legal plane of reference is low-water datum, which is 601.75 feet above mean tide at New York. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A breakwater 8,000 feet long was constructed as proposed in the original project. A portion of the shore connection, provided for in the modification of March 3, 1899 (91 feet in length), was built in 1900. This is located near shore on the line of the main breakwater, but detached and uncompleted. A portion-842 linear feet-of the breakwater provided for in the river and harbor act of June 6, 1900, was con- structed in the same year. The original 8,000-foot structure was maintained by revetting with sandstone alone, excepting a length of 2,699 feet, which was later covered with granite rock. An improved channel 5,760 feet long, 20 feet deep, and 200 feet wide, with the exception of the westerly 800 feet, which is 150 feet wide, was dredged. A breach in Chequamegon Point was closed in 1891-92 by a dike 4,200 feet in length, at a cost, including repairs to 1895, of $31,000. By 1896 this peninsula had again been breached in two places, but further work has been deferred until the necessity for it shall become more apparent. As a result of the improvements made, the harbor is protected from disturbances caused by north and northeast storms, except a small portion of the unoccupied harbor front in the vicinity of the breakwater. The improved chan- nel gives access to the wharves along the harbor front, and is of such a depth as to accommodate the largest lake vessels. The amount expended on the present project and its modifications prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $259,994.31 for im- provement and $330,927.82 for maintenance, a total of $590,922.13. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the fiscal year. The amount expended was for administra- tion, contingencies, and part payment of new floating plant. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The proportion of the approved project and modifications accomplished up to the end of the fiscal year is as follows: Breakwater 70 per cent completed; dredging is nearly completed. The improvement has provided a channel 5,760 feet long. For a distance of 4,960 feet the width is 200 feet, and the remaining 800 feet is about 150 feet wide. A maximum draft of 19 feet at low water can be carried in this chan- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1193 nel, where originally there was a natural depth of about 13 feet. The total expenditure under the project to the close of the fiscal year, not including outstanding liabilities, is $259,994.31 for new work and $340,680.11 for maintenance, a total of $600,674.42. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The estimated saving in cost of transpor- tation by water over that by rail as deduced from a comparison of rates is $2 per ton, and for 4,432,452 tons received and shipped at this harbor in 1914, amounts to $8,864,904. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted, as the available funds are considered sufficient. Commercialstatistics.-Receipts consist principally of coal and for- est products. Shipments consist principally of iron ore and lumber. Comparative statement. .Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....... ........... ...................... 6,065,381 $16,593,107 1913............. ................... ........................................ 5,623,309 15,880,858 1914....................... 4,432,452 .................................................. 11,126,078 No new lines of transportation were established during the year, but several new boats were added to the old lines. With deeper and wider channels the tendency has been to increase the dimensions of vessels and weight of cargoes. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $259, 994.31 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 340, 680. 11 Total- --------------------------------------------- 600, 674. 42 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................... $27,000.00 $6,000.00 ..... Maintenance ........ ..... ........ ...................... 3,064.39 33,505.67 $9, 752.29 Total............................................. 30,064.39 39,505.67 9,752.29 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $30,000.00 July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--- ----------------- 40,000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------15, 000.00 1194 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ .... ____---- --------- $18, 577. 87 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 15, 000. 00 43, 577. 87 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement-------------------------------------- 9, 752. 29 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ - __- - -____________ 33, 825. 58 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts---- ----- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------- 28, 825. 58 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------- -- - 1231, 500. 00 6. HARBOR AT ONTONAGON, MICH. Location.-The harbor is situated on the south shore of Lake Supe- rior, 138 miles east of Duluth and 274 miles west of Sault Ste. Marie. It consists of the improvement of the mouth of Ontonagon River. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 9, Lake Superior.) Original condition.-Priorto improvement the mouth of Ontona- gon River, which forms the harbor, was about 400 feet wide and for a distance of about one-half mile from the lake had a depth of 8 to 12 feet. River deposits extended nearly half a mile into the lake, with a minimum depth of 6 feet on the bar thus formed. The available depth over the bar changed and the channel shifted from time to time, due to the action of current and sea, making the navigation of the harbor uncertain. Previous projects.--It was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1867. The amount expended was $284,801.24 for improve- ment and $113,326.76 for maintenance, a total of $398,128. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1931. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for a channel 150 feet wide, 17 feet deep through the bar in the lake, 100 feet wide, and 15 feet deep between the entrance piers, and two short channels 75 feet wide and 15 feet deep leading from the inner end of the Government piers to the nearest end of the principal wharves on each side of the river, all at an estimated cost of $15,400 for improvement and $9,000 annually for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 602, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The plane of reference is low-water datum, which is 601.75 feet above mean tide at New York. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The channels pro- vided for in the present project were completed with the exception of about 75 feet of the south end of the channel leading to the wharf on the east side of the river. The channels have been maintained by dredging. A total of $34,807.91 was expended prior to the fiscal year 1915, but subsequent to expenditures under previous projects, of which $4,260 was for improvement and $30,547.91 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work accom- plished was for maintenance only. It consisted in removing shoals from channels by dredging under contract. Shoals were removed from a channel 120 feet wide through the bar in the lake and 60 feet 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1195 wide between the piers, a total length of about 3,100 feet. This allows boats drawing 14 feet of water access to the lumber wharf on the east side of the river. Up to June 30, 1915, 22,260 cubic yards were removed at a cost of $3,171.05. The work is to be continued. Timber has been purchased for repairs to piers to the amount of 91,989 feet b. m., at a contract cost of $1,325.56, delivered in Duluth. The repairs will be made later by Government plant and hired labor. The ex- penditures during the fiscal year were all for maintenance and amounted to $14,869.99. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 98 per cent completed. The depth of channels has been increased from 8 to 15 feet. A maximum draft of 14 feet can now be carried to the lum- ber wharf on the east side of the river. The short channel to the wharf on the west side of the river has an available depth of only 6 feet and will not be dredged this season, as no shipping will be done from it. The total expenditure under the present project is $49,677.90, of which $4,260 was for improvement and $45,417.90 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The commerce of the harbor increased 431 per cent in 1914 over that of 1913. The estimated saving in cost of transportation by water over that by rail is $2 per ton, or $24,064 for the lake commerce of 1914. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to continue maintenance of the harbor by dredging shoals and repairs to piers. Deposits from the river during freshets fill up the channels, which necessitates dredg- ing annually. Because of the necessity for dredging and of small appropriations for a number of years, the piers have been neglected and are now in a bad state of decay, requiring extensive repairs to the superstructures. It is proposed to make these repairs as fast as possible with the funds available. It is estimated that $9,000, in addition to the funds now available, will be required for mainte- nance during the fiscal year 1917, of which $5,000 will be required for dredging and $4,000 for repairs to the piers. Commercial statistics.-Receipts consist of fish and forest prod- ucts; shipments consist of lumber and farm products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........... ................................... 2,943 $41,670 1913 ........................................ ............................. 8,525 120,609 1914......... ....... .. ............. ........................ 12,032 162,851 No new lines of transportation were established during the year. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $289, 061. 24 Maintenance------------ --------------------------------- 158, 744. 66 Total------------------------------------------------- 447, 805. 90 1196 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount expended furing fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................. ......... . ... ............ .......... . Maintenance.............................. ........... ........... 13,618.03 $11,739.80 $14,869.99 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------- $9, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 (allotment) ------------------------------------ 7, 175. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------.....--.---- ----------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ----- 8--------------------------- 8, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------- 6, 767.09 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 __. 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ___ 8, 000. 00 24, 767. 09 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------------- -------------------------- 14, 869. 99 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----_ --- __----------------------9, 897. 10 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts ------- 7, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------------------2, 397. 10 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _---------------- -19, 000. 00 7. KEWEENAW WATERWAY, MICH. Location.-Keweenaw Waterway is a navigable channel 25 miles long, partly natural and partly artificial, across Keweenaw Point, Mich., with its upper or westerly entrance 166.5 miles east of Duluth, Minn., and its lower or easterly entrance 205.5 miles west of Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 944.) Original condition.-At the time of the purchase of this water- way by the United States on August 3, 1891, there was a very poor 13-foot navigation; the channel was narrow and crooked, with many sharp bends; it was poorly marked and lighted; the entrance piers were in a very bad condition; the revetments were decayed or en- tirely gone; and there was a tonnage tax on the commerce through the canals. The width of channels in use was 70 feet, and the usable low-water depth was 12.5 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890. (Annual Report for 1887, p. 1977, H. Doc. No. 105, 49th Cong., 2d sess.) The amount ex- pended on original project prior to commencement of operations under the existing project was $1,340,237.68, of which $1,299,431.39 was for improvement and $40,806.29 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1931. Present project.-The present project provides for the excavation of a basin, with a mooring pier, just within the eastern entrance to the canal, and involves the acquisition of a considerable tract of land in addition to that already owned by the United States and per- 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS.~ 1197 taining to the canal property, at an estimated cost of $210,000, sub- ject to the condition that the land needed shall be acquired at reason- able cost, either by purchase or condemnation. The object of the im- provement is to provide a harbor where vessels may seek refuge in time of storm, and where eastbound boats going through the Kewee- naw Canal may lie to and wait for clearing weather before passing out into Lake Superior. The harbor basin is 2,640 feet long and 800 feet wide, with a prescribed depth of 20 feet below low-water datum, which reference plane is 601.75 feet above mean tide at New York. The approved estimate of cost for the original work is $210,000; no estimate for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 325, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) Project adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The original project, including its modification for 20-foot depth and 120-foot width, was completed, resulting in giving a depth of 20 feet below low-water datum and width of 120 feet through the entire length of the canal; the revetments were renewed and the piers at the en- trances to Lake Superior and Keweenaw Bay were reconstructed and extended to 30 feet of water. The amount expended for original work and for maintenance prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to expenditures under previous projects, was $33,- 014.92, all for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations under new work of improvement consisted in dredging by contract in the harbor of refuge at the lower entrance. The dredging was done on the south half of the west side of the harbor basin. A total of 122,785 cubic yards was dredged at a contract cost of $11,050.65, which resulted in giving a channel width of upward of 400 feet for about one-half mile. The work of constructing 1,100 feet of the mooring pier on the west side of the harbor basin is new work and is being built with United States plant, hired labor, and purchased materials. It is estimated that 22 per cent of the mooring pier has been completed. There was expended during the fiscal year $15,- 734.22 for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The proportion of the ap- proved project accomplished is estimated at 27.46 per cent. The dredging done in the harbor of refuge has resulted in giving an available basin about 400 feet wide and one-half mile long, with a depth of 20 feet below low-water datum, and the depth increased from an average of 6 feet before dredging to a depth of 20 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried is 191 feet at low-water datum. The total expenditure under the existing project is $48,749.14, all of which was for improvement. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Vessels are already utilizing the increased area in the harbor of refuge by lying at anchor along the west bank during storms. Proposed operations.-No estimate for funds is submitted, as it is expected that the available funds will complete the work of improve- ment. It is proposed to complete the work of dredging in the harbor of refuge at the lower entrance and to prosecute the work upon the mooring pier, the latter being done by hired labor, United States plant, and the purchase of necessary material. 1198 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-Commerce through the waterway, west bound, consists principally of miscellaneous merchandise, coal, salt, and cement; east-bound freight consists principally of flour, lumber, grain, and iron ore. Freight received at ports within the waterway consists principally of coal, miscellaneous merchandise, and manu- factured iron. Freight shipped from ports within the waterway consists principally of copper and lumber. Comparative statement. Through commerce. Local commerce. Calendar years. Short tons. Value. Short tons. Value. 1912................................................ .1,153,816 $54, 283,086 1,252,802 $32, 299,726 1913........... ............. ...... _ ..... . 1,200,313 50,894,518 1,060,247 21,655,816 1914.... ..................... .............. 823,556 47,431,947 1,077,032 22,578,204 Since the completion of the original project for the improvement of the waterway there has been a marked decline in the commerce through it. No new lines of transportation were established during the year, but several new boats were added to the old lines. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------- ----------------- $1, 348,180. 53 Maintenance------------- ------------------------ 40, 806. 29 Total-------------------------------- ---------- 1, 388, 986. 82 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................... ..... $3,534.59 $29,480.33 $15,734.22 Maintenance................................................................... 636.21 946.58.......... Total ............. .... .. ................... ............. 4,170.80 30,426.91 15, 734.22 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914--------------------------------------------$75, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----------------------__ _ 2, 092. 72 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 75, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 50, 000. 00 127,092. 72 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement_ _------------------------ 15, 734. 22 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_______-__ __--__--- 111, 358. 50 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------- $10, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 55, 000. 00 65, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available _------_ 46, 358. 50 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENT. 1199 8. OPERATING AND CARE OF WATERWAY ACROSS KEWEENAW POINT FROM KEWEENAW BAY TO LAKE SUPERIOR, MICH. Location, original conditions, and previous projects.-See preced- ing report on Keweenaw Waterway, Mich. Present project.-The present project consists in maintaining the waterway as provided by the previous projects, at a depth of 20 feet below low water datum and a- channel width of 120 feet from the bay to the lake. The plane of reference is low water datum which is 601.75 feet above mean tide at New York. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A depth of 20 feet and width of 120 feet has been maintained from bay to lake. The amount spent under this project has been all for maintenance. There has been expended to June 30, 1914, the sum of $338,071.74. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Shoals were dredged by contract in the upper entrance giving a depth of 22 feet for 1,150 feet length of channel where only an 18-foot depth existed before dredging. The total amount dredged was 30,839 cubic yards at a cost of $4,459.81, including cost of inspection. The following work with United States plant, hired labor, and purchased material was accom- plished: Extensive repairs were made to the breakwaters at the upper entrance at a cost of $5,739.07; repairs to revetments in upper canal, $2,337.04; repairs to revetments where damaged by vessels, $55; tim- ber for revetment work, $1,098.32; miscellaneous repairs to buildings and plant, $1,160.39. Under authority of the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, the Secretary of War allotted $34,500 for operating and care of canals and other works of navigation, to be applied to Portage Lake and Lake Superior Canals, Mich., for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915. The approved project for the ex- penditure of this allotment is to maintain the depth and width ob- tained by the work of improvement; to keep a record of the vessels and their tonnage using the canals; to exercise the necessary care in enforcing regulations for the use of the canals; to make frequent surveys to determine changes and to check up work done in dredging; to guard against encroachments on the legally established harbor lines; and to perform other work incident to the operation and care of the canals. The amount allotted was expended in carrying out the above program of duties. Condition at end of the fiscal year.-The maintenance of the project for the year has been accomplished. Depth of 20 feet and width of 120 feet was maintained throughout the length of the waterway. Maximum draft which can be carried to-day over the shoalest part of the canal is 19.5 feet. The advantage gained by the expenditure is maintenance of the waterway to required depth and width and main- tenance of all structures pertaining to the canal. The project is all for maintenance and is continuous. Total expenditure to June 30, 1915, is $356,682.76 exclusive of outstanding liabilities. Effect of improvement.-From comparison with the rate on freight passing through St. Marys Falls Canal with railroad rates, the sav- ing through water transportation appears to be $2 per ton, and for the 1,077,032 tons received and shipped at this harbor in 1914 amounts to $2,154,064. Proposed operations.-This waterway is operated and maintained with funds provided by allotments from the permanent indefinite 1200 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act ap- proved March 3, 1909, for operating and care of canals and other works of navigation. 9. HARBOR OF REFUGE, MARQUETTE BAY, MICH. Location.-This harbor is situated on the south shore of Lake Su- perior, within the city limits of Marquette, and about 3 miles distant from Marquette Harbor. The bay is about 1 miles long and extends into the shore about one-half mile. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 935.) Original condition.-The natural depth over the greater part of the bay was from 18 to 20 feet at low water, and dredging by the United States has not been considered necessary. Before improvement it was fully exposed to storms from the east and northeast and com- paratively little shipping was done. The minimum usable low-water depth is 18 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, provided for a 1,000-foot breakwater off Presque Isle Point, at an estimated cost of $50,000. (H. Doc. No. 318, 54th Cong., 1st sess.) The river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, modified the original project by providing a 216-foot extension to reach to the shore, at an estimated cost of $7,500. (Annual Report for 1903, pp. 474, 1823.) The plane of reference for this harbor is low-water datum, which is 601.75 feet above mean tide at New York. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project with its modification was completed in 1902. The amount spent for orig- inal work prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $55,056.34, and for maintenance, $4,932.70; a total of $59,989.04. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No new work of improvement. Work of maintenance, consisting of redecking the 216 feet of shore connection and repairing the sloping face of the break- water, was performed with United States plant, hired labor, and pur- chased materials at a total cost of $1,165.87. A part of the cost of the new survey boat General C. B. Sears and part cost of administration was also charged to this harbor. The expenditures during the year were $4,036.50 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The existing project has been completed and results in giving protection to vessels from storms and permits vessels to load at the dock in the harbor. Total expenditures under existing project $64,025.54, of which $55,056.34 was for new work and $8,969.20 for maintenance. The project was completed for $2,443.66 less than the estimate. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-From comparison with the rate on freight passing through St. Marys Falls Canal with railroad rates, the sav- ing through water transportation appears to be $2 per ton, and for the 1,436,391 tons received and shipped at this harbor in 1914 amounts to $2,872,782. Proposed operations.-No estimate for additional funds is sub- mitted with the view that the available balance will be sufficient for maintenance and administration. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1201 Commercialstatistics.-Receipts consisted of iron pyrites and ship- ments were iron ore and pig iron. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912...... ............ .................................................................... 2,509,657 $6,960,612 1913............. .......................................... ... ........ ................ ..... 2,406, 762 6,473,469 1914. ........... ............ ... ................................................... 1,436,391 3,494,434 No new lines of transportation were established during the year. Financialsum'mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------------ $55, 056. 34 Maintenance -------------------------------- 8, 969. 20 Total _-- 64, 025. 54 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................................... Maintenance............................................... $540.39 $1,589.91 $4,036.50 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------ -------------------------------------------- $2, 000. 00 _ Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------- 5, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------ -------------- 7, 510. 96 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement _______________________________ 4, 036. 50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___--------------------------------- 3, 474. 46 10. HARBOR AT MARQUETTE, MICH. Location.-This bay is situated on the south shore of Lake Su- perior 158 miles west of Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., and 258 miles east from Duluth, Minn. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 935.) Original condition.-Before improvement there was a natural har- bor, but it afforded no protection to vessels from northeasterly or easterly storms. There were no defined channels and the minimum usable low-water depth was 17 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1867, and modified by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. Prior to the existing project $677,- 358.82 had been expended. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1932. Present project.-The present project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provided for the construction of an extension to the present breakwater to a distance of 1,500 feet in a southeasterly direction, and for the removal of a shoal in the north- 8373--ENG 1915--76 1202 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. erly portion of the harbor. (H. Doc. No. 573, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The plane of reference used since 1873 is designated as low-water datum and is 601.75 feet above mean tide at New York. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A total of 3,010 linear feet of stone-filled crib breakwater with 2,920 linear feet of concrete superstructure was built. An area of 18 acres in the north- erly part of the harbor was dredged to a depth of 22 feet below low- water datum. These operations resulted in giving an available pro- tected harbor area of 106 acres. The rubblestone foundation em- bankment for the proposed crib type of breakwater was completed except placing the covering stone for a distance of 275 feet at the outer end. The amount spent for original work and maintenance prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to the ex- penditures reported under the head of Previous projects was $151,- 763.66, of which $135,573.80 was for improvement and $16,189.86 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work on the rubble- mound extension was commenced under contract on April 28, 1915, and at the close of the fiscal year a total of 43,239 tons of stone had been placed. The foregoing is new work. Work of maintenance with United States plant, hired labor, and purchased materials in making needed repairs to the breakwater cost $487.31. The new work performed resulted in 450 linear feet of partly completed breakwater. The expenditures during the year were $25,813.12, of which $17,566.95 was for improvement and $8,246.17 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The proportion of the present project accomplished to the end of the fiscal year 1915 is 37.6 per cent. y dredging the shoal in the northerly portion the available harbor area has been increased 18 acres. This portion had an average depth of 15 feet, which has been increased to 22 feet below low-water datum. This gives a maximum usable draft of 21 feet. The total expenditure under the existing project is $177,576.78, of which $169,- 330.61 was for improvement and $8,246.17. for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It gives a harbor of refuge as well as facilitating shipping, and from comparisons with the rate on freight passing through St. Marys Falls Canal with railroad rates the saving through water transportation appears to be $2 per ton, and for the 794,543 tons received and shipped at this harbor in 1914 amounts to $1,589,086. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for this work, as available funds are considered sufficient to complete the project. Commercial statistics.-Receipts consist principally of coal and general merchandise; shipments consist of iron ore and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ...................................... .....................................- 1,577,180 $7,156,180 1913...................................-------------------------... 1, 852, 229 6,192, 889 1914......................... ........--..--.. ..........---........................ 794,543 3,016,511 No new lines of transportation were established during the year, but new boats were added to the old lines. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1203 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------- ------------------- $767, 613. 57 Maintenance _--------------------------------- ---- 87,322.03 Total --------------------------------------------- 854, 935. 60 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 .. ... New work ............................... ............... ...... 37,000.00 $73,718.01 $17,566.95 Maintenance.... .. ...... .... ...... ...... ......... ...... ......... 4, 246.83 2,000.00 8,246.17 Total ........... ...... . .. ............. 41,246.83 75,718.01 25,813.12 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $88,000.00 Aug. 1, 1914------ ----------------------------------- 211, 000. 00 Mar. 3, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___ -_______--_____-___ 71, 941. 41 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved August 1, 1914__ 211, 000. 00 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Mar. 3, 1915 ___100, 000. 00 382, 941. 41 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_____________________ $17, 566.95 For maintenance of improvement------- -_____ 8, 246. 17 25, 813.12 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ __-_____________________- 357, 128. 29 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities- -__ 2, 500. 00 -__________ July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts- 294, 000. 00 296, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------- 60, 628. 29 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Feb. 27, 1911__ 311, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization_-__----------311,000.00 11. HARBOR OF REFUGE AT GRAND MARAIS, MICH. Location.-The harbor is situated on the south shore of Lake Superior 313 miles east of Duluth, Minn., and 90 miles west of Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. It is a natural deep-water bay, well protected from storms. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 9, Lake Superior.) Original condition.--The bay which forms the harbor had a length of 2 miles, width of three-eighth mile, an area of 240 acres, and a depth of 18 to 57 feet. The natural entrance, about 3,000 feet wide, was obstructed by a bar having a depth of 7 feet at low water. The west end of the bay afforded good shelter in all winds. Previous projects.-None. Present project.--The present project was adopted by river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, pursuant to which plans were approved by the Secretary of War August 5, 1881. (Annual Report for 1881, p. 2050.1) It provides for the construction of parallel timber-crib 1The only preliminary survey and estimate ordered by Congress for improvement of this locality was made in 1871 under the river and harbor act of Mar. 3, 1871. Esti- mates amounting to $167,707.04, $291,930.10, and $481,525 were submitted. 1204 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. piers 500 feet apart-aggregate length 3,450 feet-extending out to a depth in the lake of 22 feet at ordinary low water (which is 601.75 feet above mean tide at New York, or 0.5 foot below mean lake level, 1860-1875), and dredging a channel between the piers at the low- water datum 300 feet wide and 18 feet deep at the harbor end, and 500 feet wide and 20 feet deep at the lake end, all at an estimated cost of $450,000. No estimate for maintenance. The project was ex- tended in 1894 to provide for closing the natural entrance, 5,770 feet wide, by a dike at an estimated cost of $34,000, making a total estimated cost of the entire project of $484,000. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Parallelpiers were built 500 feet apart, 1,912 and 1,545 feet long, respectively, includ- ing a pile revetment 100 feet long at the inner end of each pier; a channel 250 feet wide and 18 feet deep dredged between the piers from the lake to the bay; and a pile dike built to close the natural entrance, which was 5,770 feet in width. Except for some shoaling along the east side the channel between the piers is maintained to about the project depth by the scour of the currents, but sand moving along the shore from the west forms a bar across the lake approach of the entrance which requires dredging annually. The amount expended under the project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $355,885.29 for improvement and $169,386.34 for maintenance, a total of $525,271.63. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Shoals were re- moved from the entrance channel by contract dredging. A channel through the bar in front of the entrance, having a least width of 500 feet, depth of 22 feet, and length of about 400 feet, was dredged by the removal of 45,826 cubic yards at 21.9 cents per yard. The contract cost of the dredging was $10,035.89. Minor repairs were made to the piers and pile dike by Government plant, hired labor, and purchase of material. A total of 710 tons of rock was put in place in the dike and east pier to reinforce places where the rock had settled or timber work decayed. Minor repairs were made to the piers, replacing decayed or broken timbers, putting wale timbers on the pile revetment at the inner end of the west pier, and reinforc- ing the north end of the west pier with 11-inch bolts through from wall to wall. The total cost of this work was $1,603.30. Crib filling was received to the amount of 191.24 cubic yards, at a cost of $416.67, to fill pockets where rock had settled. Timber to the amount of 34,524 feet b. m. has been purchased at a cost of $540.72 for further repairs. All the work done during the fiscal year was for mainte- nance, at a cost of $21,143.44. Condition at end of the fiscal year.-The project is completed ex- cept the construction of 193 linear feet of crib piers not now re- quired and the widening of the inner portion of the channel, now 250 feet wide, to the project width of 300 feet. Shifting sands form a bar about 300 feet wide across the channel lakeward from the piers, and frequent redredging is required in extension of the project channel 500 feet wide and 20 feet deep to secure access to the harbor across the bar. The project is about 85 per cent completed. A maximum draft of only 15 feet can be carried through the channel because of a bar which has formed in front of the entrance. This will be re- moved during the present season. The total expenditure on the modified project up to the end of the fiscal year, not including out- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1205 standing liabilities, is $355,885.29 for improvement and $190,529.78 for maintenance, a total of $546,415.07. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-No rail connection exists. This harbor is primarily a harbor of refuge and as such has been of unquestioned benefit to commerce. Proposed operations.-Operationsfor the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, will consist of dredging to maintain the entrance channel and such minor repairs to piers as are necessary. A bar which forms in the lake in front of the entrance requires dredging annually of late years, and the piers need minor repairs where damaged by ice and ordinary decay. Commercial statistics.-Receipts consisted principally of general merchandise and fish; shipments consisted of fish and machinery. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............. ................................................... ........... 2,650 $183,302 1913.... .......... .... ......................................................... 330 49,084 1914... .............................. ...... ... .................................... 656 98,600 No new lines of transportation were established during the year. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $355,.885.29 Maintenance _ ------------------------- _ 190, 529. 78 Total --------------------------------------------- 546, 415.07 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................... ............ Maintenance...... .... ............................... ....... $18,988.05 $14,057.26 $21,143.44 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911____________________ -_____ $10, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913____----------------------------- 20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------ --- 10, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------- 30, 451. 69 _-------------------------- Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 10, 000. 00 40, 451. 69 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------- 21, 143. 44 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------19, 308. 25 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------------------10, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 9, 308. 25 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project __----------------------------__ 45, 401. 68 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June -------------- 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___-___ 10, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1206 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys, provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly sub- mitted when received: 1. Duluth-Superior Harbor, Minn. and Wis., in the Bay of Supe- rior from the Superior entry northwestward for the distance of 1 mile and between the harbor lines, with the view of providing anchor- age and turning area inside of said entry. 2. Harbor at Duluth, Minn., with a view to the construction of a breakwater to protect the Duluth entrance thereto. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE MILWAUKEE WIS., DISTRICT. This district includes Waukegan Harbor, Ill., and the rivers and harbors in the States of Michigan and Wisconsin on the west shore of Lake Michigan. District officer: Maj. H. B. Ferguson, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. J. G. Warren, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Manistique Harbor, Mich... 1206 11. Sheboygan Harbor, Wis...... 1226 2. Menominee Harbor and River, 12. Port Washington Harbor, Wis. 1228 Mich. and Wis.............. 1209 13. Milwaukee Harbor, Wis., in- 3. Oconto Harbor, Wis. ........... 1212 cluding Harbor of Refuge... 1230 4. Green Bay Harbor, Wis........ 1214 14. Milwaukee (Inner) Harbor, 5. Depere Harbor, Wis.......... 1216 Wis ................... 1232 6. Operating and care of Sturgeon 15. Racine Harbor, Wis.......... 1234 Bay and Lake Michigan Ship 16. Kenosha Harbor, Wis........ 1237 Canal, Wis ................. 1217 17. Waukegan Harbor, Ill........ 1238 7. Algoma Harbor, Wis........... 1219 18. Fox River, Wis............... 1240 8. Kewaunee Harbor, Wis ........ 1221 19. Operating and care of locks and 9. Two Rivers Harbor, Wis...... 1223 dams on Fox River, Wis.... 1246 10. Manitowoc Harbor, Wis...... .1224 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3113 TO 3145. 1. MANISTIQUE HARBOR, MICH. Location.--This improvement is located on the north shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Manistique River. It is distant about 135 miles northeasterly from Green Bay Harbor and 217 miles north- erly from Milwaukee. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Originalcondition.-The original depth at the mouth of Manistique River was 8 feet, and no harbor existed. By private enterprise 3,000 linear feet of slab pier had been built and a channel dredged to a depth of 11 feet before any appropriation was made by the Govern- ment. A dam across the Manistique River, located about 1 mile above the mouth of the river, constitutes the head of navigation. No navigation is possible past this dam. Above this point the river is available for rafting and logging. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1207 Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by river and harbor act of June 14, 1880. There was no modification of the origi- nal project prior to the adoption of the existing project. The amount expended under this project was $3,955.05. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1933. Present project.-The present project provides for the construction of a west pier 1,480 feet long, which consists of 1,000 feet of timber cribs on stone foundation and 480 feet of pile pier connecting the .cribs with the shore; of an east pier 940 feet long, which consists of 300 feet of timber cribs on stone foundation and 640 feet of pile pier connecting easterly end of old breakwater with the shore; of an extension to the breakwater at its westerly end of 400 feet, con- sisting of timber cribs on stone foundation; all piers and breakwater extension to be provided with concrete superstructure; concrete superstructure on about 423 feet of old breakwater built by private parties in 1883; about 375 feet of plank crib revetment on the west- erly side of the mouth of the Manistique River. These structures inclose a basin through which a channel of varying width is to be dredged to a depth of 20 feet. This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, and provides for pier construction and breakwater extension, and dredging to a depth of 19 feet, at an estimated cost of $270,000. The river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, authorized a modification of this project, which was approved by the Secretary of War April 3, 1908. The modification consists mainly in swinging the inner end of the proposed west pier to the westward, thereby forming a still- ing basin, in extending the east breakwater about 90 feet farther westward than at first provided, and in increasing the depth of channel to 20 feet, the revised estimated cost being $338,462. Neither of the foregoing estimates included the acquisition of land and exist- ing structures required in connection with the proposed work, which were transferred to the United States without expense. The break- water, piers, and project depth in channel are to be maintained. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The west pier was built for a length of about 980 feet from the shore end. The sub- structure of the east pier connecting the old breakwater with the shore was completed and the building of superstructure thereon com- menced. The extension of the old breakwater at its westerly end was completed and the harbor had been partially dredged. The ex- penditures on the existing project prior to the fiscal year 1915 were, for improvement, $224,361.85, and for maintenance, $7,742; a total of $232,103.85. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The remainder of the existing project has been completed, with the exception of the dredging. Practically all of the channel south of the car ferry slip has been dredged to a depth of 20 feet. The dredging has been done by hired labor and use of Government plant; $4,147.73 was spent thereon. The piers and breakwater, as provided by the project, were completed, the work being done by contract; $75,987.85 was spent thereon. Repairs were made to Government plant. The expendi- tures during the fiscal year were $80,135.58 for improvement. 1208 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project is about 98 per cent completed. The inclosed basin has been deepened to 20 feet over practically all the area south of the car-ferry slip. The portion of the channel north of the car-ferry slip included in the project has not been dredged. The maximum draft that could be carried on June 30, 1915, as far as the car-ferry slip, is about 19 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project were, for improve- ment, $304,497.43, and for maintenance, $7,742; a total of $312.239.43. Local cooperation.-Prior to beginning work under the present project a breakwater about 423 feet long had been built by private parties. Title to this breakwater and the land required in connec- tion with the pier construction was transferred to the United States without expense. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has a ma- terial effect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities, such as coal, forest products, etc., both locally and for transshipment. Proposed operations.-Dredging in channel north of car-ferry slip will be required for completion of project. Annual dredging for maintenance of completed channel will probably be necessary. The superstructure of the plank crib revetment on westerly side of the mouth of the river needs immediate renewal. The funds avail- able June 30, 1915, will probably be exhausted June 30, 1916. The following estimate of additional funds needed is submitted: Rebuilding 375 linear feet of superstructure on crib revetment in stone and concrete, at $17_-------- _ ----- __----__ --------- $6, 375 Operation of U. S. dipper dredge Kewaunee, one-half month, mainte- nance, at $4,000 per month ----------------------------------- 2, 000 Operation of U. S. dipper dredge Kewaunee, one month, north of car- ferry slip---------------------------------------------------4, 000 Engineering and contingencies ---------------------------------- 1, 625 Total ----------------------------------------------- 14, 000 Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, fish, stone, and miscellaneous. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................................ ................................... 287,881 $5,398,900 1913......... ..... ...... ..... ..................................... 254,413 5,294,00 1914 ............................................................................ 251,296 4,691,877 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $308, 452. 48 Maintenance------------------------------------------ 7, 742. 00 Total-------------------------------------- ----- 316, 194. 48 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... .......................................... $74, 000.91 $35 142. 54 $80,135. 58 Maintenance.. ... 7, 742. 00 ..... Total................................... 74,000.91 42,884.54 80,135.58 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1209 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------- --- $138,462.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 108, 409. 10 Deduction on account of transfer under the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915----------------------- 25, 000. 00 83, 409. 10 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement-------------------------------------------80, 135. 58 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------3, 273. 52 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 14. 98 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 3, 258. 54 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ------------------------------ --- 14, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance .-------- 14, 000. 00 2. MENOMINEE HARBOR AND RIVER, MICH. AND WIS. Location.-This improvement is located on the west shore of Green Bay, at the mouth of the Menominee River. It is distant about 48 miles northeasterly from Green Bay Harbor, and about 152 miles from Milwaukee via Sturgeon Bay Canal. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-The original depth at the mouth of the river was 5 feet, and no harbor existed. All commerce was transacted over "bridge piers" extending from the shore into Green Bay. That part of the river under improvement extends for a distance of about 2 miles above the mouth, at the upper end of which there is a dam. No navigation is possible past this dam. Above the dam the river is available for rafting and logging for a distance of about 100 miles. Previous projects.-Prior to river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, the harbor and river constituted two works. By this act they were consolidated. (a) Harbor.-River and harbor acts of March 3, 1871, September 19, 1890, March 3, 1899; total expenditures, $234,344.,77. (b) River.-River and harbor acts of September 19, 1890, July 13, 1892, June 3, 1896; total expenditures, $114,414.15. Total ex- penditures on harbor and river, $348,758.92. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1933. Present project.-The present project provides for securing a depth of 20 feet from the 20-foot contour in Green Bay to the Ogden Street Bridge, about 1,300 feet above the inner end of the entrance piers, the width being 200 feet in the river below the bridge, increas- ing to 300 feet between the piers and to about 600 feet at the outer end in the bay. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-=1875. The piers built under a previous project are to be maintained. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1210 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The part of the project which includes the channel between the piers and in the bay was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, at an estimated cost of $18,920 and $3,000 annually for main- tenance. (See H. Doc. No. 86, 54th Cong., 2d sess.) The part of the project which includes the channel above the piers to the Ogden Street Bridge was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, as a part of a more extensive plan for securing a channel 18 feet in depth (20 feet below datum) from the entrance channel up to Wells Street, Marinette, at an estimated cost of $60,000 and $7,500 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 419, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) Following a report in 1904 that the work contemplated above the Ogden Street Bridge would cost much more than the original esti- mate, the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, authorized such modification of the project "as may seem best to save expense and subserve the interests of commerce." On this authority the improve- ment of all that portion of the river above the bridge was omitted from the project. The river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, made provision for the expenditure of not to exceed $16,000 for the im- provement of the river above the bridge, in accordance with the re- port in said House Document No. 419, Fifty-sixth Congress, first ses- sion, but such action is not construed as restoring to the project all work contemplated by the report in said document. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The river channel was dredged to a depth of 20 feet for a width of 200 feet and a length of above 4,800 feet. The remainder of the channel as far as the turn- ing basin was dredged to a depth of 18 feet for a width of 60 feet. The turning basin was widened to 300 feet and deepened to 18 feet. No dredging was done in the upper 425 feet of the channel. The entrance channel was maintained at a depth of 20 feet, and the works protecting same were maintained. The expenditures prior to the fiscal year 1915, were, for improvement, $38,751.69, and for main- tenance, $42,996.63, a total of $81,748.32. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Improvement: The river channel was dredged to a depth of 20 feet for a width of 200 feet and an additional length of about 550 feet. Maintenance: The entrance channel and that portion of the river channel previously improved were dredged to restore the project depths and widths. Portions of the superstructure of the harbor piers are being rebuilt in concrete. All work, both improvement and maintenance, has been carried on by hired labor and use of Government plant. The ex- penditures during the year were, for improvement, $9,400, and for maintenance, $3,869.13, a total of $13,269.13. Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-The approved project is about 90 per cent completed. The river channel has been deepened to 20 feet for a width of 200 feet, a distance of about 5,350 feet above the river mouth. Vessels drawing about 18 feet can now reach the docks of the Central West Coal Co., the Menominee River Sugar Co., and the municipal wharf of the city of Marinette. The total expendi- tures under existing project were, for improvement, $48,151.69, and for maintenance, $46,865.76, a total of $95,017.45. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1211 Local cooperation.-A public wharf has been constructed by the city of Marinette at a cost of $25,000, the necessary funds having been provided by a bond issue. Effect of improvement.-The project has a material effect in con- trolling freight rates on coal and other bulk commodities. The rate on coal is now practically the same as to other principal ports on the west shore of Lake Michigan. Proposed operations.-The present project for improvement will be completed with funds now available. Annual dredging for main- tenance of completed channel is necessary. Portions of the super- structure of south pier should be rebuilt in concrete, after which maintenance will be confined to dredging. The funds available June 30, 1915, will probably be exhausted June 30, 1916. The following estimate of additional funds needed for maintenance during the fiscal year 1917 is submitted: Operation of U. S. dipper dredge Kewaunee one-half month, at $4,000___ $2-, 000 Building 900 linear feet concrete superstructure on south pier, at $15___ 13, 500 Engineering and contingencies -------------------------------- 1, 500 Total ------------------------- --------- ------------- 17, 000 Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, lumber, iron ore, posts, stone, salt, and gen- eral merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................ .... ......................................... 520,314 $8 264,702 1913 ........... ............................................... 470,200 9,395,074 1914 ........................................................................... 447,728 8,542,684 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---- _ ---------------------- $360, 717. 02 Maintenance --------------------------------------- 83, 059. 35 Total--- --------------- 443, 776. 37 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................. .. ... .. .... .$500.00 $9,400.00 Maintenance......................................... $9,060.61 4,945.52 3,869.13 Total............................................... 9,060.61 5,445.52 13,269.13 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------- --------------------------- $9, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------- ------ 24, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------- 7, 500. 00 1212 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___----- __ __------_____ __ $24, 447. 68 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 7, 500. 00 Receipts from sales--------------------------------------------- .90 31, 948. 58 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement____________________ $9, 400. 00 For maintenance of improvement----------------- 3, 869. 13 13, 269. 13 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 18, 679. 45 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities______ ___ __ _____ - - 4, 785. 27 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 13, 894. 18 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ __........-__- 117, 000. 00 3. OCONTO HARBOR, WIS. Location.--This improvement is located on the west shore of Green Bay at the mouth of the Oconto River. It is distant about 31 miles southeasterly from Green Bay Harbor and about 25 miles south- westerly from Menominee Harbor. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-The original depth at the mouth of the river was about 3 feet. This was increased by private enterprise to 4 feet before work was begun by the United States. Prior to improvement by the Government all commerce was transacted over a bridge pier. The river is navigable for small boats for a distance of about 2 miles above its mouth. Above this point it is available only for rafting and logging for a distance of 50 miles or more. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. A modification of this project was approved by the Chief of Engineers March 11, 1897. The amount expended under the original project and modification is $92,730.65. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1934. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for a channel 17 feet deep and 100 feet wide between the present piers and for an extension beyond the present piers of the same depth, with a minimum width of about 150 feet to about the 18-foot contour, the dredging to be continued at the same depth inside the shore line for a distance up the river of about 800 feet, forming a turning basin. (H. Doc. No. 538, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. The estimated cost of this project was $75,000. There has been no modification of this project since its adoption. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The existing proj- ect was completed in May, 1912. Repairs to the outer end of the south pier were begun. The expenditures prior to the fiscal year 1915 were, for improvement, $46,184.25, and for maintenance, $2,165.94; a total of $48,350.19. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The repairs to the outer end of the south pier were completed, the total amount ex- pended thereon being $3,066.77. Soundings were taken during the 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1213 winter. All operations have been carried on by hired labor and use of Government plant. The expenditures were, for maintenance, $3,566.40. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project was completed in May, 1912, for $28,815.75 less than the estimate. Shoal- ing has occurred, since the completion of dredging by the United States, in the channel between the piers and in the basin. The mini- mum depth in the channel is about 14.5 feet and in the basin about 8 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried on June 30, 1915, to the inner end of the piers is about 13 feet and in the basin about 6.5 feet. The total expenditures under existing project were, for im- provement, $46,184.25, and for maintenance, $5,732.34; a total of $51,916.59. Local cooperation.-The act of 1910, in adopting the project, pro- vided that it should be subject to certain conditions relative to co- operation on the part of local interests, as follows: That the city of Oconto donate or cause to be donated to the United States all necessary land; that the city and county of Oconto raise the sum of $25,000 for construction of revetments, etc.; that the city of Oconto give assurances satisfactory to the Secretary of War that it will build a suitable wharf, warehouse, and rail or highway connec- tion between the city and the harbor; that it will forever maintain the ownership of said wharf, warehouse, etc., and that the same may always be open to the public under reasonable regulations as regards wharfage and warehouse fees; and that it will maintain a depth in all channels dredged by the United States for a period of five years. The city of Oconto has given title to the United States for the land required, has built a wharf at the harbor basin, and has constructed a highway connecting the wharf with the city. It has given assur- ances that the other conditions will be complied with, which assur- ances were approved by the Secretary of War April 15, 1911. The city has also dredged the river channel for a_distance of about 2 miles above its mouth. It is the intention of the city to deepen this channel to 16 feet. Effect of improvement.-The amount of commerce involved is not yet sufficient to have had a material effect in controlling freight rates. Proposed operations.-There will be no operations other than care and superintendence, for which the available funds are sufficient. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce is coal, lumber, fish, salt, and rubblestone. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Value. 1912.................................................................................................. 376 815,661 1913.......--.--. ...--.......-- - .................................... 312 7,970 1914................................................................ 2,811 94,515 The increase in amount of tonnage and valuation is due to the im- provement of the channel, permitting larger draft boats to enter this port. 1214 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work________------------------------------------------ $130, 753. 72 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 13, 893. 52 Total -------------------------------------------- 144, 647. 24 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................................ Maintenance...... .......... ......... ................. . $549.88 $1,616.06 $3, 566.40 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------- $26, 649. 81 Deduction on account of transfer under the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ----------------------------------- 23, 000. 00 3, 649. 81 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ....- 3, 566. 40 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 83. 41 4. GREEN BAY HARBOR, WIS. Location.-This improvement is located at the head of Green Bay at the mouth of the Fox River. It is distant about 175 miles from Milwaukee via Sturgeon Bay Canal and about 48 miles southeasterly from Menominee. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.--This improvement consists of two channels, one from the mouth of Fox River northeriy in Green Bay, the other in the Fox River between the cities of Green Bay and Depere. The outer channel in Green Bay was originally circuitous and narrow, with an available depth of 11 feet. The channel in the river between Green Bay and Depere had a navigable depth of about 11 feet. The head of deep-water navigation is at Depere, a distance of about 7 miles from the mouth of the Fox River. Connecting with the deep- water channel at Depere, the Fox River is navigable by canals and slack-water navigation to Portage, Wis., a distance of 156 miles. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by river and harbor act of June 23, 1866. This project was modified by subse- quent river and harbor acts as follows: June 23, 1874; July 13, 1892; June 3, 1896. The total expenditures on original and modified proj- ects were $405,945.18. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1934. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, provides for increasing the depth of the channel from the mouth of Fox River in Green Bay to 20 feet. (H. Doc. No. 232, 56th Cong., 1st sess.) The estimated cost of this project was $105,600. It also provides for maintenance of existing works. There has been no modification of the present project since its adoption. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1215 at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The existing proj- ect was completed in 1903. Since then all expenditures have been for maintenance of existing works and of the project depths in channels. The expenditures prior to fiscal year 1915 were, for im- provement $102,339.72, and for maintenance $82,259.61, a total of $184,599.33. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The outer channel was dredged to restore the project depth where shoaling had oc- curred; soundings were taken and repairs made to plant. All work has been carried on by hired labor and use of Government plant. The expenditures were for maintenance, $10,149.51. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The outer channel has a mini- mum depth of 20 feet with a least width of 80 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at the end of the fiscal year is 19 feet in the outer channel and about 16 feet in the channel between Green Bay and Depere. The approved project has been completed for less than the estimate, the amount of the saving being $3,260.28. The total expenditures under existing project are, for improvement $102,339.72, and for maintenance $92,409.12, a total of $194,748.84. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has a ma- terial effect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, and lumber, both locally and for transshipment. Proposed operations.-Annual dredging for maintenance of com- pleted channels will be necessary. The superstructure of the east revetment along the cut through Grassy Island needs immediate renewal. The funds available June 30, 1915, will probably be ex- hausted September 1, 1916. The following estimate of additional funds needed for maintenance during the fiscal year 1917 is sub- mitted: Maintenance. Operation of U. S. dipper dredge Kewaunee 21 months, at $4,000 ---- $10, 000 Renewing superstructure on 700 linear feet of east revetment, at $11.50_ 8, 050 Engineering and contingencies- ________ _ _ ___________ 1, 950 Total __---____ _ _____ Ttl---------------------------------------------- _ 20,000 20 0 Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, manufactured iron, lumber, wood, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................. ........ ...... ................................ 748,148 $7,744,230 1913.... .................................................... ..... 863,439 10,748,461 1914... ............................................................. 898, 008 9, 974,607 1216 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------------$499, 314. 21 Maintenance---------------------------------------------- 101, 379. 81 Total ------------------------------- 00, 694. 02 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915- New work........ ..................................... .............. ..................... Maintenance........................................................ $10,885.36 $10,355.75 $10,149.51 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- $32, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------- --------------------------- 14, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 25, 590. 01 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__---------------------------------------------- 10, 149. 51 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------__ 15, 440. 50 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities. ----------------------------- 1. 25 95 aac Juy1 vial----------------------------------- 15, 439. 25 July 1, 1915, balance available_____________________ 15, 439. 25 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------_-----_- 20, 000. 00 5. DEPERE HARBOR, WIS. Location.-This improvement is located at the head of deep-water navigation in the Fox River, about 7 miles above its mouth. It is distant about 5 miles south of the city of Green Bay and about 42 miles northeasterly from the city of Oshkosh, on Lake Winnebago, Wis. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-In its original condition it was impossible for vessels over 250 feet in length to turn, the natural channel having a minimum depth of 14 feet for a width of about 250 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for a turning basin having a depth of 17 feet and of sufficient area to permit of vessels not ex- ceeding 350 feet in length to turn readily at all times without the assistance of a tug. (H. Doc. No. 522, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. The estimated cost of this project was $11,500. There has been no modification of the existing project since its adoption. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The existing proj- ect was completed in 1910. Since then all expenditures have been for maintenance. The expenditures prior to the fiscal year 1915 were, for improvement, $7,418.22, and for maintenance, $3,026.66, a total of $10,444.88. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1217 Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There have been no operations nor expenditures during the fiscal year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-There is the full project depth of 17 feet over the entire basin. The maximum draft that can be carried June 30, 1915, as governed by the channel below the basin, is about 16 feet. The approved project has been completed for less than the estimate, the amount of the saving being $4,081.78. The total expenditures under existing project were, for improvement, $7,418.22, and for maintenance, $3,026.66, a total of $10,444.88. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has a slight effect in controlling freight rates. Proposed operations.-The project being completed and the depth of water in turning basin being now maintained, no further oper- ations are proposed. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, gravel, sand, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Value. 1912 ....................................................................... ........ 32,351 $220,077 1913 ................................................................................ 46,161 228,379 1914 .. -- --..................................................................... ...... 44,724 224,506 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------- $7, 418. 22 Maintenance-----------------------------------------------3, 026. 66 Total---------------------------------------------------- 10, 444. 88 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......--............... ...... ..................... - i.i..... Maintenance ---------------------------------------------------......................................................-- $1,190.09......... APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------- 055. 12 $1------, $, Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------------- 55. 12 6. OPERATING AND CARE OF STURGEON BAY AND LAKE MICHIGAN SHIP CANAL, WIS. Location.-This improvement is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan, and consists of a canal, originally built by a private corpo- ration, connecting the waters of Lake Michigan with those of Stur- 8373 0 -ENG 1915--77 1218 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. geon Bay, an arm of Green Bay, and a protected entrance at the Lake Michigan end of the canal, built by the United States. It is distant about 47 miles northeasterly from Green Bay Harbor and about 128 miles northerly from Milwaukee. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-In its natural condition Lake Michigan was separated from Sturgeon Bay by a neck of land about 11 miles wide, having a maximum elevation above the lake level of about 28 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement of the entrance to the canal was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1873. This project was modified by subsequent river and harbor acts as follows: June 14, 1880; June 13, 1902. The United States assumed possession of the canal April 25, 1893, as provided by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892. The original project for the improvement of the canal was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894. The project was modified by river and harbor acts of June 3, 1896, and June 13, 1902. The work of improvement of the canal and entrance thereto was completed in 1912 and final report made in 1913. (Annual Report for 1913, pp. 1090 and 2765.) The amount expended for improvement of the canal and entrance thereto under all projects and modifications, including purchase price of the canal, is $609,462.40. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1935. Present project.-The present project is for operating and main- taining the canal as provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. It provides for maintaining a depth in the canal and connecting channels of 21 feet, for operating the canal, and for maintaining the necessary works and buildings incident thereto. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The United States assumed control of the canal on April 25, 1893. The project depth in all channels was maintained and necessary repairs were made to the canal, revetments, buildings, and other works in connection with the improvement. The expenditures were $385,373.74, all for mainte- nance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations dur- ing the fiscal year consisted in dredging for restoration of project depth at an expenditure of $4,426.43, in making necessary repairs to revetments at an expenditure of $5,670.46, in repairing the build- ings and plant pertaining to the canal at an expenditure of $611.71, and in operating and caring for the canal in accordance with the approved project. The method of doing the work was by hired labor and use of Government plant. The expenditures were $15,678.31, all for maintenance. Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-The channel at the Lake Mich- igan entrance to the canal had a depth of 21 feet with a minimum width of 160 feet. Through the canal there was a depth of 21 feet with a minimum width of 115 feet. At the westerly end of the canal to Green Bay there is a depth of about 21 feet with a minimum width of 200 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at the close of the fiscal year is about 20 feet. The total expenditure under present project for maintenance is $401,052.05. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1219 Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has a mate- rial effect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, and lumber. It is impracticable to estimate the amount of reduction in rates thereby effected. Proposed operations.-The canal, connecting channels, and works and buildings incident thereto will be operated and maintained under allotment from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, grain, manufactured iron, stone, lumber, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.... ............................................... 568,105 $12,757,509 1913.......................................................................... 548,660 12,331,535 1914............. .. .... .. .......... ............................. 499,634 12,217,524 7. ALGOMA HARBOR, WIS. Location.-This improvement is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Ahnapee River. It is distant about 63 miles from Green Bay via Sturgeon Bay Canal and about 112 miles northerly from Milwaukee. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Originalcondition.-The original depth at the mouth of the Ahna- pee River was about 3 feet, and there was no harbor at this place. The Ahnapee River is navigable for a distance of about 2 miles from its mouth for crafts drawing not more than 4 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for harbor at Ahnapee; as this locality was called formerly, was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871. The project was modified by subse- quent river and harbor acts as follows: March 3, 1873, March 3, 1875, July 5, 1884, March 3, 1899. The amount expended under original project and modifications is $201,681.46. For scope of pre- vious projects, see Appendix, page 1935. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, without prior survey or esti- mate, provides for the construction of an outer harbor on the south side of the entrance to Ahnapee River by the removal of 550 feet of the old south pier; the construction of a breakwater 500 feet long, connected with the shore by a crib and pile pier 748 feet long; and dredging the area to a depth of 16 feet, at a cost of $140,000. There has been no modification of this project. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The present proj- ect was completed in 1909. Since then the expenditures have been for maintenance. The expenditures prior to the fiscal year 1915 were for improvement,-$100,839.45, and for maintenance, $32,374.52, a total of $133,213.97. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There have been no operations during the fiscal year. The expenditures have been 1220 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. for repairs and maintenance of plant and care and superintendence of harbor. The expenditures were for maintenance, $367.65. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--The entrance channel has a least depth of 16.5 feet, with a least width of 120 feet. The depth in the outer basin is 16.5 feet, with the exception of a few shoals along the southerly side. The maximum draft that can be carried at the end of the fiscal year is about 16 feet. The approved project has been completed' for less than the estimate, the amount of the sav- ing being $39,160.55. The total expenditures under existing project were for improvement, $100,839.45, and for maintenance, $32,742.17, a total of $133,581.62. Local cooperation.-The Merchants Dock Co. has built a wharf extending from the shore into the outer harbor or basin. The cost of this wharf is not known. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has a con- siderable effect in controlling freight rates on general merchandise for local consumption. Proposed operations.-The funds available are sufficient for main- tenance of the harbor to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, wood, fish, peas, machinery, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. tons. Value. 1912---------... --.... --.. ...... -- - ------------------------------ ---------- 9,925 $364,090 1913...............................---................................................---------------- 10,414 623,914 1914..-------..----....--.------....--....---------------------------------------------......................................................... 12,241 626,996 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------- ----------------------- $293, 832. 95 Maintenance __-----------------------------------41, 430. 13 Total --------------------------------------------- 335, 263. 08 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................................... ...... ... $2,435.26 Maintenance -------------------------------------------.............................................. $8,747.61 $367.65 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Aug. 26, 1912 (deficiency act) _______-- __--__ ____--__ $177. 21 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ -- __ _______-------_ 14, 631. 86 Receipts from sales___ _-----------------__ 1, 500. 00 _-------__ 16, 131. 86 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915_ ... ------------------------ 10, 000. 00 6, 131. 86 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ________-------------_ 367. 65 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended - , 764. 21 5--------------- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1221 8. KEWAUNEE HARBOR, WIS. Location.-This improvement is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Kewaunee River. It is distant about 102 miles northerly from Milwaukee and about 74 miles from Green Bay via Sturgeon Bay Canal. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-The original mouth of the Kewaunee River was not more than 20 feet wide, with a depth of about 3 feet at shoalest point, and was obstructed by submerged bowlders. There was no harbor at this place, and all commerce was transacted over bridge piers. The river has a navigable depth of 4 feet for a dis- tance of about 6 miles above its mouth. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881. There was no modification of this project prior to the adoption of the existing project. The amount expended on original project is $237,921.07. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1936. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act Of June 25, 1910, provides for increasing the depth in entrance channel to 20 feet and for a turning basin of the same depth, to be formed by cutting away part of the point included be- tween the old and present river channels, at an estimated cost of $53,690. (H. Doc. No. 324, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) The plane of refer- ence is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-As the conditions precedent to expenditure under existing project have not yet been complied with, no work has been done under the present project. The original project was completed in 1898. Since then all expendi- tures have been for maintenance under the original project. The expenditures prior to the fiscal year 1915 were, for improvement, $150,000, and for maintenance, $75,545.02, a total of $225,545.02. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Repairs were made to the harbor piers and to the floating plant. The work has been carried on by hired labor and use of Governmnent plant. The expend- itures have been, for maintenance, $12,376.05. Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-Work under the existing project has not yet been commenced. The maximum draft that can be car- ried at the end of the fiscal year is about 15 feet. The total expendi- tures under existing project have been, for improvement, $150,000, and for maintenance, $87,921.07, a total of $237,921.07. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, adopting the project provides that no expenditures shall be made under this project until the following conditions shall have been complied with: First. The city of Kewaunee to donate or cause to be donated to the United States all land that must be acquired for the formation of the turning basin. Second. The city of Kewaunee to hold the United States free from liability for all damages that may be claimed by riparian owners as a result of the dredging herein proposed. Third. The city of Kewaunee to give satisfactory assurance that it will cause to be constructed, as soon as dredging has progressed sufficiently, a suitable revetment across the point between the old and present river channels. 1222 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, authorized that condi- tion No. 3 be waived. (Rivers and Harbors Com. Doc. No. 7, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) The city of Kewaunee has furnished deed and abstract to the land required for the turning basin, but the title to this land has not yet been approved by the Department of Justice. The city of Kewaunee has deeded a tract of land to the United States, which is used as an engineer depot for storage of materials and for laying up and repairing plant during the winter. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has a material effect in controlling freight rates, as the car-ferry steamers form a lake- and-rail route between eastern and western points. It is imprac- ticable to estimate the amount of reduction in rates thereby effected. Proposed operations.-It is believed that the funds available are sufficient for the completion of the present project and for mainte- nance until June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.--The general character of the commerce for the current year is grain, lumber, stone, coal, and unclassified. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................................... ...... ..... .. 166,63 $7,771, 746 1913........................................................... 172,116 9,214,620 1914...... ............... .......................................... 204,225 12,117,287 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------------------- $150, 000.00 Maintenance _------_____---_____---_____-____ 87, 921. 07 Total- -___--------------- 237, 921. 07 Amount expended during fiseal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..... ............... ............ ... . Maintenance................................ ...................... $11, 758.69 $788.71 $12,376.05 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------$18, 000. 00 25, JulyJuly 1912 _______ 25,-1912 ____ -------------------------------------------- 10, 000.00 10000 Mar. 4, 1913-- ----------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 51, 926. 29 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------- --------------------- 12, 376. 05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _---------------- -_____-- 39,550. 24 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1223 9. TWO RIVERS HARBOR, WIS. Location.--This improvement is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Twin Rivers. It is distant about 79 miles northerly from Milwaukee, and about 97 miles from Green Bay via Sturgeon Bay Canal. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-The original depth at the mouth of the Twin Rivers was from 3 to 4 feet, and no harbor existed at this place. East and West Twin Rivers have a navigable depth of 7 feet for a distance of about 3 miles and 7 miles, respectively, from the harbor piers. There is no regular commerce on these rivers. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871. The total expenditures on original and modified projects were $247,613.35. For scope of previous proj- ects, see Appendix, page 1936. Present project.-The present project, adopted March 2, 1907, is a modification of plan A, printed in House Document No. 730, Fifty- ninth Congress, first session, and provides for increasing the depth of channel to 16 feet and for the construction of a stilling basin on the north side of harbor. The sum of $90,000 was appropriated for the purpose. There has been no modification of the present project since its adoption. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The present project was completed in 1909. Since then all expenditures have been for maintenance of existing works and the project depth in channel. The expenditures prior to the fiscal year 1915 were, for improvement, $53,559.40, and for maintenance, $51,785.08, a total of $105,344.48. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The channel be- tween the piers was dredged at its outer end to restore the project depth. All work has been carried on by hired labor and use of Government plant. The expenditures were, for maintenance, $3,133.44. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The channel has the full project depth of 16 feet and a least width between the piers of about 200 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at the end of the fiscal year was 16 feet. The total ex- penditures under existing project were, for improvement, $53,559.40, and for maintenance, $54,918.52, a total of $108,477.92. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation at this harbor other than building revetments along the basin at the inner end of entrance channel. Effect of improvement.--It is believed that the project has a con- siderable effect in controlling freight rates. Proposed operations.-Annual dredging for maintenance of chan- nel is necessary. Minor repairs to the piers will be required. The funds available June 30, 1915, will probably be exhausted by June 30, 1916. The following estimate of additional funds needed for maintenance during the fiscal year 1917 is submitted: Operation of U. S. dipper dredge Kewaunee, one-half month, at $4,000__ $2, 000 Repairs to harbor piers 000 1----------------------- Engineering and contingencies-___------___________-_ 500 Total ----...------------------ 3, 500 1224 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comtmercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, wood, crushed stone, lumber, and fish. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912......................................... ....................... 41,688 $182,245 1913.... .......................................... ............... 27,283 136,725 1914.................................................................................. 1914 38,579 38, 579 169,043 169,043 Financialsummrary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work _______________________________ ______ $268, 059. 40 Maintenance _-______-_________- -- _ 88, 031. 87 Total ------------------------------------------- 356, 091. 27 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ......... .. ......................... . ......." ..- ............ . .. -. . Maintenance........................ ............ .. ...... ....... $4,619.18 $10,779.62 $3, 133.44 APPROPRIATIONS. [For the last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------- $7, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----- ----------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 12, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________ 2, 642. 17 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 12, 000. 00 -- Receipts from sales__ _____-____- __ -- -_____ 1, 500. 00 16, 142. 17 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------------------------------------------- 3, 133. 44 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _ - _____-___---------- 13, 008. 73 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement -3, __------------- 500. 00 10. MANITOWOC HARBOR, WIS. Location.-This improvement is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Manitowoc River. It is distant about 76 miles northerly from Milwaukee and about 102 miles from Green Bay via Sturgeon Bay Canal. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Originalcondition.-The original depth at the mouth of the Mani- towoc River was about 4 feet at the shoalest point, and no harbor ex- isted at this place. All commerce was transacted over bridge piers. The Manitowoc River is navigable for a distance of about 2 miles above its mouth. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1225 Previous projects.-The original project was adopted in 1854, the first appropriation for the improvement having been made by the river and harbor act of August 30, 1852. The project was modified by subsequent river and harbor acts as follows: March 3, 1881; Sep- tember 19, 1890; June 3, 1896; June 13, 1902. The amount expended under the original project and modifications is $454,666.79. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1937. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, provides for maintenance of 20-foot channel and for the reconstruction of the harbor in accordance with report submitted in House Document No. 62, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session, as modified by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, at an estimated cost of $486,000. There has been no modi- fication of the existing project since its adoption. The plane of refer- ence is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The present project was completed in 1910, and the full project depth has been obtained throughout the harbor. Since then the expenditures have been for maintenance. The expenditures prior to the fiscal year 1915 were, for improvement, $234,248.48, and for maintenance, $222,967.83, a total of $457,216.31. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations have been confined to care and superintendence and maintenance and re- pairs of plant. The expenditures were, for maintenance, $637.54. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The channel has a depth of about 21 feet, with a least width of about 240 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at the end of the fiscal year is about 20 feet. The approved project has been completed for less than the estimate, the amount of the saving being $28,783.69. The total expenditures under existing project were, for improvement, $234,248.48, and for maintenance, $223,605.37, a total of $457,853.85. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The project has a material effect in con- trolling freight rates, as car-ferry steamers call at this harbor daily throughout the entire year. Proposed operations.-It is believed that the funds available will be sufficient for maintenance of this harbor to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, grain, lumber, flour, mill stuffs, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....... .. ... ............................. 1,456,855 $49,349,950 1913 ............................................................................ 1,901,065 72,805,380 1914 ........................................................... ................ 1,742,860 106,412,333 1226 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work _ ------------------------ _----------------- $634, 595.12 Maintenance_________________________________ 277, 925. 52 Total ----------------------------------------- ---- 912, 520. 64 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................-.................. Maintenance......... ....... ... .............................. $1,080.81 $8,005.80 $637.54 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __________________--____-- $34, 929. 62 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915-----------------------------------------------30, 000. 00 4, 929. 62 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_ __ ___---------------__--- 637. 54 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 4, 292. 08 11. SHEBOYGAN HARBOR, WIS. Location.-This improvement is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Sheboygan River. It is distant about 24 miles south from Manitowoc and about 52 miles north of Mil- waukee. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-The original depth at the mouth of the river did not exceed 7 feet. Prior to the improvement of this harbor by the Government, the town and county of Sheboygan built parallel piers and dredged between them to a depth of 12 feet. Sheboygan River is navigable for a distance of about 1 miles above its mouth. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 23, 1866. This project was modified by subsequent river and harbor acts, as follows: March 3, 1873, March 3, 1881, August 18, 1894, March 3, 1899, and June 13, 1902. The total expenditures on original and modified projects are $575,099.44. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1937. Presentproject.-The present project, adopted by river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, provides for maintenance of 21-foot channel and works incident thereto, for extension of north breakwater, for a south breakwater, and for subsequent necessary extensions to each breakwater in general accordance with type plan as set forth in re- port submitted in House Document No. 62, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. In Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911, it was recommended that the work in the immediate future be confined to extending the north RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1227 breakwater shoreward, postponing the construction of a south break- water until its necessity should be more fully demonstrated. The estimated cost of this partial improvement is $362,000, all of which has been appropriated. There has been no modification of the existing project since its adoption. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The breakwater was extended shoreward a distance of 162 feet. Repairs were made where necessary to the original breakwater and to the south harbor pier. The project depth was maintained in the entrance channel. The expenditures prior to the fiscal year 1915 were, for improvement, $131,736.21, and for maintenance, $55,999.92, a total of $187,729.13. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The breakwater was further extended a distance of 918 feet, and 875 feet of pile pier was built outward from the shore to connect with the caisson breakwater. The amount expended on this work is $129,304.57. About 600 feet of the old north pier has been removed, but no payment has been made therefor, and the full project depth has been maintained by dredging, the amount expended therefor being $1,456.69. The con- crete caissons for breakwater extension were built at Milwaukee by hired labor and use of Government plant and delivered to the con- tractor at Sheboygan, the amount expended thereon being $36,473.96. The remainder of the work was done by contract. The expenditures were, for improvement, $129,304.57, and for maintenance, $1,456.69, a total of $130,761.26. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The channel has a minimum depth of about 21 feet with a least width of about 200 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at the end of the fiscal year is about 20 feet. The total expenditures under existing project were, for improvement, $261,033.78, and for maintenance, $57,456.61, a total of $318,490.39. The extension of north breakwater and removal of north harbor pier is about 73 per cent completed. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has a mate- rial effect in controlling freight rates, not only on coal and other bulk commodities, both locally and for transshipment, but also in affording to Sheboygan the rail rates accorded places at which water competition exists. Proposed operations.--It is believed that the funds available are sufficient for completion of partial project and for maintenance of this harbor to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, furniture, cheese, fish, stone, wood, and gen- eral merchandise. Comparative statement. 1228 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $748, 850. 42 Maintenance___ ---------------- ---- __ -------- 144, 739. 41 Total ------------------------------- 893, 589.83 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ...... .................................. $29,591.47 $73,247. 43 $129,304.57 Maintenance.. .... ................... 7,714.92 3,286.33 1,456.69 Total.................. .......................... 37,306.39 76,533.76 130,761.26 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912_______ $127, 000. 00 Mar. Mar. 191--------------------------------------------------2700.0 4,, 1913 ____ ______________ 237, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_______________-_____-__ 266, 169. 29 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement______________- - $129, 304. 57 For maintenance of improvement ______-___-__ 1, 456. 69 130, 761.26 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_-------- - - ____-_ 135, 408. 03 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ----------------- 240. 13 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts------------------------------------------ 02, 839. 73 103, 079. 86 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------ __-__ -___ _--- ____ 32, 328. 17 12. PORT WASHINGTON HARBOR, WIS. Location.-This improvement is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Sauk River. It is distant about 52 miles south from Manitowoc and about 25 miles north from Mil- waukee. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-No harbor existed at this place. The Sauk River is a comparatively small creek and not available for naviga- tion over any portion of it. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 11, 1870. This project was modified by the river and harbor act of August 14, 1876. The amount expended on the original project and modification is $203,486.79. For scope of' previous projects, see Appendix, page 1938. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for increasing the depth in channel and basins to 18 feet. The estimated cost of the project is $30,000 (dredging for improvement, $25,850; repairs of piers for maintenance, $4,150), and $2,500 annually for dredging for mainte- nance. (H. Doc. No. 306, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) There has been no modification of the existing project since its adoption. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1229 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The existing proj- ect, with the exception of maintenance, was completed in 1911, and the full project depth of 18 feet obtained in the channel and basins. Since then expenditures have been for maintenance. The expendi- tures prior to the fiscal year 1915 were, for improvement, $22,446.30, and for maintenance, $13,351.91, a total of $35,798.21. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The project depths in channel and basins have been maintained by dredging. Repairs have been made to the harbor piers. The work of maintenance has been carried on by hired labor and use of Government plant. The expenditures were for maintenance, $2,172.86. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The entrance channel has a minimum depth of 18 feet with a least width of about 100 feet. The depth in the basins is about 18 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at the end of the fiscal year is 17 feet. The approved project has been completed for less than the estimate, the amount of the saving being $3,403.70. The total expenditures under existing project were, for improvement, $22,446.30, and for maintenance, $15,524.77; a total of $37,971.07. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has a con- siderable effect in controlling freight rates not only in coal for local consumption brought in by way of the harbor but also in affording Port Washington the rail rates accorded places where water compe- tition exists. Proposed operations.-Annual dredging for maintenance of chan- nel is necessary and minor repairs to the piers will probably be re- quired. The funds available June 30, 1915, will probably be ex- hausted June 30, 1916. The following estimate for additional funds for maintenance is submitted: Operation of U. S. dipper dredge Kewaunee, one-fourth month, at $4,000_ $1, 000 Repairs to harbor piers______-------- 1, 000 _--------_ Engineering and contingencies----------------------- ----------- 500 Total ------------------------------------------------- 2, 500 Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, fish, package freight, and stone. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Value. 1912...............................12,345............................................... 12,345 $73,400 1913................ .......... .. ...................................... 12,677 310,275 1914.... ............... ... .................... .................. 20,184 415,316 The increase in amount of tonnage and valuation is due to the improvement of the channel, permitting larger draft boats to enter this port. 1230 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------- -------------------------- $211, 009. 63 Maintenance---------------- ------------------------- 30, 648. 23 Total --------------------------------------------- 241, 657.86 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................................. Maintenance ...................................................... $140.43 $3,944.57 $2,172.86 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------- $2, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------ ------------------------- 4, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_------------------------__ 6, 483. 25 Amount allotted-from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 .-. 5, 000. 00 11, 483. 25 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------- -- 2, 172. 86 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 9, 310. 39 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, foi maintenance of improvement- ------- ----- - _ 12, 500. 00 13. MILWAUKEE HARBOR, WIS., INCLUDING HARBOR OF REFUGE. Location.-This improvement is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Milwaukee River. It is distant about 85 miles northerly from Chicago and about 85 miles west of Grand Haven, Mich. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-The original depth at the mouth of the Mil- waukee River was not more than 4J feet and no harbor existed at this place. (For navigable portions of Milwaukee River and tributaries, see report for Milwaukee Inner Harbor.) Previous projects.-Priorto the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, Milwaukee Harbor and harbor of refuge constituted separate works. By this act they were consolidated. The original project for improvement of Milwaukee Harbor was adopted by act of March 3, 1843. This project was modified by river and harbor acts as follows: August 30, 1852, April 10, 1869, and March 3, 1899. The original project for the harbor of refuge was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881. The project of June 13, 1902, for the harbor and harbor of refuge was modified by river and harbor act of March 3, 1905. The total expenditures on the harbor and harbor of refuge are $1,739,040.88. For scope of previous projects, see appendix, page 1938. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, provides for maintenance of 21-foot 1Exclusive of the bPlance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1231 channel and existing works, rebuilding south pier, building 3,800 feet of concrete superstructure on breakwater, and extending the break- water 1,000 feet. The estimated cost of the project is $592,000, all of which has been appropriated. There has been no modification of this project since its adoption. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The present project was completed in 1910, except for maintenance. Expenditures prior to the fiscal year 1915 were, for improvement, $105,848.98, and for maintenance, $519,570.22, a total of $625,419.20. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-Stone for riprap has been deposited around the breakwater where necessary. The stone was purchased at the quarry under contract. The delivery of stone and depositing in the work was done by hired labor and use of Government plant. A small amount of dredging was done at the launching ways, Milwaukee Breakwater, by hired labor and use of Government plant; repairs were made to Government plant. The expenditures were, for maintenance, $10,589.31. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. The breakwater has been extended 980 feet and, with the exception of this extension, has been provided with concrete superstructure. A new south pier has been built and original south pier removed. The channel between the piers has the full project depth of 21 feet and a minimum width of about 190 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at the end of the fiscal year is 21 feet. The total expendi- tures under existing project were, for improvement, $105,848.98, and for maintenance, $530,159.53, a total of $636,008.51. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-By reason of its excellent harbor the man- ufacturers and distributers of Milwaukee enjoy superior shipping facilities and low freight rates, especially to and from eastern points. Many bulky articles, such as coal, salt, sugar, etc., are transshipped from water to rail at Milwaukee. The favorable effect of the harbor upon commerce is widespread throughout several States lying to the westward. Proposed operations.-Additional riprap will be required along the breakwater, and it is probable that dredging will be necessary in the entrance channel. The funds available June 30, 1915, will prob- ably be exhausted September 30, 1916. The following estimate for additional funds for maintenance during the fiscal year 1917 is submitted: Riprap for breakwater, 6,000 tons, at $1.50--- ...-------------- -------- $9, 000 Operation of U. S. dredge Kewaunee, one-fourth month, at $4,000----__- 1, 000 Engineering and contingencies- .--------------------------------- 1, 000 Total ------------------ ------------------------------ 11, 000 Commercial statistics.--The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, grain, lumber, millstuffs, cheese, manufac- tured iron, salt, copper, flour, and miscellaneous. 1232 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Shorttons Value. 1912... ----------------------------------------------------------- 7,779,627 $129,131,850 1913 ... ----------------------------------------------------------- 8,647,230 140,734,750 ---------------------------------------------------------- 1914.......................................................................... 8,484,829 152,870,899 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------- $1,385, 465. 17 Maintenance 89, 584. 22 9------------------------------- Total 375, 049. 39 2---------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 Newwork......................................................... ............ Maintenance.....................................---- ............ $2, 640.41 10,237.89 $10, 589.31 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------- $15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ____________-____- -___ 12, 443. 47 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 15, 000.00 Receipts from sales_____ _____-_____-_ -__- .18 27, 443. 65 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for main- tenance of improvement-------- 10, 589. 31 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --------------------------- 16, 854. 34 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--___ __ __ ___- - $59. 61 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 3, 450. 00 3, 509. 61 July 1, 1915, balance available___ - -__ _____ _ 13, 344.73 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--___- - 11, 000. 00 14. MILWAUKEE (INNER) HARBOR, WIS. Location.-For location, see report on Milwaukee Harbor, Wis., including harbor of refuge. Original condition.-The original condition of the rivers compris- ing the inner harbor of Milwaukee is not definitely known. These rivers have been dredged for many years by the city of Milwaukee and a depth maintained therein of about 21 feet. The three rivers constituting the inner harbor are actually navigable as follows: Mil- waukee River, about 24 miles, where a dam has been constructed around which vessels can not be passed; Menominee River, about 2 miles; Kinnickinnic River, about 21 miles. The two last-named rivers are small creeks above the head of navigation. Previous projects.-The original project is the existing project. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1233 Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, as modified by special act of June 30, 1906, and river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for the excavation of two turning basins located on the Kinnickinnic River, the excavation of a channel 100 to 150 feet wide from the mouth of the Kinnickinnic River to the uppermost turning basin in that river, the excavation of a channel 100 feet wide in the Menominee River and 150 feet wide in the Milwaukee River from the mouth of the Menominee River to the harbor entrance, and dredging certain points in the Menominee River so as to make said river more available for commerce; all channels and basins to be 21 feet deep. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. The estimated cost of this improvement is $318,581. (H. Doc. No. 120, 58th Cong., 2d sess., and H. Doc. No. 667, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--A survey for the establishment of harbor lines was made, but no other work under the existing project has been undertaken. The expenditures were, for improvement, $4,961.13. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The survey for establishment of harbor lines was completed. No other operations have been in progress. The expenditures were, for improvement, $38.87. The act of March 3, 1905, carried a continuing contract au- thorization in the sum of $218,581, no part of which has been appro- priated. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-No dredging has been done under the project. The total expenditures under existing project were for improvement, $5,000. Local cooperation.-The act adopting the project provided that no part of the appropriation made therefor should be expended un- less the Secretary of War should have satisfactory assurances that the city of Milwaukee would comply with certain conditions. Stated briefly, the city must donate the land for the turning basins, must revet channels and basins wherever necessary, and must maintain the improvement after its completion. By special act of May 28, 1908 (ch. 213, sec. 6), the Secretary of War was authorized, in his discretion, to enter into a contract or contracts for the improvement of the Kinnickinnic River as soon as the city of Milwaukee shall have complied with the foregoing conditions, so far as they apply to the Kinnickinnic River or any part thereof. The city of Milwaukee has given title to the United States for a portion of the land re- quired, and by resolution of the common council has given the required assurances relative to revetting channels and basins and maintaining the improvement, which assurances were approved by the Secretary of War April 14, 1911. It is expected that the land required for improvement of the Menomonee River will be donated to the United States during the next fiscal year. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project will have a material effect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, and ore, both locally and for transshipment. It is impracticable to estimate the amount of reduction thereby effected. Proposedoperations.--tAs all the conditions precedent to beginning work under the project have not yet been complied with by the city 8373 0-ENG 1915- 78 1234 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of Milwaukee, the funds available June 30, 1915, will probably be sufficient for all work which will be done prior to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of Milwaukee has already been described in the report relating to Milwaukee Harbor. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-- - 5, 000 $-------- Maintenance ------- ---- --- --- ------- -- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.. .......... .. .................................. MNenane----------------------------------------------------------------- $197.00 $4,764.13 $38.87 M aintenance................................. ..................... ... $9.0$,6.3 ............... $88 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__---------------------------- $95, 038. 87 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 6----------------------------- 1, 000. 00 34, 038. 87 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ---------------------------------------------- 38. 87 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------- 34, 000. 00 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 3, 1905___ 218, 581. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated ----------------------------- 218, 581. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project --------------- 1279, 581. 00 15. RACINE HARBOR, WIS. Location.-This improvement is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Root River. It is distant about 23 miles southerly from Milwaukee and about 62 miles northerly from Chicago. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-The channel depth at the mouth of Root River varied from absolute closure after storms to about 7 feet, and no harbor existed at this place. Root River is navigable for a dis- tance of about 1 mile above its mouth. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the citi- zens of Racine about 1842 or 1843. The citizens' project was modi- fied by river and harbor acts as follows: June 23, 1866; March 3, 1899; and June 13, 1902. The amount expended by the United States under the original project and modifications is $507,141.72. For scope of previous projects, see appendix, page 1939. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, provides for maintenance of a 21-foot channel and works inicident thereto, for extension of the north break- SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1235 water, for a south breakwater, and for subsequent necessary exten- sions to each breakwater, in general accordance with type plan as set forth in report submitted in House Document No. 62, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. In annual report for 1909 it was recom- mended that the work in the immediate future be confined to extend- ing the north breakwater shoreward and postponing the construction of the south breakwater until its necessity should be more fully dem- onstrated. The estimated cost of this partial improvement was $243,000. The necessity of a south breakwater having become ap- parent, an allotment of $150,000 was made under the provisions of the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, for the construction of a south breakwater. There has been no modification of the existing project since its adoption. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The extension of the north breakwater to the shore, the removal of the greater part of the north pier, and widening the channel as contemplated by the project for partial improvement were completed in 1915. The ex- penditures on this project prior to the fiscal year 1915 were, for im- provement, $230,664.36, and for maintenance, $68,865.02, a total of $299,529.38. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work of re- pairing and strengthening the wharf and launching ways at Mil- waukee, on which caissons for the south breakwater are to be built, was commenced and is in progress at the close of the fiscal year, the amount expended thereon being $1,705.68. Repairs were also made to the Government plant. All operations have been carried on by hired labor and use of Government plant. The expenditures were, for improvement, $2,836.60, and for maintenance, $2,554.56, a total of $5,391.16. Conditions at the end of fiscal year.-The north breakwater is the full length contemplated. The channel has a depth of about 21 feet with a least width of about 150 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at the end of the fiscal year is about 20 feet. The north breakwater extension has been completed for less than the estimate, the amount of the saving being $12,335.64. Total expenditures under existing project were, for improvement, $233,500.96, and for main- tenance, $71,419.58, a total of $304,920.54. The extension of north breakwater and removal of north harbor pier is entirely completed. The partial project for south breakwater and for removal of south pier is about 1 per cent completed. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has a con- siderable effect in controlling freight rates, not only on coal and other bulk commodities, both local and for transshipment, but also by affording Racine the rail rates accorded places at which water competition exists. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the funds available will be practically exhausted October 31, 1916, the work remaining to be done after this date being the construction of concrete superstructure, deferred until the substructure has settled. 1236 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The following estimate for completion of harbor-entrance and ex- tension of south breakwater is submitted: 972 linear feet breakwater, at $165_-------------------------------- $160, 380 Removing 800 linear feet old south pier, at $20_ __-- __ _ 16, 000 Dredging 40,000 cubic yards for enlargement of channel, at 13 cents-_ 5, 200 Engineering and contingencies____------------------------------ 18, 420 Total---- ------- --------------------------- 200, 000 Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, wood, fish, and package freight. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................. ............................................ 223,496 $7,599,700 1913............. . ........................................ .... ... 247,737 7,639,250 1914............................................................................. 221,125 6,197,979 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------------- $660, 740. 93 Maintenance ---- ----------------------------------- 151, 321. 33 Total ________________________-____-- 812, 062. 26 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ...................................... ..... $.103,856.97 $39, 094. 22 $2, 836.60 Maintenance............................... .......... --.. 30, 598.62 2,554.56 Total................ ............................ 103,856.97 69,692.84 5,391.16 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914------------------------------------------------ $3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------- 150,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--- ______ -____ -_ _ 2,464. 72 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 3, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 150, 000. 00 155, 464. 72 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------- $2,836. 60 For maintenance of improvement---------------2, 554. 56 5, 391. 16 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__________--_______- __ 150, 073. 56 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ______________ _ 4, 690. 28 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 885. 00 5, 575. 28 July 1, 1915, balance available---_______--_______________ _ 144, 498. 28 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project- -- .256,000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal-year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement--------_____________ '200, 0)0. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1237 16. KENOSHA HARBOR, WIS. Location.-This improvement is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of Pike Creek. It is distant about 33 miles southerly from Milwaukee and about 52 miles northerly from Chi- cago. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-The original depth of water at the mouth of Pike Creek varied from absolute closure to about 4 feet and no harbor existed at this place. Pike Creek is a small stream and, except for the lower portion constituting the harbor basin, is not navigable. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 30, 1852. This project was modified by subsequent river and harbor acts as follows: June 23, 1866, Sep- tember 19, 1890, March 3, 1899, and June 13, 1902. Total expendi- tures on original and modified projects are $475,815.37. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1939. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, provides for maintenance of an entrance channel 21 feet deep, of an inner basin 20 feet deep, and for an exten- sion of 200 feet to the landward end of the breakwater. The esti- mated cost of the breakwater extension was $42,000. There has been no modification of the existing project since its adoption. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The breakwater extension was completed in 1909. Since then all expenditures have been for maintenance. The expenditures have been, for improve- ment, $40,553.04, and for maintenance, $61,287.10, a total of $101,- 840.14. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The project depths in channel and basin have been maintained, the expenditure for which has been $1,939.29. Stone was deposited for riprap around the breakwater and harbor piers where settlements had occurred, the amount expended thereon being $3,764. 88. All work has been carried on by hired labor and use of Government plant, the expendi- tures being, for maintenance, $6,183.79. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The channel between the piers has a depth of 21 feet for a minimum width of about 180 feet. The basin has the project depth of 20 feet over about one-half its area. The extension of the breakwater has somewhat diminished disturbances in the harbor during storms. The maximum draft that could be carried at the close of the fiscal year is about 20 feet in the channel and about 19 feet in the basin. The breakwater extension has been completed for less than the estimate, the amount of the saving being $1,446.96. The total expenditures under existing proj- ect were, for improvement, $40,553.04, and for maintenance, $67,- 470.89, a total of $108,023.93. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has a con- siderable effect in controlling freight rates, not only on coal for local consumption brought in by way of the harbor, but also by affording Kenosha rail rates accorded places at which water com- petition exists. 1238 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.-It is believed that the funds available June 30, 1915, will be sufficient for maintenance of channel and works incident thereto until June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, lumber, leather, stone, and package freight. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. ........................ 1912....................... 80,057 $3,773,500 1913 ........... .......... ...................................................... 85,743 4,577,300 1914 ........................................................................ 78,641 4,259,746 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------- ---------------- ----- $494, 392. 53 Maintenance ---- ---- ---------- --------- 89, 446. 77 Total ----- ----- ---------- 583, 839. 30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. Maintenance. 18, 009. 18 $26,516.49 $6,183.79 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- $11, 000. 00 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------------15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 _ ------------------- 24,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-----------------------------------------------___ 25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________________________ 11, 813. 91 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 25, 000. 00 36, 813. 91 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-----------------------------------------------6, 183. 79 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 30, 630. 12 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts------------ 885. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available __________-___________________ 29, 745. 12 17. WAUKEGAN HARBOR, ILL. Location--This improvement is located on the west shore of Lake Michigan. It is distant about 49 miles south of Milwaukee and about 36 miles north from Chicago. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7.) Original condition.-Originally there was no navigable channel or natural harbor at this place, there being no river or creek empty- ing into Lake Michigan at this point susceptible to improvement. Previous projects.--An appropriation of $15,000 was made by the river and harbor act of August 30, 1852, for a breakwater. This RIVER AND HARBiOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1239 work was abandoned. The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880. This project was modified by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. The amount ex- pended on original project and modification is $233,944.41, including appropriation of $15,000 made by the river and harbor act of August 30, 1852. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1940. Present project. The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June '13, 1902, provides for extending both harbor piers, building a breakwater, and increasing depth in channel to 20 feet. The estimated cost of this project is $345,000. There has been no modification of the present project since its adoption. The plane of reference is 581.63 feet above mean tide at New York City, being the mean level of Lake Michigan for the years 1860-1875. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The present proj- ect was completed in 1904. Since then the expenditures have been for maintenance. The expenditures prior to the fiscal year 1915 were, for improvement, $310,339.39; and for maintenance, $158,- 640.30, a total of $468,979.69. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The project depths in channel and basin have been maintained, the expenditure for which has been $2,858.35. Stone was deposited for riprap around the breakwater and harbor piers where settlements had occurred, the amount expended thereon being $2,758.51. Repairs were made to Government plant. All work has been carried on by hired labor and use of Government plant, on which the expenditures for main- tenance have been $5,874.22. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The channel between the piers has a minimum depth of about 201 feet with a least width of about 160 feet. The basin has a minimum depth of about 20 feet. The maximum draft that can be carried at the close of the fiscal year is about 19 feet. The approved project has been completed for less than the estimate, the amount of the saving being $34,660.61. The expenditures under existing project were, for improvement, $310,339.39 and for maintenance, $164,514.52, a total of $474,853.91. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has a con- siderable effect in controlling freight rates on coal and other bulk commodities, it being a terminus of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- way, known as the Chicago Outer Belt Line, which places the harbor in close connection with all railways entering Chicago. Proposed operations.-Annual dredging for maintenance of chan- nel is necessary, and repairs to the breakwater, piers, and revetments will be required. The funds available June 30, 1915, will probably be exhausted June 30, 1916. The following estimate for additional funds for maintenance during the fiscal year 1917 is submitted: Operation of U. S. dredge Kewaunee, 1 month-------------------- $4, 000 Rebuilding revetment along east side of basin above water, 882 linear feet, at $10--------------------------------------------- 8,820 Riprap along breakwater and at outer ends of piers, 1,000 tons, at $1.50- 1, 500 Engineering and contingencies------------- ----------------- 1, 680 Total----------------------------------------------- 16, 000 Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is coal, salt, fish, and package freight. 1240 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF E1GIE SERS, . S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................--........... 200,325 $2,190,665 1913...--............--................. 235,376 2,496,300 1914...... .. ........ .. ............................................... ......... 220,814 2,569,015 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-- ------------------------------------ $528, 572.93 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 180, 225. 39 Total _--------------------------------------------- 708, 798. 32 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................... . . . Maintenance ............................ ........... ....... ........ $9,681.39 $16,180.88 $5,874. 22 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911- ----- $10, 000.00 July 25, 1912----------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913___ 18, 500. 00 M ar. 4, 1915- ...........-........... 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-...... __- 6, 372. 66 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 10, 000.00 16, 372. 66 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------ 5, 874. 22 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-___ 10, 498. 44 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-------------------- 16, 000. 00 18. FOX RIVER, WIS. Location.-The Fox River rises in Columbia County, Wis., and flows in a northerly direction into Green Bay, an arm of Lake Michi- gan. The length is about 176 miles; the length of the particular section under improvement is 156 miles, the lower end of the section being at Depere, 7 miles above the mouth of the river. The Wolf River, a tributary of the Fox, rises in the central part of Forest County, Wis., and, flowing in a southerly direction, empties into the Fox River 10 miles above Oshkosh. The length is about 220 miles; the length of the particular section under improvement, in conjunction with the Fox River, is from New London to the mouth, 47 miles. Original condition.-Lake Winnebago divides the Fox River into two distinct sections. The upper section flows between low banks 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. R tVE1R AND HARBORt IlPRtOVEMETS. 1241 and for 25 miles, through three long lakes, before reaching Lake Winnebago at Oshkosh. The fall from Portage, Wis., the head of navigation, to Lake Winnebago at mean stage is 37.6 feet. The original width of this section of the river was from 50 to 300 feet. The minimum usable depth is not known, but was not over 2 feet. The lower section of the river from Lake Winnebago to Depere has a fall of about 166 feet, divided into a series of eight rapids. "The width varies from 300 to 1,000 feet and the original depth from 2 to 12 feet. From Depere to Green Bay the river is from 300 to 3,000 feet wide and the depth from 3 to 25 feet. The Wolf River from Shawano to its mouth passes between low banks with a gentle slope and for 9 miles through two lakes be- fore its junction with the Fox River, 10 miles above Oshkosh, Wis. The original depth of the Wolf River from Shawano to its mouth varied from 2 feet to 20 feet, and the width from 75 "feet to 1,000 feet. The river was navigable for small steamers during a fair stage of water from its mouth to Shawano, a distance of about 136 miles, which is nominally the head of navigation. It has been used for logging purposes for 100 miles above Shawano. Previous projects.-In 1872 the United States assumed control of the improvement of the waterway between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, as pro- vided by special act of July 7, 1870, and river and harbor act of June 10, 1872. The original project was modified by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1873. Expenditures, $3,239,909.63, of which $591,161.39 was spent solely upon the Wisconsin River. The im- provement of the Wisconsin River was abandoned in 1887. (Annual Report for 1887, p. 2096.) For scope of previous projects, see Ap- pendix, page 1940. Present project.-The present project was approved by the Secre- tary of War December 10, 1884. (Annual Report for 1885, p. 2041.) This project was modified by authority of the Chief of Engineers May 14, 1886, and by subsequent river and harbor acts, as follows: September 19, 1890, June 3, 1896, June 13, 1902, and March 2, 1907. The project as modified provides for deepening and widening the channel of the Fox River from Depere to Portage, Wis., the depth between Depere and Montello, a distance of 125 miles, to be 6 feet, and from Montello to Portage, a distance of 31 miles, the depth to be 4 feet, the width of channel from Lake Winnebago to Montello to be 100 feet, for the construction and reconstruction of locks and dams, for construction and maintenance of harbors having depths of 6 feet on Lake Winnebago, and for dredging and snagging in Wolf River. The original estimated cost was $602,000. This estimate was revised in 1908 (Annual Report for 1908, p. 668); the present revised esti- mate is $749,103.36, exclusive of maintenance. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The following depths had been obtained: From Depere to mouth of Wolf River, 10 miles above Oshkosh, a distance of 66 miles, 6 feet; from mouth of Wolf River to Princeton, 42 miles, 5.5 feet; from Princeton to Grand River Lock, 21 miles, a minimum depth of 5 feet. All locks and dams had been reconstructed where necessary. Harbors on Lake Winnebago were constructed and maintained. A channel 4 feet 1242 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. deep and 100 feet wide had been formed in Wolf River from its mouth to New London, a distance of 47 miles. The expenditures have been, for improvement, $638,084.23, and for maintenance, $20,- 345.28, a total of $658,429.51. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations dur- ing the fiscal year consisted in dredging, snagging, and repairs of plant. All operations have been by hired labor and use of Govern- ment plant. About 11,000 linear feet of channel was dredged, at an expenditure of $4,516.04, for improvement. About 2,825 linear feet of channel in Fond Du Lac Harbor was dredged, the expendi- ture thereon to close of fiscal year being $930.70. Snags were re- moved from Wolf River over a distance of 20 miles at an expendi- ture of $706.37. Repairs were made to floating and other plant per- taining to the improvement, at an expenditure of $3,460.52, this work being charged as maintenance. The expenditures have been, for improvement, $8,492.95, and for maintenance, $4,819.09, a total of $13,312.04. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The present project is about 92 per cent completed. The maximum draft that can be carried through the channel over the shoalest part of the improvement is as follows: Feet. From Green Bay to the confluence of the Fox and Wolf Rivers, 10 miles above Oshkosh (mile post 10) _______________ ________ _______ 5. 5 From mile post 10 to Princeton Lock - 5. 0 From Princeton Lock to Grand River Lock___________________________ 3. 5 From Grand River Lock to Portage Lock___________________________ 2. 5 On Wolf River from its mouth to New London_________________________ 3. 5 The total expenditures under existing project have been, for im- provement, $646,577.18, and for maintenance, $25,164.37, a total of $671,741.55. Locks and dams, Fox River, Wis. Depth on miter Rebuilt by United Distance Lngth at mean sills When built. Rebuilt by United State. Name of lock or dam. Material. Green frombe- tween width Lift at mean stage. Bay. miter stage. sills. Upper. Lower. Date. Original Date. Cost. Miles. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Depere Lock l................. ... . ....... Composite......... 7.08 170.0 35.8 9.00 8.30 7.10 1850 1887 $9,786.20 1896-97 14,159.39 Depere Dam 1. .................................. Cribs, stone filling. 7.08 21854 1878-1880 29,338.00 1886 5,865.12 Little Kaukauna Lock'............................... Little Kaukauna Dam ...... .. ..................... ........... Composite........ Piles, timber, and 12.95 12.95 160.6 36.6 6.98 12.50 6.90 1857 1857 1895-96 1878 8,986.52 22,376.31 z stone. Rapide Croche Lock'................................. Stone masonry.... 18.93 160.4 36.6 8.59 14.60 7.60 1857-1859 a Rapide Croche Dam 1...................................... Cribs, stone filling. 18.93 1849 Kaukauna Fifth Lock 1.................. ................ Composite......... 22.76 170.0 35.6 8.44 7.10 8.80 (1887-88 1878 1897-98 18,912.91 6,991.74 13,309.90 a Kaukauna Fourth Lock1.. ................................ Stone masonry.... 23.07 170.1 36.6 10.20 6.40 6.00 1876-1879 37,536.37 0 Kaukauna Third Lock'...................................... .... do............. Kaukauna Second Lock,................ .... ........... ..... 23.24 23.41 do .............. 170.0 170.0 36.6 35.0 10.20 9.62 6.70 6.20 6.30 6.00 ( 1889-90 1876-1879 1902-3 39,948.41 8,600.91 24,312.77 o. Kaukauna First Lock 1 .. .. . ... . . . ............. ..... do............. 23.62 170.4 35.0 10.70 6.67 6.00 '1854 1882-83 38,703.52 Kaukauna Dam 1............................. ............. Cribs, stone filling. 23.80 1854 1878 32,109.39 0 Kaukauna Guard Lock...................................... Stone masonry.... 24.00 40.0 9.90 1891 Little Chute Combined Lock, Lower 1 ..................... ..... do..... ....... 25.40 ro 172.5 35.4 11.22 6.00 8.10 1874-1879J 102, 303.82 Little Chute Combined Lock, Upper ........ .. ..... 25.40 do............... 170.1 36.3 10.63 8.05 6.00 1876-1879} x Little Chute Second Lock 1.. ...... ..... do............. 26.37 170.'2 35.0 14.40 12.14 6.00 1880-81 48,555.36 Little Chute First (guard) Lock . ........ . ......... ..... do............. 26.55 35.4 7.68 21854 1903-4 7,816.56 0 Little Chute Dam ....................................... Cribs, stone filling. 26.60 1878 16,963.27 Cedars Lock'............................................ Stone masonry.... 27.33 35.0 9.73 6.84 6.88 1854 1887-88 34, 972.19 Cedars Dam 1................. ........................... Cribs, stone filling. 27.33 170.0 1850 1878 18, 348.06 Appleton Fourth Lock ................... .................. Stone masonry.... 30.73 170.0 35.0 7.30 8.42 7.93 ............ .......... 1894-95 40, 8,847.30 Appleton Lower Dam 1.............................. Appleton Third Lock............................. Cribs, stone filling. . Stone masonry..... 30.73 31.29 170.6 35.0 8.50 6.20 8.67 { 1880 1889 1888 892.55 23,456.98 6,155.01 8,760.26 1899-1900 32,238.39 Appleton Second Lock i...............................do.......... 31.58 170.7 35.1 9.61 7.11 6.00 1876-1879 37,865.27 Appleton First Lock i............................... ..... ..... do............. 31.94 35.0 10.17 6.69 6.00 1900-1901 22, 939.54 170.7 11883-84 36,004.48 Appleton Upper Dam.................... ................... do......... 31.94 1873-74 60,480.69 Built prior to assumption of control by the United States. 2 About. Locks and dams, Fox River, Wis.-Continued. D itomieabRebuilt by United on miter ath When built. States. Distance from Length be- Clear Lift at Dsillsstage. Material. Green tw n width. mean sae Name of lock or dam. Ba miter stage. sills. Upper. Lower. Date. Original Date. Cost. cost. a Miles. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Menasha Lock1...................................Composite........ 37.00 170.0 35.4 8.65 7.56 7.89 1856 ... f 1888-89 12,774.92 Menasha Dam1................................ ....... Cribs, stone filling. 37.90 .................... ........ 1885-1887 ................................... 2, 553.84 Eureka Lock............................................... Stone masonry .... 80.87 170.6 35.7 1.94 7.89 10.00 1875-76 $51,127.51....... Eureka Dam.............................................. Timber andplank. 80.87 .................................. 1876 1,513.45 1877-1879 10,276.15 Berlin Lock............ ......................... Stone masonry... 89.18 170.6 34.8 1.59 7.75 8.91 1875-1878 44,370.98........... Berlin Dam............................................... Cribs, stone filling. 89.18 ........ .... .............. 1877 1,285.19 1893-94 14,747.14 M White River Lock........................................ Stone masonry.... 99.17 170.5 34.0 1.81 7.25 10.41 1875-1878 58,709.94 ... .. ...... White River Dam......................................... Cribs, stone filling. 99.17 ............... .... ............. 1878 1,235.34 1894-95 17,285.64 0M I Princeton Lock...........................................Stone masonry.... 108.57 170.4 34.9 1.11 8.07 9.69 1875-1878 51,577.84 ................. ,. Princeton Dam............................................. Cribs, stone filling. 108.57 .................................... 1878 1,429.84 1897-98 11, 265.69 Grand River Lock......................................... Stone masonry .... 129.27 170.3 34.7 1.14 6.68 9.91 1875-1878 56,989.43 ........... Grand River Dam........................................ Cribs, stone filling. 129.27 ........ ... . ....... .... 1878 751.20 1897-98 8,446. Montello Lock '............................... Composite......... 132.60 160.5 35.3 3.26 7.82 5.93 1868 ... 1..186 4,551.08 Montello Dam 1................................. Cribs, stone filling. 132.60 ..................................... 1868.................................1868 0 ,f 1885-86 9 ,1 Governor Bend Lock 1..................................... ..... do............. 156.71 160.4 35.0 3.17 7.11 5.61 1863-1865 .. . .9 1898-99. .5 Governor Bend Dam 1..........................................do............ 156.71 ......... 1865 18..........5 ....................... Fort Winnebago Lock1................... .............. Composite......... 160.88 160.2 35.0 5.85 10.27 5.93 1859 ............... 1890 12,088.45 Portage Lock 1.......................do............. ................. do............163.05 165.3 35.1 1.97 7.21 5.22 1851 .............. 1892-93 23,161.13 SBuilt prior to assumption of control by the United States. r1j2 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1245 Local cooperation.-Private and municipal interests have ex- pended along the Fox and Wolf Rivers and Lake Winnebago for docking, dredging, warehouses, and various other improvements the sum of $326,452. Effect of improvement.-Its principal effect so far, aside from the creation of valuable water powers, has been to cause a considerable reduction in freight rates to points in the Fox River Valley, par- ticularly as to coal and grain. Proposed operations.-It is proposea to continue dredging for improvement in upper Fox River between the mouth of Wolf River and Montello, and to maintain the channels in harbors on Lake Winnebago and Wolf River. The funds available will probably be exhausted June 30, 1916. The following estimate of additional funds needed during the fiscal year 1917 is submitted: Operation of-- Dredge Oshkosh, 7 months, at $1,500 per month --------------- $10, 500 Dredge Appleton, 7 months, at $1,000 per month- - 7, 000 Dredge Omro, 7 months, at $800 per month--------------- 5, 600 Tug Fox, 4 months, at $652 per month ...- 2, 608 Tug Wolf, 4 months, at $823 per month_________________________ 3, 292 Engineering and contingencies 1, 000 Total------ ---------------------------------------- 30, 000 Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is brick, coal, grain, flour and feed, lumber, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Value, 1912..--...----...--------.....--...----.------------................-------------------------................................--...... 145,890 $634,362 1913------......------------......................---...--------....--.------------................................-----------...... --- 134,638 724,972 1914-----------------------------------------------.................................................. ---------------- 144,597 838,637 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work $3, 886, 486. 81 Maintenance--------- -------------------------------- 25, 164. 37 Total ------------ ------------------------- 3, 911, 651.18 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........ .... .. ............................................. 13,676.51 $10,545.06 $8, 492.95 Maintenance....---.......... . .--......--... ...... ......... . 4,511.44 '4,388.48 4,819.09 Total................ ............................. 18,187.95 14,933.54 13,312.04 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------ ----- -------- -- $20, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914. -------------- ------------------- . 10, 00. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ------------ ------ .------------------ 20, 000. 00 1246 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _----------------_- $3, 857. 04 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 20, 000. 00 Receipts from sales,________________ -- __ ---- ______ 20.87 33, 877. 91 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ________--_- $8, 492. 95 For maintenance of improvement_____---------- 4, 819. 09 13, 312. 04 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ______________ ____ _ 20, 565. 87 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ _ _-_ __ 3, 336. 91 July 1, 1915, balance available_______________________ _ _____ 17, 228. 96 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------------------------------------- 80, 353. 36 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_ 30, 000.00 19. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCKS AND DAMS ON FOX RIVER, WIS. Present project.-The present project is for operating and main- taining the river and canals as provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. It provides for maintaining a channel of 6 feet depth from Depere to Montello and 4 feet depth from Mon- tello to Portage, Wis., at standard low water. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project depths were maintained and necessary repairs made to locks, dams. canals, Srevetments, buildings, and other works in connection with the im- provement. The expenditures were $1,685,352.94. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations dur- ing the fiscal year consisted in dredging for restoration of project depths, at an expenditure of $6,285.04; in making necessary repairs to locks, dams, canal banks, and lock houses, at an expenditure of $15,534.18; and in the operation and care of locks and dams in ac- cordance with the approved project, at an expenditure of $11,002.34. Repairs were made during the winter to floating and other plant, the amount expended thereon being $3,627.32. The work was done by hire of labor and use of Government plant. The expenditures were $47,678.15. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-See preceding report on Fox River, Wis. The total expenditures under the present project for operating and care is $1,733,031.09. Proposed operations.-The channels and canals, locks, dams, and buildings incident thereto will be operated and maintained under allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation made by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF JULY 25, 1912, MARCH 4, 1913, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary exancinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1247 of July 25, 1912, March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Wolf River, Wis. 2. Harbor at Green Bay, IWis., with a view to securing a channel depth of 21 feet. 3. Milwaukee Harbor, Wis. 4. South Milwaukee Harbor, Wis. The duty of making the reexamination in accordance with the law for the original examination of rivers and harbors as provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, with a view to obtaining a report whether the adopted project for Fox River, Wis., shall be modified or the improvement abandoned, has been also assigned to the district engineer officer, and his report will be duly submitted when received. IMPROVEMENTS OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE CHICAGO, ILL., DISTRICT. This district includes the Illinois River in Illinois and its navi- gable tributaries in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, and the har- bors on Lake Michigan from Chicago, Ill., to Michigan City, Ind., inclusive, together with the navigable waterways entering Lake Michigan at Chicago and Michigan City, or between them, and the navigable tributaries of such waterways. District officer: Lieut. Col. W. V. Judson, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. J. G. Warren, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Chicago Harbor, Ill .....-..... 1247 7. Illinois River, Ill... ........ 1266 2. Chicago River, Ill --..-.... 1251 8. Operating and care of La Grange 3. Calumet Harbor, Ill.......... . 1254 and Kampsville Locks, Illi- 4. Calumet River, Ill. and Ind... 1257 nois River, and approaches 5. Indiana Harbor, Ind- ..-.....-. 1260 thereto....................... 1271 6. Michigan City Harbor, Ind..... 1263 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3147 TO 3167. 1. CHICAGO HARBOR, ILL. Location.-Northeastern Illinois, near the southern end of Lake Michigan; 80 miles in a southerly direction from Milwaukee, Wis. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 753.) Original condition.-Before improvement Chicago River entered Lake Michigan about one-half mile south of its present mouth across a bar having a depth of but 3 to 4 feet. Its width averaged about 200 feet. The harbor was limited to the portion of the river east of the site of the present Rush Street Bridge, a distance of about one-half mile. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by act of March 2, 1833, modified by acts of June 23, 1866, March 2, 1867, July 1, 1868, and April 10, 1869. Work was continued under these projects until 1870, the total expenditures being $446,005. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1941. 1248 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Present project.-The present project, adopted by act of June 11, 1870, was modified in 1878, 1896, 1899, 1903, 1905, and 1912, the last modification providing for an outer harbor in accordance with report in House Document No. 710, Sixty-second Congress, second session (with map). The estimated cost of work under the original project of 1870 was $897,095.73, which has been increased by subsequent modifications, including that of 1912, to $3,686,502.17. As modified the existing project provides for the following: (a) An easterly and a southerly breakwater to form an outer basin about 270 acres in extent and dredging said basin to a navigable depth of 20 feet (21 feet actual depth).' (H. Doc. No. 114, 41st Cong., 2d sess.; H. Doc. No. 38, 44th Cong., 1st sess.; A. R., 1879 and 1880, and act of Mar. 3, 1899.) (b) Exterior breakwater, with harbor of refuge behind the same. (A. R., 1879 and 1880.) (c) Dredging entrance to Chicago River from lake to Rush Street Bridge to 21 feet depth,' and varying from 470 feet to 190 feet in width (A. R., 1896). (d) A shore arm and a southerly extension of the exterior breakwater so as to form an outer harbor (including area of harbor of refuge), adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912 (H. Doc. No. 710, 62d Cong., 2d sess., and A. R., 1914) ; original estimate $1,211,195, increased in 1914 to $1,490,300. (e) Maintenance of parallel piers, built under previous projects, and of works of present ijroject. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work of im- provement had resulted in the creation of the present entrance to Chicago River by construction of parallel entrance piers; dredging channel to Rush Street Bridge, varying from 470 to 190 feet width and 21 feet depth (Chicago city datum) ; the formation of an outer basin through the construction of an easterly breakwater 4,036 feet long and a southerly breakwater about 3,000 feet long; dredging the easterly portion of the basin (about 150 acres) to 21 feet depth; the construction of an exterior breakwater 5,413 feet long about 1 mile north of the entrance to the river to shelter same and the outer basin from storms and to form a harbor of refuge; and maintenance. Ex- penditures on present project prior to fiscal year: For new work, $1,985,916.04; for maintenance, $254,033.75; total, $2,239,949.79. Operations and resu'lts during the fiscal year.-Continued rebuild- ing superstructure, easterly and southerly breakwaters, under con- tract (maintenance). On the easterly breakwater 1,537 linear feet, and on the southerly breakwater 2,249 linear feet of superstructure was rebuilt. Work completed November 6, 1914. Expenditure dur- ing year $75,410.34. Total cost, $140,933.39. Continued repairing superstructure of exterior breakwater under contract (maintenance): 2,910 linear feet of superstructure was re- paired. Work completed August 15, 1914. Expenditure during year $37,158.12. Total cost, $64,310.76. The fir timber (2,837,260 feet b. m.) purchased under contract for use in building shore-arm extension of exterior breakwater was de- livered (new work). Contract completed January 23, 1915. Ex- 1All depths are referred to Chicago city datum, which is low water of 1847 and is 579.94 feet above mean tide, New York Harbor, and 1.69 feet below mean lake level, 1860-1875. The mean annual level of Lake Michigan has varied 6.19 feet between standard high hid standard low water as adopted by the United States Lake Survey. Local and tein- pbraky oscillations in this vicinity induced by winds and differences of barometic pressure are sometimes as dreat as 6 feet, but average considerably less tllan 1 foot per day. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1249 penditure during year, $39,756.42. There are still some outstanding freight bills. Constructing shore-arm extension of exterior breakwater (new work). Under contract dated July 24, 1914. Work in progress: 15,623 tons of stone placed in the foundation, 15 cribs built, 8 cribs sunk in place and filled, and 2 pile clusters placed. Contract 51 per cent completed. Expenditure during year, $50,117.32. On September 1, 1914, the steamer City of Chicago, while on fire, ran into the easterly breakwater near the north end, causing some damage to the timbers of the superstructure. This damage was re- paired by hired labor in November, 1914, at a cost of $1,186.77. Studies and plans were made for the southerly extension of the exterior breakwater and specifications prepared. The expenditures during the year were $89,873.74 for new work and $116,308.31 for maintenance, a total of $206,182.05. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project of 1870, with all its modifications, has been completed, except the last (d), upon which work is now in progress, dredging the westerly portion of the outer basin, and maintenance. The easterly, southerly, and exterior breakwaters and the north pier are in good condition; about 1,225 feet of the south pier is in very bad condition and needs extensive repairs; the entrance channel is of project dimensions (470 to 190 feet width and 21 feet depth); the depth in the basin is 18 to 19 feet in the easterly portion and 8 to 14 feet in the westerly portion, instead of 21 feet, project depth, throughout; and 51 per cent of the shore-arm extension of exterior breakwater has been completed. Total expenditures under the ex- isting adopted project, for new work, have been $2,075,789.78; for maintenance, $370,342.06; total, $2,446,131.84. Local cooperation.-In 1864 the city of Chicago furnished the sum of $75,000, which was expended in dredging and in extending the north pier 450 feet, but no further details of this work are available. The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, which adopted the part of the project providing for the construction of a breakwater to form an outer harbor (d), contained a requirement that the work should "not be commenced until assurances satisfactory to the Secretary of War shall have been received that the work contemplated by the city of Chicago as part of said improvement will be actually undertaken and completed by said city." The work referred to in this act which is to be undertaken by the city is the construction of municipal freight and passenger piers just north of the mouth of the river, to be known as city harbor district No. 1. The conditions thus imposed were met to the satisfaction of the Secretary of War June 5, 1914, and Pier No. 2 (292 by 3,000 feet), to cost nearly $4,000,000, has been in course of construction since March 13, 1914. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has a ma- terial effect in controlling freight rates, especially on bulk freight-- grain, coal, lumber, etc. It is impracticable, however, to estimate the amount of reduction in the rates on such commodities, excepting an- thracite coal on which there is a saving of $1 per ton over all rail rates. Proposed operations.-With funds already appropriated, 1,500 feet of the shore-arm extension will be completed and 2,000 feet, 8373 0 -ENG 1915-----79 1250 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. more or less, of the southerly extension, depending upon prices to be bid, will be constructed. The remaining 3,000 feet, more or less, of the southerly extension should be built as soon as practicable by reason of the exposed condition of the new municipal pier which primarily the breakwater extensions are designed to protect. The funds available June 30, 1915, for breakwater extension will, it is estimated, be exhausted by December 1,1916. Other funds, available for other work only, will suffice for maintenance, including extensive repairs to south pier, until July 1, 1917. It is proposed to expend the funds estimated for ($714,300) in extending by contract the ex- terior breakwater to protect Harbor District No. 1 of the city and to form an outer harbor. Commercial statistics.-The Chicago Harbor improvement, being as yet mainly useful as an entrance to Chicago River and a protection to same, has practically no commerce not identical with that of the river, the basin being used almost exclusively as anchorage ground by yachts and other small craft. The lake commerce entering Chicago River through Chicago Har- bor during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 3,780,509 short tons, consisting principally of miscellaneous merchandise, coal, lumber, and grain, with an approximate valuation of $242,620,046. Attention is invited to the fact that Calumet Harbor and Calumet River afford additional harbor facilities within the city of Chicago and are treated of elsewhere in this report. Following is a statement of the com- merce through Chicago Harbor for the past three years: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. ......... 1912..... ........... ....................................................... 3,644,745 $222,328,445 1913 1913........ . ..... ....... ...... .. . . ............... . ..... 5442 3, 829,,4 3,8 233, 516,848 233, 1914................ ........................................... 3,780,509 242,620,046 The Indiana Transportation Co. during the year established a line direct to Saugatuck, Mich., for both freight and passenger service. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $2, 521, 794. 78 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 370, 342. 06 Total ---------------------------------------- 2, 892, 136. 84 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................. .. ..................... ................ ........ ............ $89,873.74 Maintenance........ .................................... .... $16,967.71 96, 427.69 116,308.31 Total............................................. 16,967.71 96,427.69 206,182.05 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1251 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------- $350,000.00 Aug. 24, 1912---- ----------------------- -------------- 240, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------- ------------------ ----- 300, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 733, 893. 28 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 2 300, 000.00 Receipts from sales _--------------------------- -------- - .50 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: 1,033, 893. 78 For works of improvement ----------------- $89,873. 74 For maintenance of improvement _________ _ 116,308. 31 206, 182. 05 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 827, 711. 73 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts- -- ____. 115, 106. 01 July 1, 1915, balance available_ __ __--------------_ 712, 605. 72 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------------------ 4914, 300. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement-________________ 4714, 300.00 2. CHICAGO RIVER, ILL. Location.-Cook and Lake Counties, Ill., the navigable portions being wholly in Cook County and the city of Chicago. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart 753.) The main river is formed by the junction of the North and South Branches at a point 0.7 mile west of the Rush Street Bridge, the dividing line between the harbor and river projects. The river flows into Lake Michigan at a point 0.87 mile east of the bridge. The North Branch rises in Lake County and flows southeasterly for about 24 miles; the South Branch rises in southern part of Cook County and flows northeasterly for about 10 miles. The lengths of the sec- tions included in the project total 12.55 miles. Original condition.-Before improvement by the United States (1896) the river, as a result of municipal and private improvements, was navigable for boats of about 14-foot draft over widths of about 200 feet throughout the main river, and for boats of 12-foot draft for lesser widths for about 5 miles farther up each of the branches. Belmont Avenue is the head of navigation on the North Branch and Ashland Avenue on the South Branch. The length in miles of the navigable portions are as follows: Miles. Main river from Rush Street Bridge to junction of North and South Branches----------- ---- --------------------------- ------ 0. 70 South Branch and West Fork to Ashland Avenue-.------------- - 4. 08 South Fork of South Branch to Chicago Junction Railway bridges (east and west arms)--------------------------------------------- 1. 59 North Branch to Belmont Avenue_---- ------ _____________ 5. 14 North Branch Canal (Goose Island cut-off) ----------- ________------ 1. 04 Total---_ ---------------------------------------- 12. 55 1 Of this amount, $200,000 was transferred to general account "Maintenance and im- provement of existing river and harbor works (Chicago Harbor--project of 1912)." 2 In addition to this amount, $200,000 was transferred to work on the 1912 project from funds pertaining to prior appropriations for other work at Chicago Harbor. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. SThis estimate relates only to the new project for breakwater extension adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, in accordance with report printed in House Doculent No. 710, Sixty-second Congress, second session, 1252 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by act of June 3, 1896, and modified by act of June 13, 1902. Under this original and modified project $1,065,348.42 was expended, of which $109,462.55 was for maintenance and $955,885.87 for new work. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1942. Present project.-Statement of the present project is as follows: Dredging to 21 feet below hydraulic grade line, corresponding to Chicago city datum ' in Lake Michigan, from Rush Street Bridge to Ashland Avenue on the West Fork of the South Branch; to the Chi- cago Junction Railway bridges across the two arms of South Fork; and to Belmont Avenue on the North Branch, including also the canal around Goose Island (North Branch Canal); maintenance of afore- mentioned channels and of the two turning basins. The authorities for the present project are as follows: Act of March 3, 1899, adopted 21 feet as the project depth for Chicago River. In the light of this act and of report in House Document No. 95, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session (without map), submitted in accordance with this act, a subsequent act (Mar. 2, 1907), appropriating $300,000 for improving Chicago River and for mainte- nance, was interpreted by the Chief of Engineers on April 11, 1908, as adopting the new work of the existing project at estimated cost of $810,600, and the terms of the act itself make maintenance a feature of the same. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredgingchannels in main river and branches, including North Branch Canal, from 170 to 60 feet width and to 21 feet depth; construction of two turning basins and maintenance. Expenditures on present project prior to fiscal year: For new work, $543,987.53; for maintenance, $75,274.86; total, $619,262.39. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Under contract in force at the beginning of the year maintenance dredging in the North Branch from North Avenue northwardly was continued; 57,089 cubic yards of material were removed, resulting in restoration of 21-foot depth to a point about 700 feet above Chicago & North Western Railway bridge near Webster Avenue. Work completed July 20, 1914. Expenditures during year, $10,788.35; total cost, $28,120.04. Maintenance dredging for restoration of project depth (21 feet) from point near Webster Avenue, where preceding contract ter- minated, to Belmont Avenue was begun on June 2, 1915, under contract dated November 25, 1914, and 51,657 cubic yards of material was removed, but had not been paid for at end of fiscal year. Work in progress; contract about 25 per cent completed. Expenditures during the year (inspection and incidental expense), $1,428.47. Under informal agreement after securing bids, the Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. removed 650 cubic yards of old bricks, con- crete block, etc., from the channel near the junction of the river branches at the foot of Fuller Street, at the rate of 30 cents per 1All1depths are referred to Chicago city datum (see report on Chicago Harbor) with due allowance, reaching a maximum of 2 feet at Ashland Avenue, for hydraulic grade result- ing from the open drainage canal. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1253 cubic yard. This work was done on account of reported damage to a tug passing over the shallow spot. The total cost, including superintendence and incidental expenses, was $217.50. Local surveys were made during the year. The expenditures during the year were $16,996.72, all for mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-All original work has been completed, leaving only maintenance and supervision. The channels are in good condition. The maximum draft that can be carried through the main river and its branches, including North Branch Canal, is 20 feet (Chicago city datum), except at upper end of. the North Branch from Diversey Boulevard to Belmont Avenue, a distance of about 0.74 mile, where the mid-channel depth ranges from 15 to 12 feet. Total expenditures under present project: For new work, $543,- 987.53; for maintenance, $92,271.58; total, $636,259.11. Local cooperation.-In adopting the 21-foot project the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, prescribed that all the work of remov- ing and reconstructing bridges and piers and lowering tunnels neces- sary to permit a practicable channel of said depth to be obtained should be done, or caused to be done, by the city of Chicago without expense to the United States. The alteration of the tunnels was made the subject of special legislation in an act approved April 27, 1904. The tunnels have been lowered and the most obstructive bridges have been modified. Effect of improvement.-It is believed that the project has mate- rial effect in controlling freight rates, especially to and from Lake Erie and St. Lawrence River ports. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will, it is estimated, be exhausted by August 1, 1916. It is proposed to expend the funds estimated for in maintenance. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this river has been re- ported under the head of Chicago Harbor, with the commerce of which it is naturally a part. In addition to the lake commerce, now reported at 3,780,509 short tons, consisting principally of miscellaneous merchandise, coal, lum- ber, and grain, with a valuation of about $242,620,046, there is a large local commerce carried in the river by lighters, of which no official record is kept. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------ $1, 499, 873. 40 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 201, 734. 13 Total ------------------------------------ -- 1, 701, 607. 53 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............ ................................... .... .. ..... $36,697.82.. Maintenance.....--... ..... .. ..- -..--..-... ..... ......... $42,298.72 21,832.92 $16,996.72 Total.......................... ............... 42, 298.72 58,530.74 16,996.72 1254 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------ $34, 000.00 Aug. 24, 1912 28, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--....-.............---- 10, 000. 00 Aug. 1, 1914_, .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ... . 40, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-..-- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--______-____----__ _____- 17, 667. 85 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914____ 40, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 20, 000. 00 Receipts from sales_.________-____________________- 1. 00 87, 668. 85 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement _____________________-___-_________16, 996. 72 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --------------------------- 70, 672. 13 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ -- 29, 942. 50 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------40, 729. 63 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _______________ 30,000. 00 3. CALUMET HARBOR, ILL. Location.-NortheasternIllinois (Cook County), near the south- ern end of Lake Michigan, 121 miles south of Chicago Harbor, and known on the Great Lakes as South Chicago Harbor, it being within the corporate limits of the city of Chicago. A part of the break- water and of the anchorage area behind same are across the State line in Indiana. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 754.) Original condition.-Before improvement the lower end of Calu- met River paralleled the shore of Lake Michigan and entered the lake about 3,200 feet south of its present mouth, this portion having a narrow and crooked channel averaging about 100 feet in width and from 4 to 7 feet in depth, and being practically useless for com- merce. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by act of July 11, 1870, modified by act of August 11, 1888. Work was con- tinued under these projects until 1896, the total expenditures being $454,484.53. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1943. Present project.-The present project, based upon a report of the district officer dated February 21, 1896, printed on pages 2584 et seq., annual report for 1896, was adopted by act of March 3, 1899, and was amended by the Secretary of War on July 11, 1902, under authority contained in act of June 13, 1902. A later project, that for Calumet River, adopted in act of 1905, included in the same and by inference removed from the Calumet Harbor project the redredging of Calumet River from the old shore line, where stands the bridge of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., upward 2 miles. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1255 The present project now provides for- (a) A breakwater 4,400 feet long, running from the shore due east, together with an extension of the same 2,500 feet long in a southeasterly direction. (River and harbor act of June 13, 1902.) (b) Deepening of afichorage area (about 366 acres in extent)- sheltered by breakwater to 21 feet depth.' (c) Extension of south pier 800 feet. (d) Deepening Calumet River entrance to 21 feet depth' for a width of 200 feet from the lake to the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co. bridge near the old shore line (b, c, and d-H. Doc. No. 277, 54th Cong., 1st sess.). (e) Maintenance. The estimated cost of work (except maintenance) was $1,134,830. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The construction of parallel-entrance piers 3,640 and 2,020 feet long, respectively; construction of a breakwater 6,900 feet long; dredging anchorage area and channel and maintenance. These works of improvement resulted in the creation of a safe and satisfactory entrance to Calu- met River 300 feet wide, an exterior harbor of refuge about one-half square mile in area, and a channel about 2 miles long, extending up the Calumet River from its mouth, all with navigable depths of 20 feet (Chicago city datum). Expenditures on present project prior to fiscal year: For new work, $976,793.62; for maintenance, $113,824.62; total, $1,090,618.24. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The fir timber (672,424 feet b. m.) purchased under contract for use in repairing the breakwater was delivered (maintenance). Contract completed October 10, 1914. Expenditures during year $12,244.83. Repairing damaged superstructure of breakwater under contract (mainte- nance). Work commenced June 5, 1914, and was completed Decem- ber 12, 1914. Expenditures during year $34,805.06. Under informal agreement with the contractor who made the repairs to the break- water 706.33 tons of heavy riprap stone was placed around the south- easterly end of the breakwater during December, 1914, at a cost of $1,864. 33. An examination was made of the condition of the riprap along the balance of the lake face of the breakwater to determine the amount of riprap required to place the structure in a safe condition in case of severe storms. Soundings were also taken during the year over the Calumet Bar and in the entrance between the piers. The ex- penditures during the year were $50,041.80, all for maintenance. The work of the Illinois Steel Co., authorized on October 29, 1909, and that of the Iroquois Iron Co., authorized on March 11, 1910, for filling operations on the north and south sides of the harbor, re- spectively, behind the established harbor line, has been in progress during the year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-All the work projected at this harbor has been completed except maintenance. The piers and break- water are in good condition, except about 900 linear feet of the super- structure of North Pier, which is decayed and partly destroyed near the water surface; the entrance channel is of project dimensions (300 feet wide and 20 feet navigable depth) ; and the anchorage area has 20 feet navigable depth. Total expenditures under the existing adopted project have been: For new work, $976,793.62; for mainte- nance, $163,866.42; total, $1,140,660.04. 1Chicago city datum (see report Chicago Harbor), to which all depths at this harbor are referred. 1256 REPORT ORF THE CHIER OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.--This harbor affords cheap freight rates to a large number of industrial plants, elevators, and coal docks, many of which would be put out of business if deprived of the facili- ties the harbor affords. There is a marked differential in favor of this harbor over Chicago Harbor proper in freights on water-borne commerce, mainly due to congestion and obstructions in Chicago River. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will, it is estimated, be exhausted by December 1, 1916. It is proposed to expend the funds estimated for in maintenance, as follows: Dredging, $10,000; repairs to piers and breakwater, $15,000; total, $25,000. Commercial statistics.-This harbor being mainly a protection to Calumet River entrance, its commerce is treated as identical with that of the river, although about half of the Illinois Steel Co.'s com- merce is handled over that company's outer slips and belongs strictly to the harbor. The commerce of the calendar year 1914 amounted to 6,549,576 short tons, consisting principally of coal, grain, iron ore, and miscellaneous merchandise, valued approximately at $162,000,344. Following is a statement of the commerce through Calumet Harbor for the past three years: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........... ............................ .............. 8,318,838 $157.475,603 1913....... ..----- ............. 9,445,878 178, 817,771 1914........... ........ ..... ......... .................. 6,549,576 162,000,344 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------- ----------------------- $1, 431, 278.15 Maintenance _ ----------------------------- _----- 163, 866. 42 ___----------------------- Total ---------- ------ 1, 595, 144. 57 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................. Maintenance......................................... . .... ......... $40,761.53 36,453.90 $50,041.80 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915---- ------------------------------------ $18, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 52, 129. 23 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 18, 000. 00 70,129. 23 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------- 50, 041. 80 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 20, 087. 43 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement.---------- - 125, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1257 4. CALUMET RIVER, ILL. AND IND. Location.-Calumet River lies in Cook County, Ill., and flows in a northerly direction into Lake Michigan. It is formed by the junc- tion of the Little Calumet and Grand Calumet Rivers at a point about 7.12 miles south of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway bridge, which is near the old shore line of Lake Michigan. The Little Calu- met rises in Laporte County, Ind., and flows westerly, northwesterly, and easterly for about 60 miles, it being a very crooked stream; the Grand Calumet rises in Lake County, Ind., and flows westerly for about 18 miles. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 754.) Original condition.-Before improvement of Calumet Harbor by the United States (1870) this river, while having a navigable chan- nel about 100 feet wide and 13 feet deep for a length of about 4 miles, could not be reached from the lake by boats of over 4-foot draft because of the bar across its mouth, and its commerce was practically nothing. When the improvement of the river began, in 1884, the harbor work at its mouth had rendered the river navigable at a 12-foot draft for 4 miles, and at a 5-foot draft for 16 miles and 14 miles, respectively, up the Grand Calumet and the Little Calumet from the mouth of the river. The commerce at that time was, how- ever, less than 500,000 tons. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by act of July 5, 1884, and modified by act of August 5, 1886. Under this original and modified project $446,718.98 was expended, of which $45,230.48 was for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1943. Present project.-The present project provides for securing a chan- nel 200 feet wide and 201 feet deep from the mouth of the river 2 to the forks, with five turning basins located at intervals between these points; also for acquiring free of cost to the United States the land required for said turning basins and for a channel 200 feet wide from the forks to a point one-half mile above Hammond, Ind., in order to permit of the progressive extension of the improvement upstream. That part of the project between the mouth of the river and One hundred and twenty-second Street, 4.2 miles, was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905 (H. Doc. No. 172, 58th Cong., 2d sess., with map), and that part between One hun- dred and twenty-second Street and the forks, 1.2 miles, by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910 (see H. Doc. No. 349, 60th Cong., 1st sess., without map); the act of 1910 also provided that the turning basins above the one nearest the mouth of the river should be of such shape and dimensions as will enable a vessel 650 feet in length to turn with ease, and that the turning basin at the forks should have a water-surface diameter of 750 feet. The cost of this improvement is estimated (in round numbers) at $835,500, with $10,000 annually for maintenance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work of im- provement had resulted in securing the project depth of 20 feet and 1 In order to give an available depth of 20 feet, the estimates provide for dredging to a depth of 21 feet (Chicago city datum) below One hundred and twenty-second Street and 21.5 above that point. For explanation of datum plane and variation in lake levels see footnote, p. 1248. 2 The point of demarcation between Calumet Harbor and Calumet River has been fixed at the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway bridge, near the old shore line of Lake Michigan. 1258 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 200 feet wide from the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway bridge to the forks, a distance of 5.47 miles, excepting for about 0.6 mile just below the forks, where the bottom width was but 100 feet, and excepting also through the draws of the Calumet Western Railroad bridge, where the depth was only 18 feet; a temporary channel 10 feet deep and 60 feet wide from the forks to a point on the Grand Calumet River 0.5 mile east of Hammond, Ind., about 6 miles; con- struction of two turning basins (Nos. 1 and 5); and maintenance. Expenditures on present project prior to fiscal year: For new work, $686,596.89; for maintenance, $73,924.15; total, $760,521.04. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Continuation of dredging to secure the project depth of 20 feet in the draws of the Calumet Western Railroad bridge (new work), some redredging through the " rock section" between One hundred and eleventh and One hundred and fourteenth Streets (maintenance) ; construction of turning basin No. 3 (new work) all under contract. Work in prog- ress: 246,540 cubic yards of material removed during year, or 322,969 cubic yards in all. Contract 98 per cent completed. Expenditures during year, $42,561.24. Specifications for dredging the channel to full width of 200 feet to 21 feet depth below the forks (new work to complete the project), and between the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad bridge and the lower portion of the "rock section" (maintenance) were prepared and forwarded to the department for approval on June 11, 1915. Local surveys were made during the year. The expenditures during the year were $39,334.70 for new work and $7,068.56 for mainte- nance, a total of $46,403.26. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-All original work of the pres- ent project has been completed except the widening of the channel to 200 feet for a distance of about 0.6 mile just below the forks and the construction of two turning basins (Nos. 2 and 4), maintenance and supervision. The maximum draft that can be carried on June 30, 1915, is 20 feet from the mouth of the river to the forks, and 4 feet from the forks to Hammond, Ind. The river is farther navigable for 6-foot- draft boats to Riverdale on the Little Calumet, 12 miles from the river mouth. It can also be used by light-draft launches, such as can pass under bridges, nearly to Gary, on the Grand Calumet, about 20 miles from the river mouth, and to Blue Island, on the Little Calu- met, about 14 miles from the river mouth, being stopped at that point by rapids. Total expenditures under present project: For new work, $725,931.59; for maintenance, $80,992.71; total, $806,924.30. Local cooperation.-The act of July 5, 1884, provided as a condi- tion precedent to expenditure by the United States that a right of way for the channel should be donated. As a result there has been conveyed to the United States about 23 acres of land bordering upon the Calumet River such as was necessary for its straightening and widening incident to the execution of the project. The value of this land at the time of its conveyance was approximately $23,000. The act of March 3, 1905, required as a condition precedent to Federal expenditure upon any one of the five turning basins the donation to the United States of the land necessary for that turning basin. As a result the land needed for turning basins Nos. 1, 3, and 5 has been conveyed to the United States. The total area thus conveyed is 17.85 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1259 acres, and the value of the land at the time of its conveyance was approximately $35,700. Effect of improvement.-The existence of this improved river is considered tobe of great use in controlling freight rates and is claimed to save at least 50 cents per ton over Chicago River rates and more over the usual Calumet (South Chicago) railroad rates. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will, it is estimated, be exhausted by August 1, 1916. It is proposed to ex- pend the funds estimated for in maintenance. Commercial statistics.-The commercial statistics of this river have been reported under the head of Calumet Harbor, with the commerce of which it is naturally a part. Commerce for the calendar year 1914 was 6,549,576 short tons, the principal items being coal, iron ore, grain, and miscellaneous merchandise, the value of which is estimated at $162,000,344. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------- $1, 127, 420. 09 Maintenance -------- ----------------------------- 126, 223. 19 Total_ ---- 1, 253, 643. 28 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-----..------...............----------------......-----...----........-.............--------------.......... 11,054.59 $39,334.70 Maintenance................................................ ............. $4,185.29 5,006.92 7,068.56 Total ................ ............................. 4,185.29 16,061.51 46,403.26 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------_ ----- __ ----------------- $10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ------------------------------------------ 20, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914 _- --- 10,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915 22, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 85, 043. 22 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 22, 000. 00 Receipts from sales ------------------------------------------- 1. 40 117, 044. 62 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-------------------- $39, 334. 70 For maintenance of improvement---------------- 7, 068. 56 46, 403. 26 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------- _ 70, 641. 36 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts----------_ 13, 559. 32 July 1, 1915, balance available-----------------------------_ 57, 082. 04 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------- ___ __ _ -- 173,000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------------- 20, 000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1260 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 5. INDIANA HARBOR, IND. Location.-Northwestern Indiana (Lake County) on southwest shore of Lake Michigan, 18 miles southeast of Chicago Harbor. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 754.) Original condition.-This harbor is entirely artificial in character. Prior to 1910 when the United States assumed charge of the harbor, two piers, 300 feet apart, extending into Lake Michigan from about 500 feet inside the shore line, had been constructed, and the area be- tween them dredged to a depth of 21 feet (standard low water 1 ) by private enterprise, which had also done considerable excavation on a shoreward extension of the so-called outer harbor, above described, and which has caused to be deeded to the United States easements upon lands required for the projected harbor. Previous project.-The original project, included in the present project, was adopted by act of June 25, 1910. Expenditures: For new work, $60,667.41; for maintenance, $2,509.54; total, $63,176.95. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1943. Present project.-There was added to the original project by act of March 4, 1913, based on recommendations in House Document No. 690, Sixty-second Congress, second session (with maps), a rubble- mound breakwater, in two arms, 4,950 feet and 2,000 feet long, re- spectively, each to be extended to the shore if later found necessary. The satisfaction of the Secretary of War with the fulfillment of cer- tain conditions by local interests, upon which the availability of the appropriation was contingent, was expressed on May 1, 1914. The existing project consists of the original project thus modified, and is as follows: 1. Completion and maintenance of outer harbor, 300 feet wide and 22 feet deep, including entrance channel, gradually increasing in width and depth toward lake. 2. Maintenance of inner harbor channel, 20 feet deep, from outer harbor to Lake George and Grand Calumet River, after acceptance from private parties. 3. Construction of rubble-mound breakwater, in two arms, 4,950 and 2,000 feet long, respectively, with shore connections if later found necessary. The removal of old north pier and the dredging of a new entrance channel 23:5 feet deep (Chicago city datum), 300 feet wide between the piers and 600 feet wide from piers to breakwater, flaring appro- priately beyond the breakwater, at a total estimated cost of $112,000, is considered to be included in the project above stated. The esti- mate has been increased accordingly. The United States has ac- cepted and assumed maintenance of 7,400 feet of the main inner chan- nel and a section 900 feet in length of the extension toward Lake George. Estimated cost (excluding shore connections) $1,242,200. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Completion and maintenance of channel in outer harbor 300 feet wide and 23 feet deep, including an entrance channel increasing gradually in width and depth from pier ends toward lake, and maintenance of accepted portions of inner harbor channel. Accepting and assuming mainte- nance of 7,400 feet of main inner channel and 900 feet of the exten- 1 The depths in outer harbor, except as to new entrance channel, are referred to stand- ard low water, which is 1.44 feet below Chicago datum, or 578.5 above New York mean tide. The depths in inner channel and in new entrance channel are referred to Chicago city datum, which is 579.94 feet above mean tide, New York. (See Chicago Harbor report.) RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1261 sion toward Lake George. Expenditures subsequent to those reported under previous projects, $17,317.02, all of which was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Construction,under contract dated October 12, 1914, of a rubble-mound breakwater (new work) to protect harbor entrance was begun on April 30, 1915. Work in progress; 35,992.7 tons of stone placed in foundation, of which 22,194 tons have been accepted in accordance with the provi- sions of the specifications, and of the latter amount 11,662.8 tons paid for. Contract 18 per cent completed. Expenditures, $18,788.76. Redredging, under contract dated April 16, 1915, old entrance channel and between piers where project depths had been reduced by shoaling (maintenance). There was removed 48,777 cubic yards of material, of which 21,761 cubic yards has been paid for. Contract 71 per cent completed. Expenditures during year, $4,508.16. A survey was made in September, 1914, to locate the shoals which had caused the grounding of several vessels, and the buoyage of channel was re- adjusted. During March, 1915, a survey was made to define the limits of proposed dredging in the outer channel. Soundings were taken over the entire accepted channel, bench marks established, channel lines and monuments reestablished. The expenditures dur- ing the year were $18,788.76 for new work and $6,790.20 for mainte- nance, a total of $25,578.96. Condition at the end of fiscal year.- The work of the original proj- ect (except maintenance) has been completed, and the channels are of project dimensions. Five per cent of breakwater for protection of harbor entrance is completed, i. e., 5 per cent of the entire estimated quantity of stone required for both breakwaters has been placed, with no completed section. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of this locality, including the accepted portions of the inner channel, is 20 feet, measured from Chicago city datum. Expenditures under present project have been, for new work, $18,788.76; for maintenance, $24,107.22; total, $42,895.98. Local cooperation.-The act of June 25, 1910, which adopted the original project recommended in House Document No. 1113, Sixtieth Congress, second session, imposed the condition that the channelway, owned by private interests, be deeded to and accepted by the United States. This condition was met to the satisfaction of the Secretary of War on October 28, 1910. The act of March 4, 1913, which added to the original project a rubble-mound breakwater to protect the harbor entrance, as recommended in House Document No. 690, Sixty- second Congress, second session, contained the proviso " that before construction of breakwater is commenced satisfactory assurance will be given to the Secretary of War that the existing piers will be re- constructed and a suitable public dock or wharves provided by local parties without expense to the United States." The satisfaction of the Secretary of War with the fulfillment of these conditions was expressed on May 1, 1914. Effect of improvement.-Information from industries located on this waterway indicates that a large water tonnage will develop upon completion of the proposed improvement, which will probably de- crease freight rates. Proposed operations.--The funds available June 30, 1915, will, it is estimated, be exhausted by December 1, 1916. It is proposed to ex- 1262 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. pend the funds estimated for in accordance with the following estimates: (1) Continuing construction of breakwater to protect harbor en- trance _------------------------------ -------------------- $683, 000 (2) Removal of old north pier_____________________________ ___ 16, 300 (3) Dredging new entrance channel_---------------------_ _ 95, 700 Total --------------- -------------------------------- 795, 000 Commercial statistics.--The lake commerce for calendar year end- ing December 31, 1914, is reported as 1,669,455 short tons, consisting of oil, iron ore, coal, and lumber, and valued approximately at $11,680,013. Following is a statement of the commerce for the past two years, that for 1912 not being available: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1913-------.............. --------------------- ---------------------------------- 875,306 9,875646 1914............................................................................. 1 669,455 11,680,013 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $79, 456. 17 Maintenance ---- ------------------------------------- 26, 616. 76 Total ______ _ 106, 072. 93 Total---------------------------------------------1607.9 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. " 1913 1914 1915 New work ...... 17......8.8....7.....6............ Maintenance ..................................................... $2,509.54 $17,317. 02 6,790.20 Total.......... . .......... ... ....................... 2,509.54 17,317.02 25,578.96 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- $25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 225, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 50, 000. 00 1------------------------------- July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_________________________ 231, 506. 03 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 150, 000. 00 Receipts from sales--------------------------------------------1. 30 381, 507. 33 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement____________________ $18, 788. 76 For maintenance of improvement____----__-_ 6, 790. 20 25, 578. 96 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__ __------___-_-_ ------ 355, 928. 37 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ________________ 136. 67 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts- 161, 625. 34 161, 762. 01 July 1, 1915, balance available-----.----.-.-----.-- _-..- 194, 166. 36 RIVER AND HARBOR IMIPROVEMENTS. 1263 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ----------------------------------------- 1$795, 200. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement----------------------- 795, 200.00 6. MICHIGAN CITY HARBOR, IND. Location.-Northwestern Indiana (La Porte County), on the southeasterly shore of Lake Michigan, 38 miles in a southeasterly direction from Chicago Harbor. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 75.) Originalcondition.-Before improvement by the United States the harbor at this place was within the mouth of Trail Creek; the depth over the bar outside the entrance was about 9 feet and at the entrance to the creek, a shoal and crooked stream, 3 feet or less. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by act of July 4, 1836, and work was continued under this project until 1870, total expenditures being $2$7,388.97. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1944. Present project.-Adopted in 1870. As the result of modifications by acts of June 14, 1880, August 2, 1882, and March 3, 1899, and consolidation by act of June 13, 1902, the present project provides for a detached breakwater, east and west entrance piers, an outer harbor or basin protected by an " east breakwater " and an " old east pier," and a dredged channel 15 feet deep, 2 120 to 150 feet wide, and about 2 miles long, from the Lake Erie & Western Railroad Bridge to the outer end of the westerly harbor pier, together with three turning basins, and maintenance; all at an estimated cost of $1,153,154.66, exclusive of expenditures prior to 1870. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work of im- provement resulted in the creation of the present entrance to Trail Creek by construction of entrance piers, one 1,470 and the other 2,300 feet long, protected by an exterior or detached breakwater 1,304 feet long; a channel to the Lake Erie & Western Railroad bridge (about 2 miles), varying from 260 to 100 feet width and from 17 to 15 feet depth (Chicago city datum) ; the formation of three turning basins; the creation of an outer harbor or basin by the construction of an east breakwater 1,411 feet long, and an old east pier 1,225 feet long; and maintenance. Expenditures on present project (since 1870) prior to fiscal year: For new work, $1,113,654.66; for maintenance, $407,- 390.29; total, $1,521,044.95. Operaions and results during the fial year.--The fir timber (246,576 feet b. m.) purchased under contract for use in repairing detached breakwater (maintenance) was delivered. Contract com- pleted July 21, 1914. Expenditures during year, $4,169.16. Some freight charges remain to be paid. Repairing detached breakwater by hired labor (maintenance). Work commenced July 21 and was completed November 30, 1914. Expenditures during year, $6,547.65. Protecting detached breakwater and east pier (maintenance). Un- der an informal agreement 3,281 tons of heavy riprap stone was placed during November and December, 1914, along the lake face 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. sAt Chicago city datum. (See report Chicago Harbor.) 1264 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. and around the ends of the detached breakwater and around the north end of the east pier at unit price of $2.60 per ton. Expendi- tures during the year, $9,134.32. Reconstructing demolished portion of east pier (maintenance). Under contract dated February 10, 1915, work was commenced on April 24 and was in progress at the close of the year. All the old work had been removed and 65 of the piles driven. Contract 9 per cent completed. Expenditure during year, $1,349.19. Local surveys were made to ascertain condition of channel prior to opening of navigation, and a small addition was made to the engineer workshop and office by purchase of materials and hire of labor. The expenditures during the year were $21,996.89, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-All work contemplated under the existing project has been completed, except the upper 1,300 feet of the channel, parts of the turning basins, 200 linear feet of the detached breakwater, and maintenance. The detached breakwater and the entrance piers are in good condition, except a short portion of the east pier, which is now being rebuilt under contract. The east breakwater and old east pier are in bad condition. The maxi- mum draft that can be carried June 30, 1915, is 15 feet from end of westerly pier to Franklin Street Bridge, about one-half mile, 12 feet to a point about a mile above this bridge, thence decreasing gradually to about 2 feet at the upper turning basin. A very full description of present conditions is to be found on pages 212-214, Bulletin No. 24 (1915), issued by the United States Lake Survey office, Detroit, Mich. Total expenditures under the existing adopted project for new work have been $1,113,654.66; for maintenance, $429,387.18; total, $1,543,041.84. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of March 2, 1867, contained the following item: SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the appropriation of $75,000 for con- structing works and improving the entrance into the harbor of Michigan City, Indiana, made in and by the act approved June twenty-third, eighteen hundred and sixty-six, shall be expended for the purpose aforesaid, upon the terms and in the manner hereinafter provided for other appropriations under this act: Provided, That it shall be first shown to the satisfaction of the Secretary of War that the sum of $100,000 has been expended by the Michigan City Harbor Company in the construction of a safe and convenient harbor at that place. The details of the work done under the provision of the act above cited are not available, but that the conditions imposed were satis- factorily met is evidenced by the following extract from Annual Re- port for 1876 (pp. 26 and 27) : The Michigan City Harbor Co. having made a satisfactory exhibit of their expenditures to the amount of $100,000, Maj. Wheeler, in a letter to the Chief of Engineers, dated June 24, 1867, recommended that the Government appro- priation of $75,000 be made available. This was approved, and arrangements were made for the prosecution of the improvement. Effect of improvement.-No definite information as to effect of the improvement on freight rates is obtainable, but it is known that in a general way the improvement has a tendency to reduce local rates between Michigan City and Chicago. There has been a mate- rial increase in the passenger business, and the harbor has been made more useful as a harbor of refuge. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1265 Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will, it is estimated, be exhausted by August 1, 1916. It is proposed to expend the funds estimated for as follows: Dredging -------------------- ----------------------------- $5, 000 Riprap along lake toe of breakwater--------------------------- --- 9, 000 Emergencies, repairs to breakwater and piers------------ ------ 6, 000 Total -------------------------------------- 20, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this harbor during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 27,022 short tons, consisting princi- pally of lumber, ties, pulp, and miscellaneous merchandise valued approximately at $352,317. Following is a statement of the commerce for the past three years: Comparative statement. Calendar years. Short Value. 1912.......... ................................................................. 33,170 $367,000 1913...................................................... ........................ 21,398 750,878 1914 . .......... . . ,,.............................. . . . . . .. 27,022 352,357 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $1, 401, 043. 63 Maintenance -------------------------------- 429, 387. 18 TotalTotal---- ---- -_ --------------------------------------- 3.8 81 1, 830, 430. 1,80 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ......................................................... . Maintenance .................................................... .... $30, 246.95 $23I 469.80 $21,996.89 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------- ___ -_ $23, 000. 00 July 25, 1912--------------- ----------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 -------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------ ___21, 717. 45 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 50, 000. 00 Receipts from sales ------------------------------------------ 2.25 71, 719. 70 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement----- ------------------------------ 21, 996. 89 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 49, 722.81 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts---------- 27, 188. 27 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 22, 534. 54 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------- ---------------------------- 39, 500. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-- --- ----- 1 20. 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, 8373---NG 1915-----80 1266 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 7. ILLINOIS RIVER, ILL. Location.-The Illinois River, entirely within the State of Illi- nois, is formed by the confluence of the Kankakee and the Des Plaines Rivers at a point in Grundy County about 50 miles above La Salle, flows in a southwesterly direction, and empties into the Mis- sissippi at Grafton, Ill., about 36 miles above St. Louis. The total length of the stream is 273 miles. (For maps see H. Doc. No. 263, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) Original condition.-In higher stages the Illinois was navigable before improvement by the larger Mississippi River boats from Utica to Grafton, 230 miles, but at low water it was practically unnavi- gable except for small flat-bottomed boats drawing less than 20 inches. At low water 1 the fall between La Salle and Grafton, 223 miles, was 29.6 feet. The width varied from 500 feet to nearly 1,400 feet with occasional widenings to something over a mile. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by act of August 30, 1852, modified by acts of April 10, 1869, and July 11, 1870. Work was continued under these projects until 1880, the total expenditures being $550,812.19. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1945. Present project.-That portion of the river now under improve- ment by the United States from La Salle, the present head of navi- gation, to the mouth at Grafton is divided into two sections, viz, (a) below Copperas Creek (general improvement), 137 miles, and (b) from Copperas Creek to La Salle, 86 miles. (a) Below Copperas Creek (general improvement): The exist- ing project for work below Copperas Creek adopted in act of June 14, 1880, contemplates improvement to a 7-foot depth at low water by dredging and by the construction of one lock each at Kampsville, 31 miles above the mouth of the river, and at La Grange, 79 miles above the mouth. Each lock is 350 feet long between sills and 75 feet wide, with 7 feet on the miter sills at low water of 1879. Esti- mated cost, $1,692,837.81. There has been no modification of this project. (b) Copperas Creek to La Salle: Since 1880 this section had not been a part of the general improvement prosecuted by the United States, but the act of March 2, 1907, specifically appropriated $50,000 for this section, to be applied to dredging and other improvement. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work of im- provement has resulted as follows: (a) Below Copperas Creek: The construction of two locks, each 350 feet long between sills and 75 feet wide, with 7 feet on the miter sills at low water of 1879; 2 collection and maintenance of a dredging plant; dredging a channel with minimum depth of 41 feet at low water of 1901 and from 150 to 200 feet width. Expenditures on pres- ent project prior to fiscal year: For new work, $1,546,350.74; for maintenance, $88,958.67; total, $1,635,309.41. 1 The admission to the Illinois River of Lake Michigan water, via the Chicago Drain- age Canal, has raised the low-water plane; but inasmuch as the quantity of water that may thus be admitted is a matter of present litigation, it is impracticable as yet to ascertain what the future low-water plane will be. At present there is admitted nearly 8,000 cubic feet per second as against 4,166 cubic feet per second authorized. s Improvement work is referred to Memphis datum, which is 587.04 feet below Chicago city datum, or 7.1 feet below New York mean tide. RIVER AND HARBOR IMIPROVEMENTS. 1267 (b) Copperas Creek to La Salle: At the lower end of this section, 137 miles above the mouth of the river and at Henry, 196 miles above the mouth, the State of Illinois, assisted by the United States, has built locks 350 feet long between sills and 75 feet wide with 7 feet on the miter sills at low water of 1879.' The State operates these locks and imposes charges for their use. Operations by the United States since 1907 have consisted of dredging and removing snags from channel. On June 30, 1915, a minimum depth of 6.5 feet at low water was available from Copperas Creek to La Salle. Expenditures prior to fiscal year: For new work, $33,341.18; for maintenance, $10,181.28; total, 2 $43,522.46. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-(a) Below Cop- peras Creek: The dredge Illinois, which was under construction at the beginning of the year, was completed and put in commission in August. With Government plant and hired labor 83,074 cubic yards of material was dredged, of which 56,484 cubic yards was for main- tenance; 102 snags were removed from the channel; local surveys were made at French Bar, miles 22-19; Pearl to Apple Creek, miles 43-35; La Grange Lock to Valley City, miles 77-61; Havana to foot of Grand Island, miles 119-107; Copperas Creek Lock to foot of Sen- ate Island, miles 136-132; and Peoria Lake, miles 164-163, and notes plotted; two new scows were constructed by hired labor and the en- tire floating plant was overhauled and repaired. Thirteen round trips were made by the steamer Pearl for inspection, distribution of supplies, and care of aids to navigation. Work was in progress throughout the year, under contract dated July 10, 1914, on the con- struction of a new towboat (the Comanche). Contract completed June 17, 1915. Expenditures during the year: For new work, $10,266.75; for maintenance, $50,043.98; total, $60,310.73. (b) Copperas Creek to La Salle: Near mile 161, 9,261 cubic yards of material (maintenance) was dredged with Government plant; property and plant was cared for and general supervision exercised. Expenditures during the year: For maintenance, $1,935.39. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The locks and dams of the project, one at La Grange and one at Kampsville, have been com- pleted as follows: Name of lock: La Grange Lock. Location: Near La Grange, Ill., 79 miles from mouth of Illinois River. Dimensions: 325 feet long, 73 feet wide (in the clear, 73 feet between quoins). Depth on lower miter sill: 7 feet. Lift: 7 feet 4 inches at low water of 1879. Date of completion : 1889. Cost: $435,502. Name of lock: Kampsville Lock. Location: Near Kampsville, Ill., 31 miles from mouth of Illinois River. Dimensions: 325 feet long, 73 feet wide (in the clear, 73 feet between quoins). Depth on low miter sill: 7 feet. Lift: 7 feet 7 inches at low water of 1879. Date of completion: 1893. Cost : $388,029. 1 Improvement work is referred to Memphis datum, which is 587.04 feet below Chicago city datum, or 7.1 feet below New York mean tide. 2 The sum of $144.83 refunded by Lighthouse Department was erroneously carried in previous reports as expenditures. 1268 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Name of dam: La Grange Dam. Location: Near La Grange, Ill., 79 miles from mouth of Illinois River. Dimensions: 820 feet long. Lift: 7 feet 4 inches. Date of completion: 1889. Cost: $49,532. Name of dam: Kampsville Dam. Location: Near Kampsville, Ill., 31 miles from mouth of Illinois River. Dimensions: 1,200 feet long. Lift: 7 feet 7 inches. Date of completion: 1893. Cost: $56,071. About 57 per cent of the new work of dredging to obtain 7 feet at low water of 1901, corresponding to the low stage as affected by au- thorized releases of Lake Michigan water through the Chicago Drain- age Canal, has been completed; nearly one-half of this dredging must be done again as maintenance. On June 30, 1915, a minimum depth of 4.5 feet at low water of 1901 was available, with a channel width of from 150 to 200 feet. At low water corresponding to the pres- ent illegal introduction of Lake Michigan water there was a mini- mum depth of 61 feet. The fluctuation from low water to flood stage is upward of 17 feet. The maximum draft that can be brought to the mouth of the river from the ocean is about 5 feet. Total expenditures under the existing adopted project have been: (a) Below Copperas Creek: For new work, $1,556,617.49; for maintenance, $139,002.65; total, $1,695,620.14. (b) Copperas Creek to La Salle: For new work, $33,341.18; for maintenance, $12,261.50; total, $45,602.68. Local cooperation.-Owing to the failure of the General Govern- ment in 1869 to appropriate funds for the construction of a lock and dam on the Illinois River, as a commencement of the recommended slack-water system, the General Assembly of the State of Illinois directed the construction of a lock and dam at Henry. Operations on this work were carried on under .the direction of the State Board of Canal Commissioners, in substantial conformity with the plan of improvement recommended by the United States Board of Engineers in their report of December 17, 1867, and the work was completed at a cost of $400,000. Likewise the State expended $347,747 in complet- ing the lock and dam at Copperas Creek in 1874 and 1875 after the United States had expended $62,359 on foundation for the lock. It appears there were no "conditions imposed by law," as far as the wording of the river and harbor acts were concerned, with reference to the above work. However, the Annual Report for 1873 (p. 437) states that the- Improvement has thus far been carried on conjointly by the General Govern- ment and the State of Illinois, according to a system adopted some four years since; the State of Illinois undertaking the building of locks and dams and the United States preparing the river bed so as to afford, when the dams shall have been built, a navigation for vessels drawing 7 feet of Water. Effect of improvement.-It is impossible to state with accuracy to what extent rates have been affected by river competition, but the ex- istence of the river channel as an avenue of commerce results in lower rates upon a vastly greater tonnage than that actually transported on the river. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1269 Proposed operations.-The funds on hand will be exhausted by August 1, 1916. It is proposed to expend the funds estimated for in (1) dredging to provide and maintain a channel of project dimen- sions; (2) care and repair of property and plant; (3) general super- vision, surveys, and snagging. It is proposed that in dredging first attention shall be given to bars where navigation is or may become most difficult, and that thereafter the work of producing the project channel progressively from the mouth of the river upstream shall be continued in so far as may be permitted by the stage of the river, which near its mouth is sometimes held too high for dredging opera- tions by backwater from the Mississippi River. The following de- tailed estimate is submitted: 1. Dredging -------------------------------------------- $30, 000 2. Care and repair of property and plant-----------------------10, 000 3. Surveys, general supervision, and contingencies, including minor snagging__ --------------------------------- --------- 15, 000 Total - ---------------------------------------- 55,000 The act approved June 25, 1910, appropriated $1,000,000 for the construction of a waterway from Lockport, on the Des Plaines River, to the mouth of the Illinois, and provided that the appropriation should not be available for expenditure until a board of engineers, provided for in the act, should submit plans and estimates, nor until Congress should adopt a project for improvement. The final report of the board is printed in House Document No. 762, Sixty-third Congress, second session, and submits plans and esti- mates for an 8-foot channel from Utica to the mouth of the Illinois River, 230 miles, at a cost of $1,050,000, with suggestion of a subse- quent deepening to 9 feet and the provision of large locks. The board has stated that such work would constitute full cooperation with the State of Illinois in the creation of a channel from Lake Michigan to the mouth of the Illinois River, as a part of a project for a waterway connecting the Great Lakes with the Gulf. Congress has not yet adopted a project for the improvement as contemplated in the act of June 25, 1910, and in the act approved March 4, 1915, the appropriation of $1,000,000 was repealed. With a view to improving the Illinois River above Utica, the Gen- eral Assembly of the State of Illinois passed an act, approved May 27, 1915, providing for an 8-foot barge canal, to be known as the Illinois waterway, to extend from the end of the Chicago Drainage Canal at Joliet to Utica by way of the Illinois River and the old Illinois & Michigan Canal. The act further provided for the issu- ance of bonds to the amount of $5,000,000 and for the creation of a commission to be known as the Illinois Waterway Commission. As explained in the report of the district officer, about 614,200 cubic yards (new work) and 385,800 cubic yards (maintenance work now required) must be done to complete the projected channel 7 feet deep and 200 feet wide to low water of 1901, and in addition, there must be cared for estimated annual maintenance dredging amounting to 125,000 cubic yards. No change has been made in the "Amount (esti- mated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing proj- ect" in the financial statement by reason of the uncertainty existing and hereinbefore explained as to the future low-water plane, upon the location of which, of course, all estimates must depend. 1270 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The commerce throughout the entire por- tion of the river under improvement, as far as ascertainable, consist- ing chiefly of grain, live stock, coal, logs, apples, and general mer- chandise, amounted during the fiscal year to 178,199 short tons, valued at $3,730,458. In addition, 131,000 passengers were carried. Following is a statement of the commerce passing over the improved portion of Illinois River for the past three years: Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Value. 1913 ...... ..... ............................................................. -167,698 $3,338,879 1914 ........................................................................... 141,497 3,154,491 1915 ......................................................................... 178,199 3,730,458 Financial summary. (A) BELOW COPPERAS CREEK (GENERAL IMPROVEMENT). Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------- $2, 107, 429. 68 Maintenance 39, 002.65 1-------------------------------- Total ------- ------------------------- 2, 246, 432. 33 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................................................................... $10,266.75 Maintenance ...................... .......................... ............. $20, 668.95 $43, 391.31 50,043.98 Total... ........... ........... . ............... 20,668.95 43,391.31 60,310.73 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ $20, 000. 00 ------------------------------------------------- Mar. 4, 1913__ 100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____-__-______ -______ -104, 487. 07 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 154, 487. 07 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement______----_________ $10, 266. 75 For maintenance of improvement__--______ _ 50, 043. 98 60, 310. 73 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 94, 176. 34 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_________________ 909. 96 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts 478. 75 5,------------------------------------- 6, 388. 71 July 1, 1915, balance available -------- _______________ 87, 787. 63 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1271 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---- -------------------------------- $69, 500. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance 155, 000. 00 (B) COPPERAS CREEK TO LA SALLE. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --- --------------------- ----- -------- 3, 341.18 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 12, 116. 67 Total -- ------------------------------------ 45, 457. 85 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... ....... ............. Maintenance....................................................... $2,772.13 $920.89 $1,935.39 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------$6, 477. 54 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for mainte- nance of improvement------------------------------------ 1,935. 39 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _---------------------4, 542. 15 8. OPERATING AND CARE OF LA GRANGE AND KAMPSVILLE LOCKS, ILLINOIS RIVER, AND APPROACHES THERETO. These locks and dams have been maintained and operated under the indefinite appropriation provided for in section 4 of the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884, as amended and reenacted by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Location.-The locks are located on the Illinois River at points 79 and 31 miles, respectively, from the mouth and near the towns bear- ing the same names. For statement as to the clear dimension of locks and the lift of dams see report on Illinois River, Condition at the end of fiscal year. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--(a) La Grange Lock and Dam: The lock was closed to navigation by ice from De- cember 14, 1914, to February 13, 1915, inclusive. From February 22 to March 7, 40 per cent of the boats passed over the dam. From June 1 to 30, 90 per cent of the boats passed over the dam. Throughout the remainder of the season of navigation all boats passed through the lock. During the year 9,829 cubic yards of mud was dredged from the chamber and entrance of lock, buildings and lock gates were painted, cement steps built and cement walks laid, a well for water supply driven, lock gates repaired, part of grounds filled, and a supply of ice harvested from lock chamber. At Peoria: About 200 cubic yards of material was dredged from the slip (used by United States plant) and the fill made was partly graded. The low stage of water prevented completion of this work during year. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. i272 REPORT OF iHE CHTEF OF EGINEERS, U. A. ARMVY. Statement showing cost of operating and maintaining La Grange Lock and Dam, Illinois River, since its opening on Oct. 21, 1889. Fiscal year- Fiscal year- 1890----------------- $7,176.96 1903-----------------$5, 902. 65 1891------------------ 9, 275. 03 1904 ----------------- 5, 349. 90 1892------------------ 8, 004. 06 1905------------------ 5, 463. 68 1893------------------ 4, 709.11 1906------------__ 6, 370. 16 1894----------------- 10, 234. 64 1907------------------ 6, 588. 27 1895- --------------- 5, 786. 73 1908------------------5, 936. 48 1896 ------------------ 5, 124. 83 1909---------- __ 6, 892. 17 1897------------------ 9, 802. 33 1910------------------- 7, 473. 66 1898--------------- 6, 344. 37 1911-------------__ 6, 250. 35 1899------------------6, 331. 15 1912------------------ 6, 188. 09 1900------------------5, 692. 07 1913-------------- 20, 191. 66 1901------------------ 4, 316. 74 1914------------------14, 681.96 1902 6------------------, 294. 84 1915---------------- 14, 059. 01 (b) Kampsville Lock and Dam: The lock was closed to navigation by ice from December 15, 1914, to February 12, 1915, inclusive. From February 16 to March 11, 75 per cent of the boats passed over the dam. During the month of June all boats passed over the dam. Throughout the remainder of the season of navigation all boats passed through the lock. During the year 16,812 cubic yards of mud was dredged from the chamber and entrances of lock, cement walks laid and cement steps built, part of grounds filled, superintendent's house raised and repairs, lock gates painted and a few fender piles driven, well cleaned, and a supply of ice harvested from lock chamber. Statement showing cost of operating and maintaining Kampsville Lock and Dam, Illinois River, since its opening on Sept. 30, 1893. Fiscal year-- Fiscal year- 1894 ................. $4,266. 09 1905------------------ $5, 773.63 1895- 8, 201. 96 1906----------- ___ 6, 963.61 1896 ....... 9, 257. 20 1907-----------____ 6, 471. 86 1897- 10, 205. 41 1908------------------ 7, 378.08 1898- 7, 223. 31 1909------------------6, 652. 42 1899 __ 7, 048. 85 1910 -7, 366. 55 1900- 6, 533. 08 1911------------------5, 510. 92 1901- 5, 338. 23 1912------------------ 5, 208. 63 1902 5, 785. 21 1913 , 654. 44 7------------------ 1903 .... 5, 508. 81 1914------------------13, 394. 81 1904 ...... 5, 127. 04 1915------------------ 15, 681. 84 IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE GRAND RAPIDS, MICH., DISTRICT. This district includes the harbors along the east shore of Lake Michigan, in the State of Michigan, to the Straits of Mackinac, and thence along the north shore to Seul Choix Point Lighthouse, and includes the waters draining into this part of Lake Michigan. District officer: Col. J. C. Sanford, Corps of Engineers, to Janu- ary 23, 1915, and Maj. F. W. Altstaetter, Corps of Engineers, since that date. Division engineer: Col. James G. Warren, Corps of Engineers. RIVER AND HARBOiR MPiROVEMEfENTS. 1273 IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. St. Joseph Harbor and River, 9. Ludington Marbor, Mich...... 1297 Mich -....-............... 1273 10. Manistee Harbor, Mich...... 1301 2. South Haven Harbor, Mich... 1278 11. Portage Lake Harbor of Refuge, 3. Saugatuck Harbor and Kala- Mich...................1303 mazoo River, Mich......... 1280 12. Arcadia Harbor, Mich......... 1305 4. Holland Harbor, Mich....... 1283 13. Frankfort Harbor, Mich....... 1307 5. Grand Haven Harbor, Mich.. 1285 14. Charlevoix Harbor, Mich...... 1309 6. Grand River, Mich........... 1288 15. Petoskey Harbor, Mich....... 1311 7. Muskegon Harbor, Mich....... 1290 8. White Lake and Pentwater Harbors, Mich.............. 1292 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT, GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3169 TO 3213. 1. ST. JOSEPH HARBOR AND RIVER, MICH. These were formerly carried as separate works, but are now com- bined in consequence of a provision in the river and harbor act ap- proved June 13, 1902. (A) sT. JOSEPH HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Mich- igan, about 60 miles from Chicago. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan.) The nearest harbors are Michigan City Harbor, 35 miles to the south, and South Haven Harbor, 23 miles to the north. Originalcondition.-This harbor is at the mouth of the St. Joseph River and extends along the city front of St. Joseph to the junction of the St. Joseph and Paw Paw Rivers. Previous to any improve- ments the river made a sharp bend to the southwest, entering Lake Michigan about 1,200 feet from its present outlet through a narrow and crooked channed with depths of from 3 to 7 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved July 4, 1836, and was modified by the river and harbor acts approved June 23, 1866, March 3, 1875, June 14, 1880, and July 13, 1892. The amount expended on original and modified projects was $503,113.23. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1945. Present project.-The present project provides for securing an entrance channel to the harbor between piers 325 feet apart in the outer section narrowing to 250 feet inside; for dredging the harbor entrance and a space 150 feet wide along the city front of St. Joseph to a depth of 18 feet; for dredging a turning basin at the junction of the St. Joseph River and Benton Harbor Canal and a channel 100 feet wide through the canal to a depth of 15 feet; for the ex- tension of the north pier 1,000 feet to the 20-foot contour, and the extension of the south pier, parallel with the north pier, 1,800 feet to the 18-foot contour; all at an estimated cost of $380,000 and $10,000 annually for maintenance. The project depth is referred to low water, which is 2 feet below mean lake level, 1860-1875. This proj- ect was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899. (H. Doc. No. 307, 55th Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The entrance channel from Lake Michigan, with a width between piers of 325 1274 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. feet at the entrance, narrowing to 250 feet inside, had been com- pleted with a north pier and revetment 2,854 feet in length, and a south pier and revetment 2,603 feet in length, and a depth of 18 feet at low water (2 feet below mean lake level, 1860-1875) between the piers, and the same depth with a width of 150 feet along the city front of St. Joseph; the Benton Harbor Canal, about 1 mile long, with a width of about 100 feet and depth of 15 feet at low water, had been completed. The total length of channel from the entrance to the upper end of the Benton Harbor Canal is about 2.1 miles. The amount expended under the present project to June 30, 1914, was $408,637.61, of which $303,093.38 was for new work and $105,544.23 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Repairs to both piers by placing riprap and stone filling were made by contract at a cost of $11,056.20; repairs by hired labor were made to the south pier walk and the north pier deck at a cost of $1,000.93; on account of dredging by U. S. dredge Meade in fiscal year 1914, $485.78 was expended, and $802.62 was expended for extraordinary repairs and maintenance of U. S. survey and inspection steamer Hancock; total for maintenance, $13,345.53. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted, and operations confined to maintenance. The maximum draft below low water that could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was about 16.4 feet between the entrance piers, 16 feet in the interior channel, and 14 feet in the Benton Harbor Canal. The total amount expended under the exist- ing adopted project to June 30, 1915, was $421,983.14, of which $303,- 093.38 was for new work and $118,889.76 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Therewere no requirements as to local cooper- ation. The construction of the revetments and wharves of the inte- rior channel and a portion of the Benton Harbor Canal was at the expense of the local interests. Effect of improvement.-The freight rates by vessels to Chicago are about 10 per cent less than the corresponding railroad rates. The principal benefit to commerce is better facilities for shipping manufactured and agricultural products and for carrying passen- gers, -especially in the summer-resort season. Proposed operations.-The funds available for maintenance will be exhausted June 30, 1916. Dredging is required to restore full project depths and maintain them, and the harbor structures require occasional repairs and renewals. Part of the north revetment is in very bad condition and should be rebuilt. The following estimate for maintenance is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: Repair of 675 feet of north revetment---------------------------$24, 000 Maintenance by dredging, including operation and repair of Govern- ment dredge Meade---- ------------------------------------ 10, 500 Survey and inspection boat Hancock------------------------------ 700 Annual survey, superintendence, and contingencies------------------1, 300 Total ..---- ------------------------------------------ 36, 500 Commercial statistics.--The commerce for 1914 was 46 per cent crushed stone, and the balance was largely fruit, vegetables, and mis- cellaneous merchandise. The increase over 1913 was in the item of crushed stone. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1275 Comparative statement. Calendar years. Short tons. Value. 1912... .. ................................ 84,735 $5,826,512 1913............ ........................................... ................. 84,795 5,232,285 1914............................................................................................................ 99,550 6,209,910 In addition to the above the following quantities of sand were dredged from the harbor and from St. Joseph River and carried to Chicago: In 1912, 115,000 tons; 1913, 44,850 tons; and 1914, 4,000 tons. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- $806, 206. 61 Maintenance_____ _________-------------- 118, 889. 76 Total -------------------------------------------------- 925, 096. 37 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................ ...... Maintenance........................................................... 8,472. 60 $1,648.33 513, 345.53 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912----------------- $15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914______________---- - -- - - - - - 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915- 000. 00 5,---------------------------- July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ ______--- 12, 694. 69 1_______________- Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 3, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 5, 000. 00 20, 694. 69 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement _________------------------- 13, 345. 53 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__ _ __---------------------- 7, 349. 16 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 250..00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ -7, 099. 16 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement- -- ------- _ 236, 500. 00 (B) ST. JOSEPH RIVER, MICH. Location.-St. Joseph River rises in Michigan, flows southwest- ward into Indiana, thence northward, and empties into Lake Mich- igan at St. Joseph. The length is not known. The part under improvement extends from the mouth to Berrien Springs, a distance of about 22 miles by river. 1 The records of this office do not show the amounts expended for new work and for maintenance separately on Previous projects, therefore the whole amount expended, $503,113.23, has been entered under new work. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1276 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.--This river is a crooked stream with numerous shoal crossings from 24 to 30 inches deep and intervening pools from 4 to 8 feet deep. It has a drainage area of about 4,200 square miles. In an early day steamboats made regular trips as far as South Bend, Ind., a distance of about 55 miles. Prior to 1849 there were locks at South Bend and at Mishawaka. In 1880 navigation was confined to the 22 miles below Berrien Springs, with occasional trips as far as Niles, about 38 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The project provides for securing a depth of 3 feet at low water from St. Joseph to Berrien Springs, a distance of about 22 miles, by building wing dams, making cuts through the shoals, and removing snags, at a cost of $11,300. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved August 11, 1888. (An- nual Report for 1880, p. 2049-2055.) There is no adopted estimate for annual maintenance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Some of the worst places had been improved in a temporary way from year to year so that steamboats with draft of 3 feet or less operated between St. Joseph and Berrien Springs up to 1908; since 1908 little use of the river has been made, and this use has been confined to the lower 7 miles, for gasoline boats of about 26 inches draft. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $6,985.88, of which $4,555.49 was for new work and $2,430.39 for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-There were no oper- ations during the year. The sum of $21.42 was expended on account of an inspection of the river, which was charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-An examination of the lower 15.5 miles of the river, made June 30-July 1, 1915, showed a channel of navigable width and with depths at existing stage of 3 feet in the lower 9 miles and of 2 to 2.5 feet in the remaining portion. A num- ber of snags and logs obstructed the channel. The total amount ex- pended under the present project to June 30, 1915, was $7,007.30, of which $4,555.49 was for new work and $2,451.81 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Prior to the building of electric railway lines on both sides of the river and prior to the purchase of the river steamboats by one of these lines, in 1908, the improvement was of benefit, in a very limited way, for transportation of farm products. At present, even if completed as originally planned, it would be of little benefit to commerce. Proposed operations.-Snaggingoperations are contemplated, for which the funds on hand are considered sufficient. Commercial statistics.-The following is a comparative statement of the commerce on the stream for the last three years: Comparative statement. 1 Not known. 1913 and 1914 not known; nothing carried but camper's outfits and resort supplies. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1277 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------- ---------------------- $4, 555. 49 Maintenance ----------- ____________ 2--,------- 2, 451. 81 Total ---------------------------------------------- 7,007.30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ............................................................ Maintenance........................................................................ 21... 2i.42 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ---------------------------------------------- $500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 1, 786. 84 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------- 21. 42 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 1, 765. 42 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- ---------------------------------- 810, 762. 10 Maintenance -------------------------- _ 121, 341. 57 Total ------------------------ 932, 103. 67 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work . .......................................................... . Maintenance . . . 58,472.60 ..-------------------------------------------- $1, 648.33 $13,366. 9 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------- $15, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------------------------------------------- 6, 6,000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914----------------------------------------------3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------- ---------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___ ____________________ 14, 481. 53 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 3, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 22, 481. 53 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement--------------- -------------------------- 13, 366. 95 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --------------------------- 9, 114. 58 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 250. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------- 8, 864. 58 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ------------------- 36, 500. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1278 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 2. SOUTH HAVEN HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan, about 77 miles from Chicago. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan.) Original condition.-This harbor is at the mouth of Black River. In 1866, prior to the beginning of improvement by the United States, the river had a width of 85 feet and was protected at its mouth by piers extending into the lake, diverging at an angle of 30° to widen the entrance; the banks of the river were protected for 500 feet on each side by rough, close piling. The depth between the piers was 7 feet, and on the bar, about 750 feet from the entrance, from 9 to 10 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1867, and was modified by the river and harbor acts approved June 14, 1880, August 2, 1882, and August 11, 1888. The amount expended on original and modified projects was $318,472.25. For scope of previous projects, see Ap- pendix, page 1947. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel into Lake Michigan, with a width of 120 feet between the piers and 90 feet above them with winding basin 300 feet wide at inner end of channel; all of available depth of 16 feet by dredging to 17 feet at low water (2 feet below mean lake level 1860-1875) increased to 19 feet at the entrance; for extension of each pier 800 feet; for maintenance by dredging and by repair of existing structures; for establishment of dock lines and building of bulkheads along such lines by local interests; all at an estimated cost of $279,370 and $10,000 annually for maintenance. This project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905. (H. Doc. No. 119, 58th Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The entrance channel from Lake Michigan, with a width between piers of 190 feet at the entrance, narrowing to 166 feet inside, had been completed with a north pier and revetment 2,143 feet in length, and a south pier and revetment 2,182 feet in length, and a depth of 16 feet at low water for a width of 120 feet between the piers, and the same depth with a width of 90 feet in the river to the highway bridge, a distance of about one-half mile. The total length of channel from the outer end of the piers to the highway bridge is 4,800 feet. The amount expended on the present project to June 30, 1914, was $225,- 358.49, of which $162,018.74 was for new work and $63,339.75 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Repairs to both piers by placing riprap and stone filling were made by contract at a cost of $12,868.94; repairs to decking of north pier were made by day labor at a cost of $151.98; dredging with the Government dredge to maintain the channel was carried on between May 12 and 21, 1915, 10,892 cubic yards being removed from the interior channel and 240 cubic yards from the bar in Lake Michigan, a total of 11,132 cubic yards, at a cost of $1,896.12; maintenance of United States survey and inspection steamer Hancock, $417.86; total for maintenance, $15,334.90. RIVER AND IHARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1279 Condition at the end of fiscal year.--The project had been com- pleted with the exception of 800 feet of pier work, 400 feet extension to each pier, and present operations are confined to maintenance. The maximum draft below low water which could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was 16.1 feet between the piers and 15.5 feet in the river. The total amount expended under the existing adopted project to' June 30, 1915, was $240,693.39, $162,018.74 for new work and $78,674.65 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The entrance piers in Lake Michigan prior to 1866 were built by local interests at a cost of between $18,000 and $20,000. The construction of revetments and wharves along the river was by local interests. The river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905, required the establishment of dock lines and the building of bulkheads on these lines by the city or riparian owners and the dona- tion of the property on the channel side of the dock lines to the United States. These requirements were complied with in 1910 at cost of $35,000; 2,640 feet of revetment were built and the required land deeded to the United States in 1910. Effect of improvement.-Vessel freight rates to and from Chicago are about 21 per cent less than the corresponding railroad rates. An important benefit to commerce is more direct communication with Chicago for the transportation of farm products and manufactured articles and for summer-resort business. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for completion of the project, as entrance depths are now maintained by dredging. The funds available for maintenance will be exhausted June 30, 1916. Dredging is required for maintenance and the harbor struc- tures require repairs and renewals from time to time. The following estimate for maintenance is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: Operation and repair of dredge Meade ------------------- $8, 000 Operation and repair of inspection boat Hancock 00 7-------------------- Maintenance of existing works--------------------------------- 1, 000 Engineering and contingencies----------- --------------- ------- 1, 200 Total------------------------ ----------------------- 0,900 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for 1914 was 45 per cent fruit and vegetables and the balance was largely miscellaneous mer- chandise. The increase in freight valuation is accounted for by the increased shipments of automobiles, fruits and vegetables, and miscel- laneous merchandise, which have a high unit value. Comparative statement. 1280 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $349,251.57 Maintenance ------ _------------- 209,914.07 Total --------------------------------------------- 559, 165. 64 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................... .$50, 496. 98 $58, 467. 53..... Maintenance .... ........................................ 2, 588.37 4, 335. 13 $15,334.90 Total............................................ 53, 085.35 62, 802.66 15, 334.90 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- $3, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 -------------------------------- 40, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------13, 000. 00 June 23, 1913--------------------------------------------43, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------------ ---------------------------------- 4, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 8, 300. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--- __---------__----- 5, 316. 16 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 4, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 8, 300. 00 Aug. 8, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913__ 10, 000. 00 28, 116. 16 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance -_ of improvement _-___________--__-_-- 15, 334. 90 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_-__________---__-____- _ 12, 781. 26 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities- -__-_____-_____ $444. 59 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts- 4, 314. 06 4, 758. 65 July 1, 1915, balance available_____--_-- -------- 8, 022. 61 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Feb. 27, 1911__ 198, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization __--- ----- 83, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated ______--- -------------- 115, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------------------------------------- 115, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------------- 110, 900. 00 3. SAUGATUCK HARBOR AND KALAMAZOO RIVER, MICH. Location~.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan, about 90 miles from Chicago. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan.) The nearest harbors are South Haven Harbor, 19 miles to the south, and Holland Harbor, 7 miles to the north. Original condition.-This harbor is at the mouth of Kalamazoo River. Prior to 1867 the mouth of the river had been improved by local enterprise with slab piers, 200 feet apart, extending into Lake SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1281 Michigan, the north pier being 500 feet long and the south pier 1,575 feet long. The channel depth varied from 5 to 7 feet. At this time the river was navigable for small steamers and there was a daily line of boats from the mouth to Allegan, a distance of about 50 miles. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1868, and was modified by the river and harbor act of July 11, 1870. The amount expended on original and modified project was $207,785.92, of which $90,231.99 was for construction and $117,553.93 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1947. Present project.--The present project provides for creating a channel with depths of 16 feet over the bar (outside piers) and 14 feet between the piers, and a depth of 14 feet and a width of 90 feet, annual maintenance $4,000, in the river to the town of Saugatuck. This depth is increased, when necessary, between the piers and over the bar to such greater depth as will admit of the free use of the Government dredge lMeade (formerly Gillespie), which use will re- quire about 16 feet in still water. Project depths are referred to low water, which is 2 feet below mean lake level 1860-1875. This project is to be maintained for a period of 5 years from the time project depths are obtained by dredging, or until November, 1916, when the desirability of the continuation or abandonment of the en- tire project is to be determined. The project was adopted by the river and harbor acts approved March 2 1907. and June 25, 1910. (H. Doc. No. 635, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The entrance channel from Lake Michigan, with a width between piers of 200 feet and a depth below low water of 16 feet, had been completed with a north pier and revetment 2,778 feet long (including a 35-foot wing at east end), and a south pier and revetment 2,514 feet long (in- cluding a 34-foot wing at east end), and a channel 90 feet wide and 14 feet deep below low water had been completed from the inner end of the piers to the town of Saugatuck. The distance from the outer end of the piers to Saugatuck is 21 miles. The amount ex- pended on the present project to June 30, 1914, was $336,340.80, of which $274,294.80 was for construction and $62,046 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging by the Government dredge to maintain the channel was carried on between April 17 and May 11, 1915, 20,003 cubic yards being removed from the entrance bar in Lake Michigan, 23,244 cubic yards from the channel between the piers, and 7,052 cubic yards at two bends in the river, a total of 50,299 cubic yards, at a cost of $7,123.02; the cost for extraordinary repairs and maintenance of United States survey and inspection steamer Hancock was $1,069.02; total for maintenance, $8,192.04. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted, and present operations are confined to maintenance. The maximum draft below low water which could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was 16.5 feet between the piers and 14.5 feet in the river to the town of Saugatuck. The total amount expended under the existing' adopted project to June 30, 1915, was $344,532.84, of which $274,294.80 was for new work and $70,238.04 for maintenance. 0 8373 --ENG 1915----81 1282 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Local cooperation.--There were no conditions imposed by law as to cooperation. The land between Lake Michigan and the river required for the entrance channel for the new harbor was deeded to the United States free of charge, on February 15, 1904, by the owners, Mrs. Marguerite Cook and David C. Cook. In 1912 the riparian owner, Mrs. Marguerite Cook, built a revetment 415 feet long on the right bank of the river, beginning about 510 feet above the inner end of the north revetment, at a cost of about $4,000. Revetments at the town of Saugatuck were constructed by local interests. Effect of improvement.-There is no competition by steam rail- road. The freight rates by vessel direct to Chicago are the same as by boat to South Haven, or by electric railway to Holland, and thence from either of these ports by boat to Chicago. The com- merce is local, and the benefits are direct communication with Chi- cago, largely for carrying fruit and vegetables and summer-resort passengers. Proposed operations.-The available funds are sufficient to main- tain the improvement to the end of the period fixed for experimental purposes, and pending further action by Congress no estimate is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for 1914 was 67 per cent fruit and vegetables and 14 per cent crushed stone. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............. ............. ....................................... 6,250 $356,282 1913 ................................................................. 7,850 405,125 1914....... ....--..................-----------...-----..-------------.................... 15,380 707,641 The Indiana Transportation Co., a new line was started June 20, 1914, with regular service to Chicago. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $364, 526. 79 Maintenance------------- ---------------------------- 187, 791. 97 Total---- ----------------------------------------- 552, 318. 76 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................. .............. Maintenance ................................................... $456.51 $4,646.04 $8, 192.04 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- $30,000.00 July 25, 1912___-------- -- ----------------------------- 9, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --- ----------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------- ------------- 3, 500. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1283 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _---_----_-----_-____________ $9, 812.28 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 3, 500. 00 13, 312. 28 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_ ___---------------------------------------- 8, 192. 04 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 5,120. 24 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 225. 14 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------- 4, 895.10 4. HOLLAND HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan about 94 miles from Chicago (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan). The nearest harbors are Saugatuck Harbor, 7 miles to the south, and Grand Haven Harbor, 20 miles to the north. Original condition.-This harbor consists of Black Lake, with a navigable length of 5 miles, and the channel to Lake Michigan. Prior to about 1860 the natural outlet into Lake Michigan was through a narrow and shallow channel at the northwest corner of the lake. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved August 30, 1852, and was modified by the river and harbor acts approved June 23, 1866; March 3, 1873; March 3, 1879; July 5, 1884; and July 13, 1892. The amount expended on original and modified project was $304,217.30, $176,619.80 for con- struction and $127,597.50 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1948. Presentproject.-The present project provides for securing a chan- nel about 2,500 feet long from Lake Michigan to Black Lake, pro- tected by piers and revetments and with a depth of 16 feet at low water (2 feet below mean lake level, 1860-1875); for extending the north pier 800 feet and the south pier 700 feet, these being converg- ing piers 300 feet apart at the outer end, 740 feet apart at the inner end, and connected at their inner ends to the inside piers and revet- ments, which latter are 205 feet apart, narrowing to 162 feet farther in; for dredging, repairs to existing structures, and the addition of riprap. The project was adopted by river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899 (H. Doc. No. 272, 54th Cong., 2d sess.), and modified by river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905, which increased the entrance width between the piers provided under the adopted project but not yet built at that time; and further modified by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, which increased the estimated cost. The total estimated cost is $273,052. There is no adopted esti- mate for annual maintenance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project had been completed with a channel about one-half mile long and 16 feet deep below low water from Lake Michigan to Black Lake, protected by piers and revetments 2,845 feet long on the north side and 2,713 feet long on the south side; entrance width 300 feet, narrowing to 162 feet inside. The amount expended on the present project to June 30, 1914, was $458,484.16, $315,007.99 for construction and $143,476.17 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging by the Government dredge to maintain the channel was carried on between 1284 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. October 8 and 16, 1914, and March 29 and April 16, 1915, 41,101 cubic yards being removed at a cost of $5,747.84; the cost of extraor- dinary repairs and maintenance of United States survey. and inspec- tion steamer Hancock was $962.49; total for maintenance, $6,710.33. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted and present operations are confined to maintenance. The maximum draft below low water which could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was 18 feet. The total amount expended under the existing adopted project to June 30, 1915, was $465,194.49, of which $315,007.99 was for new work and $150,186.50 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Therewere no conditions imposed by law as to cooperation. Before 1868 the harbor commissioners of the town of Holland expended $30,000 in cutting the new channel between Black Lake and Lake Michigan and in partly protecting its banks. In 1889 and 1890 the citizens of Holland contributed $1,772 for dredg- ing by Government dredge in the entrance channel. In 1897 the Pere Marquette Railroad Co. constructed a revetment and dock about 850 feet long in extension of the inner end of the north revetment. Effect of improvement.-Vessel freight rates to and from Chicago are about 11 per cent less than the corresponding railroad rates. The commerce is about 40 per cent local and 60 per cent through. The principal benefit to commerce is increased facilities for shipping general merchandise and construction materials, and for summer- resort passenger business. Proposed operations.-The funds available for maintenance will be exhausted September 1, 1916. Annual dredging is required to maintain project depths and the harbor structures require repairs and renewals from time to time. The following estimate for main- tenance is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: Operation and repair dredge Meade_________________________________ $5, 000 Operation and repair inspection boat Hancock__,__________________ 700 Maintenance of existing works-_____- __-__-- ____--______ -___ 1, 500 Engineering and contingencies 200 1________________ Total ------------------------------------------------- 8,400 Commercial statistics.-The character of the commerce for 1914 was about 70 per cent general merchandise and about 20 per cent crushed stone and gravel. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912................ ......... ........................................... 34,392 $5,649,361 1913...---- ................. .......................................... 38,344 5,146,867 1914........................................................................- 34,074 4,352,237 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------ $491, 627. 79 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 277, 784. 00 Total ------------------------------- 769, 411. 79 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1285 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911_______ ------------------------------------------- $16,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915_______---------------------------------------------3,600.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 9, 348. 31 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915-- 3, 600. 00 12, 948. 31 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement- ---------------------------------------- 6, 710. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------- ----------- 6, 237. 98 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- 18, 400. 00 5. GRAND HAVEN HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan, about 107 miles from Chicago and 84 miles from Milwaukee. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan.) The nearest harbors are Holland Harbor, 20 miles to the south, and Muskegon Harbor, 12 miles to the north. Originalcondition.-This harbor is at the mouth of Grand River, which is navigable for a distance of 40 miles from the mouth to Grand Rapids. Before any work had been done the natural depth at the mouth of the river varied from 9 to 12 feet, with greater depths to the town of Grand Haven; the width of this channel was variable and uncertain. The south bank was protected by a pile re- vetment and pile pier extending into Lake Michigan, having a total length of 3,185 feet, built in 1857 by the Detroit & Milwaukee Rail- road Co. Previous projects.--None. Presentproject.-The present project provides for a channel about 5,500 feet long, protected by parallel piers and revetments, 415 feet apart at the entrance, diminishing to 390 feet inside, with an avail- able depth of 18 feet, all at an estimated cost of $804,366.15. This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 23, 1866, and amended by river and harbor acts approved June 14, 1880, Sep- tember 19, 1890, and June 13, 1892, which amendments consisted principally of changes in cost and length of piers and revetments. There is no adopted estimate of cost of maintenance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-With the exception of 250 feet of pier extension, 150 feet to the north pier and 100 feet to the south pier, the project had been completed, with a channel about 1l miles long from the end of the piers in Lake Michigan to the wharves in Grand Haven 18 feet deep below low water, with piers 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1286 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. and revetments 3,538 feet long on the north side and 5,774 feet long on the south side; entrance width between piers 415 feet, narrowing to 390 feet inside. The inner 846 feet of the north revetment is in ruins and not maintained. The amount expended on the project to June 30, 1914, was $1,032,375.55, of which $542,976.82 was for con- struction and $489,398.73 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Repairs and exten- sion of the south revetment near the inner end were made by contract, at a cost of $2,772.22; the Government dredge excavated for the ex- tension of the south revetment and removed the old revetment in front of same at a cost of $1,697.44; a plank walk was laid near the inner end of the south revetment at a cost of $489.75; carpenter re- pairs were made to the warehouse at a cost of $275.98; a concrete foundation under the warehouse was built by contract at a cost of $912.40; dredging by Government dredge between October 17 and December 31, 1914, removed 48,727 cubic yards at a cost of $6,625.64; a survey of the harbor was made at a cost of $1,013.16; repairs were made to the channel face of the projecting portion of the south pier at a cost of $810.28; repairs were made to bucket dredge, tug, and scow at a cost of $384.63; Government survey and inspection steamer Hancock was repaired and maintained at a cost of $2,122.86; total, all for maintenance, $17,104.36. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted with the exception of 250 feet of pier extension, but present operations are confined to maintenance. The maximum draft which could be carrried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was about 18.5 feet below low water. The total amount expended under the existing adopted project to June 30, 1915, was $1,049,479.91, of which $542,976.82 was for new work and $506,503.09 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-There were no conditions imposed by law as to cooperation. Prior to the beginning of Government work the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad Co. (now the Grand Trunk Railway) built a south pier and revetment 3,185 feet long. The revetments on the left bank of the river, above the inner end of the south Govern- ment revetment, were built by local interests. Effect of improvement.-Vessel freight rates to and from Chicago are about 11 per cent lower than the corresponding railroad rates. The improvement is of benefit to interstate commerce, due to the operation between Grand Haven and Milwaukee of a line of car ferries and in connection therewith a line of bulk freight boats; about 96 per cent is through traffic. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for completion of the project as entrance depths are now maintained by dredging. The funds available for maintenance will be exhausted June 30, 1916; about $20,000 of these funds will be spent in rebuilding a 400- foot section of the south revetment. Annual dredging is required on the entrance bar in Lake Michigan and occasionally in the channel proper. Minor repairs and renewals are required for the harbor structures. About 740 feet of the inner end of the north revetment is badly wrecked and should be rebuilt and 275 feet of the south pier requires immediate rebuilding in addition to the 400 feet re- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1287 ferred to above. The following estimate for maintenance is sub- mitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: Operation and repair of dredge Meade_____ _____________________ _ $10, 000 Operation and repair of survey and inspection boat Hancock 700 ----------- Maintenance of existing works- _..______. _-__ -____________- 300 Repairs to north revetment______________________________ _ __ 46, 000 Repairs to south revetment ----------------------------------- 13, 750 Engineering and contingencies __________________________ _ _ -- 1, 000 Total ----------------------------------------------- 71, 750 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for 1914 consisted largely of grain and grain products, lumber, coal, and miscellaneous mer- chandise. Comparative statement. 1 Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912... ------------------------------------------------------------ 611,356 $55,699,634 1913------------------------ . ----------------------------------- 649,130 52,791,865 1914..------------------------------------------------------------. 645,804 49,331,673 1Exclusive of weight of freight cars carried by car ferries. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --- ------------- ---------------------- $542, 976. 82 Maintenance ------------------------ ------- - 506, 503. 09 Total _ ---------------------------------------- 1, 049, 479. 91 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ...... ... .................................................. Maintenance ...................................... ................. 14,394.38 $... $22,956.05 $17,104.36 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------- --------------------------- $34,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915--- ----------------------------------- 40, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended______________________________ 27, 567. 52 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 40, 000. 00 67, 567. 52 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement --------------------------------------------- 17, 104. 36 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_______________-------------------------__ 50, 463.16 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ________________ _ $124. 77 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 20, 177. 54 20, 302. 31 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------_ 30, 160. 85 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project -------------- ------------------------- 140, 000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ------------------- 171, 750. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1288 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 6. GRAND RIVER, MICH. Location.-GrandRiver rises in Jackson County, flows northward to Lansing, thence northwestward, and finally westward into Lake Michigan at Grand Haven, with a total length of about 300 miles. The length included in the project is about 39 miles, from Grand Rapids to Grand Haven. Original condition.-The natural width of the improved portion from Grand Rapids to the mouth varies from 300 to 1,000 feet; the depth over bar crossings prior to beginning the improvement was 1 feet at extreme low water. At an early day a regular line of steamboats operated between Lyons (about 36 miles in a direct line east of Grand Rapids) and Grand Haven, making a portage at Grand Rapids. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1881. A new project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 3, 1896, and was modified by the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902. The total amount expended to June 30, 1887, was $50,000. For scope of pre- vious projects, see Appendix, page 1949. Present project.-The present project provides for securing a channel 6 feet deep at low water of 1889, 100 feet wide and about 38 miles long, from Fulton Street, in Grand Rapids, to Grand Haven, Mich., at an estimated cost of $430,000, and $20,000 annually for maintenance. This project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905. (H. Doc. No. 216, 58th Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-There had been dredged 2,818,301 cubic yards of material from the upper 23 miles of the improvement and from a number of short bars in the lower 16 miles, and 132,624 linear feet of training walls had been built, com- pleting the project width and depth except for 5,400 linear feet of channel within the city limits of Grand Rapids, which had been dredged to project depth, but with width of only 40 to 90 feet. No work had been done on the upper 21 miles for a number of years, and the channel in this portion had filled up to a considerable extent. The amount expended on the project to June 30, 1914, was $457,- 324.98, of which $385,201.08 was for construction, $32,459.85 for maintenance of contraction works (training walls), $34,250.34 for maintenance of project depth, and $5,413.71 for purchase of land at Grand Haven Harbor for storage and repair purposes. All of the expenditures since June 3, 1896, apply to the present project. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredgingby Gov- ernment dredge between July 1 and August 13, 1914, and June 7 and 30, 1915, for maintenance in the lower 18 miles of the channel, re- moved 13,683 cubic yards, place measurement, of material at a cost of $2,938.94; markers were placed on the training walls at a cost of $145.28; the floating plant was repaired and cared for at a cost of $1,510.01; and surveys made on account of dredging at a cost of $201.81; the total for maintenance being $4,796.04. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been about 96 per cent completed. Present operations are confined to mainte- nance in the lower 18 miles of the river, no commercial use being made at the present of the upper 21 miles. The maximum draft be- low low water that could be carried over the shoalest part of the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1289 channel in the lower 18 miles was about 5.5 feet. The maximum draft for the upper 21 miles is not known, but probably did not exceed about 3 feet. The total amount expended under the existing adopted project to June 30, 1915, was $462,121.02, of which $385,- 201.08 was for new work and $76,919.94 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Therewere no conditions imposed by law as to cooperation. Between the years 1909 and 1913 the city of Grand Rapids, as a measure of flood protection, dredged the entire width of the river for a distance of about 6,200 feet below Fulton Street Bridge to a depth of about 3.5 feet below standard low water of 1889, and built flood walls, or embankments, on both sides of this portion of the river. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has no effect on freight rates. The principal benefit to commerce is the transportation of gravel on the lower 16 miles of the river, to Grand Haven or other Lake Michigan harbors, and the transportation of fruit. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for completion of the project, as present operations are confined to maintenance of the channel in the lower portion of the river. The funds available for maintenance will be exhausted June 30, 1916. Annual dredging is required for maintenance, and the Government plant requires repairs and additions. The following estimate for maintenance is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: Operation and repair dredge Saginaw and auxiliary plant--------------$5, 000 Engineering and contingencies--------------------------------------- 800 Total------------------------------------------------------- 5, 800 Commercial statistics..-The increase in 1913 over 1912 was in the gravel and sand carried; the decrease of 1914 under 1913 was in gravel and logs. The increase in value in 1914 is due to fruit at a high unit value. Comparative statement. Calendar years. Shortt. Value. 1912...............................................................41,984 $91,284 1913..... ........ .... 62,882 91,546 1914.................................. ................................ 49,555 166,139 The commerce for 1914 was about 95 per cent gravel and sand and 4 per cent fruit. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $435, 201.08 Maintenance---------------------------- ------------- 6, 919. 94 Total-------------------------------------------- 512, 121.02 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................... .................... Mintenance...................... ...... .............................. $3,623.73 $5,213.09 $4,796.04 1The records of this office do not show the amounts expended for new work and for maintenance separately, on Previous projects, therefore the whole amount expended ($50,000) has been entered under new work. T 1290 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, J. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------_ $4,200.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-----------------------------6,291. 17 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915- 4, 200. 00 Receipts from sales--------- ----------------------------- 795. 74 11, 286. 91 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------- 4, 796. 04 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----- ----------------------- 6, 490. 87 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 709. 99 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------- 5, 780.88 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------------------ 149,000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------------- 5, 800. 00 7. MUSKEGON HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan about 113 miles from Chicago and 80 miles from Milwaukee. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan.) The nearest harbors are Grand Haven Harbor 12 miles to the south and White Lake Harbor 11.5 miles to the north. Original condition.-This harbor is the outlet of Muskegon River, which before emptying into Lake Michigan expands into Muskegon Lake, a body of water of navigable depth about 5 miles long. In 1867, prior to any work by the United States, the channel between the lakes had a length of 3,000 feet and depth of 12 feet, with a depth of 11 feet in a fluctuating channel at the entrance; the sides were protected at the entrance by slab piers extending into Lake Michigan, built by local interests, 1,450 feet long on the north side and 2,070 feet long on the south side, with entrance width of 175 feet widening to 240 feet inside. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1867, and was modified by the river and harbor acts of June 10, 1872; June 23, 1874; August 2, 1882; September 19, 1890; August 18, 1894; and March 3, 1899. The amount expended on original and modified projects was $526,293.36, of which $388,218.42 was for construction and $138,074.94 for main- tenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1950. Present project.-The present project provides for securing a chan- nel about 5,600 feet long, protected by parallel piers and revetments, and extending from Lake Michigan to Muskegon Lake with a depth of 20 feet at low water (2 feet below mean lake level, 1860-1875) and a uniform width of 300 feet; for removing 1,040 feet of old pier and revetment; for extending the north pier 350 feet and the south pier 200 feet; for building 500 feet sheet-pile pier and 6,115 feet of sheet-pile revetment; for dredging 750,000 cubic yards; all at an estimated cost of $380,000. This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. (H. Doc. No. 104, 56th Cong., 2d sess.) There is no adopted estimate for annual maintenance. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1291 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--The channel from Lake Michigan to Muskegon Lake, with a width between piers of 308 feet at the entrance and 300 feet farther inside, had been com- pleted with a north pier and revetment 5,250 feet in length, and a south pier and revetment 4,710 feet in length, and with the project depth of 20 feet below low water. The amount expended under the project to June 30, 1914, was $356,070.07, of which $225,189.54 was for construction and $130,880.53 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredgingby the Government dredge was carried on between October 26 and Decem- ber 3, 1914, and March 15-27, 1915, 40,110 cubic yards being removed from the entrance bar in Lake Michigan and from the channel be- tween the piers at a cost of $5,335.85; the sum of $127.02 was ex- pended for maintenance of the U. S. survey and inspection steamer Hancock; total, $5,462.87, for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted with the exception of 550 feet of pier extension, 350 feet to the north and 200 feet to the south pier, which have been deferred, the entrance depths to be maintained by dredging. The maximum draft which could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was about 19.5 feet below low water. The total amount expended under the existing adopted project to June 30, 1915, was $361,532.94, of which $225,189.54 was for new work and $136,343.40 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The law adopted the present project in ac- cordance with a report (H. Doc. No. 104, 56th Cong., 2d sess.) which provided "that the land to be removed in order to secure the in- creased width of channel and to build the revetments will be ceded without cost to the United States; also that an area equal to that at present occupied by the United States Life-Saving Service will be restored to the United States for the same occupation and purpose." The land required for widening the harbor was donated to the United States by deed of June 14, 1905. On the south side of the channel 650 feet of the revetment, in addition to that built by the United States, was built in 1897 by the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad Co. (now the Pere Marquette) for a car-ferry slip. Effect of improvement.-Vessel freight rates to and from Chicago are about 11 per cent lower than the corresponding rates by railroad. The principal benefit to commerce is increased facilities for shipping manufactured articles, general merchandise, and road materials, the traffic being about 90 per cent local and 10 per cent through. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for completion of the project, as entrance depths are now maintained by dredging. The funds available for maintenance will be exhausted June 30, 1916. Annual dredging for maintenance is required on the entrance bar in Lake Michigan, and repairs and renewals are required for the harbor structures. The following estimate for maintenance is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: Operation and repair dredge Meade_ . __--------------------- $7, 500 Operation and repair dredge Saginaw_........------------------ 2, 500 Operation and repair survey and inspection boat Hancoc ___----------- 700 Maintenance of existing works______________________-----------__ 1, 000 Engineering and contingencies -________--- __---- _ ----- - 800 Total ---------------------- -------------------- 12, 500 1292 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercialstatistics.-The commerce for 1914 was largely crushed stone and gravel, lumber (received), manufactured articles, and gen- eral merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912--..---- ----------- ---- --------------------------------- 91,659 $4,691,252 1913... -- -- ---------------------------------------------- 110,773 7,819,964 1914.. ----------------------- ------------------------------- 119,811 8,154,536 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------- $613, 407. 96 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 274, 418. 34 Total -------------------------------------------------- 887, 826. 30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ............................................................. Maintenance .. - ..... -............... ........ $3,772.81 --....... ............... $13,450.19 $5,462.87 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--------------- 4,500. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------9, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____ ____--------- ---- __-- 962. 87 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 4, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 9, 500. 00 14, 962. 87 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__-------- _ ------- 5, 462. 87 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_--__ - ----------------- 9, 500. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project__ _ __-_.- - __- i66, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement - ------------- 112, 500. 00 8. WHITE LAKE AND PENTWATER HARBORS, MICH. These harbors were formerly carried as separate works but are now consolidated, in consequence of a provision in the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902. (A) WHITE LAKE HARBOR, MICH. Location.--This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan, about 119 miles from Chicago. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan.) The nearest harbors are Muskegon Harbor, 11.5 miles to the south, and Pentwater Harbor, 32 miles to the north. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1293 Original condition.-This harbor includes the artificial channel from Lake Michigan to White Lake, a body of water about 4.5 miles long and of navigable depth, which forms the harbor basin. When the present project was adopted the natural outlet of White Lake, about 3,550 feet north of the present entrance, afforded a channel 5 feet deep and 125 feet wide between slab piers built by local interests. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provided for the abandon- ment of the old outlet and the creation of a new channel about 1,900 feet long, extending from Lake Michigan to White Lake, and 200 feet wide between parallel piers and revetments, and of such depth between the piers and over the bar as will admit of the free use of the Government dredge Meade (formerly Gillespie), which use will require about 16 feet in still water. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1867, and amended by river and harbor acts approved March 3, 1873, July 5, 1884, July 13, 1892, and March 2, 1907. These amendments relate principally to the length of the proposed piers and revetments, and the estimated costs, except the last one, which increased the project depth by dredging. The estimated cost is $353,550. There is no adopted estimate for annual maintenance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel about 1,950 feet long had been constructed from Lake Michigan to White Lake, with a north pier and revetment 1,715 feet long, and a south pier and revetment 1,953 feet long, and with a width between piers of about 188 feet. The natural depth in the channel is about 10 feet, increased by annual dredging to maintain the project depth. The amount expended under the project to June 30, 1914, was $374,600.52, of which $207,862.44 was for construction and $166,738.08 for main- tenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging by the Government dredge was carried on between June 24 and 30, 1915, 5,016 cubic yards being removed from the entrance bar in Lake Michigan and 7,497 cubic yards from the channel between the piers, a total of 12,513 cubic yards, at a cost of $855.97; the cost of main- tenance of United States survey and inspection steamer Hancock was $492.59; a total cost for maintenance of $1,348.56. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The proportion of the project completed was about 91 per cent, there being still required 50 feet extension to the north pier and 100 feet extension to the south pier. The maximum draft below low water which could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was about 16 feet. The total amount expended under the existing adopted project to June 30, 1915, was $375,949.08, of which $207,862.44 was for new work and $168,086.64 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Vessel freight rates to and from Chicago are about 11 per cent less than the corresponding railroad rates. The benefits to commerce are entirely local and centered chiefly in receipts of lumber and crushed stone, and in the summer-resort business. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for completion of the project, as the harbor has heretofore been reported not only unworthy of improvement, but also unworthy of maintenance by the United States. The outer portions of the piers are in fair condition, 1294 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. but the inner portions are dilapidated, due to decay. Annual dredg- ing and minor repairs to harbor structures are required to maintain the project depths. The available funds are sufficient for this pur- pose for the present. Commercial statistics.-The increase in value in 1914 was due to an increase in shipments of fine leather. The commerce for 1914 was about 54 per cent crushed stone and 38 per cent lumber, all receipts. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912. ... ----.....---.... ...-- ................................ 14,893 $296,123 1913................. ..-- 11,078 263,855 1914..................................---...........................10,695 351,260 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------- ---- $207, 862.44 Maintenance --------------- -------------------------- 168, 086. 64 Total -------------------------------------------- 375, 949. 08 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... ....... ....................................... . Maintenance................................................... $2, 574. 42 $5, 032.07 $1, 348.56 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------- $3, 100. 78 Apr. 24, 1915, amount allotted, act of Mar. 3, 1909.--------------- 48, 000. 00 51, 100. 78 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------- 45, 000. 00 6, 100. 78 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__ ---------------------------- _ 1, 348. 56 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--_...____ -___-_______ - 4,752. 22 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ----------------------------- 1, 230. 84 July 1, 1915, balance available_-----------------__ -_ _____ 3, 521. 38 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------------------------- 21, 720. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1295 (B) PENTWATER HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Mich- igan about 145 miles from Chicago (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan). The nearest harbors are White Lake Harbor, 32 miles to the south, and Ludington Harbor, 11.5 miles to the north. Original condition.-This harbor is at the outlet of Pentwater River, which before entering Lake Michigan expands into Pent- water Lake, a body of water about 2.5 miles long, with navigable depths. Before work was begun by the United States the channel between the Lakes had a length of about 1,440 feet and was pro- tected by slab piers on very irregular alignment, with an average width of channel of about 75 feet and an available depth of about 4 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for widening the old entrance channel to 150 feet between parallel piers and revet- ments, the channel to extend about 2,200 feet from Lake Michigan to Pentwater Lake, with a depth of 16 feet at low water (2 feet below mean lake level 1860-1875). It was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1867, and amended by the river and harbor acts approved March 3, 1873, July 5, 1884, July 13, 1892, and March 2, 1907. The first three amendments relate to length of proposed piers and revetments and in no wise enlarge its original scope. The amendment of 1907 increased the project depth by dredging. The estimated cost, as amended, but excluding the amend- ment of 1907, was $327,713.40. There is no adopted estimate of cost for the last amendment nor for annual maintenance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel about 2,200 feet long had been constructed from Lake Michigan to, Pent- water Lake, with a north pier and revetment 2,226 feet long, and a south pier and revetment 1,847 feet long, and with a width between piers of 153 feet at the entrance, narrowing to 140 feet at the inner end. Annual dredging is required to maintain the project depth on the entrance bar in Lake Michigan and in the channel. The amount expended under the project to June 30, 1914, was $337,730.98, of which $179,899.10 was for construction and $157,831.88 for mainte- nance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging by the Government dredge was carried on between July 6 and 24, 1914, and June 10 and 23, 1915, 29,037 cubic yards being removed from the bar and 31,969 cubic yards from the channel between the piers, a total of 61,006 cubic yards, at a cost of $4,398.53; the cost of mainte- nance of United States survey and inspection steamer Hancock was $478.76; total cost for maintenance, $4,877.29. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The proportion of the project completed was about 85 per cent, there being still required 200 feet extension to the south pier. The maximum draft below low water which could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was about 15.5 feet. The total amount ex- pended under the existing adopted project to June 30, 1915, was 342,608.27, of which $179,899.10 was for new work and $162,709.17 for mintenance. 1296 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Local cooperation.-There were no conditions imposed by law as to cooperation. About 250 feet of the south revetment, joining the east end of the Government revetment, was built by the Chicago & Michi- gan Lake Shore Railroad Co. (now the Pere Marquette), in 1873; it is now in a ruined condition. Effect of improvement.-Vessel freight rates to and from Chicago are about 12 per cent less than the corresponding railroad rates. The benefits to commerce are entirely local. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for completion of the project, as the harbor has heretofore been reported unworthy of improvement by the United States. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for 1914 was about 80 per cent crushed stone (received) and 14 per cent fruit and vegetables (shipped); the increase over 1913 was due to crushed stone. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................... ....... ............- ..................... 1,619 $159,713 1913........................................ -------------------. .. ............. 3,527 264,213 1914--------..---....-.......-------.....--------------------------------------------............. 12,897 214,248 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------- ----------------------------- $179,899.10 Maintenance_-- ------------------------- 162, 709. 17 Total --------------------------------------------- 342, 608. 27 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................... ............................. ........................ Maintenance................ . ........................... $3, 298.24 $3,151.90 $4, 877.29 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____-------------------- $5, 089.02 Apr. 24, 1915, amount allotted, act of Mar. 3, 1909 -------------- 7, 000. 00 12, 089. 02 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar.4,1915 --------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 9, 089. 02 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------ 4, 877. 29 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_----------------________-- 4, 211. 73 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities .- .1,____ 1 749. 84 July 1, 1915, balance available_----------__ ---... -______ 2, 461.89 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------- --- _---_---_---__ -- 26,'400.00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1297 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------- $387, 761,54 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 330, 795. 81 Total---------------------------- 718, 557.35 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........... Maintenance ,........ .... ... .. .. ........................................................ $5,872.6 Mainew .$5, 872. 66 $8, 183. 97 -$8,183.97 • $6,225.85 $,2 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------- $8, 189. 80 Apr. 24, 1915, amount allotted, act of Mar. 3, 1909 ---------- 55, 000. 00 63, 189. 80 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915-- ------------------------- ----------- 48, 000.00 15, 189. 80 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------- 6, 225. 85 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 8, 963. 95 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------2, 980. 68 July 1, 1915, balance available----------- ------------- 5, 983. 27 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-------------- ------------------------- 148,120. 00 9. LUDINGTON HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan about 155 miles from Chicago. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan.) The nearest harbors are Pentwater Harbor, 11.5 miles to the south, and Manistee Harbor, 24 miles to the north. . Original condition.-This harbor is the outlet of Pere Marquette River which expands into Pere Marquette Lake before emptying into Lake Michigan. Pere Marquette Lake is about 2 miles long, one- half mile in average width, and from 20 to 40 feet deep. Before im- provement was begun by the United States, in 1867, the channel from Pere Marquette Lake to Lake Michigan had been improved by pri- vate interests. Its length was about 830 feet. The depth was from 7 to 8 feet. Width unknown. The channel had been protected by diverging slab piers. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1867, and was modified by the river and harbor acts approved August 2, 1886, August 11, 1888, and March 3, 1899. The amount expended on original and modified projects was $617,867.72, of which $491,416.22 was for construction and $126,451.50 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 83730-ENG 1915--82 1298 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. for maintenance. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1951. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, provides for a channel connecting Pere Marquette Lake with Lake Michigan about 2,000 feet long, 183 to 285 feet wide, and 18 feet deep at low water (2 feet below mean lake level, 1860-1875), protected by piers and revetments, and for an exterior basin in Lake Michigan formed by two breakwaters each 1,800 feet long, 400 feet apart at the outer ends diverging at an angle of 90 ° , the inner ends to be connected with the shore by. suitable struc- tures. (H. Doc. No. 62, 59th Cong., 1st sess., and Rivers and Harbors Com. Doc. No. 3, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) It also provides for the re- moval of the outward ends of the two inside piers formerly con- structed for protection of the entrance channel, and mentioned as necessary the dredging of a considerable area, in front of the outside ends of these piers. The'estimated cost of the project, exclusive of the dredging just referred to, was $839,087, there being no approved estimate of maintenance. This estimate was increased by the amount of $51,500 on account of additional riprap and stone filling made necessary by settlement during construction, and this amount has been appropriated. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.--The entrance chan- nel, from Lake Michigan to Pere Marquette Lake, protected by piers and revetments, and with a depth of 18 feet below low water, had been completed; the width between the piers is about 250 feet at the outer end, narrowing to 183 feet at the inner end. The two break- waters, each 1,800 feet long, with entrance width of 400 feet, and the shore connection of the south breakwater, 2,000 feet long, had been completed, the lakeward ends of the inside piers removed, and work begun on the shore connection of the north breakwater. The final lengths of the inside piers are 2,040 feet for the north pier and 1,981 feet for the south pier. The channel basin from the breakwater en- trance to the piers is about 1,400 feet long, 300 to 1,000 feet wide, and 20 feet deep below low water. The amount expended under the present project to June 30, 1914, was $926,002.54, of which $882,889.18 was for new work and $43,113.36 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The shore connec- tion to the north breakwater was completed under contract at a cost of $41,433.60, all of which is new work. Repairs to the north break- water, rendered necessary by damages due to storms and a colliding vessel in November and December, 1913, were made by contract, at a cost of $3,000.84, of which $343.94 was paid by the owner of the col- liding boat; dredging with Government dredge to maintain the chan- nel was carried on between July 1 and 3 and November 4 and 27, 1.914, 13,838 cubic yards being removed from the basin inside the breakwaters and from the channel between the outer portion of the inside piers, at a cost of $5,072.96; repairs by day labor were made to the south breakwater, at a cost of $58.59; and the cost of maintenance of U. S. survey and inspection steamer Hancock was $393.46; total for maintenance, $8,181.91. The least depth at close of work was 20.2 feet below mean lake level, 1860 to 1875. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The maximum draft below low water that could be carried through the shoalest part of the chan- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1299 nel at the end of the fiscal year was 17.2 feet. The total amount ex- pended under the project to June 30, 1915, was $975,618.05, of which $924,322.78 was for new work and $51,295.27 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-There were no requirements as to local cooper- ation. The municipality has improved the water front to a small extent at the end of a street for public use. Land at the inner ends of the two breakwater shore connections was donated to the United States by local interests; that for the north shore connection, 160 feet by about 225 feet, by deed of June 22, 1912, and that for the south shore connection, about 200 feet square, by deeds of July 12, 1912, and November 12, 1912. Effect of improvement.-The local freight rates by vessels to Chi- cago are about 16 per cent less than the corresponding rates by rail- road. The principal benefit to commerce is the opportunity for trans- lake business, largely by car ferries. About 90 per cent of the com- merce is through and 10 per cent local traffic. Proposed operations.-In the Annual Report for 1914, pages 2974 and 2975, estimates were submitted for dredging 280,000 cubic yards in the basin, to cost $50,000, and for 56,000 tons of riprap for the breakwater, to cost $150,000. These amounts are for new construc- tion. Annual dredging is required to maintain the project depth, and the pier and breakwater structures require repairs from time to time. The east end of the north revetment for about 600 feet is completely wrecked for part of its length and should be rebuilt at once. Other minor repairs are required to the inside piers and revetments from time to time. The stone filling in breakwater is to replace stone lost by settlement. The funds available for new work are exhausted. The funds available for maintenance will be exhausted June 30, 1916. The following estimates are submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: For new construction as recommended above: Dredging in basin---------------------------------------$50, 000 Riprap for breakwater----------------------------------- 150, 000 Total ------------------------- ---------------------- 200, 000 For maintenance: Operation and repair of dredge Meade------------------------ 7, 000 Operation and repair of survey and inspection boat Hancock------- 700 Rebuilding part of north revetment-------------------------40, 500 Maintenance of existing works------------------------------ 500 Engineering" and contingencies------- ----------------------- 1, 300 Total ------------------------------------------------ 50, 000 Commercial statistics.-The decrease in value from 1912 to 1913 is largely due to changes in unit values used in computing the table; e. g., from " miscellaneous" at $175 per ton, " iron and steel articles " at $200, in 1912, to " miscellaneous " at $100, " miscellaneous merchan- dise " at $150, and " iron and steel articles" at $80, in 1913, which are considered more accurate estimates of value than previously used. The commerce for 1914 was largely grain and grain products, forest products, coal, salt, and miscellaneous merchandise; the de- crease from 1913 is due to a decrease in coal shipments by car ferries. 1300 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons.' Value. 1912 ....... ...... ........ ..... ....... ........ ...... ........................ 1,657,492 $90,080254 1913------...................------------------........ -- ---------------------------------............................................ 1,686,864 61283391 1914-----------------------------------------------------------...................................... 1,510437 53,408,710 1 Exclusive of weight of freight cars carried by car ferries. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------- -------- ------------ $1, 415, 739. 00 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 177, 746. 77 Total ----------------------------- -------------- 1, 593, 485. 77 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........... ............... .......... ............. $25, 561.39 $131946.52 $41,433.60 Maintenance .......... .. .................... .............. ... .................... 8, 862.84 4,756.31 8,181.91 Total....................................................... 34,424.23 136,702.83 49,615.51 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------- ----------------------------- $10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1911----- --------------------- 219, 087. 00 July 25, 1912--- ---------------------- 51, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-- --------------------------------- 9, 400.00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------- 9, 300. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 43, 257. 55 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 6, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 9, 300. 00 Sept. 29, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913_ 4, 400. 00 62, 957. 55 Deduction on account of redeposit from allotment from emer- gencies fund, act of Mar. 4, 1913, not needed ___ __ - - - 1, 820. 00 61, 137. 55 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_------------------- $41,433. 60 For maintenance of improvement----------------8, 181. 91 49, 615. 51 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended .....- 11, 522. 04 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _......____ __-____-_- - -__ 13. 89 July 1, 1915, balance available-- - ----- ___ ____--------__ 11, 508. 15 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------- 250, 000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1301 10. MANISTEE HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Mich- igan, about 180 miles from Chicago and 24 miles north of Ludington Harbor. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan.) Original condition.-This harbor is at the mouth of Manistee River, a stream forming the outlet from Manistee Lake into Lake Michigan through a channel about 9,300 feet in length. Manistee Lake is about 4 miles long, one-fourth to one-half mile wide, and 35 feet deep. Before improvement was begun by the United States the entrance from Lake Michigan had been improved by local interests by slab piers from 100 to 150 feet apart. The depth at low water was from 7 to 8 feet in a channel of uncertain width obstructed by sand bars. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1867, and was modified by the river and harbor acts approved June 10, 1872, March 3, 1873, March 3, 1875, August 14, 1876, September 19, 1890, July 13, 1892, March 2, 1907, and June 25 1910. The amount expended on original and modified projects was $505,933.54,. of which $354,998.68 was for construction and $150,934.86 for maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1952. Presentproject.-The present project provides for securing a chan- nel with a minimum width of 90 feet and a depth of 18 feet through- out the Manistee River; a channel having a width of from 120 to 220 feet and depth of 20 feet between the piers and a basin 570 feet wide and 20 feet deep between the outer end of the breakwater and the piers; the construction of a south breakwater 1,300 feet long with shore arm about 1,200 feet long to protect the entrance to the river; the removal of 450 feet of south pier at the entrance and the exten- sion of north pier (if required) 200 feet; all at an estimated cost of $456,000 and $6,000 annually. The project depth is referred to low water, which is 2 feet below mean lake level, 1860 to 1875. This project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912. (See H. Doc. No. 599, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results priorto the fiscal year.-The entrance chan- nel from Lake Michigan, with a width between piers of 195 feet at the entrance, narrowing to 150 feet inside, had been completed, with a north pier and revetment 2,906 feet in length and a south pier and revetment 1,450 feet in length and a depth of 18 feet at low water between the piers; and a channel 16 feet deep at low water and 90 to 126 feet wide through the river from lake to lake. The breakwater had been constructed for a length of 100 feet. The amount expended under the present project to June 30, 1914, was $36,985.70, of which $34,090.08 was for new work and $2,895.62 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work on the con- struction of the south breakwater under contract was continued, and the breakwater was extended 400 feet by the addition of four cribs, but this section is not completed. The cost was $37,520.81, all of which is for new work. There were removed by Government dredge 44,457 cubic yards from the entrance bar in Lake Michigan and 34,273 cubic yards from between the piers, a total of 78,730 cubic yards, at a cost of $8,437.82; the sum of $672.22 was expended for maintenance of U. S. survey and inspection steamer Hancock. The 1302 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. total cost for maintenance was $9,110.04. The amount expended dur- ing the year was $46,630.85, of which $37,520.81 was for new work and $9,110.04 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Construction work on the breakwater is under way. The breakwater was completed for a length of 100 feet, and 600 feet additional under construction. The maximum draft that could be carried through the shoalest part of the channel was 19 feet between the piers and 15.1 feet in the river. The project was about 30 per cent completed. The total amount ex- pended under the project to June 30, 1915, was $83,616.55, of which $71,610.89 was for new work and $12,005.66 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The project required the donation to the United States, without cost, of a strip of land 200 feet square at the inner end of the shore connection of the breakwater. This provi- sion was complied with April 10, 1913. Effect of improvement.-Local freight rates by vessel to Chicago are about 16 per cent less than the corresponding rates by railroad. The principal benefit to commerce is improved facilities for the ship- ment from Manistee of forest products and salt. Proposed operations.-Annual dredging by the Government dredge is required to maintain the project depths. The old piers and revetments require emergency repairs from time to time. The available funds are sufficient to provide for any work that may be necessary prior to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for 1914 was about 58 per cent salt and 27 per cent lumber; the decrease from 1913 was due to a decrease in these two items of shipment. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................... ........................................................ 355,740 $3, 925711 1913.... ................ --......................................---.................... 306,898 3,991,589 1914.............. ...... ...... .................................... ... 196, 322 3,520,595 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $426, 609. 57 Maintenance----------------- ----------------------------- 162, 940. 52 Total -------------------------------------------------- 589, 550. 09 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .................... .. _.. ..... ................ 5,124.08 $32,768.01 $37, 520. 81 Maintenance................ . ..................... 2,996. 70 2,895. 62 9, 110. 04 Total................ ... ...................... 8,120. 78 35,663. 63 46,630.85 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. - 1303 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------- $10, 000.00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------- ------------------- 312, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- 434, 105. 63 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------- 70, 700. 00 363, 405. 63 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ------------------ $37, 520. 81 For maintenance" of improvement--------------- 9,110. 04 46, 630. 85 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------316, 774. 78 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_____ 811. 68 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts- 76, 752. 64 77, 564. 32 July 1, 1915, balance available- ------------------- --------- 239, 210. 46 11. PORTAGE LAKE HARBOR OF REFUGE, MANISTEE COUNTY, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan, about 185 miles from Chicago. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan.) The nearest harbors are Manistee Harbor, 8 miles to the south, and Arcadia Harbor, 9 miles to the north. Original condition.-This harbor is the outlet to Portage Lake, a body of water of navigable depth, about 3.5 miles long. When work was begun by the United States, in 1879, there was an artificial chan- nel about 400 feet long from Lake Michigan to Portage Lake, about a mile south of the original outlet; this channel was less than 4 feet deep and was 130 feet wide between log and slab piers built by local enterprise. Previous projects.-None. Present project.- The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1879, provides for the construction of a harbor of refuge, with an entrance channel from Lake Michigan, 18 feet deep at low water (2 feet below mean lake level 1860-1875), about 2,300 feet long, protected by parallel piers and revetments 362 feet apart at the entrance and narrowing to 356 feet inside, at an estimated cost of $189,860, increased by river and harbor acts ap- proved March 3, 1899, and June 13, 1902, to a total of $344,300. There is no adopted estimate for annual maintenance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel about 2,300 feet long had been constructed from Lake Michigan to Por- tage Lake, with a north pier and revetment 2,200 feet long (includ- ing a wing 114 feet long at the inner end), and a south pier and revetment 2,300 feet long (including a wing 17 feet long at the inner end), and with a width between piers of 362 feet at the entrance, narrowing to 356 feet inside. The project depth had not been com- pleted. The amount expended under the project to June 30, 1914, was $395,228.73, of which $256,129.21 was for construction and $139,099.52 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging by the Government dredge on June 8, 1915, removed 3,117 cubic yards from 1304 ' REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. the shoal spot on the entrance bar in Lake Michigan, at a cost of $291.92, for maintenance. This is the first work done at this harbor since the completion of dredging November 19, 1912. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted as far as pier construction is concerned, but the dredging to project depth had not been completed. The maximum draft below low water which could be carried over the shoalest part of the chan- nel at the end of the fiscal year was about 16 feet. The total amount expended under the existing adopted project to June 30, 1915, was $395,520.65, of which $256,129.21 was for new work and $139,391.44 for maintenance. Local cooperation.--There were no conditions iinposed by law as to cooperation and no work was done' by local interests. The log and slab piers built prior to 1879 were of no use in connection with the. Government improvement. Effect of improvement.-The benefits to commerce are entirely local, affecting a little general merchandise, fruit, and summer-resort business. Proposed operations.-No recommendation is submitted for com- pleting the project dredging. In 1912 the abandonment of further work on the harbor of refuge and the entire abandonment of the project was recommended. Maintenance of the existing harbor for the fiscal year 1917 would require about $2,000 for dredging, engi- neering, and contingencies. There is no unexpended balance from previous appropriations. Commercial statistics.--The commerce for 1914 was 30 per cent fruit and 70 per cent general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912................. .............................................................. 2,226 $149,320 1913 ................................................................. 2,184 282,950 1914............... ........ ........ .................... 2,433 297,534 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $256, 129. 21 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 139, 391. 44 Total --------------------------------------------- 395, 520. 65 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work- -.. .---------------------------------------------- $2,000.00 ....... . Maintenance-----.-. ---------------------------------- 4,269. 35 $27. 44 $291. 92 Total ...----...-----..........-----------------..............-------------------- 6,269.35 27.44 291.92 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912- ._------_-----___- _- -- -______ $3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---_-____ - _____--_- _ _-___ 291.92 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement- -_-________ ___..._- _ 291.92 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1305 12. ARCADIA HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan about 193 miles from Chicago. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan.) The nearest harbors are Portage Lake Harbor, 9 miles to the south, and Frankfort Harbor, 10 miles to the north. Original condition.-This harbor is formed by North Bar Lake, about 4,800 feet long, and of navigable depth, and the artificial chan- nel into Lake Michigan. This channel, as constructed by local inter- ests between 1892 and 1897, had a length of about 1,200 feet, with slab and pile piers and revetments 1,084 feet long on the north side and 1,339 feet long on the south side, with an entrance width of 200 feet, narrowing to 163 feet at the inner end. When work was begun by the United States in 1905 the available depth between the piers was 9 feet below mean lake level (1860-1875), which was the stage of the lake at that time. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905, and was limited to the five years, 1905 to 1909, inclusive. The amount expended on the original project was $14,959.80 for dredging. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1954. Present project.-There is at present no approved project for the improvement of this harbor. A project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1905 (H. Doc. No. 194, 58th Cong., 2d sess.), which provided for maintaining the harbor by dredging for a period of five years at an estimated annual cost of $3,000, which was completed in 1909 by expiration of time. This project main- tained the harbor as built by private enterprise and provided a chan- nel between Lake Michigan and Bar Lake, about 1,100 feet long, 163 to 200 feet wide between parallel piers and revetments, and 12 feet deep at low water (2 feet below mean lake level, 1860-1875). For current expenditures a 12-foot depth at low water is considered the project depth. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Although the time limit of the project expired in 1909, appropriations were made by the river and harbor acts approved February 27, 1911, July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1913. Allotment was made from the river and harbor act approved March 4, 1915, and these funds have been expended for maintenance of the channel by dredging and for repairs to the existing piers. These piers are described in paragraph above on Original condition. The amount expended from June 30, 1910, to June 30, 1914, was $16,926.66, for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Repairs to both piers were made by contract at a cost of $26,531.59; dredging by Government dredge between May 25 and June 5, 1915, removed 16,588 cubic yards from the entrance bar in Lake Michigan, and 5,978 cubic yards from the channel between the piers, a total of 22,566 cubic yards, at a cost of $2,869.13; maintenance cost of United States survey and inspection steamer Hancock was $56.67; total cost, all for maintenance, $29,457.39. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The maximum draft below low water which could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at the close of the fiscal year was about 14 feet. The total amount ex- 1306 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. pended to June 30, 1915, was $61,343.85, all of which was for main- tenance. Local cooperation.-Therewere no conditions imposed by law as to cooperation. The harbor was constructed by the Henry Starke Land & Lumber Co., at a cost of $25,809 for pier construction and $30,178 for construction and maintenance dredging, a total of $55,987, be- tween the years 1892 and 1902. The channel was dredged about 50 feet wide and 14 feet deep below mean lake level in 1911 by local interests at a cost of $1,900. Effect of improvement.-Definite information as to the effect of the improvement on feight rates is not known. The Arcadia & Betsie River Railroad, the only railroad reaching this town, does not do an interstate business. The commerce is entirely local in character and at present about 95 per cent is forest products, which are nearly exhausted. Proposed operation.--The funds available for maintenance will be exhausted June 30, 1916. No recommendation is made for appropria- tion for fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. Maintenance for the year would require about $4,000 for dredging, engineering, and contin- gencies. Commercial statistics.--The commerce for 1914 was about 95 per cent forest products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.........................-----.......................................26,650 $328,875 1913........... ...............-- ................................... 22,626 298,219 1914................................................................ 21,525 286,126 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work Maintenance-------------- $61, 343. 85 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New ......... . . . ------ .. .ork. .......-.--- Maintenance.............................. .......................... 4,596.49 $6,660.93 $29,457.39 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------------------------3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____ __ _____-._______ 28, 113. 54 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 3, 000. 00 31,113. 54 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement--- ------------------------ -------------- 29,457.39 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -_____ -________--_ _ 1, 656.15 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities __________________________ 888. 32 July 1, 1915, balance available__ ------------------------------ 767. 83 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1307 .13. FRANKFORT HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan, about 203 miles from Chicago. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michigan.) The nearest harbors are Arcadia Harbor, 10 miles to the south, and the natural harbor of South Manitou, about 30 miles to the north. Original condition.-This -harbor is formed by Lake Betsie (Aux Becs Scies), about 1.5 miles long, generally shoal but with navigable depths in the westerly portion, and the artificial channel into Lake Michigan. In 1867, when work was begun by the United States, the outlet was about 750 feet north of the present channel, with a depth of 3. or 4 feet and width of 70 or 80 feet between slab piers built by local enterprise. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for a new channel from Lake Betsie to Lake Michigan, about 2,000 feet long, protected by parallel piers and revetments 218 feet apart outside, narrowing to 195 feet inside, with a "navigable depth" of 18 feet. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 23, 1866, amended by river and harbor acts approved July 13,1892, and June 3, 1896. The estimated cost of the entire project is $421,938.35. There is no adopted estimate of cost of maintenance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A new channel from Lake Michigan to Lake.Betsie, about 2,000 feet long and 18 feet deep below low water, with a width at entrance of 218 feet, narrowing to 195 feet inside, had been constructed, with a north pier and revet- ment 2,000 feet long and a south pier and revetment 2,028 feet long. The amount expended under the project to June 30, 1914, was $502,- 353.20, of which $351,353.59 was for construction and $150,999.61 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging by the Government dredge was carried on between August 11 and Septem- ber 3, 1914, 13,256 cubic yards being removed from the entrance bar in Lake Michigan and 17,504 cubic yards from the channel between the piers, a total of 30,760 cubic yards, at a cost of $2,891.32; the sum of $570 was expended for maintenance of United States survey and inspection steamer Hancock; total, $3,461.32, for maintenance. Conditi7on at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted and present operations are confined to maintenance. The maximum draft below low water which could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was about 19 feet. The total amount expended under the existing adopted project to June 30, 1915, was $505,814.52, of which $351,353.59 was for new work and $154,460.93 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-There were no conditions imposed by law as to cooperation. In 1896 and 1897 the Toledo & Ann Arbor Railway Co. (now the Ann Arbor Railroad Co.) extended the south pier 400 feet, at a cost of about $25,000. Vessel terminals and revetments in the inner lake were constructed by railroad and other local interests. Effect of improvement.-The improvement is of special benefit to interstate commerce, due to the operation between Frankfort and several harbors across the lake of a line of car ferries by the Ann Arbor Railroad Co., which carries about 99 per cent of the entire 1308 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. commerce of the harbor. - This through rail and car-ferry service is believed to have reduced the freight rates on such traffic. Proposed operations.-The funds available for maintenance will be exhausted June 30, 1916. Annual dredging is required for main- tenance, and the harbor structures require occasional repairs and renewals. The following estimate for maintenance is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: Operation and repair of dredge Meade_------ -------------------- $5, 000 Operation and repair survey and inspection steamer Hancock__________ 700 Maintenance of existing works ----------------- _____--1, _______ 000 Engineering and contingencies 800 Total-------- --------------------------------------- 7, 500 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for 1914 consisted largely of coal, lumber, and grain products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons.' Value. 1912 .-----............................................................ 656,927 $20,345,525 1913.......... .... ............. ... .. ......................... 764,459 19,919,135 1914.--.....-........................................... .737,248 18,818,077 1 Exclusive of weight of freight cars carried by car ferries. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------------- $351, 353. 59 Maintenance ________----___-__-_________ __ _ __ 154, 460. 93 Total --------------------------------------------- 505, 814. 52 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................... .. ...... .... .. ....................................... Maintenance................................ ....................... $6,648.01 $3, 474.62 $3,461.32 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------- $10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---------- ----------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------- 3, 400. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _______________________3, 122. 24 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 4, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 3, 400. 00 10, 522. 24 June 30, 1915, amount expended during .fiscal year for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------- 3, 461. 32 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______________________________ 7, 060. 92 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _ _____________ 7, 500. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1309 14. CHARLEVOIX HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan about 275 miles from Chicago and about 45 miles from the Straits of Mackinac. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michi- gan.) The entrance to Grand Traverse Bay is about 18 miles to the southwest, South Manitou Harbor 47 miles to. the southwest, and Petoskey Harbor 17 miles a little north of east. Original condition.-This harbor is at the mouth of Pine River, which connects through the lower channel with Round Lake and thence through the upper channel with Pine Lake. Round Lake is about one-half mile in diameter and Pine Lake is about 15 miles long, both being navigable. In 1868 the lower channel was 75 feet wide and 2 to 6 feet deep; prior to beginning work by the United States in 1877 there had been built 468 feet of crib work in the north pier and 80 feet in the south pier, extending into Lake Michigan. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel 15 feet deep below low water (2 feet below mean lake level 1860-75) from Lake Michigan through Round Lake to Pine Lake, the lower channel (Lake Michigan to Round Lake) to be about 2,000 feet long between parallel piers and revetments 100 to 160 feet apart, the up- per channel (Round Lake to Pine Lake) to be about 350 feet long between parallel revetments 83 feet apart. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved August 14, 1876, and amended by the river and harbor acts approved August 2, 1882, and June 13, 1902. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The lower channel, from Lake Michigan to Round Lake, about 2,000 feet long and 15 feet deep below low water, with a width of 160 feet at the entrance narrowing to 100 feet, had been constructed with a north pier and revetment 1,725 feet long and south pier and revetment 2,030 feet long. The upper channel, from Round Lake to Pine Lake, about 1,500 feet long, had been dredged to a depth of 15 feet below low water and revetments 83 feet apart built for lengths of 339 feet on the north side and 366 feet on the south side. The distance from Lake Michigan to Pine Lake is about 1 mile. The amount expended under the project to June 30, 1914, was $215,279.30, of which $80,205.04 was for construction and $135,074.26 for maintenance. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-Repairs to the outer end of the south pier were made by contract at a cost of $524.53; repairs to the west end of the south revetment of the upper channel were made by contract at a cost of $725.87, of which $358.67 was paid by the United States and $367.20 by the owner of the colliding boat; dredging by Government dredge between September 26 and October 5, 1914, removed 7,485 cubic yards from the entrance bar in Lake Michigan, 2,062 cubic yards from the lower channel, and 6,330 cubic yards from the upper channel, a total of 15,877 cubic yards, at a cost of $2,139.57; repairs were made by day labor to the north revetment and south pier at a cost of $260.05; the United States sur- vey and inspection steamer Hancock was repaired and maintained at a cost of $1,446.05; total by the United States, all for maintenance, $4,728.87. 1310 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted with the exception of 200 feet extension to the south pier, which has been deferred, entrance depths being maintained by dredg- ing alone. Present operations are confined to maintenance. The maximum draft which could be carried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was 15.2 feet below low water. The total amount expended under the existing adopted project to June 30, 1915, was $220,008.82, of which $80,205.04 was for new work and $139,803.13 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Therewere no conditions imposed by law as to cooperation. Prior to the beginning of work by the United States, some dredging had been done in both the lower channel and in the upper channel, and a north pier 468 feet long and a south pier 80 feet long had been built at the Lake Michigan entrance. This work was done by citizens, assisted by a grant of land from the State. Effect of improvement.-The effect on freight rates is not known. The principal traffic is lumber, iron ore, and pig iron, in connection with the industries at the head of Pine Lake. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for completion of the project as entrance depths are now maintained by dredging. The funds available for maintenance will be exhausted June 30, 1916. Annual dredging is required for maintenance and the harbor structures require occasional repairs and renewals. The following estimate for maintenance is submitted for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917: Operation and repair dredge Meade----------------------------$2, 000 Operation and repair survey and inspection steamer Hancock---------- 700 Maintenance of existing works ----------------------------------- 300 Engineering and contingencies- ----------------------------------- 500 3, 500 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for 1914 was about 72 per cent iron ore and pig iron, and 22 per cent forest products; the de- crease under 1913 was due to a decrease in lumber shipments while there was an increase in receipts of iron ore and shipments of pig iron. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. ................................ 1912................................ ......... 251,798 $2,216,927 1913 .......................................................................... .......... 198,160 1,978,757 1914.... ................. ........ ...................................... 155,902 1,606,400 Financialsum m ary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $80,205.04 Maintenance----------------------------------------___ 139,803. 13 Total-------------------------------------------- 220, 008. 17 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........ . ...... ...... ................................ . Maintenance......... ....................................... 812. 18 62,934.67 $4,728. 87 .. ... 1, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1311 APPROPRIATION8. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914---------- ----------------------------------- $2,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915------------ ---------------------------------- 2, 700. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -- __---------------------- 5, 340. 35 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_... 2, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 2, 700. 00 10, 040. 35 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------ ---------------------------------- 4, 728. 87 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__ ---------------------- 5, 311. 48 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------------------------------- 123, 750. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------- 3, 500. 00 15. PETOSKEY HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the east shore of Lake Michi- gan about 292 miles fromn Chicago and about 62 miles from the Straits of Mackinac. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 7, Lake Michi- gan.) The nearest harbors are Charlevoix Harbor, 17 miles a little south of west, and the fine natural harbor of refuge of Harbor Springs, 4 miles to the north. Original condition.-This harbor is on the south shore of Little Traverse Bay, near its inner end. Before work was begun by the United States there was a landing pier, about 670 feet long, projecting into the open bay, with a depth of about 14 feet below low water (1860-1875), at its outer end. There was no protection from winds coming from between west and northwest. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved September 19, 1890, and modified by the river and harbor act approved July 13, 1892. There was expended on the original project the sum of $223.22. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1954. Present project.-The present project provides for a breakwater 1,345 feet long (the inner 445 feet of stone construction, and the outer 900 feet of crib -construction), extending in a northeasterly direction from shore, and the removal of the old north breakwater 200 feet long; all at an estimated cost of $170,000. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act approved August 18, 1894, " ac- cording to the larger of the two projects submitted in report of De- cember twenty-first, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine " (Annual Report for 1890, p. 2674-2675), and amended by the river and harbor act approved June 13, 1902, which provided for the removal of the old north breakwater and discontinuance of work on its extension, but did not change the estimated cost. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The breakwater had been built with a total length of 1,345 feet, consisting of 445 feet of stonework at the shore end and -900 feet of cribwork, and the 200 feet of north breakwater had been removed. The breakwater 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1312 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. ends in a depth of about 29 feet and about 300 feet beyond the 28- foot curve; depths referred to low water. The amount expended under the project to June 30, 1914, was $128,640.95, of which $118,016.18 was for new work and $10,624.77 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done except inspections and office work, and the partial making of extraor- dinary repairs on U. S. survey and inspection steamer Hancock. The total expenditures were $1,560.57, all of which were for mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been com- pleted. The total amount expended under the existing adopted project to June 30, 1915, was $130,201.52, of which $118,016.18 was for new work and $12,185.34 for maintenance. The project was completed for $51,840.60 less than the original estimated cost. Local cooperation.-There were no conditions imposed by law as to cooperation. Between the years 1874 and 1885 four different piers extending into the bay were built by village authorities and private citizens, at a total cost of $23,000. Only one of these piers is now in existence, the others having been destroyed by storms. Effect of improvement.-The improvement does not have any effect on freight rates. The benefits are entirely local, affecting only a very small amount of general merchandise. Little Traverse Bay is a very important summer resort region, but this business is carried on through the near-by harbor of Harbor Springs. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed except mainte- nance and repairs to the breakwater structures, when needed; for this the balance on hand is believed to be sufficient to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for 1914 was largely miscel- laneous merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Shorttons.Value. 1912........................................................ 3,333 $526,718 1913...... ..... ............. ....... . 2,835 406,985 1914......... ------ ------- -------------------- -------- --- 2,851 364,948 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ _-_-_-_- -- $118, 239. 40 Maintenance ---- - -- - -- 12. 1 i .4 1L1, VV" VZ Total--------------------------------- 130, 424.744 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1313 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_---_______ ____-______ - $16, 650. 30 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------ 14, 000. 00 2, 650. 30 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement- ---------------- --- _ 1, 560. 57 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------- -__ _ 1, 089. 73 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF FEBRUARY 27, 1911, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of February 27, 1911, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. White Lake Harbor, Mich., from the mouth of the channel to White Lake. 2. Pentwater Harbor, Mich., from the- mouth of the channel to Pentwater Lake. 3. Frankfort Harbor, Mich. 4. Muskegon River, Mich., from the head of Muskegon Lake to Newaygo or to the Grand Rapids-Muskego Power Co. dam. 5. Saugatuck Harbor and Kalamazoo River, Mich., with a view to securing increased depth to the town of Douglas. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE DETROIT, MICH., DISTRICT. This district includes the lakes, rivers, and harbors along the east coast of the State of Michigan from St. Marys River on the north to Monroe Harbor on the south, both inclusive. District officer: Lieut. Col. Mason M. Patrick, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. J. G. Warren, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Ship channel connecting waters 9. Saginaw River, Mich.......... 1334 of the Great Lakes between 10. Harbor of Refuge at Harbor Chicago, Duluth, and Buffalo. 1314 Beach, Lake Huron, Mich.. 1336 2. St. Marys River at the falls, 11. Mouth of Black River, Mich.. 1338 Mich........................ 1316 12. Black River at Port Huron, 3. Operating and care of St. Marys Mich....................... 1340 Falls Canal, Mich............ 1323 13. Operating and care of St. Clair 4. Hay Lake and Neebish Chan- Flats Canal, Mich........ 1341 nels, St. Marys River, Mich.. 1325 14. Clinton River, Mich........... 1343 5. Mackinac Harbor, Mich........ 1327 15. Rouge River, Mich........ 1345 6. Cheboygan Harbor, Mich ....... 1328 16. Detroit River, Mich........... 1347 7. Rogers City Harbor, Mich...... 1330 17. Monroe Harbor, Mich......... 1351 8. Alpena Harbor (Thunder Bay River), Mich............ 1332 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3215 TO 3266. 8373"--F=NG 915~---83 1314 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1. SHIP CHANNEL CONNECTING WATERS OF THE GREAT LAKES BETWEEN CHICAGO, DULUTH, AND BUFFALO. Location.-This channel comprises the St. Marys River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River. (See U. S. Lake Survey charts Nos. 3, 5, 7, and 9.) Original condition.-In its original condition this channel was ob- structed by the falls in the St. Marys River, Mich., and by a number of shoal spots at various localities throughout its length, over which there were least depths varying from 6.5 to 17 feet at mean low water then prevailing. With the exception of the St. Marys River at the falls this channel was available for commerce for vessels of the draft that could then be carried. Previous projects.-There have been no previous projects. Present project.-The existing project, authorized by act of July 13, 1892, provides for the construction of a ship channel 20 and 21 feet deep and not less than 300 feet wide in the shallows of the con- necting waters of the Great Lakes between Chicago, Duluth, and Buffalo. The estimated cost was $3,340,000. No estimate of cost of maintenance was made. The project was based upon a report of preliminary examination contained in House Executive Document No. 207, Fifty-first Congress, second session. The project called for depths of 20 and 21 feet below mean low water, which is assumed to have been at 601.5 feet above mean tide at New York for Lake Su- perior; 584.2 at foot of locks, St. Marys River; 581.1 for Lake Huron; 575.5 for Lake St. Clair; and 572.6 for Lake Erie. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work origi- nally contemplated provided for improvements at eight localities, as follows: (1) Round Island Shoals in upper St. Marys River, about 10 miles above Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., where there was a least depth of 17 feet and a length of 3,700 feet; (2) Little Mud Lake, St. Marys River, about 18 miles below Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., where there was a minimum depth of 10 feet and a length of 4.5 miles; (3) Sailors Encampment, St. Marys River, about 22 miles below Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., where there was a minimum depth of 6.5 feet and a length of 5,100 feet; (4) Mud Lake, St. Marys River, about 24 miles below Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., where there was a least depth of 17 feet and a length of 7,500 feet; (5) Foot of Lake Huron, about 1,000 feet from Fort Gratiot Lighthouse, where there was a least depth of 17 feet and length of 9,000 feet; (6) Mouth of St. Clair River, Mich., where there was a minimum depth of 12 feet and length of 5.75 miles; (7) Entrance to Detroit River, in Lake St. Clair, where there was a shoal with least depth of 16 feet about 6 miles in length; and (8) Mouth of Detroit River, where there was a bar about 4 miles below Bois Blanc Lighthouse about 2.5 miles in length, with a least depth of 17 feet. This work was done and the scope of the work was later extended to cover localities other than those originally contemplated where examinations disclosed isolated shoals, usually of small area. The principal additional works thus accomplished have been the widening of the channel at Round Island Shoals and the removal of the Vidal Shoals in the upper St. Marys River; Squaw Island and Sweet Point Shoals, at the mouth of the St. Marys River; Crab Island Shoal, in Detour Passage; the shoal in the St, Clair ~iver at the mouth of the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1315 Black River; the St. Clair Middle Ground Shoal, in the St. Clair River opposite the city of St. Clair; and Squirrel Island Shoal, in the same river. In addition a new channel west of Stag Island, St. Clair River, has been opened by the removal of several shoals inter- fering with deep-draft navigation, and considerable work in Detroit River has been done that was not contemplated in the original project. The total amount expended on the existing project prior to the fiscal year is $3,356,397.11, of which $3,340,025 was applied to original work and $16,372.11 to maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-In May, 1915, the work of removing shoals which had formed in Lake St. Clair at and below the St. Clair Flats Canal was begun under contract and was still in progress at the close of the year, at which time 36,993 cubic yards had been removed and about 30 per cent of the work completed. During the year $1,132 was expended, all for maintenance of the improvement. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted, and a channel 20 and 21 feet deep referred to the datum planes of its date (1892) has been secured. In 1902 these datum planes were changed to 578.8 for Lakes Michigan-Huron, 573.8 for Lake St. Clair, and 570.8 for Lake Erie (1877 levels), and the addi- tional depth this change called for has been provided at a number, but not all, of the localities covered by the project. The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year over the shoalest parts of the channel was 19 feet with reference to these adopted planes. The total expenditures to the end of the fiscal year are $3,340,025 for new work and $17,504.11 for maintenance, a total of $3,357,529.11. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-This improvement affects the entire com- merce of the Great Lakes passing between the points covered by the project. It is believed that to attribute to the improvement in channels the difference in freight rates of 1900 (1.18 mills per ton-mile) and 1914 (0.60 mill per ton-mile) would not exaggerate the effect of the im- provement, especially in view of the fact that the greater permissible draft has resulted in the use of vessels of greater tonnage, the carry- ing capacity of the largest freight steamers having increased from 8,000 tons in 1900 to 14,280 tons. Proposed operations.-A recent examination of that portion of the ship channel through Lake St. Clair showed considerable shoaling. The work in progress will relieve this condition to a certain extent, but it is now known that further work must be done to maintain the project dimensions of this important channel. The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by November 30, 1915, and to com- plete the maintenance dredging an additional sum of $25,000 will be required. Commercial statistics.-See statements of commercial statistics in reports upon St. Marys Falls Canal, Mich.; St. Clair Flats Canal, Mich.; and Detroit River, Mich, 1316 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work _ _ __ _ __ _ $3, 340, 025. 00 Maintenance _... 17, 504. 11 1 V :.d , -- --- --------------------------- ,, 3, 357, 529. 11 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....... ......................... ........... .................... Maintenance.......................... ............. .... $4,027.35 $446.48 $1,132.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915----- $20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___ ______ 1, 636. 77 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 20, 000. 00 21, 636. 77 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement_ _ __ 1, 132. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____________ ___________ 20, 504. 77 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ______________ $4, 315. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts- 9, 504. 00 13, 819. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available 6, 685. 77 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement 125, 000. 00 2. ST. MARYS RIVER AT THE FALLS, MICH. Location.-The St. Marys River is the outlet of Lake Superior, connecting it with Lake Huron. The river flows in an easterly and southeasterly direction and is 63 miles long. The reach under im- provement at the falls is about 2 miles long, and its lower end is about 47 miles from the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 9.) Original condition.-At the falls, which are opposite the city of Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., the river drops about 20 feet in a distance of 1 mile, and navigation of this part of the river was impracticable except for logs and very small craft. With the exception of this sec- tion, the river was navigable throughout its entire length. Previous projects.-The original project for the improvement of this section of the river was authorized by act of July 11, 1870. Sub- sequent modifications and additions were authorized by acts of August 5, 1886, and June 13, 1902. The total amount expended on the original and modified projects thus authorized was $8,046,349.48. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1955. Present project.-The existing project provides for the construc- tion of a third and a fourth lock, each lock to be 1,350 feet long 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. flIVERI AND HA1BO : IMPROVEMMENTS. 1317 between gates (giving a usable length of not less than 1,300 feet), 80 feet wide, and to have a depth not less than 24.5 feet on the miter sills, and the construction of a canal 260 to 300 feet wide and 25 feet deep, the above depths to be below the extreme low-water planes, that for the upper level being taken as 601.7 feet and that for the lower level 580.6 feet above mean tide at New York, levels of 1903. The new canal leading to the third and fourth locks is separate from the canal in use in connection with the two locks previously built. The deepening of the tailrace of the United States power plant at this place was added to the present project by authority of act of March 4, 1915. The construction of the third lock and the canal was authorized by the act of March 2, 1907, which provided for their construction in accordance with plan 3 set forth in House Document No. 33, Fifty- ninth Congress, second session, at an estimated cost of $6,200,000. The construction of the fourth lock was authorized by the act of July 25, 1912, in accordance with the report submitted in House Document No. 64, Sixty-second Congress, first session, at an estimated cost of $3,275,000. No estimate of cost of maintenance was submitted, as the maintenance, operations, etc., of these locks and canals is provided for from the permanent indefinite appropriation for that purpose by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work by the United States at this locality has been in progress since 1870. It has consisted of the construction of the Weitzel Lock, 515 feet long, 80 feet wide, with a project depth over the miter sills of 17 feet, the construction on the site of the old State locks of the Poe Lock, 800 feet long, 100 feet wide, with a project depth over the miter sills of 22 feet (these depths on the miter sills of the two locks are referred to the mean stage of water prevailing at the time they were projected; at the present extreme low-water stages of the lower pool, 580.6 feet above mean tide at New York, levels of 1903, the draft that can be carried through these locks is about 4 feet less than the project depths above given), the enlargement of the old State canal so that it has at present a width varying from 108 to 500 feet and a depth in its upper reach of 24.6 feet at stage 601.7 feet above mean tide at New York, levels of 1903, the construction of a movable dam for closing this canal in an emergency, the beginning and prosecution of the work on the new third lock and canal and on the fourth lock, which was still in progress at the close of the last fiscal year. At that time the third lock and the canal were approaching completion and there remained to be done some work on the pumping plant, the machinery for the lock, the new pump house, and the east approach; the excava- tion of the lock pit for the fourth lock was about half completed. The amount expended on work under the present project prior to the fiscal year was $4,702,191.78, of which $4,541,871.97 was applied to the third lock and canal and $160,319.81 to the fourth lock. This was all for original work, as there was no expenditure for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work of con- structing the new third lock and canal was practically completed during the past year. The specific work done included the comple- tion of the pump house, the pumping plant, and the machinery for the lock, the installation of an arc lighting system, the completion of the canal and of the east approach to the lock. A portion of the 1318 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. work on this new lock and canal was done by day labor, the major part being done by contract. The work done on the fourth lock consisted of the completion of the lock-pit excavation, this be- ing done under contract. In June, 1915, a contract was let for the construction of the masonry of this lock. The work on the third lock and new canal was carried on under a continuing con- tract authorization, and of the amount authorized to be expended $500,000 still remained to be appropriated at the time of the passage of the act of March 4, 1915. Under authority of this act this amount was transferred to the work on the fourth lock, to be applied to the construction of the masonry work, and still remains to be appropri- ated. The river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, authorized the deepening of the tail race of the United States power plant at this locality, the work to be paid for from funds appropriated for the third lock and canal. Bids covering this work were opened on June 15, 1915, and contract entered into. The expenditures during the past year were $430,810.90 for new lock and canal and $361,618.32 for fourth lock, all applied to new work. The third lock and new canal were opened to navigation on October 21, 1914. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The third lock and new canal are practically completed, and about 18 per cent of the work on the fourth lock has been done. The draft which is carried through the new lock and canal is determined by the available depth in the chan- nels elsewhere in the lakes, harbors, and connecting waters, where the maximum draft at the shoalest places at the adopted planes is about 19 feet. The total expenditure under the existing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year is $5,494,621, of which $4,972,682.87 were spent on the third lock and new canal and $521,938.13 on the fourth lock, all for new work. The estimated cost of the third lock and new canal was $6,200,000. It is now certain that this part of the existing project will be com- pleted at an actual cost of about $1,000,000 less than the estimate. Number Lift Date or name Location. Dimensions. at low of com- Cost. of lock. water. pletion. Feet. Feet. Weitzel.... Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.......... .. ...... 515 by 801..... 21.1 1881 $983, 335 Poe ....... .. ......................... ....... 800 by 100.... 21.1 1896 2,837,337 Third ........... do ............. ..... ......... . 1,350 by 80.. 21.1 1914 2,200,000 Fourth. d....do..... . .................... . 1,350 by 80.... 21.1 (2) 3 3,275, 000 1At gates 60 feet wide. 218 per cent completed. 3 Estimate. Power plant.-In accordance with the provisions of section 2 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909, the United States has acquired the water-power plant of the Edison Sault Electric Co., which is located in the rapids of the St. Marys River. After acqui- sition, this plant was leased to the Edison Sault Electric Co. for a period of 30 years from July 1, 1912, at an annual rental of $24,000, and an additional $12 per year for each horsepower of capacity RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1319 added to the plant, the payments to be based upon the amount of electrical energy which can be continuously delivered at the switch- board by the increased capacity of the plant. As provided in the lease, the lessee began in September, 1913, the work of extending the power house and installing additional generators, etc., this work to be paid for by the lessee, and the cost of same deducted from rentals accruing under the lease. The work of building this exten- sion to the power house and installing additional machinery was continued during the past fiscal year, and the total expenditure to June 30, 1915, was $38,785.99; interest, $399.38; and total, $39,185.37. Remedial and compensating works.-On May 28, 1914, a lease was entered into by the United States with the Michigan Northern Power Co., in accordance with authority contained in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909, providing for a continuous flow of water from the St. Marys River above the falls through the power canal of said company for the development of water power at their plant, located on the St. Marys River below the falls, under the terms and condi- tions embodied in the lease. In compliance with these conditions the lessee, during the past fiscal year did certain remedial work- dredging-at the inlet to its power canal, and commenced the con- struction of compensating works in the rapids of the St. Marys River, these works when completed to be the property of the United States, the cost of same to be paid primarily by the lessee, who will reimburse himself for payments made to cover the cost of such im- provements by retaining water rentals under the lease as they accrue from time to time. The total amount expended for all of the above work to the end of the fiscal year, as reported by the lessee, is $102,603.71. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of any of the projects for work at this locality. The State of Michigan completed at this locality, in 1855, a canal providing a channel for vessels having a draft of 11.5 feet at mean stage of water, the canal being 5,400 feet long and 100 feet wide at the top, and a double-lift lock, having tandem chambers 350 feet long and 70 feet wide, and arranged for an average lift of about 9 feet at each lock. The cost of this canal and the locks, about $1,000,000, was defrayed from the proceeds of 750,000 acres of land granted by Congress. The canal and locks were subsequently turned over to the United States. (See river and harbor act of June 14, 1880.) Effect of improvement.-This improvement affects the commerce passing between Lake Superior ports and those on the lower lakes and rivers. Average freight charges per ton-mile have been reduced about 70 per cent since 1887. Proposed operations.-Proposed operations cover the completion of the third lock and new canal, the deepening of the tail race of the United States power plant at this locality, the funds for which have been provided, and the prosecution of the work on the fourth lock. Of the total estimated cost of this fourth lock ($3,275,000), $1,306,- 000 has been appropriated, leaving a balance of $1,969,000 not yet provided. The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by July 31, 1916. The items of the work to be done with the funds 1320 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, are as follows: FOURTH LOCK. Item. Unit price. Quantity. Amount. Gates (construction and erection): Four pair, steel ...................................... tons.. $132.00 1,250 $165,000 Two pair, timber ................ .... .......... pairs.. 5,000.00 2 10, 000 Valves, miscellaneous steel work, cables and machinery.....ump.. Engine shelters............................................. each.. ...... 3,125.00 ......... 8 200,000 25,000 Canal excavation- East approach-- Earth......................................... cubic yards.. .65 78,000 50, 700 Cribs........... ........ . . ................ ............ do.... 1.10 13, 500 14,850 Rock.............................................do.... 3.30 17,000 56,100 West approach, cofferdam removed... ................ do.... 1.00 7,500 7, 500 Canal walls ........................................ linear feet.. 105.00 745 78, 225 Back fill, grading, etc ................................. cubic yards.. .85 210,000 178,500 Sidewalks ....................... ... ..... square feet. .15 30,000 4,500 Snubbing buttons.................................each.. 50. 00 90 4,500 Arc lighting system, poles, etc............................lump.. ................. ...... 5,125 800, 000 Concrete masonry ................................... ............................ 1500,000 1,300, 000 1 Under authority of the act of Mar. 4, 1915, $500,000 of the amount authorized for the third lock and canal, unappropriated balance of continuing contract authorization, act of Mar. 2, 1907 was transferred to the fourth lock and is still to be appropriated. This amount is to be applied to building the masonry of the fourth lock, contract for which has already been made. Commnercial statistics.-Details regarding the commerce of the canal are given in the report on operating and care of St. Marys Falls Canal, Mich. The following table gives the amount of freight pass- ing through the canal: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.......... .......... .......... ................................. 72,472,676 $791,357,837 1913........................79, 718, 344 865, 957, 838 1914.... .......................................................... 55, 369,934 634, 800, 268 Financialsummary. CANAL WIDENING, ETC. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------- ---------------- $8, 046, 349. 48 Maintenance--... ..---- - - - - Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................................ Maintenance..... ................................................................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------__ - _____________---- -- $2, 172. 64 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------- 75. 00 Amount reallotted from $20,000 reserved under river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, for expenses of International Waterways Com- mission - ---- --------------- - - - -- - - -2, 574. 77 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--.------- --- __ -- ---- _ 4, 822. 41 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMEINTT. 1321 THIRD LOCK AND CANAL. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ___ ___---------- --- $4,972, 682. 87 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................................$1,359,065. 70 $1, 854, 364. 71 $430,810.90 Maintenance.... ........................... ....... .......................... APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911_ _ $500, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1911-------------------------------------------------$500,000.00 Aug. 24, 1912----------------------------------------------- 1, 500, 000. 00 June 23, 1913------------ ----------------------------- 1, 475, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________________________ 1, 158, 222. 20 Receipts from sales ______________________--______--__ 49. 66 1, 158, 271. 86 Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under authority of act approved Mar. 4, 1915 500, 000. 00 658, 271. 86 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement__--- ------------------------------------ 430, 810.90 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- 227, 460. 96 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_________________ $3, 650. 42 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 140, 922. 50 144, 572.92 July 1, 1915, balance available ---------------------------- 82, 888. 04 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 2, 1907_ 5, 000, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization_________ ___ _ 4, 500, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated (transferred by authority of act of Mar. 4, 1915, to appropriation for St. Marys River, Fourth Lock) ---------------------- -- ------------- 500, 000. 00 FOURTH LOCK. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--- ---------------------------------- $521, 938. 13 Maintenance------ 1322 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ---- -------------------------------------- 300, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------- 500, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915------ ---------- 111111---------- 506, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___ 39, 680. 19 6-------------------------- Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 506, 000. 00 1, 145, 680. 19 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ----- ------------------------------------ 361, 618. 32 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___________ _______________ 784, 061.87 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities 1,379. 20 $_______________ July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- 4.- r nc I ( n0AA 8 nn tr c s - - -- - -- - - -- - -- - - -- - -- - - 1, UV, 'OV. Vv 1, 011, 859.20 July 1, 1915, balance available .----------------------------- -227, 797. 33 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 4, 1915_ 500, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated (transfer of balance to be appro- priated from authorization for St. Marys River, New Lock and Canal, under authority of act of Mar. 4, 1915) ----------------- 500, 000.00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion _ of existing project_---- ---- - --- 11, 969, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement --------------------- 1, 300, 000.00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --------------------------------------- $13, 540,970.48 Maintenance APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911---------------------------------------$500,000.00 July 25, 1912 -- __ 300, 000.00 Aug. 24, 1912 _-----------------------------------------1, 500, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------- 500, 000.00 June 23, 1913 ------------------------------------------ 1, 475, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------ 506,000.00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 Of this estimate, $500,000 is for appropriation in the next sundry civil act, being the balance of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 2, 1907, remaining to be appropriated. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1323 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------ $1, 800, 075. 03 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------------------- 506,000.00 Receipts from sales----------------------------------------- 124. 66 Amount reallotted from $20,000 reserved under river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, for expenses of International Water- ways Commission---------------------------------------- 2, 574. 77 2, 308, 774. 46 Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under au- thority of act approved Mar. 4, 1915------------------------500, 000. 00 1, 808, 774. 46 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ---------------------------------------- 792, 429. 22 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------1, 016, 345. 24 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------- $5, 029. 62 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts ------------------------------- 1, 151, 402. 50 1,156, 432. 12 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------------------------140, 086. 88 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 2, 1907_ 5, 000, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization--------------- 4, 500, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated------------------------------ 500, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ----------------------------------- 1, 969, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement1,----------------- 1,300, 000. 00 3. OPERATING AND CARE OF ST. MARYS FALLS CANAL, MICH. The former conditions and the results of the improvement are the same as above stated for St. Marys River at the falls. The service of operating and care is provided for by the permanent indefinite appropriation for operating.and care of canals and other works of navigation under the provisions of section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. The total expenditure on this account from 1881, when the Weitzel Lock was first put in service, to June 30, 1915 (excluding $16,306.76 outstanding liabilities), amounted to $2,495,446.96 of which $113,- 605.94 related to operations for the fiscal year. During the year ending December 31, 1914, the United States Canal was open to navigation 242 days-from April 20, 1914, to December 17, 1914, inclusive. A total of 12,639 vessels, aggregating 24,690,381 registered tons and carrying 27,771,467 short tons of freight and 29,792 passengers, passed through the Poe, Weitzel, and Third Locks in 8,715 lockages. The Canadian Canal at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, opened 239 days, made 4,787 lockages, and passed 6,078 vessels, with an aggregate registered tonnage of 17,295,958, and carrying 27,598,467 short tons of freight and 30,009 passengers. The principal items of freight during the calendar year 1914 through both canals were: Iron ore, 31,410,069 tons; coal, 14,487,221 tons; flour, 9,715,085 barrels; wheat, 150,284,095 bushels; other grain, 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 Of this estimate, $500,000 is for appropriation in the next sundry civil act, being the balance of continuing-contract authorization, act of March 2, 1907, remaining to be ap- propriated. 1324 REPORT OF THE C IEOcF ENGdNEERS, . S. ARMY. 68,338,072 bushels; lumber, 452,148 thousand feet b. m.; and general merchandise, 1,317,304 tons. Proposed operations.-The locks and dams and canal will be oper- ated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Summary of St. Marys River commerce via American and Canadian canals during the calendar season, ,from Avr. 20 to Dec. 17, 1914, a period of 242 days. Total freight carried ---------------------------- tons__ 55, 369, 934 Total tons net register ............ 41, 986, 339 Total mile-tons ............ 46, 112, 251, 781 Total valuation placed on freight carried_ $634, 800, 268 Total amount paid for freight carried___________________ $27, 597, 099 Total number of registered vessels using canals__________ 813 Total number of passages by unregistered craft carrying freight_ 375 Total valuation placed on registered vessels__ __________ $134, 631, 700 Total number of passengers transported_---- 59,801 Average distance freight was carried ---------------- miles__ 832.8 Average cost per ton for freight transportation.______________ $0.50 Average cost per mile per ton---------------------mills__ .60 Average value per ton of freight carried $11. 46 Time American canal was operated ----------------- days__ 242 Time Canadian canal was operated--------do .--- 239 Freight carried by- Registered vessels ______________ ______ - __tons__ 55,285, 213 Unregistered vessels -- __________do ____ 84, 721 American vessels-------------------------per cent__ 91 Canadian vessels_ _____-_______-____-- - _-- do.... 9 Passengers carried by- American vessels--- --------------------- per cent__ 48 Canadian vessels _.-- __--.-----------do---- 52 Average number of vessels passing per day through- Weitzel Lock --------------------- 28 Poe Lock------------------- 31 Third Lock--- 15 Canadian Lock --- 25 Weitzel, Poe, Third, and Canadian Locks______________ 77 Freight traffic by calendar years. Year. Short tons. Year. Short tons. 1881....................... .......... - 1,567, 741 1898.... . .................... 21,234,664 1882.................................... 2,029, 521 1899---..---.- --... ---.. ..... 25, 255,810 1883.................................. 2, 267,105 1900.......... ......................... 25, 643,073 1884....................... ...... 2, 874,557 1901............................... 28,403,065 1885.......................................... 3, 256, 628 1902.................................. 35,961,146 1886............................ ..... 4, 527, 759 1903................................. 34,674,437 1887 ........................ ... 5, 494, 649 1904. .. .......................... 31,546,106 1888.............................. .. 6, 411,423 1905........ 44,270,680 1889.................................... 7,516, 022 1906... ......................... 51,751,080 1890...................................... 9,041,213 1907 ............................ 58,217, 214 1891.......................................... 8, 888, 759 1908......... .......................... 41,390,557 1892.............................. 11,214,333 1909..... .... .............. 57,895,149 1893............................... 10, 796, 572 1910...... ...................... 62,363,218 1894............. .................... 13,195,860 1911........ .................... 53, 477, 216 1895.... ....... .......................... 15,062, 580 1912.................................. 72,472,676 1896..... ................. ............. 16, 239, 061 1913............................... 79,718,344 1897...............................-------- 18,982,755 1914............................... 55,369,934 For effect of channel improvement on freight rates see remarks under Effect of impro'vement in report of ship channel connecting waters of the Great Lakes between Chicago, Duluth, and Buffalo. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1325 4. HAY LAKE AND NEEBISH CHANNELS, ST. MARYS RIVER, MICH. Location.-The section of the St. Marys River included in this project extends from the canal at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., to Lake Huron at the mouth of the river, a distance of from 47 to 59 miles, according to the route followed. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 5.) Original condition.--In its original condition this section of the river included rapids and shoals, as well as deep water. The avail- able depth by way of the Lake George Channel was about 7 feet and by way of the Hay Lake and Neebish Channels about 5 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for the improvement of this section of the river was authorized by act of July 8, 1856. Sub- sequent modifications were authorized by the acts of August 2, 1882, and August 5, 1886. The total amount expended on the original project and its modifi- cations was $2,904,931.90. For scope of previous projects see Ap- pendix, page 1956. Present project.-The existing project provides for removing the shoals between St. Marys Falls Canal and the upper entrance to Hay Lake and widening and deepening the existing upper entrance chan- nel into Hay Lake so as to give it a least width of 600 feet and clear depth of 21 feet at low water; for securing a new outlet channel Hay Lake to Mud Lake via the West Neebish, giving it a least width of 300 feet and low-water depth of 21 feet; and for deepening the old channel between Hay Lake and Mud Lake via the Middle Neebish to 21 feet. leaving its width unchanged. The work was authorized by act of June 13, 1902. The estimated cost was $5,750,000. No estimate of cost of maintenance was made. The project is based upon report of examination and survey contained in House Document No. 128, Fifty- sixth Congress, second session. The planes of reference for this work vary from 580.6 feet above mean tide at New York at the foot of the locks to 579 feet at Lake Huron. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Prior to 1869 a channel 14 feet deep was dredged through Lake George and the depth and width provided by the project of 1882 as modified in 1886 were secured prior to beginning work on the present project. The com- bined project for Hay Lake and Neebish Channels was completed in July, 1912, giving a navigable channel from the Sault Canal to Detour with a least width of 300 feet, where there are two channels (one for upbound and the other for downbound vessels), and a least width of 600 feet at all other places, with a least depth of 21 feet at low water. The amount spent on existing project prior to the be- ginning of the fiscal year is $5,742,451.85, of which $812.07 has been applied to maintenance and $5,741,639.78 to new work. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-No work has been in progress during the past year. The amount expended, $610.37, was applied to maintenance of plant. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--The present approved project has been completed. The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year over the shoalest part of the Hay Lake and Neebish Channels was 21 feet and of the Lake George Channel 13 feet at low water. 1326 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The total expenditure under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year is $5,743,062.22, of which $5,741,639.78 was for new work and $1,422.44 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-All the commerce passing between Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron goes through these channels. The average freight charges per ton-mile have been reduced about one- third since the first opening of the Middle Neebish route in 1894. Proposed operations.-No work is proposed. Commercial statistics.-Details regarding the commerce passing through these channels are given in the report on operating and care of St. Marys Falls Canal, Mich. Financialsummary. MIDDLE AND WEST NEEBISH CHANNELS. None. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work --- ---------------------------------- $7, 398, 302. 62 Maintenance--- ---------------------- 1, 422.44 Total-- --------------------- 7, 399, 725. 06 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913. 1914. 1915. New work........... ...... ......... .............. .. $28,687.73.................. Maintenance .................................................... ............ 812.07 610. 37 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ ---------------------------- $6, 355. 68 Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under authority of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915- ..---------------- 5, 000. 00 1, 355. 68 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------ 610. 37 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------- ------------ 745.31 HAY LAKE AND NEEBISH CHANNELS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------- ------------------------ $1, 248, 269. 06 Maintenance------ Amount expended during fiscal years ending June 30, 1913, 1914, and 1915- --- ---------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................................. Maintenance...................................................... ................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------- .. . ,__ $1, 730. 94 Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under author- ity of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 1, 000.00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-.-.------.-----......... 780. 94 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1327 5. MACKINAC HARBOR, MICH. Location.-This harbor is situated on the southeast end of Mack- inac Island, which is located in the Straits of Mackinac at the north- ern end of Lake Huron, a distance of 15 miles by water in a north- west direction from the harbor of Cheboygan, on the mainland. The bay is semicircular, inclosing an area of about 34 acres. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 5.) Original condition.-Priorto improvement this harbor was avail- able for the purposes of commerce, as at mean lake levels there was a least depth of 18 feet to the docks. Previous projects.--There have been no previous projects. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for the construction of two breakwaters extending from Mission and Biddle Points and having an aggregate length of about 2,000 feet, the breakwaters to be built of stone riprap and bowlders where this form of construction would cost less than cribwork. The estimated cost was $80,000, with no estimate for maintenance. The project is based upon report of examination and survey contained in House Document No. 646, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The breakwater at Mission Point and part of the breakwater at Biddle Point were completed and $58,326.94 expended on this work prior to the fiscal year. No money has been spent for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the past fiscal year the remaining portion of the superstructure of the Biddle Point Breakwater was constructed under contract and the work con- templated by the project was completed, and $19,655.18 were ex- pended. The work was carried on under a continuing contract authorization. All the funds authorized have been appropriated. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The present approved project has been completed. The maximum draft that could be carried to the docks of the harbor was 18 feet. The total expenditure under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year is $77,982.12, all for new work. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been to provide a reasonably safe approach to and berth at the landing wharves and to afford shelter to vessels lying in the harbor. It is not believed that it has had any effect upon freight rates. Proposed operations.-No work is required and therefore no esti- mate of funds is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the past year consisted of coal and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..................................................................................................22,407 $1,922,938 1913 ....................--....................................... ...... ........... 24,959 2,389,434 1914................................................ ...... ............... ........ 19,911 1,706,100 1328 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. In addition to the freight received and shipped, there is a large passenger traffic during the summer months. Both the American and Canadian passenger vessels which run on through lines from the lower lakes to Lake Michigan and Superior stop at this port, and there are special lines of vessels between it and Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, Cheboygan, Mackinaw City, St. Ignace, the Cheneaux Is- lands, and Sault Ste. Marie. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $77, 982. 12 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ... ......... .. ....................... $33,501.33 $233.12 $19,655.18 Maintenance............................................................. APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Aug. 24, 1912------------------------------------------------- $35, 000. 00 June 23, 1913-------------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--- ------------------------- 21, 673. 06 Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under authority of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915--------------- 1,000. 00 20, 673. 06 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement --------------------------------------------- 19, 655. 18 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- 1,017. 88 6. CHEBOYGAN HARBOR, MICH. Location.--This harbor is located on the lower reach of the Che- boygan River and is about 100 miles distant from Alpena, Mich., in a northwesterly direction. The river, which is 51 miles long, has its source in Mullet Lake, from which it flows in a northerly direc- tion, emptying into the Straits of Mackinac, Lake Huron. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 5.) Original condition.-Originally there was a depth of about 6 feet of water at the mouth of the river, which was about 200 feet wide at this point, and the commerce of the town was conducted from docks built in deep water in the Straits of Mackinac, the various commodities being transported between the harbor and these docks by means of lighters. The river is navigable a distance of about 5 miles above the improved portion, and boats drawing 4 to 5 feet can navigate a farther distance of about 30 miles through the streams and lakes forming what is known as the "Inland route." Previou projects.-The original project for work at this harbor was authorized by the act of March 3, 1871, and modified by act of June 14, 1880, and $129,828.24 was expended prior to commencement of operations under the existing project. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1956. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1329 Present project.-The existing project contemplates a channel 18 feet deep with a width of 200 feet from the 18-foot contour in the Straits of Mackinac to the outer end of the west pier and between lines parallel to and 25 feet from the docks from that point to the State Road Bridge and a channel 8 feet deep and 60 feet wide from this bridge to the lock in the Cheboygan River. The adopted refer- ence plane for work at this harbor is 579.0 feet above mean tide at New York. The length of the section included in the project is 11,720 feet, of which 6,000 feet are in the Straits. The original estimated cost of the 18-foot section of the project was $80,000, with no estimate for maintenance, and of the 8-foot section, $10,797.60, with an estimated cost of maintenance of $1,000 per year. The 18- foot project was authorized by the act of June 3, 1896, and the 8-foot extension by the act of March 2, 1907, in accordance with report contained in House Document No. 537, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All the projects covering work at this harbor were completed prior to the fiscal year, and some dredging for maintenance of the improved channel was also done. The 18-foot section was completed in 1913 and the 8-foot section in 1908. Prior to the beginning of the fiscal year $70,008.81 were expended for original work on the present project and $8,302.28 for maintenance, a total of $78,311.09. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work has been done during the past fiscal year. The amount expended during the year was $0.35, payment of telegram. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The present project has been completed and the widths and depth provided by same afforded. The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year over the shoalest part of the channel at 579 feet above mean tide at New York was 16.5 feet to the State Road Bridge and 51 feet from the bridge to the lock. The total amount expended for new work on the 18-foot section to the close of the fiscal year is $56,750.72, or $23,249.28 less than the estimated cost ($80,000). There has also been expended for maintenance of this section $8,302.63. The total expended for new work on the 8-foot section is $13,258.09. No expenditure for maintenance. On both projects there has been expended $70,008.81 for new work and $8,302.63 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Noconditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of any of the projects for work at this locality. In 1872 the citizens of Cheboygan contributed $2,000 toward the im- provement of the river, this amount being expended in dredging Inside the inner end of the channel provided by the United States. Effect of improvement.-The project has provided a deep-water harbor at this locality, and there can be no doubt that the existence of this harbor has had a decided effect on freight rates, although the precise effect can not be stated. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds is submitted, as the funds on hand are believed to be sufficient for any work that may be necessary. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the past year consisted mainly of logs, pulp wood, coal, lumber, and grain. 8373 --TN 1915-----84 1330 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statemcnt. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912...............................................163,838 $1,304,372 1913............... 1914- ....................................................... -----........................................................................ 210,672 120,495 2,955,384 1,015,336 1914 120495 1,011,336 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work__ $1------------------------------- $99, 837. 05 Maintenance-----------------------------------------------8, 302. 63 Total ------------------------------------------------- 208, 139. 68 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. ....................................... $63.94 $10,462.42 ......... Maintenance ....... . ..... ............ .... .... .35 8,302 28 0.... 0...... Total............................. ............. .............. 63.94 18,764.70 0.35 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------1 1 1 1 $14, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 4, 360. 67 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---------------------------------------------- .35 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------------- 4, 360. 32 7. ROGERS CITY HARBOR, MICH. Location.-Rogers City is situated on the shore of Lake Huron about 40 miles distant in a southeasterly direction from Cheboygan by water. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 5.) Originalcondition.--There is no natural harbor at this locality, the city being located on the shore of the lake, with docks extending out from same. These docks were available only for such vessels as could land there, approach to the docks being obstructed by a bar which had a depth of water over it of 12.5 feet at 581.1 above mean tide at New York. Previous projects.-There have been no previous projects. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by the river and harbor act approved June 25, 1910, provides for dredging a channel 200 feet wide and 16 feet deep through the bar, at an estimated cost of $6,000 and $1,000 per fear for maintenance. The plane of refer- ence for work at this harbor is 581.1 above mean tide at New York. The project is based on report of examination and survey contained in Rivers and Harbors Committee Document No. 28, Sixty-first Con- gress, second session. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-Duringthe summer of 1911 a channel 16 feet deep and 130 feet wide was dredged through the bar. This channel is believed to be ample for vessels trading to RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1331 this port, and it is not considered necessary to complete the channel to the full project width. The total expenditure prior to the begin- ning of the present fiscal year was $5,666.34, all applied to original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the past year. The expenditures were $2.06, for travel ex- penses inspecting harbor. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been prac- tically completed. The maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the improved channel was 16 feet at 581.1 feet above mean tide at New York. The total expenditure up to the end of the fiscal year is $5,668.40, of which $5,666.34 was applied to improvement and $2.06 to maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. Local interests have expended about $1,500 in deepening the channel to the docks. Effect of improvement.-The improvement benefits only such vessels as trade to this harbor, and it is not believed that it has had any effect on freight rates. Proposed operations.-No work is proposed and no estimate of funds is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this harbor consists mainly of lumber, cedar posts and ties, farm products, and fish. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Shorto Value. 1912. (Not known.) 1913........... 31,660 $651,050 1914. 9,173 157, 226 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------- ---------- $5, 666. 34 Maintenance ------------------------------------------------- 2. 06 Total ---------------------------------------------------- 5, 668. 40 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................... .... Maintenance................................................. .......... ......... $2.06 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. ---------------------------------- $333. 66 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________ June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__ ---- _______ ___ ________ ___ 2.06 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- .......... -- .- ..--... 331, 60 1332 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 8. ALPENA HARBOR (THUNDER BAY RIVER), MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the northwest shore of Thun- der Bay, Lake Huron, and on the lower reach of the Thunder Bay River, and is 96 miles distant in a northerly direction from Harbor Beach, Mich. The river, which is about 45 miles long, has its source in Montmorency and Alpena Counties, Mich., flows in an easterly di- rection, and empties into Thunder Bay. The length of the section of the river included in the project is 4,050 feet and the improved chan- nel extends a farther distance of 2,500 feet out into the bay. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 5.) Original condition.-Before any improvements were made there was a depth of 7 feet of water over the bar at the mouth of the river, and greater depths inside the mouth. The river was about 200 feet wide at the mouth. It is navigable only about a mile above its mouth (the upper limit of the improvement), further navigation being in- terrupted by a dam at that point. Previous projects.-The original project for the improvement of this harbor was authorized by the act of August 14, 1876. This proj- ect was modified by the act of August 2, 1882. The total amount ex- pended on the original and modified projects prior to commencement of operations under the existing project was $18,888.70. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1957. Present project.-The existing project adopted by the act of Sep- tember 19, 1890, provides for a channel depth of 16 feet from the 16- foot contour in Thunder Bay to a point 1 mile above the mouth of the river, with widths varying as follows: Two hundred feet at the 16-foot contour in the bay, thence tapering to 100 feet at the light- house crib, thence 100 feet to the Second Street bridge, thence 75 feet to the Miner Lumber Co.'s wharf, thence 50 feet to the upstream limit of the improvement. The estimated cost of this channel was $36,087.48. No estimate of cost of maintenance was made. The proj- ect was adopted by the act of September 19, 1890, in accordance with reports printed in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1889, pages 2288-2290. The adopted plane of reference for work at this harbor is 579 feet above mean tide at New York. The total length of the section included in the project is 6,550 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The improvement of this locality by the United States was begun in 1877. The result of the operations conducted since that time has been the securing of a 13-foot channel from the Second Street bridge out into Thunder Bay, the deepening of this channel to 14 feet, and the completion and maintenance of the 16-foot channel called for by the present approved project, with the exception of the stretch about one-eighth mile long at the upper end of the channel. The amount expended on work un- der the present project prior to the fiscal year was $51,565.16. Of this amount $21,300.47 has been devoted to improvement and $30,264.69 to maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the past year some dredging was done under contract to restore the project depth through shoals which had formed in the improved channel, and $4,954.59 were expended, all for maintenance. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1333 Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The present project has been completed and the widths and depths called for by same have been provided. The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year over the shoalest part of the channel is 15.5 feet at 579 feet above mean tide at New York. The total expenditures under existing project to the close of the year are $56,519.75, of which $21,300.47 have been applied to new work and $35,219.28 to maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of any of the projects for work at this locality. Prior to the time work of improvement was undertaken by the United States the Alpena Harbor Improvement Co., acting under a charter granted by the State of Michigan in 1865, improved the mouth of the river by building piers and by dredging. The piers were formed of cribs sunk with stone and having a superstructure of slabs. The amount expended by this company was about $40,000. Some dredging was also done during the spring of 1875 by private parties at a cost of about $3,000, and since the improvement of the harbor was begun by the United States dredging has been done by private parties at various times. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement upon local freight rates has been very beneficial, as it is estimated that they have been decreased almost one-half since the improvements were made. Proposed operations.-This channel is subject to deterioration and periodical dredging is necessary to maintain it. Considerable shoal- ing had taken place previous to the work done during the past year and this work remedied that condition, but it is expected that further work will be necessary in another year. An estimate of funds ($2,000) for this purpose is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the harbor consists of stone, coal, cement, tan bark, and miscellaneous merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 . .. .........---------------------...-------------------------------------- 942,283 $6,672,878 1913.. .. .. ..... ..-------------------------------------------------------------- 938,217 3,249,263 1914...... .. ------------------------------------------------------------ . 1,141,412 3,604,806 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------$40, 189. 17 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 35, 219. 28 Total --------------------------------------------------- 75, 408. 45 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......... ....................................................................... Maintenance....................................................... ------------------------------------------- 5,148.15 9,773.09 4,954.59 1334 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- $10,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915___ ---------------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended________________________ 46. 14 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 5, 046. 14 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ----------------------------------------------- 4, 954. 59 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ -_________ _-___ - ______ 91. 55 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June - 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_____________________ x2, 000.00 9. SAGINAW RIVER, MICH. Location.-This river is formed by the union of the Tittabawassee and Shiawassee Rivers at the southerly limits of the city of Saginaw, flows in a northerly direction a distance of 22 miles, and discharges into the south end of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. The project covers the entire length of the river and 41 miles in the bay. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 5.) Original condition.-Prior to improvement the entrance to the river was obstructed by a bar in Saginaw Bay having a minimum depth of water over it of about 9 feet. Between the mouth and Bay City the depth varied from 15 to 30 feet. Thence to the head of the river there were a number of shoal places having only 7 feet of water over them. The river is navigable throughout its entire length. Previous projects.-The original project was authorized by the act of June 23, 1866, and subsequent modifications by the acts of June 23, 1874, June 18, 1878, March 3, 1879, August 2, 1882, and August 5, 1886. The total amount expended on all projects prior to operations under the existing project is $962,556.26. In the past the cost of maintenance was not separated from that of original improvements and it is impossible now to separate these items. For scope of pre- vious projects see Appendix, page 1957. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for a channel 200 feet wide with a depth of 18 feet from Saginaw Bay to the mouth of the river and of 16 feet from that point to the junction with the Tittabawassee River; estimated cost, $686,000, later increased to $786,000, with $20,000 annually for maintenance. This project is based upon report of examination and survey published in House Document No. 740, Sixty-first Congress, second session. The datum plane, which was 581.1 feet above mean tide at New York at the time of the adoption of the project, was subsequently changed to 579 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the im- provement of this river was begun in 1866. The first work done was dredging a channel 12 feet deep across the bar at the mouth. Later the improvement of the river above the mouth was undertaken, with a view to securing a 10-foot channel and building revetments at points along the river. The channel depth was afterwards increased 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. SIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1335 to 14 feet. Work on the present project was begun in May, 1911, and at the close of the last fiscal year a channel of the project width and depth had been secured from the 18-foot contour in Saginaw Bay to a point opposite the waterworks dock at Saginaw. The amount expended on dredging under the present project prior to the fiscal year is $614,346.50, all of which was applied to original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-At the close of the last fiscal year dredging work was in progress under contract with a view to securing the channel called for by the present approved project. This work was continued until August 10, 1914, when the proposed channel was completed and the contract closed. The work done during the year covered that part of the river between the waterworks dock at Saginaw and the junction with the Tittabawas- see River. The work was prosecuted under the continuing-contract system and the total amount authorized ($636,000) has been appro- priated. An additional sum of $100,000 has also been appropriated to cover the additional work made necessary by the lowering of the reference plane. The total expenditures during the fiscal year are $157,503.44, all of which was applied to new work. Condition at the ern of fiscal year.-The present approved project has been completed 4d a channel of the project depth and width provided. The may im draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year over shoalest part of the channel at stage of water 579 feet above mea ~ide at New York was 16 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year are $771,849.94, all applied to new work. The original estimated cost of this pro' ct was $686,000. This was later increased to $786,000, due to the lowering of the datum plane. Local cooperation.--None. Effect of improvement.-The precise effect of the improvement upon freight rates can not be stated. It is undoubted, however, that freight rates, both to Bay City and Saginaw, have been materially lowered by the existence of the improved channel. Proposed operations.-No work is proposed and no estimate of funds is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this river consists mainly of lumber products, gravel, fish, and coal. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........................................ .................................. 241,426 $2,314,229 1913........ ......................................... ............... . 177,829 1,894,596 1914............................................................... .......... 163,900 1,930,782 Financial summnary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $1,734, 406.20 Maintenance------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........... ............ ............... ... $205,013.70 $309,353.99 $157,503.44 Maintenance ...... ........ ...... . ................ I...~. 1336 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911-------------------------------------------------$300, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 ------------------------------------------------ 100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 June 23, 1913------------------------------------------------ 236, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____________-_________ 176, 847. 24 Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under author- ity of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 .__ . 15, 000. 00 161, 847. 24 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement 57, 503. 44 1-------------------------------- July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--- ___ 4, 343. 80 10. HARBOR OF REFUGE AT HARBOR BEACH, LAKE HURON, MICH. Location.-This harbor is located on the west shore of Lake Huron, about 60 miles north of the city of Port Huron. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 5.) Original condition.-No harbor originally existed at this locality, the present harbor being an artificial one formed by piers of crib work filled with stone so located in the lake as to shelter a water area of about 650 acres. The locality was originally available for com- mercial purposes for such vessels as could land at the local dock. Previous projects.-There have been no previous projects. Present project.-The construction of a harbor of refuge on Lake Huron was authorized by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871, in advance of any approved plan or the selection of a site. The present project is based on a report by a board of engineer officers, dated October 12, 1872, and approved by the Secretary of War March 14, 1873, which provided for a harbor of refuge at Harbor Beach (then known as Sand Beach) to be formed by breakwaters, with an aggregate length of 7,000 feet, consisting of timber cribs with stone filling, at an estimated cost of $1,452,550. (Annual Re- port for 1873, p. 292.) Dredging the shoal places within the inclosed area was authorized by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882, and subsequent acts to and including July 13, 1892. Operatioms and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work of build- ing the breakwaters was begun in 1873 and completed in 1885. Por- tions of the inclosed area have been dredged, the wooden piers have been kept in repair, and the wooden superstructures of the main pier, the north pier, and the pierhead of the south pier have been replaced with concrete superstructures. The cost of the breakwaters, includ- ing maintenance to 1885, was $970,716.40. Since that time $1,042,- 701.70 have been applied to maintenance, making a total expenditure of $2,013,418.10 prior to the beginning of the present fiscal year. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--The only work in progress during the past year has been the caring for Government property and the controlling and berthing of vessels seeking shelter in the harbor. Contracts were let late in the year for placing riprap in front of the main pier and for placing a concrete superstructure on the south pier. This work will probably be started shortly after RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1337 the close of the fiscal year. The entire amount expended during the year, $7,359.85, was applied to maintenance. Condition at the end of flecal year.-The harbor as planned was completed in 1885, affording an artificial harbor of refuge which has a depth of about 19 feet at its entrance and an area of about 85 acres with depths of 19 feet and over at reference plane 579.0 feet above mean tide at New York. The total expenditures to the close of the fiscal year are $970,716.40 for new work and $1,050,061.55 for maintenance; total, $2,020,777.95. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The harbor has been a benefit to com- merce by affording a safe refuge to vessels in storms, thereby lessen- ing the risks of navigation, with a consequent favorable effect upon freight and insurance rates. During the fiscal year a total of 319 vessels of all classes, including 35 motor boats, sought shelter in this harbor. Proposed operations.-Proposed operations cover the completion of the work of riprapping the main breakwater and repairing its superstructure. The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by August 31, 1916. The items of the work to be done with the funds that can be profitably expended in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, are as follows: 2,500 cubic yards of concrete at $16 per cubic yard $40, 000 --------------- Riprap, 35,000 tons of stone at $2 per ton ___________________-_ 70, 000 110, 000 Contingencies, custody of harbor, etc ---- __-_____--___--- -15, 000 125, 000 Commercial statistics.-The freight carried to and from the town of Harbor Beach, located on this harbor of refuge, is given in the following table: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 (not known). 1913 ............. ..... ...... .................................. .. ................. 11,297 $335,223.00 1914 .... . ....................................... ........................... 15,780 321,747.35 Number and tonnage of vessels sheltered in the harbor of refuge at Harbor Beach, Mich., 1913 and 1914. 1338 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Classified table of tonnage, by months, of vessels sheltered in the harbor of refuge at Harbor Beach, Mich., from July 1, 1914, to June 30, 1915. Date. Steam. Sail. Tow. Gas. Total. 1914. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. July............... 13 5,584 1 167 2 588 10 264 26 6,603 August-............ 34 17,327 1 88 3 1,505 11 353 49 19,273 September.......... 31 11,481 2 176 9 4,285 6 55 48 15,997 October............ 44 35, 806 4 494 11 5,640 5 119 64 42,059 November......... 75 82, 471 ................ 12 7, 735 1 6 88 90,212 December........... 2 2,127 ...................... 2 2,127 1915. April............... 4 3, 7891 653 ................. 5 4,442 ..... 14 10,475 2 629 5 2,619 1 14 22 13,737 June. .............. 12 4,068 ................. 2 950 1 10 15 5,028 Total......... 229 173,128 10 1,554 45 23,975 35 821 319 199,478 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------------- $970, 716. 40 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 1, 050, 061. 55 Total ------------------------------------------------ 2, 020, 777. 95 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................................... Maintenance...................... ...................... $7,023.01 $7,11.94 7,35985 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------- $200, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__ - - 949. 11 1-___________________ 12, Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 200,000.00 212, 949. 11 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement-------------------_____ 7,359. 85 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ______-_________ -________ 205, 589. 26 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ----------------------------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available__ _ __- ___-- -____---____ 202, 589. 26 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement -____________ _ 125, 000. 00 11. MOUTH OF BLACK RIVER, MICH. Location.-This work is located in the St. Clair River abreast of the city of Port Huron, Mich., at a point where the Black River empties into the St. Clair River. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-An extensive bar and shoal existed at this locality over which the depth of water varied, the least depth being 7 feet at mean stage of water. The bar obstructed the entrance to the Black River and the approach to the Port Huron docks, while the shoal, nearly 50 acres in extent, crowded the main channel in a sharp curve toward the Canadian shore. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1339 Previous projects.-The original project was authorized by act of June 10,-1872, and $56,500 were expended on this project prior to commencement of operations under the existing project. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1957. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by act of August 11, 1888, contemplates dredging to a depth of 16 feet along the dock of Port Huron from the 16-foot curve above to the same curve below the mouth of the river, the plane of reference being 579.6 feet above mean tide at New York. The estimated cost was $69,300. No esti- mate of cost of maintenance was submitted. (Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1887, pp. 2279-2280.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the origi- nal project was begun in 1872 and on the present project in May, 1889. This latter work was completed in 1892 and a 16-foot depth obtained over the shoal, the outer border of same adjacent to the main channel being deepened to 18 feet. The total amount expended on work under the present project prior to the fiscal year is $41,356.89, of which $29,348.58 was applied to original work and $12,008.31 to maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was in progress during the past year, and there were no expenditures. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project has been completed, and the depth called for by same has been secured. The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year over the shoalest part of the locality is 16 feet at 579.6. The total expenditures under existing project are $41,356.89-$29,- 348.58 for new work and $12,008.31 for maintenance. Local cooperation.- None. Effect of improvement.-As a result of the work done, navigation through this portion of the St. Clair River was rendered safer for vessels of moderate draft and the entrance to the Black River was made easier. It is probable that the improvement may have reduced freight rates somewhat, but the exact amount of such reduction is not known. The removal of a portion of this natural barrier in the St. Clair River is believed to have had an adverse effect upon the level of the waters above, and it has been recommended that no further work be done on this project. Proposed operations.-No work is proposed. Work on this im- provement has been suspended for some time. Commercial statistics.-For commerce of the Black River, see Black River at Port Huron, Mich. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------- ------------------------------- $85, 848. 58 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 12, 008. 31 Total --------------------------------------- 97, 856. 89 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work - -....- ..................................... .......... ............. ........ Maintenance....................................... ..... .............. ".............. 1340 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. 12. BLACK RIVER AT PORT HURON, MICH. Location.-The Black River has its source in the northern part of Sanilac County, Mich., flows in a southerly and easterly direction, passing through the city of Port Huron, and empties into the St. Clair River about 21 miles below the foot of Lake Huron. It has a length of about 60 miles. The section included in the project is 9,700 feet long. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-In 1888, when the original survey was made, the lower reach of the river, from the mouth to the Grand Trunk bridge, varied in width from 120 to 150 feet, and had a depth of from 10 to 14 feet, except at a few points where it was obstructed by bars having only 81 feet of water over them. The river is navigable for small boats a considerable distance above the improved portion. Previous projects.-There have been no previous projects. Present project.-The existing project, as authorized by act of September 19, 1890, and extended by act of July 13, 1892, provides for a channel 16 feet deep from the mouth of the river to Wash- ington Avenue, with widths varying from 75 feet to 160 feet, accord- ing to locality. The datum plane for work under this project, which was formerly 579.6 feet, has been changed to 577.6 feet above mean tide at New York. The length of the section included in the project is 9,700 feet. The estimate of cost of the original work was $75,000. No estimate of cost of maintenance was made. (Annual Report of Chief of Engineers for 1889, pp. 2291-2294.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work of im- provement was begun in 1891 and completed in 1894, affording a channel of the project widths and of the project depth at the then prevailing stage of water. A channel of the project depth at the now adopted datum plane, 577.6 above mean tide at New York, has never existed. Prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, $34,698.65 had been spent for original work and $33,769.96 for maintaining the chan- nel at the width and depth attained in 1894, a total of $68,468.61. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-A small amount of dredging was done under oral agreement in that part of the river in the vicinity of the Grand Trunk Railway bridge where shoals had formed, and $3,820.38 was expended, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year with reference to the adopted reference plane (577.6) was 14 feet. The total expendi- tures up to the end of the fiscal year are $34,698.65 for new work and $37,590.34 for maintenance, a total of $72,288.99. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. The upper portion of the river has been dredged a number of times by private parties, the total amount expended on this work being about $9,000. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been to reduce to some extent the freight rates on the local commerce. Proposedoperations.-Itwas estimated in the annual report of 1914 that it would require an expenditure of $30,000 to provide an actual RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1341 depth of 16 feet, as called for by the existing project. Under the act of March 4, 1915, $5,000 of this amount was provided and the estimate of funds now submitted is the balance, viz, $25,000. The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the river consists mainly of coal, pulp wood, sand and gravel, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. .................................................. 1912................. ..........114,443 $437,821 1913....... ........... ..... . ...... ........................... ....... 105,191 534,298 -................................. ....... 123,673 1914................................... 504,825 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ...------ ----------- $34, 698. 65 Maintenance--- ---------------------------------- 37, 590. 34 Total ---------------------------------------- 72, 288. 99 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................ .......... ................... ........ ........ ......... Maintenance ....................................................... $2,826.88 $135.45 $3, 820.38 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------ -------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912--- -------------------------------------- 1, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------- --------------------- 3, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----- -- ----------- ---------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1,1914, balance unexpended _____________________________ 3, 531. 39 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 5, 000. 00 8, 531. 39 D)eduction on account of amount deposited to credit of appropriation for emergencies in river and harbor works, act of Mar. 4, 1913... 426. 04 8, 105. 35 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement --__----------------------- 3, 820. 38 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-_- ------------------- - - 4,284. 97 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance -------- 25, 000. 00 13. OPERATING AND CARE OF ST. CLAIR FLATS CANAL, MICH. Location.--This canal, consisting of two dredged cuts, is located in Lake St. Clair at the mouth of the St. Clair River, about 23 miles in a northeasterly direction from the city of Detroit, Mich. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1,1915. 1342 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMVY. Original condition.-The St. Clair River flows into Lake St. Clair through seven mouths, forming the delta known as the St. Clair Flats. These passes were in their original condition obstructed by bars in the lake over which there were least depths of water of from 2 to 6 feet. The existing canal is located in what is known as the South Channel. Previous projects.-The original project for the construction of this canal was authorized by the act of March 2, 1867. Subsequent modifications and additions were authorized by the acts of March 3, 1873, and September 19, 1890. The amount expended on original and modified projects prior to commencement of operations under the existing project was $763,900.45. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1957. Present project.-The present approved project provides for the construction of a ship canal consisting of two dredged cuts, each 300 feet wide and 20 feet deep, extending from deep water in the St. Clair River a. distance of 17,460 feet into Lake St. Clair, these cuts to be separated for a portion of this distance (about 7,221 feet) by a sand dike 100 feet wide, revetted on each side by sheet piling, the east side of the east cut to be protected by a dike of the same length but only 50 feet in width. The securing of a 20-foot depth in the east cut of the canal was provided for under section 6 of the project authorized by act of July 13, 1892, for a ship channel connecting the waters of the Great Lakes. The act of June 13, 1902, authorized the construction of the west cut in accordance with the report submitted in House Document No. 234, Fifty-sixth Congress, second session. The reference plane for dredging in this cut is 575.1 feet above mean tide at New York. The estimated cost was $330,000. No estimate of cost of maintenance was made. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work by the United States at this locality was begun in 1867, and in 1906 all the work contemplated by the project was completed, providing two parallel channels of the prescribed width and depth, one for up- bound and the other for down-bound vessels. The amount spent for improvement on existing project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year from appropriations and diversions for St. Clair Flats Canal was $417,966.58. This does not include $107,024 expended on east cut under ship-channel project. The expenditures for operating and care of the canal to June 30, 1914, were $224,220.68. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Since the com- pletion of the project in 1906 the maintenance of the canal has been provided for from the permanent indefinite appropriation for oper- ating and care of canals and other works of navigation under the provisions of section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. A custodian and assistant have been present during the year to en- force regulations and care for and repair the dikes. The amount thus expended during the year was $3,250.90. Conditions at the end of fiscal year.-All the contemplated work has been completed. The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year over the shoalest part of the channel was 20 feet, referred to plane 575.1 feet above mean tide at New York. The total expenditure for improvement was $1,288,891.03. In addi- tion, $227,471.58 has been expended for operating and care of the canal. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1343 Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-All the commerce passing between the lower and upper lakes goes through this canal. The average freight charges per ton-mile have been reduced about 70 per cent since 1877. Proposed operations.-The waterway will be maintained from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The commerce transported through the canal is as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ---.. ..... ............................--------------------..........------------ 72,871,432 $795,756,037 1913----... ............. ......................................................- 78,857,492 856,392,403 1914................. ...................................................- 63,799,286 731,139,818 14. CLINTON RIVER, MICH. Location.-This river has its source in Oakland County, Mich., flows in an easterly direction, and empties into Anchor Bay, in the northwestern part of Lake St. Clair. It is about 60 miles long and the section included in the project is about 40,000 feet long. The improvement extends a farther distance of 2,500 feet out into the lake. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-Before improvement the river had a depth of about 10 feet, except at several shoals over which but 5 or 6 feet could be carried, and there was a broad flat at the mouth, with a general depth of 3 to 4 feet over it. The river is navigable for small boats for a considerable distance above the upper limit of the improved portion. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by act of August 30, 1852, and this was subsequently modified by acts of July 11, 1870, and March 3, 1881. Prior to commencement of work under the existing project $25,500 was expended. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1958. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by act of August 5, 1886, provides for a depth of 8 feet from the 8-foot contour in Lake St. Clair to the city of Mount Clemens, the construction of a pile dike across the flat at the mouth and of revetments as needed above the mouth, for closing the main channel and making a straight cut through Shoemakers Bend, and for closing Catfish Channel. The adopted reference plane for dredging is 573.6 feet above mean tide at New York. The length of the section of the river included in this project is about 42,500 feet, including a cut 2,500 feet long out into the lake. The original estimated cost was $25,000, revised and amended in 1888 and 1889 to $34,564. No estimate of cost of main- tenance was made. The project is based upon reports of examination and survey contained in Senate Document No. 199, Forty-sixth Con- gress, second session, and House Document No. 210, Forty-eighth Congress, second session. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work at this local- ity was begun in 1853, at which time a channel was dredged at the mouth of the river. All the work contemplated by the present proj- 1344 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. ect had been completed. Prior to the beginning of the fiscal year $34,546.26 had been expended for original work and $38,372.61 for maintenance, a total of $72,918.87. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During June, 1915, bids were invited for doing a small amount of emergency dredging, made necessary by the unusually low stage of water prevailing and by shoaling which had taken place, and contract was awarded. This work will be begun shortly after the. close of the fiscal year. The amount expended, 70 cents, was in payment of traveling expenses. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project has been completed and an 8foot channel secured, which is subject to deterioration and requires periodical dredging for maintenance. The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year over the shoalest part of the improved channel was 6 feet, at 573.6 feet above mean tide at New York. The total expenditures under existing project are $72,919.57; $34,546.26 for new work and $38,373.31 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of adoption of any of the projects. In the spring of 1884 the people of Mount Clemens contributed to a fund, which was expended in deepening the channel from the lake to that city. The city also deeded to the United States for a nominal sum the land needed to rectify the channel at Shoemakers Bend. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement on freight rates can not be determined. Proposed operations.-The cnannel of this river has shoaled con- c derably since the last dredging was done. With the funds on hand the small amount of dredging to be done shortly after the close of the fiscal year will afford temporary relief. Further dredging will, how- ever, be necessary during next year. The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by September 30, 1915. An estimate of funds ($1,500) for this purpose is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the river consists of coal, logs, bolts, and salt. Comparative statement. Calendar year. osrt Value. 1912........... ...... ..................................... 10,771 $41,998 1913.......... .......... .. .......................................... 22,683 40,256 1914................................................................................. 14,108 40,872 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: ------------------------------------------------ New work__ $60, 046. 26 Maintenance ----------------------------------- ----------- 38, 373. 31 Total --------------------------------------------------- 98, 419. 57 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ...................................................... . ....... Maintenance........................................... ........... $11,528.01 0.70 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1345 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------ ---------------------$2, 000. 00 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------- ---------------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 1,145.13 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------ ------.-- 70 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 1, 144.43 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------------- 11, 500. 00 15. ROUGE RIVER, MICH. Location.-The Rouge River rises in the northwestern part of Wayne County, Mich., flows in an easterly direction, and empties into the Detroit River at the southerly limits of the city of Detroit. The river is about 30 miles in length. The section under improvement ex- tends from the mouth to Maples Road, a distance of 41 miles. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-At the time of original survey a least depth of 1.2 feet was found over the bar at mouth, although there was a fairly well defined entrance channel having depths of from 9 to 12 feet. Inside the mouth the depths varied from 10 to 17 feet up to the Wabash bridge, a distance of about 3 miles. The river was about 300 feet wide at the mouth narrowing to 175 feet at a distance of 1,200 feet from the mouth, and had a uniform width of about 175 feet in the channel now under improvement. The river is navigable for vessels of light draft to the town of Dearborn, 15 miles above the mouth. Navigation of this portion of the river is, however, ob- structed by a temporary fixed bridge located about 2,600 feet above Maples Road. Previous projects.-There have been no previous projects. Present project.--The existing project provides for dredging a channel 21 feet deep from the mouth of the river to the first bridge, a distance of about 1,800 feet, with a width of 240 feet at the mouth, tapering to 100 feet at a distance of 800 feet from the mouth, a chan- nel 16 feet deep and 100 feet wide from this first bridge to the Wabash Railroad bridge and a channel 13 feet deep (width not specified) thence to Maples Road. The length of the section covered by this project is 42 miles. The estimates of cost of this work are as follows: $31,690.39 for the 16-foot channel from mouth to Wabash bridge, $5,000 for the 13-foot extension to Maples Road, and $3,575 for deep- ening channel to 21 feet at the mouth. No estimate of cost of main- tenance of these channels was made except in the case of the 21-foot channel, which it was estimated would require $3,000 annually to maintain. The work was originally authorized by act of August 11, 1888, and was based upon report of examination and survey con- tained in Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1887, pages 2275-2278. The extension to Maples Road was authorized by joint resolution f. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 0 8373 -- ENG 1915---85 1346 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. April 11, 1898, and was based upon report contained in House Docu- ment No. 138, Fifty-fifth Congress, second session. The increase in depth at the mouth was authorized by act of March 2, 1907, and was based upon report contained in House Document No. 289, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session. The adopted reference plane for work under this project is 572.5 feet above mean tide at New York. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All the work in- cluded in the project was completed prior to the fiscal year, and the depths and widths called for were secured. The work of improve- ment was commenced in 1888. The amount expended on the present project prior to the fiscal year is $100,448.01, of which $50,082.49 was applied to original work and $50,365.52 to maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work has been done and no money expended. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project has been completed, affording the depths and widths called for. The maxi- mum draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year, with reference to datum plane 572.5, was 21 feet from mouth to the Solvay Tunnel, 15 feet from that point to the Wabash bridge, and 10 feet to Maples Road. The total expenditures to June 30, 1915, under existing project are $100,448.01-$50,082.49 for new work and $50,- 365.52 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-As a result of this improvement the area suitable for the establishment of manufacturing plants in the vicinity of Detroit has been greatly enlarged and freight rates to points along the river have been materially reduced. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted. The only work proposed is such as may be necessary to maintain the project depth in the channel. The funds in hand are believed to be sufficient for this purpose. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the river consists mainly of gravel and sand, iron ore, petroleum products, stone, pulp wood, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................... ......... 1,321,098 $3,422, 994 1913 ...... ....... ............. ................................. 1,684,742 4,401,466 1914 ..................................................... ....... 1,439,932 3,301,782 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------$50, 082.49 Maintenance ----------------------------------------------- 50, 365. 52 Total -------------------- 100, 448.01 expended during fiscal year ending June 30. Amountm 1913 1914 1915 New work....................... ..... ................................ .. . Maintenance ............................ 0 54 :::... 4............................ RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1347 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------- $5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 6, 241. 99 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- 6, 241. 99 16. DETROIT RIVER, MICH. Location.-The Detroit River flows from Lake St. Clair into Lake Erie, generally in a southerly direction, and its length is about 31 miles. The project covers the river from deep water in Lake Erie to the city of Detroit, a distance of about 244 miles, of which about 3 miles are in Lake Erie beyond the Detroit River lighthouse. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-The river was available for the purposes of commerce prior to improvement. At that time the shoalest part of the channel was at Limekiln Crossing, about 8 miles above Detroit River lighthouse, where the normal depth was from 12 to 15 feet at Lake Erie stage, 571 feet above mean tide at New York, over a bottom of solid rock. The river is navigable throughout its entire length. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by act of June 23, 1874, and subsequent modifications by the acts of July 5, 1884, August 5, 1886, July 31, 1888, July 13, 1892, and March 3, 1899. Prior to commencement of operations under the present project, $1,554,500 had been expended on the original and modified projects. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1958. Present project.-The existing project provides as follows: 1. For securing a channel, known as Amherstburg Channel, at least 600 feet wide, with a depth of 22 feet north of its junction with the Livingstone Channel and of 21 feet south of said junction. The estimated cost of the Amherstburg Channel was $3,750,000. The project was adopted by the acts of June 13, 1902, March 3, 1905, and June 25, 1910, in accordance with reports printed in House Docu- ment No. 712, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session; and House Docu- ment No. 40, Fifty-eighth Congress, third session. 2. For securing a second channel, known as Livingstone Channel, west of Bois Blanc Island, with a least depth of 22 feet and with least widths of 800 feet from deep water in Lake Erie to Bar Point, and 300 feet thence to its junction with the Amherstburg Channel, except for a length of about 5,600 feet near Stony Island, where the least width is 450 feet. The estimated cost of the Livingstone Chan- nel was $6,670,950, and of widening same, $630,000. The project was adopted by the acts of March 2, 1907, and June 25, 1910, in ac- cordance with reports printed in House Document No. 266, Fifty- ninth Congress, second session, and House Document No. 676, Sixty- first Congress, second session. 3. For straightening the channel abreast of Fighting Island and providing a channel 22 feet deep and 800 feet wide. The estimated cost of the Fighting Island Channel was $310,000. The project was adopted by the act of March 4, 1913, in accordance with report 1348 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. printed in House Document No. 17, Sixty-second Congress, first session. The total estimated cost for all of the above-mentioned projects was $11,360,950. No estimate of cost of maintenance for any of these channels was made. The plane of reference is Lake Erie stage 571 feet above mean tide at New York, levels of 1903. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work of im- proving the Detroit River by the United States was begun in Sep- tember, 1877, and is still in progress. It has been confined to the lower stretch of the river, and has consisted of dredging, rock exca- vation and the removal of bowlders. The channel via Amherstburg, or "Amherstburg Channel", had been completed, as projected, ex- cept for a length of about 15,000 feet just west of the Detroit River lighthouse, where the improved width was left at 400 feet, as there seemed to be no necessity to secure the project width, 600 feet. The "Livingstone Channel" had been completed, with the exception of the entrance at the upper end which is being widened. The work of straightening the channel abreast of Fighting Island had been begun and was still in progress. Up to June 30, 1914, there had been expended on the Amherstburg Channel $3,298,167.82; on the Livingstone Channel, $6,740,483.11; and on the Fighting Island Channel, $26,052.91, or a total expenditure of $10,064,703.84 since work was begun on the existing project, all applied to original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work of widen- ing the entrance to the Livingstone Channel by the removal under contract of portions of the reef of limestone bed rock on the western side of the channel and the removal of bowlders from the channel over an area of about 58,000 square yards was continued and com- pleted. The work of straightening the channel abreast of Fighting Island by dredging clay and sand under contract was continued and completed. The expenditures during the year were $273,042.60, all applied to new work; $12,730.97 on Amherstburg Channel, $157,- 606.81 on Livingstone Channel and $102,704.82 on Fighting Island Channel. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The Livingstone Channel and Fighting Island Channel projects have been completed, as well as all of the Amherstburg Channel project, except a small portion where it is not necessary at present to secure the project width. The maximum draft that could be carried at the end of the fiscal year through the channels over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement at the stage of water with reference to which the projects were executed was 22 feet for Amherstburg Channel and 23 feet for Fighting Island and Livingstone Channels. The total expenditures under all the existing approved projects are $10,337,- 746.44, all applied to new work. After the payment of all outstand- ing liabilities, the Livingstone Channel will have been completed for $367,684.11 less than its estimated cost, and the Fighting Island Channel for $181,242.27 less than its estimated cost. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of adoption of project. The only work known to have been done with funds supplied by other sources than Congress was the removal of some bowlders from the channel at the Limekiln Cross- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1349 ing by the Canadian Government prior to the beginning of work by the United States. The exact amount expended is not known, but it is believed to have been a little more than $5,000. Effect of improvement.-The greater permissible draft, allowing the use of vessels of far greater tonnage, has had a decided effect upon freight rates, and it is believed that to this improvement, in conjunction with the improvement of other shallow channels in the Great Lakes and connecting waters, can be attributed the difference between the freight rate of 1900 (1.18 mills per ton-mile) and that of 1914 (0.60 mill per ton-mile). Proposed operations.-No work is proposed. Commercial statistics.-Followingis a comparative statement of the commerce transported over the waterway during the past three years: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.........-------------..-................---.----------------------------------------.......................................... 78,671,208 $859,089,591 1913.............----------------------------------------------------------........................................................... 85,376,705 927,191,016 1914----------------------------------------------------------........................................................................ 69,810,853 800,032,275 Financialsummary. GENERAL IMPROVEMENT. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------ $4, 865, 398. 79 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .......................................................... $257,514.65 $220,430.42 $12,730.97 Maintenance............ ........................................ ............................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------ $375, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------86, 991. 59 Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under authority of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915-------------70, 000. 00 16, 991. 59 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ---------------------------------------- 12, 730. 97 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------- 4, 260. 62 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------- ------------- 6. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 4, 254. 62 1350 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. LIVINGSTONE CHANNEL. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $6, 898,089.92 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ............ ..--------------------------------------------.... $337, 310. 28 $6, 062.62 $157,606.81 Maintenance... ----------------------------------------------------------------------- APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911--------------- ----------------------------- $150, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________________________ 214, 516. 89 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement __ impovmet----------------------------------- 0.8 81 17 606. 157, July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 56, 910. 08 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------------- 33, 531. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_______________________________ 23, 379. 08 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 2, 1907_ 4, 670, 950. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization---------------4, 325, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated_______________________-___ 345, 950. 00 FIGHTING ISLAND CHANNEL. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------- 128, 757. 73 Maintenance ------ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...-----------------------------------------------678.50 $25,374.41 $102, 704.82 Maintenance-....--------......--------------------------------................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913___ ______ $155, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ___ __ ____ 128, 947. 09 Deduction on account of transfer to other works under author- ity of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 ___ -- - 20, 000.00 108, 947.09 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement------------- --------------------------- 102, 704.82 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _ 6, 242. 27 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work- ----------- ---------------------- 11, 892,246.44 Maintenance ----- ---------------------------------- rIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1351 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 --------------------------- $375, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1911__---------------------- 150, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------- 155, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_--- ____--------------- 430, 455. 57 Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under author- ity of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915________ 90, 000. 00 340, 455. 57 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ---------------------------------------------- 273, 042. 60 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended 67, 412. 97 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_-- 33, 537. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-_, 33, 875. 97 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 2, 1907_ 4, 670, 950. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization----------------4, 325, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated________--_____________ 345, 950.00 17. MONROE HARBOR, MICH. Location.-The harbor is located on the lower reach of the Raisin River, which rises in the western part of Lenawee County, Mich., flows in an easterly direction, and empties into Lake Erie about 18 miles from the city of Toledo, Ohio., The river is about 70 miles long, of which 13,000 feet are included in the project. The distance from the mouth of the river to the outer end of the improvement is 2,500 feet. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-In its natural condition the river flowed into Lake Erie through several ponds and winding creeks, and the depth of water at the deepest mouth did not exceed 5 feet. The harbor was not available for purposes of commerce prior to improvement. Previous projects.-There have been no previous projects. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by act of Febru- ary 24, 1835, and modified by act of June 10, 1872, provides for secur- ing a new and direct channel from the lake across the marsh to the river, for pirotecting the entrance to this channel by piers 726 feet long and 20 feet wide, for protecting the sides of the canal by a revet- ment, and for obtaining a channel 11 feet deep and 100 feet wide from the lake to lower wharves at Monroe, a distance of about 13,000 feet. The original estimate of cost was $55,885, later increased by, $12,600. No estimate of cost of maintenance was made. The modi- fication of the project to secure a depth of 11 feet was based upon a report of survey made in 1871, published on pages 237-239 of the Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1872. The plane of reference for dredging is 572.68 feet above mean tide at New York. 1352 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-By 1845 the pro- tecting piers at the entrance to the harbor had been completed and a channel 100 feet wide and 9 feet deep had been obtained to a point just below the docks at Monroe. The channel was deepened to 11 feet in 1872. The total amount expended up to the close of the year ending June 30, 1914, is $261,345.61. No work except maintenance has been done since 1872, and the expenditures subsequent to that date for mainte- nance have amounted to $96,706.20. Prior to 1872 the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance can not be separated. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-A small amount of repair work was done to the superstructure of the south pier by hired labor. The expenditure during the year amounted to $375.86, all applied to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-All the work covered by the project has been completed. The maximum draft that could be car- ried over the shoalest part of the channel at the end of the fiscal year was 7 feet at 572.68. The total expenditures under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year are $261,721.47. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of the project. Subsequent to 1845 the. city of Mon- roe improved the river channel by cutting a canal about 1,300 feet long, 100 feet wide, and with a depth of from 13 to 16 feet across a bend of the river. Effect of improvement.--It is not believed that the improvement has had any effect upon freight rates, as the commerce of the stream is so small. Proposed operations.-No work is proposed. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of the river during the past year consisted of gravel and sand, fish, and coal tar. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Value. 1912..............................................-- ----..........-----. ..--..... 6,751 $35,210 1913.. ... ........ .................................................... 2,155 81938 1914................................ ........................... ................. 2,350 58,025 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $164, 639. 41 Maintenance-------------------------------------------- 97, 082. 06 Total------ ------------------------------------ 261, 721. 47 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................... ............... ...................... Maintenance...................................................-. .......................... $375.86 SCost of maintenance since 1872. Impracticable to separate expenditures for new work and for maintenance prior to that date. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1353 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________ _ _$669. 66 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement 375. 86 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ________________-____ 293. 80 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF JULY 25, 1912, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys, provided for by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Survey, for the purpose of charting only, of Crooked Lake, Burt Lake, and Mullett Lake, and their connecting waters, constituting the so-called inland route extending easterly from the vicinity of Petoskey, Mich. 2. St. ClairRiver, Mich., with a view to securing a channel of ade- quate width and depth along the water front of Port Huron. 3. Belle R',r, "' 4. Clinton , Aich. 5. Point Lookout, Mich., with a view to building a suitable break- water. 6. Caseville Harbor, Mich. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE CLEVELAND, OHIO, DISTRICT. This district comprises the south shore of Lake Erie from Toledo Harbor on the west to Conneaut Harbor on the east, both inclusive. District officer: Col. J. G. Warren, Corps of Engineers, to July 25, 1914, and Maj. P. S. Bond, Corps of Engineers, since that date. Division engineer: Col. J. G. Warren, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Toledo Harbor, Ohio.......... 1353 6. Lorain Harbor, Ohio ......... 1366 2. Port Clinton Harbor, Ohio ..... 1356 7. Cleveland Harbor, Ohio ...... 1369 3. Sandusky Harbor, Ohio. ....... 1358 8. Fairport Harbor, Ohio... ...... 1374 4. Huron Harbor, Ohio......... 1362 9. Ashtabula Harbor, Ohio....... 1376 5. Vermilion Harbor, Ohio....... 1364 10. Conneaut Harbor, Ohio........ 1379 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT, GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3267 TO 3288. 1. TOLEDO HARBOR, OHIO. Location.-Toledo Harbor comprises the lower 7 miles of Maumee River and the channel through Maumee Bay to Lake Erie. It is located at the westerly end of Lake Erie 99 miles westerly from Cleveland, Ohio. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Originalcondition.-The general depth in Maumee Bay was about 12 feet below mean lake level, but frequent shoals, with a minimum 1354 RfPOk1T OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. depth of 8.5 feet, rendered navigation difficult. A well-defined chan- nel existed in Maumee River. For about 6 miles above the mouth of the river the minimum depth of this channel was 14 feet, thence upstream to the head of navigation at Perrysburg, Ohio, a farther distance of about 8 miles, the minimum depth was about 6 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 23, 1866. Subsequent projects, with modifi- cations, were adopted by the river and harbor acts of July 5, 1884; August 5, 1886; July 13, 1892; and August 18, 1894. The total amount expended under these projects was $1,624,695.45. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1959. Present project.-The present project provides for obtaining and maintaining a channel 400 feet wide from deep water in Lake Erie through Maumee Bay and Maumee River to Fassett Street Bridge, a distance of about 15 miles, and 200 feet wide for a distance of about 1 mile farther upstream, terminating in a turning basin 500 feet wide, at an estimated cost of $1,005,000. The project and estimate also provides for a dike 1,000 feet long to form a foundation for range lights in the bay. The depth of this channel, as authorized by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, by which the project was adopted (H. Doc. No. 198, 55th Cong., 2d sess.), was 21 feet below mean lake level, but the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, adopted a modification of the project which provided for a depth of 23 feet below mean lake level throughout the channel, except in the portion above Fassett Street Bridge, at an additional cost of $400,000. (H. Doc. No. 865, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) This estimate was later increased to $500,000. The total estimated cost of the work above described was $1,505,000, with annual maintenance at $35,000. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The outer 64 miles of the channel through Maumee Bay had been dredged to a width of 400 feet and a depth of 23 feet below mean lake level; thence up to Fassett Street Bridge, a distance of about 81 miles, the channel was 400 feet wide and 21 feet deep. Above Fassett Street Bridge a channel 100 feet wide and 21 feet deep had been obtained, but since this portion of the river had fallen into complete disuse commer- cially, there was no apparent need for completing and maintaining the improvement in this locality, and depths had been considerably decreased by natural deposit of sediment. The dike in Maumee Bay had been completed. Expenditures under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915 were $1,347,554.84, of which amount $259,932.29 was for maintenance after 1903, prior to which time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The 23-foot chan- nel was extended about 11 miles inward through Maumee Bay by contract dredging. Expenditures during the year, $94,830.41. Maintenance dredging over shoal areas in the channel through Maumee River was carried on by U. S. dredge Burton for about eight weeks. About 77,000 cubic yards of material was removed. Ex- penditures during the year, $11,376.04. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENT. 1355 The U. S. dredge Maumee also removed about 2,400 cubic yards of material from the river channel. Expenditures during the year, $2,075.45. The cost of repairs, renewals and additions to floating plant and equipment, and winter expenses were paid in part from appropria- tions for Toledo Harbor. Expenditures on this account, $8,479.53. Total expenditures during the year amounted to $116,761.43, of which $94,830.41 was for new work and $21,931.02 was for mainte- nance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was about 93 per cent completed, the condition of the harbor being the same as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year, except that the length of the channel through which the full project depth of 23 feet had been obtained was increased from 64 miles to about 8 miles. The maximum draft available at the end of the fiscal year was 21 feet. Total expenditures under the present project up to the end of the fiscal year amounted to $1,464,316.27, of which $1,182,454.96 was for new work and $281,863.31 was for maintenance after 1903, prior to which time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. Local cooperation.--None directly provided for by law. The city of Toledo has expended about $300,000 in dredging and bulkhead con- struction, which has resulted in providing a lagoon near the mouth of the river suitable for the winter mooring of vessels and in the maintenance of a channel through Swan Creek, which empties into Maumee River within the limits of the Federal project. Effect of improvement.-There has been a marked reduction in lake freight rates and development of local industries since the inaugura- tion of the project, but it is impracticable to determine how much of this reduction is attributable to this particular improvement. Proposed operations.--It is estimated that funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted June 30, 1916. It is further estimated that $35,000 can be profitably expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, in maintenance dredging. The necessity for mainte- nance dredging is occasioned by the large deposit of sediment by the Maumee River during high-water stages. Commercial statistics.-The principal business of the port is the shipment of coal and the receipt of iron ore, although a considerable passenger, packet freight, and miscellaneous business is transacted. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........................................... ................................. 6,938,354 $25,280,674 1913................--... .. ...... .............................. 7,510,634 25,355,100 1914............ ......... - .................................................. 7,166,172 22,286,168 1356 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work___ ---------------------------------------- $2, 807, 148.41 Maintenance (since 1903) ----------------------------- 281, 863. 31 Total _---________----------- -- 3, 089, 011. 72 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ..................................... ............ ... $142, 570.52 $60, 410. 15 $94,830.41 Maintenance -.. ........ .............. .. .................. ..... 27,990.77 22,004.47 21,931.02 Total................... ...................... 170,561.29 82,414.62 116,761.43 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------- $75, 000. 00 July 25, 1912- ----------------------------------- 75, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ------------ -105, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914__ 135, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- 35, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________________ - 173, 625. 17 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 135, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 35, 000. 00 243, 625. 17 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement-----------------$94, 830. 41 For maintenance of improvement-------------21, 931. 02 116, 761. 43 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------126, 863. 74 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------- $19, 842. 16 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts___ _------------------------ 56, 421.46 76,263. 62 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 50, 600. 12 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement -------------- 35, 000. 00 2. PORT CLINTON HARBOR, OHIO. Location.-Port Clinton Harbor comprises the lower half mile of the Portage River, which empties into Lake Erie at a point 72 miles westerly from Cleveland, Ohio. (U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-Natural depths in the Portage River varied from about 10 feet, near its mouth, to 6 feet at Oak Harbor, the head of navigation, about 12 miles above the mouth. The width of the channel varied from 50 to 150 feet. Prior to improvement little use was made of the river for navigation purposes, for the reason that its mouth was partially obstructed by a sand bar, over which the depth was variable, but seldom more than 5 feet. The old river mouth was somewhat easterly from the present outlet. 1This amount is increased $180 over that reported in 1914 on account of reimbursable expenditures to that extent. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1857 Previous projects.-There were no projects for improvement prior to the present project. Present project.-The present project was inaugurated by the river and harbor act of June 10, 1872 (no printed report), which provided for "Improving Port Clinton Harbor," no definite project being stated. Funds appropriated from time to time since the im- provement was undertaken have been applied to obtaining and main- taining a channel across the bar at the mouth of the river. The pres- ent project is regarded as providing for parallel jetties at the mouth of the river extending to a depth of 12 feet below mean lake level in the lake, for dredging a channel to a depth of 12 feet, and for maintenance of the improvement. It was estimated, in 1883, that the improvement would cost $90,000. The river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, provided for the pur- chase of a tract of land adjoining the inner end of the west jetty. The purchase was completed in 1894. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The river entrance had been improved by the construction of approximately parallel jetties about 200 feet apart, with an aggregate length of 4,180 feet. A channel 12 feet deep below mean lake level and from 100 to 200 feet wide had been provided from deep water in the lake up the river for a distance of about 800 feet above the inner ends of the jetties. Expenditures under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915 were $105, 710.01, of which $33,760.15 was for maintenance since 1894, prior to which time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance ($71,949.86) were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no op- erations during the year. Expenses incidental to necessary inspec- tions and care of works were paid from appropriations for this har- bor. Total expenditures during the year amounted to $532.42, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project, except for main- tenance, was completed, the condition of the harbor being the same as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The maximum draft available at the end of the fiscal year was 11 feet. Total expenditures under the present project to the end of the fiscal year were $106,242.43, of which $34,292.57 was for maintenance since 1894, prior to which time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is im- practicable to separate them. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had but little effect on freight rates, as the facilities provided are insufficient to accom- modate the larger vessels which handle the bulk of the freight trans- ported on the Great Lakes. The improvements are sufficierit to afford adequate facilities for entry of vessels which make use of this harbor. Proposed operations.-Itis estimated that funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted October 31, 1915. The heavy stone covering and riprap protection of the jetties need renewing in some places, in order to prevent damage to timber cribs and displacement of small stone with which the cribs are filled. A 1358 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. small amount of dredging should be done over shoal spots in the channel of approach. Commercial statistics.-The business of the port is small and mis- cellaneous in character. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912................................----------------------------------------...............-------------------------........................... 7,927 $173,386 1913-------------.................---------------------------------------------------- 6,413 208,555 1914........................................-- ................................... 6,645 222,735 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $71, 949. 86 Maintenance (since 1894) ------------------------------- 34, 292. 57 Total 242. 43 1------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year endirg June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ................................................................ Maintenance...................................................... $204.85 $143.72 $532.42 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ---------------------------------------------- $500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913__ ----------------------------------------------- 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914___------------------------------------------------ 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __________________--- -_____- 770. 28 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_... 500. 00 1, 270. 28 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ..------------------------------------------- 532. 42 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended.--------..__--------------- 737. 86 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_--------- --------------- 60. 24 July 1, 1915, balance available-- - - --..- - 677. 62 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ______________ -' ___- 1, 000. 00 3. SANDUSKY HARBOR, OHIO. Location.-Sandusky Harbor is located in the southeasterly por- tion of Sandusky Bay, which opens into Lake Erie and is about 57 miles westerly from Cleveland, Ohio. It comprises the channel through the outer bar and through the bay, a distance of about 2 miles, and along the city front, which is developed for a distance of about 1J miles. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-Sandusky Bay, which is a natural harbor some M22 square miles in area, before improvement was generally 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1359 about 12 feet deep below mean lake level over its easterly portion, but shoal areas reduced the available depth for vessels approaching the city to a minimum of 9 feet. A long, flat sand bar extending from Sand Point (formerly Peninsula Point) on the north to Cedar Point on the south separated the bay from the lake. A mile outside of Cedar Point the depth over this bar was only 10 feet, but off Cedar Point depths as great as 36 feet obtained over a considerable area. At the upper or westerly end of Sandusky Bay the Sandusky River has its outlet. Depths in the bay up to the river mouth were about 10 feet, thence upstream to Fremont, the head of navigation, a dis- tance of about 18 miles, a general depth of 8 feet obtained, although numerous shoals reduced the available depth to about 4 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 11, 1844. Subsequent projects and modifi- cations were adopted by the river and harbor acts of June 23, 1866, March 3, 1873, July 5, 1884, August 11, 1888, and August 18, 1894. The total expended under these projects was $477,149.09. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1960. Present project.-The present project provides for obtaining and maintaining a channel from deep water in Lake Erie through San- dusky Bay to and along the city water front, and for protection works near the entrance to the bay. The depth of the channel, as provided by the project, is 21 feet below mean lake level throughout. It is 300 feet wide from deep water in the lake to Cedar Point, a distance of about 6,600 feet; thence through the straight channel to the city water front, a distance of about 10,000 feet, it is 400 feet wide; thence along the dock channel, a distance of about 7,800 feet, it is 300 feet wide, except at its westerly end, where it widens to 550 feet to provide a turning basin. The protecting works authorized by the project consist in a jetty on the easterly side of the channel, extending northeasterly from Cedar Point, a distance of 5,000 feet; a jetty 5,550 feet long parallel to and 725 feet westerly therefrom, extending northeasterly from the front range light opposite Cedar Point; a deflecting dike 1,500 feet long parallel to the straight chan- nel in the bay; a short spur at Cedar Point; a brush and stone sill extending from the front range light to Sand Point, a distance of about 8,000 feet; three short spurs to protect the eastern shore line of -Sand Point; and for the revetment of the slope adjacent to the chan- nel in the vicinity of the front range light with a brush and stone mattress. The total estimated cost of the work above described was $1,135,000, with annual maintenance of $10,000. The several features of this general project were authorized by river and harbor acts as follows: Act of March 3, 1899, constructing protection works -(H. Doc. No. 362, 55th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1898, p. 2708) ; act of June 13, 1902, increasing width and depth of channel (H. Doc. No. 120, 56th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1901, p. 3270). The act of March 3, 1905, provided for omitting the excavation of a portion of the channel along the city water front previously authorized, but this work was restoredto the project by the act of March 2, 1907. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--The channel au- thorized by the project, described under Present project, had been 1360 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. completed, except a small area along the city water front; the east jetty had been extended 3,500 feet from Cedar Point; a length of 108 feet of the west jetty, 800 feet of the sill, the spur dike at Cedar Point, and the revetment of the slope near the front range light had been built. The protection works, so far as completed, had proved effective in maintaining channel depths at the entrance to the bay. Expenditures under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915 were $783,247.88, of which $71,382.30 was for maintenance since 1903, prior to which time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The east jetty was completed by contract to the authorized length of 5,000 feet. Ex- penditures during the year, $4,338.33. The improvement of the channel was completed, and maintenance dredging was carried on by U. S. dredge Maumee during about five months, resulting in the re- moval of about 42,000 cubic yards of material, mostly rock. Ex- penditures on account of this work, $14,386.52. The cost of repairs, renewals, and additions to floating plant and equipment, and winter expenses were paid in part from appropriations for Sandusky Har- bor. Expenditures, $7,155.10. The act of March 3, 1905, provided a continuing-contract authorization for this work in the sum of $480,000, of which $130,000 remains to be appropriated. Total expenditures during the year amounted to $25,879.95, of which $17,874.63 was for new work and $8,005.32 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was about 78 per cent completed, the condition of the harbor being the same as stated under Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year, except that the east jetty was entirely completed, its total length being 5,000 feet, and the project depth of 21 feet was available throughout the channel, except its sides, more especially in the portion along the city water front, where some filling had occurred. Total expenditures under the existing project up to the end of the fiscal year were $809,127.83, of which $79,387.62 was for maintenance (since 1903). Local cooperation.-None directly provided by law. The city of Sandusky has expended approximately $160,000 in constructing two municipal wharves and in excavating rock from the channel in front of the city. Effect of improvement.-There has been a marked reduction in lake freight rates and development of local industries since the inauguration of the project, but it is impracticable to determine how much of this reduction is attributable to this particular improve- ment. Proposed operations.--Itis estimated that funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted April 30, 1916. It is estimated that $10,000 can be profitably expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance dredging by Government plant in portions of the channel where depths have been decreased by material carried into the channel. The shoal areas occur mainly along the banks of the channel through Sandusky Bay, where the water is shallow and the shifting ice fields at times reach the bottom and drag the material from the flats into the channel. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1361 Commercial statistics.---The principal business of the port is the shipment of coal, but a considerable passenger, packet freight, and miscellaneous business is also carried on. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ............................................................. ........... 2,970,626 $10,316,745 1913............................................................ 3,253,954 10,593,104 1914...... ........................................................... 3,129,776 12,778,376 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work - $1, 206, 889. 30 N ~-ew work----------------------------------------$1, 206, 889.30 Maintenance (since 1903) -------------------------- 79, 387. 62 Total 286, 276. 92 1----------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........ ................................... $22,645.06 $19,275.92 $17,874.63 Maintenance.............. ............................ 10,800.37 10,916.38 8,005.32 Total ............................................. 33,445.43 30,192.30 25,879.95 'APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ___________-_________--_ 37, 072.93 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 5, 000. 00 42, 072. 93 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement__________________ $17, 874.63 For maintenance of improvement ---------- __-- 8, 005. 32 25, 879. 95 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 16, 192.98 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------_--- 266. 54 July 1, 1915, balance available --------- -------------------- 15, 926. 44 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 3, 1905__ 480, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization---------------- 350, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated_ ------- _________ 130, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ------------------------------------ 187, 500. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------------- 110,000. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, 8373--ENG 1915---86 1362 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 4. HURON HARBOR, OHIO. Location.-Huron Harbor is located at the mouth of Huron River, which flows into Lake Erie 48 miles westerly from Cleveland, Ohio. It comprises the lower mile of Huron River, an outer harbor some 14 acres in area, and a channel of approach. (See U. S. Lake Sur- vey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-Natural depths in Huron River were about 20 feet below mean lake level for about 1 mile above its mouth; thence to Milan, the head of navigation, 1 mile above the mouth, there was an available depth of about 8 feet. The channel had a general width of about 100 feet. The mouth of the river was, how- ever, closed by a sand bar which prevented entrance during the greater part of the time. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of May 20, 1826, and was modified by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890. The total amount expended un- der this project and its modification was $269,789.07. For scope of previous project, see Appendix page 1961. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905 (H. Doc. No. 122, 58th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1904, pp. 3209-3218), provides for improving the harbor entrance by widening and deepening the channel of ap- proach and the jettied channel, and reconstructing and extending the protection works. The plan includes reconstructing 580 feet of the west jetty, extending it 240 feet lakeward, with a pierhead 50 feet square at its outer end; for a new east jetty beginning at a point on the shore about 1,200 feet easterly from the channel, extending thence lakeward a distance of 1,750 feet, terminating in a peirhead 300 feet easterly from the west pierhead and of the same dimensions; for removing the old east jetty; for dredging a channel of approach 300 feet wide and 21 feet deep below mean lake level; for dredging the area of about 12 acres sheltered by the new jetties to a depth of 21 feet below mean lake level; and for maintenance of the improvement. The total estimated cost of the work above described was $315,500, with annual maintenance at $2,500. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-A channel 21 feet deep below mean lake level and from 125 to 300 feet in width had been obtained from deep water in the lake to the inner ends of the jetties. The jetties, as provided by the project, had been completed, the old east jetty had been removed, and the sheltered area had been dredged to the required depth, although a considerable filling in excess of the amounts removed by maintenance dredging had resulted in reducing depths over a portion of this area. As a maintenance measure the west jetty had been extended shoreward 120 feet to close a breach which had formed between the river and the lake endangering the channel. Expenditures under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915, were $291,938.01, of which $198,478.43 was for new work and $93,459.58 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge Burton was engaged in maintenance dredging in the channel of op- proach for two weeks, removing about 25,000 cubic yards of material. Expenditures on this account, $1,108.62. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1363 The cost of repairs, renewals, and additions to floating plant and equipment, and winter expenses, were paid in part from appropria- tions for Huron Harbor. The outer end of the west jetty having been undermined to such an extent that it had settled considerably on the channel side, a sheet pile protection was driven along the footing of the foundation cribs over a length of about 421 feet. This work was done under contract at an expenditure of $10,747.92. Total expenditures during the year amounted to $12,156.54, which was all applied to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed, the condition of the harbor being the same as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The maximum draft available at the end of the fiscal year was 21 feet. Total expenditures under the present project up to the end of the fiscal year were $304,094.55, of which $198,478.43 was for new work and $105,616.12 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Nonedirectly provided by law. The Wheeling & Lake Erie Railroad Co. has expended approximately $84,000 in deepening and maintaining the channel above the limits of the Fed- eral improvement. Effect of the improvement.-There has been a marked reduction in lake freight rates and development of local indust,' ince the in- auguration of the project, but it is impracticable to, -mine how much of this reduction is attributable to this particular ia. rovement. Proposedoperations.--It is estimated that funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted April 30, 1916. It is further estimated that $2,500 can be profitably expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of existing works. It is anticipated that about one-half of this amount will be needed for maintenance of Government seagoing dredge while removing shoal at entrance, and that the balance will be required for the repair of the timber portion of west pier, the deck of which is rapidly becoming unserviceable by decay. Commercial statistics.-Almost the entire business of the port is the shipment of coal and the receipt of iron ore. A marked falling off in business for the calendar year 1914, is attributable to the depressed market for these commodities. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ..................................................... ..... 2,120,03 $5049,556 1913....... ............... ................................. 2,557,932 6,534,610 1914........ ................................ ............................ 1, 407,355 3, 790,343 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New wor ------- ------------------------------- $468, 267. 50 Maintenance (since 1904) ------------------------------ 105, 616. 12 Total---------- --------------------------------- 573, 883. 62 1364 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................................................... ...... Maintenance..... ....... ............................. $12,715.41 $11,437.02 $12,156.54 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------- $12, 000.00 Mar. 4. 1915__-------- ---------- 3,000.00 3------------------- July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ______ ______ 156. 54 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 .__- 12, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__- 3, 000. 00 15, 156. 54 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement________ ---------- 12, 156. 54 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------- 244. 66 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------------ 2, 755. 34 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 3, 1905 -. 200, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization--------------------197, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated ----------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917; for maintenance of improvement ----------------------- 2, 500. 00 5. VERMILION HARBOR, OHIO. Location. -Vermilion Harbor is located at the mouth of Vermilion River, which empties into Lake Erie at a point about 39 miles west- erly from Cleveland, Ohio. It comprises the lower 3,000 feet of Ver- milion River and a channel of approach from the lake. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Originalcondition.-Only the lower reach of the river, about 1 mile in length, had sufficient natural depth to accommodate even small craft. For about 3,000 feet above its mouth the river channel was about 75 feet wide and from 8 to 12 feet deep below mean lake level, but the mouth itself was obstructed by a sand bar, over which the depth was about 2 feet. Previous projects.-No projects adopted prior to the present project. Present project.-The present project provides for improving the harbor entrance by constructing parallel piers 125 feet apart, with an aggregate length of 2,200 feet, extending from the shore at the mouth of the river to a natural depth of 12 feet in the lake, and by dredging a channel 100 feet wide and 14 feet deep below mean lake level between the piers and beyond them to deep water in the lake. The general project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 4, 1836, and, by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1875, was modi- fied to provide a 14-foot instead of a 12-foot depth, as first authorized. (Annual Report for 1874, p. 219.) A thorough repair of the piers 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1365 was authorized by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905. (H. Doc. No. 252, 58th Cong., 2d sess.) The estimated cost of the work above described was $127,692. No estimate of the annual cost of maintenance was made. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The river mouth had been improved by the construction of parallel piers 125 feet apart and by dredging a channel with a general depth of 14 feet below mean lake level between the piers to deejI water in the lake. The available depth of channel was, however, limited to 12 feet by shoaling and because of the existence of occasional rocky ledges. Expenditures under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915 were $167,623.43, of which $34,345.88 was for maintenance since 1903, prior to which time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The U. S. dredge Maumee was engaged for a period of about five weeks in increasing depths in the channel, removing about 11,000 cubic yards of material, mostly shale rock. Expenditures on this account were $2,343. The cost of repairs, renewals, and additions to floating plant and equipment was paid in part from appropriations for Vermilion Harbor. Expenditures during the year amounted to $2,820.66, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was practically completed, the condition of the harbor being the same as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year, except that a least depth of about 13.7 feet had been provided in the channel. Total expenditures under the present project up to the end of the fiscal year were $170,444.09, of which $37,166.54 was for maintenance (since 1903). Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement, while adequate for the accommodation of the class of vessels using the port, does not provide facilities for the larger vessels which handle the greater part of the business of the Great Lakes, and has therefore had little effect upon freight rates. Proposedoperations.-No funds are now available. It is estimated that $4,500 can be profitably expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for repair of piers. from which covering stone is falling in several places, due to the spreading of walls of the timber crib foundation. Repairs can be made with Government plant without purchase of additional stone. Commercial statistics.-The port is used almost exclusively by fish- ing interests. Comparative statement. 1366 REPORT OF THE OCI OF ENGINTI~E S, V. S.AMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------ ---------------------------------- $133, 277. 55 Maintenance (since 1903) ------------------------------- 37,166. 54 Total _, -- -- 170, 444. 09 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................................................................... Maintenane........................................................ $71.37 $2,767.34 $2, 820.66 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913---- ----------------------------------- $2, 766. 64 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914... 3, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement--------- __ - _---------------2, 820. 66 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__-------- ------------- 179. 34 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_-------------------------- 179. 34 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-- ------- --- 14, 500. 00 6. LORAIN HARBOR, OHIO. Location.-Lorain Harbor is located at the mouth of Black River, which flows into Lake Erie about 30 miles westerly from Cleveland, Ohio. It comprises an outer harbor some 60 acres in area, created by the construction of breakwaters, and the lower 3 miles of Black River. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-A natural channel about 100 feet wide and 10 to 15 feet deep below mean lake level extended from the mouth of the river upstream for about 3 miles to the head of navigation. The mouth of the river was, however, obstructed by a sand bar, over which the depth was about 3 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement was adopted by the river and harbor act of May 23, 1828. The total amount expended under this project was $292,202.88. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1961. Present project.-The present project provides for an outer harbor about 60 acres in area, created by converging breakwaters, with an aggregate length of 5,600 feet, and having an entrance 500 feet wide between pierheads located at the outer ends of the breakwaters and 1,800 feet outside the entrance to the channel between the piers; for dredging the outer harbor to a depth of 21 feet below mean lake level; for parallel piers at the mouth of the river 300 feet apart and having an aggregate length of 2,765 feet; and for dredging the chan- nel between the piers and upstream to the Erie Avenue Highway Bridge, a length of about 3,000 feet, to a depth of 20 feet below mean 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1367 lake level. The estimated cost of the work above described was $968,479, with annual maintenance at $5,000. The several features of this general project were authorized by river and harbor acts as follows: Act of March 3, 1899, rebuilding entrance piers, constructing outer breakwaters, and dredging in chan- nel between the piers (H. Doc. No. 131, 55th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1898, p. 2718); act of June 6, 1900, increasing estimate of cost (Annual Report for 1900, p. 4057); act of March 2, 1907, widening Black River from the inner end of the easterly Gov- ernment pier to Erie Avenue Bridge (no printed report); act of March 3, 1909, extending west breakwater toward shore (no printed report); and act of June 25, 1910, extending breakwaters shoreward and dredging in outer harbor (H. Doc. No. 644, 61st Cong., 2d sess.). Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The river entrance had been improved by the construction of parallel piers, and dredg- ing up to the Erie Avenue Bridge, providing a channel 21 feet deep at mean lake level and about 250 feet wide. An outer harbor about 60 acres in area had been provided by constructing breakwaters and by dredging to a depth of 21 feet below mean lake level, as provided by the present project. These breakwaters had been completed ex- cept for short lengths at the shoreward end of each which were under construction. Work necessary to the maintenance of the improve- ment had been carried on. Expenditures under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915, were $798,034.55, of which $41,519.22 was for maintenance since 1903, prior to which time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work of ex- tending the breakwaters shoreward to the limits of the project was completed by contract. The superstructure of 1,338 linear feet of breakwater, requiring about 31,000 tons of stone, was built during the year. Expenditures on this account were $51,200.13. The U. S. dredge Burton was employed for about two weeks in restoring pro- ject depths in the channel, removing approximately 9,000 cubic yards of material. Expenditures during the year, $1,077.97. The U. S. dredge Maumee was engaged for about 16 days in maintenance dredg- ing in the channel between the piers, removing about 6,000 cubic yards of material, principally shale rock. Expenditures amounted to $836.95. The cost of repairs, renewals and additions to floating plant and equipment, and winter expenses were paid in part from appropriations for Lorain Harbor. Expenditures during the year amounted to $53,923.45, of which $51,200.13 was for new work and $2,723.32 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project had been entirely completed, except maintenance, at a cost of about $160,500 less than the original estimate. The condition of the harbor was the same as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year, except that the breakwaters had been completed as authorized. The maxi- mum draft available at the end of the fiscal year was 21 feet. Total expenditures under the present project up to the end of the fiscal year amounted to $851,958, of which $44,242.54 was for maintenance (since 1903). 1.368 REPORT OF HE CHIEF OF ENGINEER, . . ARMY. A. Local cooperation.-None directly provided by law. The city of Lorain has expended approximately $550,000 in obtaining and main- taining a channel in Black River above the Erie Avenue Bridge to the plant of the National Tube Co., located about 3 miles above the mouth of the river, and in constructing a public dock. The channel is 120 to 200 feet wide and 22 feet deep below mean lake level. Effect of improvement.-There has been a marked reduction in lake freight rates and development of local industries since the inauguration of the project, but it is impracticable to determine how much of this reduction is attributable to this particular improve- ment. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for additional funds, as funds now available are believed to be sufficient for mainte- nance of the improvement to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The principal business of the harbor is the shipment of coal and the receipt of iron ore. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.......... ....------------------------------------------------------------ 7,400,591 $19,358,506 1913..................... ... ..------ ............................ 8,609,897 23,327,877 1914......------------------------------------------------------------4,507,075 11,517,228 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 915: New work---- ---------------------- ------------- $1, 099, 918. 34 Maintenance (since 1903) ------------------------------- 44, 242. 54 Total ------------- --- --------------- 1, 144, 160. 88 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..... ............................................. ---- 21,442.98 $14,260.40 $51,200.13 Maintenance ...........................--- ..-..--- . ......-- - 520. 77 4,251.84 2, 723. 32 Total......... ... . ............................... 21,963.75 18,512.24 53,923.45 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------128, 147. 76 Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under authority of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915----------------- 35, 000. 00 93, 147. 76 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement--------------------____ $51, 200. 13 For maintenance of improvement----------------- 2, 723. 32 53, 923. 45 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- --- -- - -- 39, 224. 31 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities..-. --....-- 4, 723. 05 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------- 34, 501. 26 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1369 7. CLEVELAND HARBOR, OHIO. Location.-Cleveland Harbor is on the south shore of Lake Erie at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, 99 miles easterly from Toledo, Ohio, which is at the westerly end of the lake, and 175 miles south- westerly from Buffalo, N. Y., which is at the easterly end of the lake. The harbor comprises the lower 5 miles of Cuyahoga River and an outer harbor formed by breakwaters about 5 miles in length. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-No natural harbor existed. The river near its mouth was about 15 feet deep at ordinary stage, but was obstructed by a sand bar over which a depth of about 3 feet only was available. The old mouth was about 700 feet west of the present outlet. Little use was made of the river, prior to improvement, for purposes of navigation. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by act of Congress approved March 3, 1825, and was modified by the act of June 23, 1866. A subsequent project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1875, and was modified by the acts of August 5, 1886, and August 11, 1888. The total amount expended under these projects was $1,564,153.56. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1962. Present project.-The present project provides for improving the river mouth by reconstructing the piers and enlarging the channel between them to a width of 325 feet and a depth of 25 feet below mean lake level for a length of about 2,000 feet, measured from the outer end of the piers; for increasing the outer harbor area by re- moving the shore arm previously built opposite the foot of East Ninth Street, and extending the east breakwater about 3 miles to a point opposite Gordon Park; for repairing the older portion of the east breakwater; for deepening the outer harbor to 25 feet below mean lake level, at the discretion of the Secretary of War; for im- proving the main entrance to the harbor by increasing its width from 500 to 700 feet, and protecting it by converging breakwaters extend- ing lakeward from the main breakwater; and for constructing a wharf and storehouse at the foot of East Ninth Street. The total estimated cost of the work above described was $6,439,456, including dredging to a depth of 21 feet in the outer harbor, or $6,626,456, including dredging to a depth of 25 feet in the outer har- bor. No estimate was made of the annual cost of maintenance. The several features of this general project were authorized by river and harbor acts as follows: Act of June 3, 1896, rebuilding piers and completing east break- water (H. Doc. No. 326, 54th Cong., 1st sess., and Annual Report for 1896, p. 2949); act of March 3, 1899, as modified by act of June 13, 1902, dredging to 21 feet and 25 feet depth (H. Doc. No. 156, 55th Cong., 3d sess., and Annual Report for 1899, pp. 3075 and 3078); act of June 13, 1902, new harbor entrance and breakwater extension (H. Doc. No. 118, 56th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1901, p. 3277); act of March 2, 1907, wharf and storehouse (H. Doc. No. 270, 59th Cong., 2d sess.); act of June 25, 1910, closing gap in east breakwater (report not printed). A tentative plan for improving the Cuyahoga River is presented in House Document No. 707, Sixty-third Congress, second session. 1870 REPORT OF THE CHIEP OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. House Document No. 891, Sixty-third Congress, second session, con- tains a plan for completing the east breakwater and shore arm. Operations and results priorto the fiscal year.-The river entrance channel had been improved by the construction of parallel jetties and dredging a channel 325 feet wide up to the Lake Shore Railway Bridge. Above this point the work of widening had been delayed through inability on the part of the city of Cleveland to secure satisfactory title to the required land. The channel had been deep- ened to 25 feet at mean lake level, but frequent redredging had been found necessary to maintain this depth. The outer harbor, formed by the west and east breakwaters, about 5 miles long, 3,000 to 4,000 feet wide, and about 1,300 acres in extent was nearing completion by the construction of the east breakwater approximately par Ilel to and 3,000 to 4,000 feet distant from the natural shore line. The harbor thus formed had been closed at its westerly limits by an arm extending from the outer breakwater to the shore. Of the total length of approximately 28,000 feet of breakwater included in the project about 24,000 feet had been completed and 4,000 feet was under construction. The main entrance had been widened to 700 feet and protected by converging arms extending lakeward from the east and west breakwaters. The outer harbor had been deepened to 25 feet below mean lake level throughout the west basin, in the entrance channel, and over a portion of the east basin adjacent to the entrance channel. This depth had been reduced, however, by the de- posit of material in excess of that removed by maintenance dredg- ing. Over the remaining portion of the east basin, as far east as East Ninth Street, a depth of 21 feet below mean lake level had generally been secured. A wharf had been built at the foot of East Ninth Street. Expenditures under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915 were $5,730,357.03, of which $656,087.77 was for maintenance since 1903, prior to which time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-About 4,600 linear feet of the east breakwater extension was built under contract, com- pleting this work. Expenditures during the year, $141,424.60. The removal of the inclined arm of breakwater opposite the foot of East Ninth Street, 1,728 feet in length, was completed October 31, 1914, under contract. Expenditures during the year, $35,578.58. Mainte- nance dredging was carried on by U. S. dredge Burton for about 11 weeks. Material to the amount of 83,007 cubic yards was removed from the river entrance channel and shoal areas in the outer harbor. Expenditures, $7,943.77. A storehouse was erected on the Govern- ment wharf at the foot of East Ninth Street, by contract, at a total cost of $12,663.95. Repairs, renewals, and additions to floating plant and equipment, and winter expenses, were paid, in part, from funds appropriated for Cleveland Harbor. Expenditures on this account, $11,202.46. Total expenditures during the year amounted to $208,759.86, of which $189,613.63 was for new work and $19,146.23 was for maintenance. AIVIt1R ATh HAIU3OiL IMPROVEEN S. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project, so far as definitely authorized by Congress, was regarded as about 95 per cent com- pleted, the condition of the harbor being the same as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year, except in the follow- ing particulars: The available outer harbor area was increased by advancing the east breakwater extension about 4,600 feet, completing this work; the removal of the inclined arm of breakwater opposite the foot of East Ninth Street had resulted in clearing the east basin of an ob- struction to its free use; an adequate storehouse had been provided for the district. The maximum draft available at the end of the fiscal year was 21 feet. Expenditures under the present project to the end of the fiscal year 1915 were $5,939,116.89, of which $775,234 was for maintenance (since 1903). Local cooperation.-None provided for by direct provision of law. River widening can not be completed, however, until the city of Cleveland secures and turns over to the Government satisfactory title to the land required for the purpose. Outside of the project, the improvement and maintenance of the inner harbor, consisting of about 7 miles of the Cuyahoga River and " Old River," have been assumed by the city of Cleveland, the funds required for this work being taken from general and special tax levies. There has been expended to date about $3,790,000. The channel width is in general 200 feet, and a depth of about 22 feet below mean lake level is maintained. The city has also built a bulk- head extending along the lake front a distance of about 2,500 feet westerly from East Ninth Street and two piers, one of which has been leased to passenger-vessel companies. Of these improvements, the last two items are within the limits of the Federal project for the harbor; the others are beyond these limits. Effect of improvement.-There has been a marked reduction in lake freight rates and development of local industries since the in- auguration of the project, but it is impracticable to determine how much of this reduction is attributable to this particular improvement. Proposed operations.-The annual deposit of material in the chan- nels and sheltered areas of Cleveland Harbor is approximately 200,000 cubic yards, and this average may be and has been exceeded in certain years. The west basin and the western portion of the east basin have been dredged to a depth of 25 feet. During recent years, however, the dredging has not kept pace with the deposit, with the result that depths of less than 19 feet are now found in places in the areas above mentioned, and the average depth is less than 22 feet. Because of the demands of other harbors the Government dredging plant alone is inadequate to the maintenance of depths in Cleve- land Harbor, and dredging under contract must occasionally be resorted to. The older portions of the rubble mound (east) breakwater and about 950 feet of timber-crib section should be thoroughly repaired in the near future to prevent more serious damage, which would increase the cost of maintenance. 1372 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. It is estimated that funds available for maintenance will be ex- hausted June 30, 1916. It is estimated that $150,000 can be profitably expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, as follows: 1. Operation of U. S. dredge Burton, maintenance dredging in entrance channel and outer harbor__ _____________________ _______ $10, 000 2. Repair of rubble mound breakwaters under contract ------ $25, 000 New superstructure for decayed timber crib breakwater __ 75, 000 100, 000 3. Dredging in outer harbor by contract for maintenance, 260,000 cubic yards, at 13 cents------ ---------------------------------- 33, 800 4. Engineering and contingencies- ...---------------------- 6, 200 Total --------- -------------------------------------- 50, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal business of the port is the shipment of coal and the receipt of iron ore, although a considerable passenger, packet freight, and miscellaneous business is transacted. A marked falling off in tonnage occurred during 1914 on account of the depressed market for the principal commodities. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.........................................................................................14,296,078 $75,250,000 1913 .... ................................................................. 16, 488, 083 82, 762, 000 1914............................................................................ 10,912, 572 50,979,660 FinancialsumQmary. UNDER CONTRACTS, ETC., AUTHORIZED BY ACT OF JUNE 3, 1896. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___ _ _-----_-_ _ ____-___ $87, 273. 30 Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under authority of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_- ---- ____--45, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___________________________ 42, 273. 30 DREDGING AND REPAIRS TO BREAKWATER. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__ ________-2, ___---------- 732. 55 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 150, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 92, 000. 00 By transfer from allotment "For breakwaters, closing gap, and removing old arm" --------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 259, 732. 55 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------------------------------- 19, 146. 23 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__________________________ _ 240, 586. 32 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------------------- 3, 130. 07 July 1, 1915, balance available .__-_____ ___ -- __________ 237, 456. 25 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _______________-_ '1150, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1373 WHARF ROOM. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------- $12, 610.45 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement _ _______-------------------__ - 12, 610. 45 FOR BREAKWATER, CLOSING GAP, AND REMOVING OLD ARM. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------- 0, 672. 74 Transferred to allotment " Dredging and repair of breakwaters "_ 15, 000. 00 45, 672. 74 Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under authority of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 _------__ 10, 094. 16 35, 578. 58 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of -- improvement __ - __---___- -- 35, 578. 58 -________________- _ MAIN ENTRANCE, EAST BREAKWATER EXTENSION, ETC., ACTS OF JUNE 13, 1902, AND MAR. 2, 1907. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__ __--- -___- Deduction on account of transfer to other works, under authority 243, 480. 17 __ of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 -- __- _____-36, 905.84 206, 574.33 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------ 141,424.60 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _--__-___ --- 65, 149.73 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___________________________ 1,225. 77 July 1, 1915, balance available_ ___ ___------ 6-------------63,923.96 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------- $6,728,036.45 Maintenance (since 1903)------------------------------ 775, 234.00 Total-- ------------------- 7, 503, 270.45 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. .......................................................... $179,154.48 $114, 743.44 $189,613.63 Maintenance ..... ................................... 10, 510.86 70, 035.71 19,146.23 Total ............. ............. .... ................. 189,665. 34 184, 779.15 208,759.86 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------ $200,000.00 Aug. 24, 1912----- -------------------------------------- 200, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913___ --------------------------------------------- 25,000.00 June 23, 1913 ------------------------------------ 51, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914____------------------------------------- 150, 000.00 1374 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------ ---- ----------------- $406, 769.21 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 150, 000. 00 556, 769.21 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement___________________ $189, 613. 63 For maintenance of improvement-------------- 19, 146. 23 208, 759. 86 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__--__------------- __------- 348, 009. 35 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------------------- 4, 355. 84 July 1, 1915, balance available____--------------_ 343, 653. 51 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending 1 June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement __________ _ 50, 000. 00 8. FAIRPORT HARBOR, OHIO. Location.-FairportHarbor is located at the mouth of the Grand River, which empties into Lake Erie 34 miles easterly from Cleve- land, Ohio. It comprises an outer harbor some 40 acres in area and the lower mile of Grand River. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-The natural channel in Grand River extended about 2 miles above its mouth. It was about 75 feet wide and 8 to 10 feet deep at mean lake level. The mouth of the river was, how- ever, entirely closed by a sand bar during the greater part of each year. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1825, and modified by the river and harbor act of May 20, 1826. The total amount expended under this project and modification was $368,940.09. For scope of this project, see Appendix, page 1963. Present project.-The present project provides for an outer har- bor about 40 acres in area by the construction of converging break- waters and dredging to a depth of 20 feet below mean lake level. The west breakwater, as provided by the project, begins on shore and extends north, thence northeasterly a distance of 3,378 feet, terminating in a pierhead at its outer end. The east breakwater begins at a pierhead located 400 feet (actually built 600 feet) easterly from the west pierhead and extends shoreward a distance of 1,350 feet (including pierhead). The estimated cost of the work above described was $705,000. No estimate of the annual cost of maintenance was made. The several features of this general project were authorized by the following river and harbor acts: Act of June 3, 1896, constructing outer break- waters and dredging sheltered area (H. Doc. No. 347, 54th Cong., 1st sess., and Annual Report for 1896, p. 2956) ; estimate of cost modi- fied in 1900 (Annual Report for 1900, p. 2349) ; act of March 3, 1905, extending west breakwater to a point at or near the shore (Annual Report for 1903, p. 2084, and Annual Report for 1905, p. 2349). Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The harbor had been improved by the construction of parallel piers 180 feet apart at 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1375 the mouth of Grand River, the aggregate length of portions now maintained being 2,320 feet; by the construction of outer break- waters with a total length of 4,728 feet, sheltering an area of about 40 acres; and by dredging the channel between the piers and through the outer harbor to a depth of 20 feet below mean lake level, this depth having, however, been increased to about 22 feet by natural scour. The piers had been repaired and rebuilt, and dredging had been done to the extent necessary to maintain the improvement. Expenditures under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915 were $740,439.75, of which amount $132,217.66 was for maintenance since 1903, prior to which time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the year. Expenditures were for the care and inspection of works and a pro rata share of winter expenses of floating plant, etc., and the total for the year amounted to $4,585.64 (all charged as maintenance). Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was 96 per cent completed. The only work included therein which has not been done is the dredging of a portion of the outer harbor, which is not imme- diately required. The condition of the harbor is as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The maximum draft available at the end of the fiscal year was 21 feet. Total expenditures under the present project up to the end of the fiscal year 1915 were $745,025.39, of which $136,803.30 was for main- tenance (since 1903). Local cooperation.-None directly provided by law. The Balti- more & Ohio Railroad Co. has expended about $50,000 in obtaining and maintaining a channel in the river with an available depth of 20 feet at mean lake level for about 1 mile above the limits of the Fed- eral project. Effect of improvement.-There has been a marked reduction in lake freight rates and development of local industries since the inaugura- tion of the project, but it is impracticable to determine how much of these results is due to this particular improvement. Proposed operations.--No estimate is submitted for additional funds, as the funds now available are believed to be sufficient for maintenance of harbor works to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The business of the harbor includes the shipment of coal, receipt of iron ore and grain, and the interchange of packet and miscellaneous freight. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 .......... ..... ...................................... ........... 2,754,256 $17,662,727 1913....... ....... . .......... ............................ 3,156,842 21,277,106 1914............................................................................ 2,454,04 12,816,270 1376 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS,. U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------- $977, 162. 18 Maintenance (since 1903) ------------------------------ 136, 803. 30 Total------------------------------------------- 1, 113, 965.48 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work -........................... . .. .......... .......... $57,307.11 $30,280.84 .... Maintenance..--....... ..--..........------ ...--....---......---....... 775.25 3,942.82 $4,585.64 Total............... .... . ........................ 58,082.36 34,223.66 4,585.64 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911----- ----------------------------------- $105, 000.00 Aug. 24, 1912---------------------------------------- 45, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------- 195, 605. 83 Deduction on account of transfer to other works under authority of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915-------------- 71, 000. 00 24, 605. 83 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement-------- --------- 4, 585. 64 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 20, 020.19 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 985. 63 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------- .---- 19, 034. 56 9. ASHTABULA HARBOR, OHIO. Location.-Ashtabula Harbor is located at the mouth of the Ash- tabula River, which flows into Lake Erie 61 miles easterly from Cleveland, Ohio. It comprises the lower 1 miles of the river and about 1 mile of the lake front at its mouth, protected by breakwaters, which form an outer harbor about 100 acres in area. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.-In its natural condition the Ashtabula River was little suited to the requirements of navigation. A narrow chan- nel with an available depth of about 6 feet below mean lake level extended for about 2 miles above the mouth of the river, but the mouth itself was obstructed by a sand bar over which the depth was but 2 feet and which overlaid shale rock which was encountered at a minimum depth of 7 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of May 20, 1826, and was modified by the river and harbor acts of March 3, 1829, July 3, 1832, March 2, 1867, June 10, 1872, March 3, 1881, and July 8, 1890. The total amount expended under this project and its modifica tions was $565,192.27. For scope of previous projects see Appendi page 1963. 1This amount has been increased $2.32 over that reported in 1914 on account reimbursable expenditures to that amount. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1377 Present project.-The present project as modified provides for an outer harbor about 100 acres in area, protected by breakwaters, and for maintenance of a depth of 21 feet below mean lake level in that portion of the outer harbor adjacent to the mouth of the Ashtabula River. As adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, the authorized improvement comprised two converging breakwaters, each 1,500 feet long and each terminated by a pierhead at its outer end. The width of entrance between these pierheads was 400 feet, and they were located about 1,800 feet outside the outer end of the then exist- ing jetties at the river mouth. The estimated cost of the work was $465,000. (Annual Report for 1895, p. 3122.) In 1896 this plan was modified by the Secretary of War to provide an east breakwater 1,200 feet long, a west breakwater 1,800 feet long, and the angle of con- vergence of the breakwaters was made 75 degrees instead of 90 de- grees. (Annual Report for 1896, p. 2963.) The river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, authorized the application of the unexpended balance in hand to the credit of the improvement to extending the west breakwater shoreward (no printed report). The river and har- bor act of June 25, 1910, provided for enlarging the outer harbor by extending the west breakwater 1,500 feet toward shore and 1,700 feet into the lake, with a pierhead at its outer end; by constructing a new east breakwater beginning with a pierhead located 600 feet easterly from the outer end of the west breakwater and extending thence 1,800 feet easterly and 2,700 feet southeasterly; by removing the outer 600 feet of the old east breakwater. This act also provided for the maintenance of the improvement. The estimated cost of the work was $1,385,529, with annual maintenance at $5,000. (H. Doc. No. 654, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The total estimated cost of the work as above described was $1,850,529, with annual maintenance at $5,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--Under the earlier projects the river mouth was improved by dredging and the con- struction of parallel jetties, which resulted in obtaining and main- taining a channel 20 feet deep at mean lake level. Under the present project, as first adopted, a west breakwater 3,380 feet long and an east breakwater 1,200 feet long were built, affording an outer harbor of limited area. Under the provisions of the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, the west breakwater was extended shoreward and lakeward, a new outer east breakwater was built, and the outer portion of the old east breakwater was removed. Prior to the present fiscal year the project had been completed, except short sections of the break- waters adjacent to the pierheads themselves, which latter were in process of construction and well advanced. Expenditures under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915 were $1,629,881.22, of which $35,180.09 was for maintenance since 1903, prior to which time the amounts expended for works of improvement and for maintenance were so involved that it is impracticable to separate them. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The outer break- waters were completed under contract, about 400 linear feet of break- water superstructure being built. Expenditures on this account, $34,649.81. The pierheads were completed under contract. Ex- 8373 0 -ENG 1915---87 1378 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. penditures during the year, $29,043.22. The U. S. dredge Burton was engaged for about two months during the year in restoring project depths in the outer harbor, removing 57,000 cubic yards of material. Expenditures, $6,290.59. Minor repairs to works, renewals and ad- ditions to floating plant and equipment and winter expenses involved an expenditure of $6,862.45. Total expenditures during the year amounted to $76,846.07, of which $13,153.04 was for maintenance and $63,693.03 was for new work. Condition at end of the fiscal year.-The condition of the harbor was the same as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year, except that the outer breakwaters and pierheads were com- pleted. The maximum draft available at the end of the fiscal year was 21 feet. Total expenditures under the present project to the end of the fiscal year 1915 were $1,706,727.29, of which $48,333.13 was for main- tenance (since 1903). The project adopted in 1896 and modified in 1910, was completed at a cost approximately $518,000 less than the estimates. Of the total amount expended, approximately $215,000 was applied to work on the west breakwater authorized by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, the cost of which was not estimated in advance and consequently is not included in the estimate of cost as stated under Present project. Local cooperation.-None directly provided by law. The city of Ashtabula expended about $268,000 in widening and deepening the channel and constructing bulkheads for a distance of about one-half mile at the upper limit of the navigable portion of the river. This channel is 150 feet wide and 18 feet - deep at mean lake level. The maintenance of the channel in the river below this portion has been carried on by railroads and other private interests, but it is im- practicable to state the amount expended for this purpose. In 1904 and 1906 the Secretary of War under authority of law authorized the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Co. (now the New York Central Rail- road Co.) to take possession of the east and west jetties, respectively. The railroad companies subsequently removed both jetties and re- placed them with bulkheads so arranged as to increase the channel width to about 300 feet. The railroad companies also improved the lake front by filling and the construction of slips. The Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Co. under authority of the Secretary of War extended the old east breakwater along the dock front a distance of 1,200 feet. This improvement, which cost about $116,000, was intended primarily as a protection to the railroad docks, but was, nevertheless, beneficial to the general interests of navigation. Effect of improvement.-There has been a marked reduction, in lake freight rates and development of local industries since the in- auguration of the project, but it is impracticable to determine how much of this reduction is due to this particular improvement. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for additional funds, as the funds now available are believed to be sufficient for maintenance of harbor works to June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.-The business of the port is almost entirely the shipment of coal and the receipt of iron ore. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1379 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 .........----------------------------------------------------------- 14,515,139 $38,435,387 1913... .. .....----------------------------------------------------------- 15,743,375 45,952,628 1914.....----------------------------------------------------------- 11,833,302 29,529,689 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1.915: New work ---------------------------------------- $2, 223, 586. 43 Maintenance (since 1903)--------------------- 48, 333. 13 Total- 2, 271, 919. 56 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work -------------------------------------------- 328, 448.59 $246, 862. 62 63, 693.03 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 574.26 4,923.46 13,153.04 Total...........................--------------------------------------------329,022.85 251,786.08 76,846.07 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911---------------___________________ _ $376, 430. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 ------------------------------------------- 200, 000.00 June 23, 1913 ------------------------------------------- 274, 675.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------- _ 173, 861. 18 Jdeduction on account of transfer to other works, under authority of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915-------------- 61, 500. 00 112, 361. 18 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement--------------------__ $63, 693. 03 For maintenance of improvement---------------13, 153. 04 76, 846. 07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- ... -- 35, 515. 11 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 610. 67 July 1, 1915, balance available---------- ------------------- 34, 904.44 10. CONNEAUT HARBOR, OHIO. Location.-Conneaut Harbor is located at the mouth of Conneaut River, which flows into Lake Erie about 74 miles easterly from Cleveland, Ohio. It comprises the lower 3,000 feet of Conneaut River and an outer harbor some 200 acres in area created by break- waters. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 3.) Original condition.--In its natural condition the Conneaut River was but little suited to the requirements of navigation. A channel about 15 feet deep below mean lake level and 75 feet wide extended for about one-half mile above the mouth of the river, but the mouth itself was obstructed by a sand bar over which the depth was about 2 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1829, and was modified by the river and 1380 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS. U. S. ARMY. harbor acts of July 13, 1892, and February 24, 1893. A subsequent project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 24, 1896. The total amount expended under these projects was $846,055.69. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1964. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, in accordance with the plans in House Document No. 653, Sixty-first Congress, second session, which provides for an outer harbor about 200 acres in extent in Lake Erie at the mouth of Conneaut River, formed by converging breakwaters terminating in pierheads to provide a main harbor entrance 600 feet wide, the easterly breakwater to be secured by extending the exist- ing structure, 1,050 feet long, 800 feet shoreward, and 900 feet lake- ward, the westerly breakwater to be a new structure 4,700 feet long; for removing the outer 600 feet of the old west breakwater and the outer 500 feet of the existing east pier; for obtaining and maintain- ing a depth of 21 feet at mean lake level, 1860-1875, in the outer harbor; and for maintaining the old west breakwater 600 feet long, the east and west piers, total length 2,550 feet, at the mouth of Con- neaut River; and the channel between them up to the inner end of the east pier to the depth of 20 feet at mean lake level. Estimated cost of improvement, $1,338,681; annual maintenance, $10,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The river mouth had been improved by the construction of piers and by dredging, which had resulted in obtaining and maintaining a channel 200 feet wide and 21 feet deep at mean lake level from deep water in the lake to the inner ends of the piers, above which point the channel had been improved by private interests. Under the project adopted by the river and harbor act of March 24, 1896, an outer harbor of limited area had been created by the construction of breakwaters,* with pierheads at their outer ends. The easterly and westerly breakwaters, 1,050 and 1,250 feet long, respectively, converged lake- ward at an angle of 600 to an entrance 500 feet wide located 1,200 feet outside the outer ends of the piers. Of the work contemplated by the present project, the east breakwater had been extended shore- ward 800 feet; a length of 850 feet of the new west breakwater had been completed; the outer harbor had been dredged to a depth of 21 feet below mean lake level, but had shoaled to a minimum depth of 16 feet; work had been commenced on the west pierhead and the shore arm of the west breakwater. Expenditures under the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915 were $357,384.47, of which $340,576.13 was for new work and $16,808.34 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The west pier- head at the harbor entrance was built by contract. Expenditures, $34,892.56. The west breakwater was extended under contract, 900 linear feet being completed and 600 feet being built to the water line or above. Expenditures during the year, $197,295.34. The U. S. dredge Burton was engaged for 10 days in maintenance dredging in the outer harbor, removing 9,863 cubic yards of material. Expendi- tures, $1,095.77. The U. S. dredge Maumee began the work of re- moving the outer end of the old west breakwater late in June. Ex- penditures, $1,838.25. Inspection and care of works, repairs, and additions to floating plant and equipment, including a portion of RIVER ANDt HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1381 the cost of a derrick barge transferred from the Duluth engineer district, involved the expenditure of $8,488.48. Expenditures during the year amounted to $243,610.41, of which $240,010.25 was for new work and $3,600.16 was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was about 64 per cent completed, the condition of the harbor being the same as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year, except that the new west pierhead was completed and 1,750 linear feet of the new west breakwater had been constructed. The maximum draft avail- able at the end of the fiscal year was 21 feet. Total expenditures under the present project up to the end of the fiscal year were $600,994.88, of which $580,586.38 was for new work and $20,408.50 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-None directly provided by law. The railroad and dock companies have obtained and maintained a channel in Con- neaut River 21 feet deep at mean lake level from the upper limit of the Federal project to a point about 3,000 feet above the outer ends of the piers. It is impracticable to state the amount expended for this work. Effect of imvprovement.-There has been a marked reduction in lake freight rates and development of local industries since the in- auguration of the project, but it is impracticable to determine how i uch of this reduction is attributable to this particular improvement. Proposed operations.-It is expected that funds now available will be exhausted by November 30, 1916. With the funds now asked for, $115,000, it is proposed to continue the extension of the west breakwater toward shore. Commercial statistics.-The principal business of this port is the shipment of coal and the receipt of iron ore. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912--------- -------. ------------------------------------------ 10,028,965 $30,709,781 1913 ----------------------------------------------------------- 10,783,204 36,109,259 1914 ------------------------------------------------------------ 8,625,166 25,064,766 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------$1, 385, 858. 10 Maintenance (since 1903) ------__________________-------------- 61, 192. 47 Total ------------------------------------------------ 1, 447, 050. 57 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................... ..... $124, 776.51 $36,877.86 $240,010.25 Maintenance-----....... ..--..--------------------------------------........................................... 1,964.72 4,548.27 3,600.16 Total---.....----............-------------------------------.............. 126,741.23 41,426.13 243,610.41 1382 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------ $160, 000. 00 Aug. 24, Aug.24, 1912__________________ 912--------- 100, 000. 00 ------------------------------- 100.0 Mar. 4, 1913111111111111111111111111111111111 200, 000. 00 June 23, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 20, 738. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 243, 530. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 195, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------- '294, 820. 30 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 243, 530. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 195, 000. 00 733, 350. 30 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ____ __-______-$240, 010. 25 For maintenance of improvement_____________ 3, 600. 16 243, 610. 41 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ __--___________ 489, 739. 89 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-................ 19, 350. 03 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts-- ------------------------------------ 32, 290. 46 51, 640. 49 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 438, 099. 4Q Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project --------------------------------------- 286, 513. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement_-- ---- - __- _____ 2115, 000.00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY TIIE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF JULY 25, 1912, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The duty of making a preliminary examination and survey for an artificialwaterway from Lake Erie, at or near Toledo, Ohio, to the southerly end of Lake Michigan, by way of Maumee River and the city of Fort Wayne, Ind., or other practicableroute, required by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, was assigned to a special board of engineer officers, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submit- ted when received: 1. Ashtabula Harbor, Ohio. 2. Lorain Harbor, Ohio, with a view to preventing erosion of banks, if any, caused by the extension of the Government break- waters on either side of the harbor. 3. Port Clinton Harbor, Ohio. 1This amount is increased $199.07 over that reported in 1914 on account of reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR" IMPROVEMENTS. 1383 IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE BUFFALO, N. Y., DISTRICT. This district includes the improvements on Lake Erie east of the Ohio-Pennsylvania State boundary, on the Niagara River, on Lake Ontario, and on the St. Lawrence River as far east as the interna- tional boundary line. District officer: Col. J. G. Warren, Corps of Engineers, July 1, 1914, to March 31, 1915; Maj. Laurence V. Frazier, Corps of En- gineers, from April 1, 1915, to June 30, 1915. Division engineer: Col. J. G. Warren, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Harbor at Erie, Pa............. 1383 8. Niagara River, N. Y ...... 1398 2. Harbor at Dunkirk, N. Y....... 1386 9. Harbor at Olcott, N. Y........ 1401 3. Harbor at Buffalo, N. Y........ 1387 10. Harbor at Charlotte, N. Y..... 1403 4. Lake Erie entrance to Black 11. Harbor at Pultneyville, N. Y.. 1405 Rock Harbor and Erie Basin, 12. Harbor at Great Sodus Bay, N. Y........................ 1391 N. Y..................... 1407 5. Black Rock Harbor, N. Y...... 1392 13. Harbor at Little Sodus Bay, 6. Operating and care of Black N. Y.....---............... 1409 Rock Canal and Lock and 14. Harbor at Oswego, N. Y . .. 1411 Ferry Street Bridge, Buffalo, 15. Harbor at Cape Vincent, N. Y. 1414 N. Y_... -...-............... 1395 16. Harbor at Ogdensburg, N. Y.. 1416 7. Tonawanda Harbor and Niagara River, N. Y................ 1396 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3289 TO 3321. 1. HARBOR AT ERIE, PA. Location.-ErieHarbor is located in Presque Isle Bay on the south shore of Lake Erie, 80 miles by lake westerly from Buffalo Harbor, N. Y., and 99 miles by lake easterly from Cleveland Harbor, Ohio. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 33, coast chart No. 3, Lake Erie.) Original condition.-The harbor was nearly land locked, the only entrance being at the eastern end through a channel which was nar- row, tortuous, and variable in position, with a depth of about 6 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 26, 1824, and modifica- tions were subsequently made by approval of the report of a board of engineers in 1855; by approval of the report of the district officer in 1865; by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1867; by approval of the report of a board of engineers in 1870; and by the river and har- bor acts of August 5, 1886, and September 19, 1890. The amount ex- pended prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $841,867.43. For scope of previous projects, see Appen- dix, page 1965. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and was modified by approval of indorsement of June 17, 1907, of the Board of Engineers and by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. It provides for securing and protecting the entrance channel 300 feet wide and 21.7 feet deep at mean lake level between the lake and the harbor by dredging and by extending parallel piers, one on each side of the opening, to the 16- 1384 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. foot curve in the lake, for dredging the harbor basin at the east end to 21.7 feet depth, and off the public dock to 20 feet depth at mean lake level, and for protecting Presque Isle Peninsula forming the harbor by building four jetties along its outer shore, $20,000 to be held in re- serve for emergency protection of the peninsula. The total estimated cost of the project was $452,625. (Reports printed in H. Doc. No. 70, 55th Cong., 1st sess., and H. Doc. No. 26, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was 97 per cent completed, the work remaining to be done consisting of pier extension from time to time, cost not included in estimate, and build- ing two jetties on Presque Isle Peninsula, provided for conditionally. The result of the work done was to provide a harbor basin 2 miles long and J to 1l miles wide, with a depth of 18 to 24 feet at mean lake level, with a channel into the lake at its easterly end 300 feet wide and 21.7 feet deep at mean lake level, formed by an opening in a breakwater closing the eastern end of harbor and protected by two piers, one on each side of the channel. The structures are of the tim- ber-crib type, the north pier being 3,248.6 feet, the south pier 2,215 feet, and the south breakwater 2,000 feet in length. The entire south pier and 2,739 feet of the north pier are provided with a concrete su- perstructure, and a length of 1,200 feet of the south breakwater has a stone superstructure. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $643,635.94,' of which amount $244,380.01 was for new work and $399,255.93 for mainte- nance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Redredging of the channel was in progress at the beginning of the fiscal year under con- tract and was completed July 18, 40,370 cubic yards being removed in July at a cost of $8,146. This work restored the channel to project depth. Surveillance of Presque Isle Peninsula was continued throughout the fiscal year, $963.79 being expended in pay of watchman and repair and operation of launch. The total expended during the fiscal year was $16,609.99, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-Project about 97 per cent completed. Remainder of project consists of pier extension from time to time, cost not included in estimate, and building two jetties on Presque Isle Peninsula, provided for conditionally. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 20 feet at mean lake level. The amount expended on the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $660,245.93,' of which amount $244,380.01 was for new work and $415,865.92 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of adoption of the project. The following work has been done for the benefit of the ptblic with funds supplied by other sources than Congress. In 1824 $10,000 was expended by the State of Pennsyl- vania in the partial construction of the breakwater south of the entrance channel. In 1908-9 a public terminal pier and channels along it were constructed by the State of Pennsylvania at a cost of $150,000. Docks and channels along them have been constructed by 1This amount is reduced by $254.81 from that reported in 1914, which included reim- bursable expenditures in that amount. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1385 the city of Erie, railroad corporations, and private interests, probably aggregating $3,000,000 in cost. Effect of improvement.-The project is reported to have a material effect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, lumber, and ore. Proposed operations.--It is expected that the funds available will be exhausted on or before June 30, 1916, and it is estimated $10,000 additional will be required for maintenance for the fiscal year 1917, to be applied to dredging shoals in channel and harbor basin and to emergency repairs to structures. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is bulk freights received, consisting of grain, feed, iron ore, pulp wood, and merchandise, and freight shipped, consisting of coal and merchandise. Comparative statement. By lake. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 , . ------------------------------------------------------------.. 3,135,725 $82, 507,650 1913. --.-- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- 3,340,071 78,576,009 19141-------------------- -. -- 3,014,344 67,508,612 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------------- $981. 347.05 Maintenance (since 1887) ------- _ ------ 520, 766. 31 Total ----------------------------------------------- 1, 502,113. 36 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..................................................... .. ............-- Maintenance ....................................................... 1,390.21 $37,039.93 $16,609.99 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911-------------------------------------------------$30, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------___ 47, 124. 10 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 10, 000. 00 57, 124. 10 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------------- 16, 609. 99 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------------- 40, 514. 11 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 190. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ---------------------------------- 40, 324. 11 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------- 10, 000. 00 1 Decrease of value of 1914 from 1912 due to smaller merchandise receipts. SThis amount is reduced by $254.81 from that reported in 1914, which included reim- bursable expenditures in that amount. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1386 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 2. HARBOR AT DUNKIRK, N. Y. Location.-This is a breakwater protected harbor lying in an in- dentation of the south shore of Lake Erie between Point Gratiot on the west and Battery Point on the east. It is 36 miles by lake west- erly from Buffalo Harbor, N. Y., and 44 miles by lake easterly from Erie Harbor, Pa. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 318, Dunkirk Harbor, N. Y.) Original condition.-The harbor was merely an indentation in the shore, was exposed to lake storms and had a depth of about 10 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1827, and was modified by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1867, by approval November 30, 1870, of the report of a board of engineers, and by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. The amount expended on these projects was $987,848.61. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1966. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for the removal of a rock reef bordering on the inner entrance channel to a depth of 18 feet at mean lake level, at an estimated cost of $99,275. (See H. Doc. No. 720, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work under the present project had not been commenced, the conditions imposed by law not having been fulfilled. Work under previous projects had been completed, resulting in providing a harbor basin 2,400 feet long and 1,000 feet wide with a depth of 16 to 171 feet at mean lake level protected by a pier 1,410 feet long at its western end and a detached breakwater 2,860 feet long, an entrance channel 200 feet wide, 1,500 feet long and 151 to 19 feet depth at mean lake level extending into the lake between the pier and the breakwater. The channel was 18 to 19 feet deep at mean lake level except over a shoal area about 400 feet long on the west channel line lakeward from Dunkirk pierhead light, and extending into the channel from that line about 150 feet. The least depth over the shoal area was 15 feet. The structures are of the timber-crib type, 730 linear feet of the pier and 360 linear feet of the breakwater being provided with concrete superstructure. A length of 2,300 feet of the breakwater is approximately parallel to the shore and 560 feet parallel to the channel. There have been no expenditures under the present project. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the fiscal year. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-Work under the present project had not been started. The condition is as stated under Op- erations and results prior to the fiscal year. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 14 feet. Local cooperation.--The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. made the further improvement of the harbor, authorized by that act, contingent upon the construction by the local authorities of a suitable concrete dock or the provision of such other terminal facilities as might be approved by the Secretary of War. Plans for the dock were submitted by the city authorities and approved by the Secretary of War on April 10, 1915, and at the close of the fiscal year construc- tion of the dock had been started. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1387 Effect of improvement.-Freight rates have not been affected by the project. This harbor has no commerce at present. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is submitted, sufficient funds being on hand. Commercial statistics.-There was no commerce by water during the current year. Comparative statement. By lake. Calendar year. Short Value. tons. .--------..------.......------------------------- 19121...--..-----------------.............-----------------....... 86 $980 1 1913 and 1914, none. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $811, 249. 94 Maintenance (since 1887) ---------- ------------------------ 176, 598. 67 Total ------------------------------------- 987, 848. 61 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ........... ......... ..... ................... ... .. Maintenance...................................................... .... $2.05".. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------ $101, 518. 61 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------101, 518. 61 3. HARBOR AT BUFFALO, N. Y. Location.-Buffalo Harbor, consisting of an outer harbor formed by a breakwater system in Lake Erie and an inner harbor lying in the lower 5 miles of Buffalo River, is located at the eastern end of Lake Erie, 80 miles in an easterly direction from Erie Harbor, Pa. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 312, Buffalo Harbor and Niagara River to the Falls.) Original condition.-There was no outer harbor and the Buffalo River entrance channel was narrow and about 8 feet deep across a gravel bar, which at times practically closed the entrance to the lower portion of Buffalo River, within the bar, which was the origi- nal harbor of Buffalo. Head of navigation on river, Abbott Road Bridge, Buffalo. Navigable portion 4.6 miles in length. Previous projects.-The original project for improvement was adopted by river and harbor act of May 20, 1826, with modifications by river and harbor acts of July 7, 1838, June 23, 1866, June 23, 1874, June 3, 1896, March 2, 1907, and June 25, 1910. The amount ex- pended prior to commencement of operations under present project 1388 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. was $5,750,584.76. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1967. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, and provides for securing an avail- able depth of 23 feet at mean lake level over certain areas in the outer harbor for the purpose of enlarging the channelway and anchorage, and a depth of 25 feet at mean lake level in the main outer entrance for the greater safety of deep-draft vessels in rough weather. (Re- port printed in H. Doc. No. 550, 62d Cong., 2d sess., with map show- ing the areas in question.) The total estimated cost is $624,750, and $1,000 annually for maintenance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The north and south piers were constructed to protgg the entrance to the inner harbor in Buffalo River, and a channel secured by dredging and rock excavation 23 feet deep at mean lake level, 180 to 250 feet wide be- tween the piers, and 250 to 720 feet wide beyond the piers up to and including the " Watson elevator site " at the junction of Buffalo River and the City Ship Canal. An outer harbor 42 miles long, 1,600 feet wide and 23 feet deep at mean lake level had been secured, protected by a breakwater system with entrances near the north and south ends. The south end of the outer harbor had been deepened to 23 feet at mean lake level to provide access to the canals of the Lacka- wanna Steel Co. and Buffalo & Susquehanna Iron Co. Under the present project, deepening of certain areas of the outer harbor to 23 feet and of the north entrance to 25 feet at mean lake level, had been 24 per cent completed. Maintenance had been done consisting of replacing old timber superstructure in the, breakwater and south pier with concrete and stone, placing riprap along the breakwater, repairing timber breakwater, redredging north entrance channel, surveillance over dumping of dredgings and harbor works, and carrying out instructions of the Secretary of War as relating to the occupation of the north pier by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Co. The amount expended prior to the beginning of the fiscal year but subsequent to that reported under previous projects was $238,102.36, of which $152,148.46 was for new work and $85,953.90 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Deepeningof parts of the outer harbor and of north entrance was continued under contract, and at the close of the fiscal year the deepening of the outer harbor was completed to the required depth of 23 feet at mean lake level over 96 per cent of the area A, at the north end, and 21 per cent of the area B, at the south end; the deepening of the north en- trance was completed to the required depth of 23 feet at mean lake level over 100 per cent of the earth portion and 49 per cent of the bedrock portion. Expended during year, $145,223.76; total to close of year, $297,372.22, all for new work. Placing riprap stone and concrete deck on channel arm and minor repairs with stone and con- crete on all other sections of the breakwater were completed, under contract, August 11, 1914, and resulted in placing all of the break- water, except old section, in good condition. Expended during the year, $7,102.60; total to close of year, $23,257.77, all for maintenance. Enforcement of regulations for the protection of navigation, notably dumping of dredgings, and inspection of harbor works and care of floating plant was continued by inspection vessel; at a cost of RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1389 $5,597.17 for maintenance. Total expended during the fiscal year, $156,322.93, of which $145,223.76 was for new work and $11,099.17 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year..-Improvement work is com- pleted, except about 45 per cent of the excavation in outer harbor and north entrance. Maintenance of structures and channels will be required indefinitely. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement at mean lake level is 20 feet. The usual variation of level of water surface is 3 feet, with maximum variation, by gales, of 5 feet below and 6? above mean lake level. The total expenditures under the present project to the end of the fiscal year were $297,372.22 for improve- ment and $97,053.07 for maintenance, a total of $394,425.29. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of adoption of any part of the present project, except for that part of the project which provided for the transfer of Watson elevator site and relinquishment of control of certain waterways to the United States by the city of Buffalo, which was accomplished in 1911. Ex- penditure by city for purchase of Watson site, $150,000. Before the adoption of the original project by Congress in 1826 piers on the north and south side of the mouth of Buffalo Creek had been built with funds supplied by citizens of Buffalo and the State legislature, at a cost of about $15,000. Those piers were of practically the same extent as the present piers. The Buffalo River entrance channel be- tween the piers was deepened and maintained by the city of Buffalo up to 1900; expenditure, $137,654.34. Outside of the project, improvement and maintenance for the bene- fit of the public has been done as follows: By the city of Buffalo: (1) Dredging the Buffalo River from the inner end of entrance channel to Abbott Road Bridge, a distance of 24,350 feet, to a depth of from 22 to 23 feet over a width of 200 to 250 feet, at a cost to July 1, 1915, of $1,544,169.50 for new work and $428,901.75 for maintenance. (2) Dredging the City Ship Canal, 6,250 feet long, 200 feet wide, and 23 feet deep, at a cost to July 1, 1915, of $790,348.49 for new work and $350,035.57 for maintenance. (3) Dredging Peck Slip from Buffalo River to City Ship Canal, 400 feet long, 250 feet wide, and 22 feet deep, at a cost to July 1, 1915, of $16,636.50 for new work and $13,293.12 for maintenance. Free to the general public. By Lehigh Valley Railroad Co.: Extension of City Ship Canal 5,000 feet, 20 to 23 feet deep at mean lake level, 200 feet wide; and three Tifft farm basins, same depth and width, 1,400, 1,600, and 2,000 feet long, respectively; expendi- ture, estimated, $500,000 to July 1, 1915. Not free to the general public, but terms same to all. By State of New York: (1) Construction of stone breakwater, 2,240 feet long, to form Erie Basin, 3,000 feet long, 300 to 1,000 feet wide, and deepening channel therein 19 to 23 feet deep at mean lake level; expenditure to 1913, im- provement and maintenance, about $500,000. Reconstruction as barge canal terminal, new channel and docks, begun in 1913, to be completed in 1916; esti- mated expenditure, $1,510,000. (2) Construction of Ohio Basin (connecting with Buffalo River), 1,100 feet long, 500 feet wide, 8 to 13 feet deep at mean lake level; expenditure to 1915, improvement and maintenance, $141,319.21. Reconstruction as barge canal terminal, excavation and docks, to be begun in 1915; estimated expenditure, $250,000. Free to the general public. By Lackawanna Steel Co.: Construction of canal (connecting with south end of outer harbor), 3,000 feet long, 200 feet wide, 23 feet deep at mean lake level; expenditure, $1,408,700. Not free to the general public, but terms alike to all. By Buffalo & Susquehanna Iron Co. and Pennsylvania Railroad Co.: Con- struction of canal (connecting with south end of outer harbor), 2,000 feet long, 200 feet wide, 23 feet deep at mean lake level; expenditure, $406,000. Not free to the general public, but terms alike to all. 1390 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had a material ef- fect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, lumber, and ore, by reason of the increased tonnage that can be brought into the harbor by large vessels. The outer harbor pro- vides facilities for refuge and anchorage. Proposed operations.-It is believed that the funds available June 30, 1915, for maintenance, as stated below, will be exhausted June 30, 1916. It is proposed to replace with stone and concrete structure the old timber superstructure built in 1893 on about 800 linear feet of the "old section" of breakwater, the timber superstructure being rotten and unsafe. The estimate for this is $150 per linear foot, $120,000. It is also proposed to place riprap along the lake face of the break- water where necessary, make minor repairs to structures as needed, and maintain the north entrance channel to project depth. This being emergency work, an estimate can not be made, but the amount believed to be required for these items is $20,000. Total (for main- tenance), $140,000. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is bulk freights received, consisting of grain, flour, ore, lumber, stone, etc., and freight shipped, consisting of coal, mer- chandise, cement, salt, sugar, and manufactured iron. Comparative statement. By lake. By Erie Canal. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. Short tons. Value. 1912............. ....... ...........................- 16,695,738 $386,709,572 1,128,028 $17,547,451 1913................ .... ......... ............ ....... 18, 920, 854 393,963,380 1,272,015 22,048,638 1914.... ................................... 14,072,620 344,048,649 823,682 13,948,425 Financial sum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------------$4, 380, 104. 48 Maintenance (since 1887) -------------------------------- , 764, 905. 57 Total _ 6, 145, 010. 05 Tota------------------------------------------------614,0.5 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........ ....................... .............. $66,032.32 $86, 116.14 $145, 223.76 Maintenance...... ....... .............................. 45,960.56 39,993.34 11,099.17 Total................... ................. 111,992.88 126,109.48 156,322.93 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------ ------------------------------------ $290, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--...---- ------------ ----------- - 167, 375. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------- -------------------------------- 187, 375. 00 1 This amount is reduced by the sum of $1,853.65 from that reported in 1914, which included reimbursable expenditures in that amount. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1391 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__----------------------------- $398,151.13 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 187, 375. 00 Receipts from sales---------- ------------------------------- 2. 00 585, 528. 13 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------ $145, 223. 76 For maintenance of improvement------------ 11, 099. 17 156, 322. 93 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 429, 205. 20 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------- 1, 864. 77 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts---------------------------------- ------ 349, 578. 64 351, 443. 41 July 1, 1915, balance available -------------------------------- 77, 761. 79 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------- '140, 000. 00 4. LAKE ERIE ENTRANCE TO BLACK ROCK HARBOR AND ERIE BASIN, N. Y. Location.-This entrance extends from the main entrance into Buffalo Harbor, N. Y., at the south end of the United States north breakwater 2,300 feet in a northeasterly direction to Erie Basin and thence northerly 1,920 feet to Black Rock Harbor. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 312, Buffalo Harbor and Niagara River to the Falls, N. Y.) Original condition.-The entrance to Erie Basin was originally from 12 to 18 feet deep and 400 to 600 feet wide. Previous project.-There was no project prior to the present one. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. (H. Doc. No. 125, 56th Cong., 2d sess.) The project provided for forming by dredging and rock removal a channel 2,300 feet long, 400 feet wide, and 23 feet deep at mean lake level (except where bedrock is found at a depth of 22 feet) from Buffalo Harbor main entrance channel to Erie Basin, and a branch channel 1,920 feet long, 500 feet wide, and 23 feet deep at mean lake level to Black Rock Harbor at an estimated cost of $814,643. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-All the work con- templated by the project had been completed. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $814,643, all for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredging was car- ried on during the year by contract to remove shoal areas in the channel, 57,722 cubic yards being removed at a cost of $10,000 for maintenance. The work restored the channel to the depth of 22 to 23 feet at mean lake level. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $10,000, all. for maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project was com- pleted, but maintenance will still be required. The maximum draft that could be carried in the channel at mean lake level June 30, 1915, was 19 feet. The amount expended on the present project to the 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1392 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. close of the fiscal year was $824,643, of which $814,643 was for original work and $10,000 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of the project, and there has been no local cooperation. Effect of improvement.-The project, being auxiliary to the im- provement at Buffalo, has not as a separate work affected freight rates. It facilitates navigation by furnishing a good entrance chan- nel to Erie Basin and Black Rock Harbor. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is submitted, sufficient funds for maintenance being on hand. Commercial statistics.-For commercial statistics see report on Buffalo Harbor. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $814,643.00 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Total---------------------------------------------------824, 643. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ............................................................ Maintenance....................................................... ............ ............ $1 0,000.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ $10, 000. 00 Aug. 3, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1913__ 10, 000. 00 20, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement----- ----------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _--__--__--------------- 10, 000. 00 5. BLACK ROCK HARBOR AND CHANNEL, N. Y. Location.-This harbor at Buffalo, N. Y., is, in reality, a canal built along the east bank of the upper Niagara River, separated therefrom by Bird Island pier and Squaw Island which form the dam and having at its lower end a lock of 5 feet lift. It is 3.2 miles long and 200 to 700 feet wide. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 312, Buffalo Harbor and Niagara River to the Falls.) Original condition.-The present harbor was originally part of Niagara River. The construction of Bird Island Pier and a dam and ship lock by the State of New York in the years preceding 1825 formed a harbor separated from Niagara River. At the time of adoption of the present project the harbor was about 125 feet wide and would accommodate vessels of 8 feet draft. Previous project.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1829. The amount expended prior to the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1393 commencement of operations under the present project was $52,098. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1970. Presentproject.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, based upon the report printed in House Document No. 428, Fifty-eighth Congress, second session, and was modified by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. The project provides for forming a channel for deep-draft vessels between Buffalo and Tonawanda around the rapids at the head of Niagara River, by making a channel 200 feet wide and 23 feet deep at mean lake level, joining, at the foot of Maryland Street, Buffalo, the 23-foot chan- nel completed in 1908 to Lake Erie; the proposed channel to extend westerly and northerly, through Black Rock Harbor and Erie Canal combined, to a ship lock of the requisite capacity, the channel to ex- tend from the foot of the ship lock through the Niagara River for a distance of about 22 miles to deep water above Tonawanda, 400 feet wide and 23 feet deep at mean river level. The estimated cost is $4,500,000. The original project contemplated a lock 600 feet in length and 60 feet in width between quoins; but in order to accom- modate vessels of the largest size now in use and under construction which may desire to use it, the dimensions of the lock were increased to 650 feet in length and 70 feet in width, under authority of the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work con- templated by the project was about 97 per cent completed, the incom- pleted portion including excavation of the last section of the channel from Ferry Street to the ship lock, which was 95 per cent com- pleted; construction of the lift bridge across Black Rock Channel at the foot of Ferry Street, Buffalo, which was 98 per cent com- pleted; construction of guide pier at the lower end of the lock, which was 2 per cent completed; construction of lock buildings and grounds and repair of Bird Island Pier, Which were not begun. The waterway was not yet open to general navigation. The amount expended on the present project prior to the fiscal year was $3,597,- 669.54,' of which $3,549,209.36 was for new work and $48,460.18 was for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--The amount of the contract authorization of February 27, 1911-$300,000-has not yet been appropriated, and will not be required during the next fiscal year, as stated under Proposed operations. The rock excava- tion in the section of the channel from Ferry Street to the ship lock, 7,440 feet long, which was 98 per cent completed at the end of the last fiscal year, was finished by contract at a cost of $10,925.50. The 30 days' test operation of Ferry Street Bridge which was begun June 9, 1914, was completed and removal of temporary bridge pivot pier and minor details were also completed by contract, at a cost of $8,576,51. Construction of 1,048 linear feet of guide pier at the lower end of the lock under contract was completed except placing of fenders, which was 67 per cent completed, and riprap protection, which was 75 per cent completed, cost $223,663.90. Small shoals and isolated points of rock were removed from the channel under contract, at a cost of $1,200. Fenders and gate anchorage well covers x This amount is reduced $3,112.68 from that reported in 1914, which included reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. 8373 0 --ENG 1915---88 1394 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. were placed on the lock, at a cost of $1,555.91. Removal of an old mill from the lock-grounds site was nearly completed during the year,. the consideration for removal and surrender of lease being $7,500. Filling in of the forebay of the mill was completed, at a cost of $2,241.70. The channel and lock were opened to general naviga- tion August 17, 1914. The total expenditure during the year was $250,598.35, of which $249,398.35 was for new work and $1,200 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was 98 per cent completed, the work remaining to be done consisting of comple- tion of guide pier and lock buildings and grounds and repair of Bird Island Pier. The channel is 3.2 miles long above the lock and about 21 miles long below the lock, and is from 200 to 400 feet wide. The maximum draft that can be carried in the channel is 20 feet at mean lake level. The amount expended under the present project to the end of the fiscal year was 1 $3,848,267.89, of which $3,798,- 607.71 was for new work and $49,660.18 for maintenance. Lock in Black Rock Harbor. Name. Location. Dimensions in Lift. Date of completion. Cost. Black Rock Foot of Bridge Length, 650 feet 5 feet at low Ready for opera- $960,855 for walls, Lock. Street, Buffalo, b et w een water. tion Aug. 17, gates, and op- N. Y. (in city quoins; width, 1914; buildings erating ma- limits). 70 feet. and grounds not chinery. yet completed. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, which made the first appropriation for the present project, provided that no expenditure should be made until the Secretary of War should have satisfactory assurance of the construction of the barge canal proposed by the State of New York. Work for the benefit of the public has been done with funds supplied by other sources than Congress, as follows: Between 1823 and 1907 the State of New York expended various sums for dredging Black Rock Harbor, construc- tion of ship lock, extension of Bird Island Pier, and construction of wall between harbor and Erie Canal; expenditure estimated at $1,000,000. By letters patent dated July 25, 1905, the State of New York granted to the United States such land and structures as were necessary for the construction and maintenance of the canal and lock. Under permit of the Secretary of War dated June 23, 1913, the northerly 2,950 feet of Bird Island Pier and adjacent area reverted to the city of Buffalo for occupation and use as a public park and excursion-boat landing facilities, that part of the pier to be main- tained by the city. In June, 1915, a contract amounting to $38,250 was let by the city for the construction of a wharf immediately south of Ferry Street along the easterly limit of the area occupied under the permit. The city of Buffalo contributed $28,700 toward the cost of the lift bridge across the channel at Ferry Street and expended $1,200 on repairs to the Bird Island Pier and Dock at the foot of Ferry Street. Effect of improvement.-The'project being auxiliary to that at Buffalo has not as a separate work affected freight rates. It has 1 This amount is reduced $3,112.68 from that reported in 1914, which included reim- bursable expenditures to that amount, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1395 facilitated navigation by providing a safe channel for deep-draft vessels around the rapids at the head of Niagara River. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is made, sufficient funds being on hand. Commercial statistics.-For statistics of the traffic passing through the lock, see page 3303. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------ ------------------ $3, 850, 705. 71 Maintenance------ ------------------------------------- 49, 660. 18 Total------------------------------------------------ 3, 900, 365. 89 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...-------------..-...................--------------..--...-.......----.....---....--.......---$623,054.05 $169,117.28 $249,398.35 Maintenance .-------------.....--------..........---..--........-------.....-..-..------------..... 48,460.18 1,200.00 Total-..-..----...--...-----.------..-----------....---...-...----------... 623,054.05 217, 577.46 250,598.35 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------- -------------- $400, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------ -- 577, 008. 32 Receipts from sales, etc1------------------------------0. 10 577, 018. 42 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------------------- 167, 375. 00 409, 643.42 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement -------------------- $249, 398. 35 For maintenance of improvement --------------- 1, 200. 00 250, 598. 35 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ------------- 159, 045. 07 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -------- $1, 582. 91 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ------------------------------------------- 72, 850. 55 74, 433. 46 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------------- 84, 611. 61 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Feb. 27, 1911__ 300, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated--------------------------------- 300, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ------------------------------------------ 2 300, 000. 00 6. OPERATING AND CARE OF BLACK ROCK CANAL AND LOCK AND FERRY STREET BRIDGE, BUFFALO, N. Y. Location.-The canal and lock are located as stated under Present project, Black Rock Harbor and Channel, N. Y. The bridge is a Strauss single-leaf bascule bridge over the canal and harbor at the foot of Ferry Street, Buffalo, N. Y. 1 This amount is reduced $3,112.68 from that reported in 1914, which included reim- bursable 2 expenditures to that amount. Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1396 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Present project.-The service of operating and care is provided for by the permanent indefinite appropriation for operating and care of canals and other works of navigation under the provisions of section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. The project contemplates the care of Black Rock Channel and Lock with grounds pertaining thereto, and the operation of Black Rock Lock and Ferry Street Bridge. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-There were no operations under this project prior to the fiscal year. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The canal and lock were opened to general navigation by lake vessels August 17, 1914, and during the fiscal year were open to such navigation 207 days, from August 17 to December 24, 1914, and April 15 to June 30, 1915. A total of 10,810 vessels, including motor boats and barges, passed through the lock in 5,152 lockages. The vessels carried 1,448,678 tons of freight and 19,356 passengers. The operation of Ferry Street Bridge was commenced by the United States on July 9, 1914. During the fiscal year the bridge was lifted 2,689 times. The amount ex- pended during the year was $32,775.58. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-Structures and channel were in good condition. The maximum draft that could be carried in the channel at mean lake level was 19 feet. The expenditure under the project to the end of the fiscal year was $32,775.58. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to continue operation and care of the lock, bridge, and channel as necessary with funds to be allotted annually from the indefinite appropriation for operating and care of canals and other works of navigation, provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce passing through the lock from August 17, 1914, when opened to navi- gation, to December 31, 1914, was pulp wood, stone, lumber, iron ore, and small amounts of other bulk freight; and the total tonnage of freight carried during that time was, downbound, 466,713 tons; up- bound, 356,607 tons; total, 823,320. 7. TONAWANDA HARBOR AND NIAGARA RIVER, N. Y. Location.-The Niagara River is about 34 miles long and flows in a northerly direction from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The part of the river included in this project is the upper 14 miles extending from Lake Erie to the north line of North Tonawanda. The lower limit of this section is 20 miles from its mouth. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 312, Buffalo Harbor and Niagara River to the Falls, N. Y.) Original condition.-The navigation of Niagara River from Lake Erie to Tonawanda was obstructed by several reefs and shoals, the minimum depth being about 13 feet with a minimum channel width of about 200 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for the improvement of Niagara River and Tonawanda Harbor was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881. The amount expended prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $5,912.48. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1970. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1397 Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888 (report printed in H. Doc. No. 83, 50th Cong., 1st sess.), and modified by acts of June 3, 1896, and June 13, 1902. The project provides for removing obstructions so as to make a channel 400 feet wide and 18 feet deep at mean river level from Lake Erie to the north line of North Tonawanda, a dis- tance of 14 miles, including the dredging of Tonawanda Harbor and Tonawanda Creek up to the State dam to a depth of 18 feet at mean river level. The estimated cost was $1,152,987.93. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed except about one-fourth mile of channel at the Buffalo waterworks intake pier where the river currents are very swift and the width of the channel is about 100 feet, and from the Tonawanda Iron & Steel Co's. dock to the north line of North Tonawanda, 11 miles, where the depth is 12 to 15 feet. Improvement at these local- ities is not urgent and has therefore not been done. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $655,410.75, all for original work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the fiscal year. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project was 90 per cent completed, the incompleted portion being stated under the head Operations and results prior to the fiscal year, the condition of the channels also being as stated under that head. The total expendi- ture under the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $655,410.75, all for original work. The maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, at mean river level, over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 15 feet, and the usual varia- tion of level of water surface is 2 feet. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of adoption of the project and there has been no local copera- tion. Effect of improvement.-It is reported that the project has a ma- terial effect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, lumber, and ore. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is submitted, sufficient funds being on hand. Com/mercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is bulk freights received, consisting of lumber, wood pulp, and lath, and freight shipped by Erie Canal, consisting of lumber. Comparative statement. By Lake. By Erie Canal. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. Short tons. Value. 1912--...----- ----- ------...---------------------- 1,210, 390 $12, 558, 436 452, 638 $4, 525, 750 1913... ------------------------------------------ 1, 179,510 11, 122, 238 267,983 4,140,153 1914 1-------------- 335,304 5,889,665 186,334 2,991,244 1Decrease from previous year on account of no iron ore being received and reduced receipts of lumber. 1398 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------$661, 323. 23 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......-.............. ............ .................................. ....... Maintenance.... ........................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------- $30, 272. 45 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915-_______ 30, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------ 272. 45 8. NIAGARA RIVER, N. Y. Location.-The Niagara River is about 34 miles long and flows in a northerly direction from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The part of the river included in this project is that extending from Tonawanda, 14 miles from Lake Erie, to Niagara Falls, the length of this portion being 6 miles. The lower limit of the improvement is about 14 miles from the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 312, Buffalo Harbor and Niagara River to the Falls, N. Y.) Original condition.-This portion of the river was obstructed by shoals and scattered bowlders, the depth over shoals being about 9 feet and the minimum channel width about 130 feet. Previous projects.-The original project for this portion of the river was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892. It was modified by acts of August 18, 1894, and June 25, 1910. The amount expended prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $68,507.24. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1970. Presentproject.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912 (H. Doc. No. 549, 62d Cong., 2d sess.), and provides for securing, by dredging, channel depths of 14 feet and a channel width of 400 feet in Section II, shown on the map attached to the above document, and a channel width of 300 feet in Section III, at an estimated cost of $55,125 for construction and $1,000 annually for maintenance, subject to the condition that local interests contribute 50 per cent of the cost of construction work. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-No work has been done on the present project, local interests not having made the re- quired contribution of funds. The previous projects had been com- pleted, the work done having been the excavation necessary to pro- vide a channel from Tonawanda to Schlossers Dock, at the foot of Sugar Street, Niagara Falls, 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at low 1 This amount is reduced $348.22 from that reported in 1914, which included reimbursa- ble expenditures to that amount. RIVE~R AND HARB1OR tMVPROVEMEN'tS. 1399 water. There were no expenditures subsequent to those reported under the head of Previous projects. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work done during the fiscal year consisted in dredging by contract in the chan- nel of Section II, the length of the portion completed being 750 feet and the width 400 feet, at a field cost of $7,245.25. The amount ex- pended during the fiscal year was $1,051.16, all for new work. Of this amount $547.99 was expended from Government funds and $503.17 from funds contributed by private parties. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project was 18 per cent completed. The work has not progressed sufficiently to furnish a usable channel. The amount expended on the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $1,051.16, all for original work. Of this amount, $547.99 was expended from Government funds and $503.17 from funds contributed by private parties. Local cooperation.-The only condition imposed by law at the time of adoption of the project was that included in the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, which required that local interests con- tribute 50 per cent of the cost of construction work, or $27,562.50. This condition was complied with, the necessary amount having been deposited on March 1, 1915. Effect of improvement.-The project has had no effect on freight rates. The completion of the channels now under construction will be of considerable benefit to the traffic in pulp wood received at Niagara Falls. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds is submitted for the fiscal year 1917, sufficient funds being on hand. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is bulk freight received, consisting of pulp wood. Comparative statement. By lake and river. Calendar year. Shortvalue. ton Value. tons. 1912............................--------------------------------...--....................------..-... 130,815 $391,368 1913.......-----------..-....--.--..-..........------................................................ 201,554 783,150 19141. ...... ..... ... ------ ----- --...................................... 82,694 370,776 1Decrease from previous year on account ofno gravel and sand being received and reduced receipts of pulp wood. Financialsummary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------- --- $69, 055. 23 Maintenance __ 1400 REPORT OF THE 'CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, IV. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912---------------------- $27, 562. 50 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _----------------------------- 29, 055. 26 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement ---------------------------------------------- 547. 99 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _--------- -- -- _ _---_ _-- 28, 507. 27 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -------------------- $140. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts___ 18, 988. 77 19, 128. 77 July 1, 1915, balance available 9, 378. 50 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- ------------------------------------ $503.17 Maintenance----------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-------------------------------------------------------- Maintenancew work........................................................... ----- ------- $503.17 . ........ ........ ... Contributed Mar. 1, 1915__________________----_-____ _ $27, 562. 50 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement ------ ------------------------------------------ 503. 17 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 27, 059. 33 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------------$140. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts___ 18, 988. 77 19, 128. 77 July 1, 1915, balance available--___________________________ 7, 930. 56 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------- ---- $69, 558. 40 Maintenance _ __ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. . ... --------------------------------------------- --- $1,051.16 Maintenance............................................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912__ - $27, 562. 50 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended - - - 29, 055. 26 Mar. 1, 1915, amount contributed -____ 27, 562. 50 56, 617. 76 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement -------------------------------------- 1,051. 16 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------- 55, 566. 60 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-....... $280. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 37, 977. 54 38, 257. 54 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------- --------- _-- 17, 309. 06 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1401 9. HARBOR AT OLCOTT, N. Y. Location.-This harbor is located on the south shore of Lake On- tario at the mouth of Eighteen Mile Creek, 18 miles east of the mouth of Niagara River and 59 miles west of Charlotte Harbor, N. Y. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 25, coast No. 5, Lake Ontario.) Original condition.-There was a depth of about 3 feet over the bar at the mouth of the creek, width unknown. Eighteen Mile Creek was navigable for a distance of about 800 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1867, and was modified by approval of the Chief of Ergineers June 18, 1891. The amount expended prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $179,169.05. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1971. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, and provides for securing a chan- nel 140 feet wide and 14 feet deep at mean lake level from the lake to the inner ends of the existing piers, at an estimated cost of $3,000 for first construction and the maintenance of the west pier for a period of five years, at an estimated cost of $2,500. (H. Doc. No. 780, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work done had consisted in the construction of two parallel piers of the timber crib type 200 feet apart-east pier 850 feet long and west pier 873 feet long-and the dredging of a channel 14 feet deep at mean lake level and 140 feet wide between the piers, decreasing to 98 feet wide at the Main Street Bridge. The amount expended prior to the begin- ning of the fiscal year but subsequent to that reported under the head of Previous projects was $3,591.98, of which $1,500 was for original work and $2,091.98 for maintenance. Of this expenditure $2,841.98 was from Government funds and $750 from funds contributed by private parties. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the fiscal year, except taking soundings in the channel in May, 1915, at a cost of $41.49, paid from Government funds. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed ex- cept maintenance of channels and piers. The channel has shoaled and the maximum draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the improvement was 9 feet at low water. The total expenditure under the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $3,633.47, of which $1,500 was for original work and $2,133.47 for maintenance. Of this expenditure, $2,883.47 was from Government funds and $750 from funds contributed by private parties. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, required a contribution of $1,500 toward the channel excavation by the Buffalo, Lockport & Rochester Transit Co., the maintenance by that company of the portion of the channel adjacent to the part of the east pier occupied by them under a War Department permit, and the repair of any damage to the east pier done by them or on account of their occupation of the pier. The company made the re- quired contribution and agreed, by letter dated April 8, 1913, to maintain the pier and channel as stipulated. Effect of improvement.-The project has not affected freight rates but has been of benefit to summer excursion passenger traffic. 1402 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARIMY. Proposedoperations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is submitted, no funds being required. Commercial statistics.--The general character of the commerce for 1912 was bulk freights received consisting of lumber and house- hold goods, and freight shipped consisting of apples and peaches. Comparative statement. By lake. Calendar year. Short Value. tons. 14 1912..--.............................................................................--$579.00 1913-..----... ----.---.-..--.-------------..----------------------------------------- 16.47 1914--------..-.....--..........................................----------------------------------------------------------.....---.... 25.84 Financial summ a ry. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: ------------------------------------------ New work_______________ $140, 959. 86 Maintenance (since 1887)----- ---------------------- 41, 092. 66 Total 052. 52 1-------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................................... ......................... Maintenance....................................................... $497.10 $2, 344.88 $41. 49 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------- ----------------------------------- $4,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 1, 158. 02 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement-------------------------------------------- 41. 49 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _________________------- _ 1, 116. 53 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work Maintenance ----------------------- $750. 00 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................................... ............. ... Maintenance .................................... .............. ........ 750.00............ RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1403 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Contributed, Apr. 12, 1913_______-------------- ------------------ $1, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------- ----------- 750. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended________--------- -__ 750. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------- --------------- $141, 709.86 Maintenance --------------------------------------- 41, 092. 66 Total-------------------------------------------182, 802. 52 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ..................................................................... Maintenance-....................................................... $497.10 $3,094.88 $41.49 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------- $4,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ________________-- - _____ ___ 1, 908. 02 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance --- of improvement______ _-__ ____-______ -- 41. 49 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_________________________ _ 1, 866. 53 10. HARBOR AT CHARLOTTE, N. Y. Location.-This harbor is located on the south shore of Lake On- tario at the mouth of the Genesee River, 77 miles east of the mouth of the Niagara River and 59 miles west of Oswego Harbor, N. Y. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 24, Lake Ontario coast chart No. 4.) Originalcondition.-The pool at the mouth of the river was about 4 miles long and vessels of more than 8 feet draft could not cross the bar between the lake and the pool. The original width of channel is unknown. The river was navigable to the upper end of the pool, a distance of about 4 miles from its mouth. Previous projects.-The original project for the improvement of this harbor was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1829, and was modified by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882, by authority of the Chief of Engineers on July 18, 1896, and March 2, 1897. The amount expended prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $757,945.74. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 1971. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for the deepening of the entrance channel from the lake to the pool at the mouth of the creek to 20 feet at low water, zero of the Oswego gauge, which is 1404 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 244.12 feet above mean tide at New York City, so as to be at all times available for use by vessels drawing 18 feet, at an estimated cost of $31,680, no estimate being made for maintenance. (H. Doc. No. 342, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The improvement has consisted in the construction of two parallel piers of the timber- crib type about 450 feet apart at the mouth of Genesee River-the east pier 3,109 feet long, and the west pier 3,616 feet long-and dredg- ing of a channel from the lake into the river between the piers 150 feet wide and 20 feet deep at low water. There had been rebuilt with concrete superstructure 2,187 feet of the east pier and 3,035 feet of the west pier. The channel is unstable and requires annual re- dredging to maintain the necessary depth. The amount expended on the present project prior to the fiscal year was $121,564.25', of which $21,808.10 was for new work and $99,756.15 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Replacing of tim- ber crib superstructure on the piers with concrete was continued by day labor and United States plant, 562 linear feet being thus replaced at a total cost of $14,496.64; and redredging of the channel between the piers was carried on between October 12, 1914, and June 10, 1915, with U. S. dredge Sodus, 80,911 cubic yards being removed at a cost of $5,922. Dredging was discontinued on June 10, 1915, before the channel had been restored to project depth, due to the more urgent need of dredging at Little Sodus Bay. The total expended during the fiscal year was $25,212.93, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project was com- pleted except maintenance. The channel had shoaled and the maxi- mum draft that could be carried at mean lake level June 30, 1915, was 17 feet at low water. The piers are in good condition. The total expenditure under the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $146,777.18,' of which $21,808.10 was for original work and $124,969.08 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of adoption of the project, and there has been no local co- operation. Effect of improvement.-It is reported that the project has a ma- terial effect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities such as coal, grain, lumber, and ore. Proposed operations.-It is expected that the funds available June 30,1915, will be exhausted June 30,1916. It is estimated that $12,000 will be required for maintenance for the fiscal year 1917, to be ex- pended in redredging of entrance channel to maintain project depth, which is required annually, this being percentage of cost of opera- tion of a dipper dredge and attendant plant. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is bulk freights received, consisting of pulp wood, feldspar, iron ore, lumber, and miscellaneous, and freight shipped, consisting of coal, coke, pig iron, lubricating oil, and mis- cellaneous. 1 This amount is reduced by $73.78 from that reported in 1914, which included reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1405 Comparative statement. By lake. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............................................................................. 1,130,861 $2,914,554 1913..................,.................................... ..................... 1,431,914 4,231,218 1914 1.......-----------......................----.--.--.....--------..------- 950,279 2,895,415 1 Decrease in 1914 due to reduced shipments of coal and pig iron. Financial summarry. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------ --------------------- $424, 290. 10 Maintenance (since 1887) 480,432. 82 __---------------------------- Total------- -- ----------------------------- 1904, 722. 92 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.. ...................................................... ...... ......... Maintenance........................................................ $34, 261. 3 $46, 260.06 $25, 212 93 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---- - $50, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_----- --- 5, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914- 24, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------- ------ 12, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended .......-..... 3, 247. 95 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 24, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 12, 000. 00 Oct. 9, 1914, amount allotted for emergencies, act of Mar. 4, 1914 ... 5, 000. 00 .. Receipts from sales .----..----------------------------- 257. 52 44, 505. 47 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement__------------------- 25, 212. 93 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------- ____________ 19, 292. 54 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ______ -__________________ 715. 13 July 1, 1915, balance available--_--- - 577. 41 1-------------18, Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-_______________ -12,000.00 11. HARBOR AT PULTNEYVILLE, N. Y. Location.---This harbor is located on the south shore of Lake Ontario at the mouth of Salmon Creek, 22 miles east of Charlotte Harbor. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 23, coast chart No. 3, Lake Ontario.) 1 This amount is reduced by $73.78 from that reported in 1914, which included reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, 1406 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-There was no sheltered harbor. There was a pool at the mouth of the creek about 900 feet long and 40 to 60 feet wide. Beyond this pool the creek was not navigable, and there was no permanent entrance channel, the depth at the mouth of the creek being over 2 feet; width of channel unknown. Previous project.-The original project was adopted by river and harbor act of July 11, 1870. The amount expended prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $79,000. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1972. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. It contemplates the maintenance of the existing piers and the maintenance of the entrance channel at a depth of 8 feet at low water and a width of 14 feet, at an estimated cost of $6,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work was com- menced at this harbor in 1872, and has consisted in the construction of two piers of the timber-crib type, dredging to secure and main- tain a channel between them, and construction of a bulkhead of sheet piling 200 feet long at the east side of the mouth of the creek. The piers are 220 feet apart in their parallel portions, the east pier being 572 feet and the west pier 910 feet in length. The channel, as last dredged in 1907, was 14 feet wide and 8 feet deep at low water, but is unstable and shoals rapidly at the mouth of the creek. The amount expended on the present project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to the expenditure reported under previous projects, was $4,148.44 , all for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the fiscal year. There was expended for care of plant, etc., belonging to all works on Lake Ontario the sum of $662.29. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed. The condition is as stated under the head of Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The total expenditure under the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $4,810.73, 1 all for mainte- nance. The maximum draft that could be carried in the channel at low water June 30, 19151 was 7 feet and the usual variation is 3 feet. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of adoption of the project. Previous to 1871 private citizens had constructed a pier 171 feet long and had done some dredging in the cove, the total cost approxi- mating $30,000. Effect of improvement.-The project has had no effect on freight rates, and there has been practically no commerce for several years. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is submitted, no funds being required. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of Pultneyville, which is a village of about 300 inhabitants, is insignificant; there were no arrivals or departures of vessels during the year 1914. 'This amount is reduced by $248.55 from that reported in 1914, which included reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1407 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work - ___ _.___ $79,000.00 Maintenance __ ____ _ 4,810. 73 Total _- _-- __ _- -- 183, 810. 73 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Maintenance..................................................... ...----------...........------- ............------ 662.29 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ________ _____-------------_ $1, 734. 85 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------------ 662.29 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------_ _ 1,072. 56 12. HARBOR AT GREAT SODUS PAY, N. Y. Location.-This harbor is located on the south shore of Lake Ontario 27 miles west of Oswego Harbor, N. Y. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 23, Great Sodus Bay, N. Y.) Original condition.-The bay was 2z miles long and to 1i miles wide and was nearly landlocked. It was separated from the lake by a bar which extended entirely across the entrance channel, a dis- tance of 1,150 yards, with a limiting depth of 6 feet at low water. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1829, and it was modified by the river and harbor act of June 23, 1866. The amount expended prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $361,- 771.80. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1972. Present project.-The present project, as adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882, provided for extending parallel piers about 450 feet apart a total of 1,100 feet to the 15-foot curve in the lake, and dredging a channel 15 feet deep at low water, at an esti- mated cost of $100,000. (Annual Report for 1881, p. 2442.) By authority of the Chief of Engineers dated July 18, 1896, the project was modified to restore and maintain the channel 150 feet wide be- tween the piers flaring to 250 feet in the lake by dredging without further extension of the piers for the present. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-- ork in connec- tion with the improvement of this harbor was commenced in 1829 and it has consisted in narrowing the entrance channel from the lake by the construction of two converging breakwaters connecting at their ends with two piers 438 to 473 feet apart, extending lakeward, together with the dredging necessary to secure and maintain a 1This amount is reduced by $248.55 from that reported in 1914, which included reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. 1408 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. channel between the piers, 150 feet wide and 15 feet deep at low water. The structures are all of the timber crib type, 2,059 feet of the timber superstructure of the piers having been replaced with concrete. The east and west piers are 1,294 feet and 1,580 feet long and the east and west breakwaters 1,438 feet and 495 feet long, respectively. The channel, at the close of the last fiscal year, had a limiting width of 140 feet and a limiting depth of 12 feet at low water. The amount expended prior to the fiscal year, but subsequent to the expenditures reported under the head of Previous projects, was $231,267.76, of which $46,480 was for new work and $184,787.76 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Redredging of the channel with United States dredge was completed July 18, 1914, 18,032 cubic yards having been removed during July, at a field cost of $1,216.98. This resulted in a channel with a minimum depth of 15 feet at low water and a minimum width of 150 feet. Replacing of timber superstructure on the west pier with concrete was resumed in May, 1915, by day labor and United States plant, 90 linear feet being thus replaced, at a field cost of $2,441.70. The amount ex- pended during the fiscal year was $6,066.68, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project was com- pleted except maintenance. The channel had shoaled, the maximum draft that could be carried in the channel being 13.6 feet at low water. The total amount expended under the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $237,334.44, of which $46,480 was for new work and $190,854.44 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of adoption of the project. The following work has been done for the benefit of the public with funds supplied by other sources than Congress: In 1911 the Northern Central Railroad Co. dredged a channel 500 feet long, 40 feet wide, and 14 feet deep across the bar in front of coal trestle, 700 cubic yards of sand being removed at a cost of $136.26. Effect of improvement.-The project is reported to have a mate- rial effect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, lumber, and ore. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about April 30, 1916. It is estimated that an appropria- tion of $19,000 will be required for the fiscal year of 1917, to be ex- pended as follows: Replacing 470 linear feet of decayed timber superstructure on the piers with concrete__________________________ ___ $16, 250. 00 Dredging for channel to maintain project depth------------------- _ 2, 750. 00 19, 000. 00 Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is bulk freight received, consisting of feldspar, and freight shipments, consisting of coal. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1409 Comparative statement. By lake. Calendar year. Short Value. tons. 1912................................... 56,874 $159.464 1913... .. . ............... ... ........................................ 65,137 175,803 1914................................................................................ 47,673 140,464 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $408, 251. 80 Maintenance (since 1882) ---------------------------------- 190, 854. 44 Total --------------------------------------------------- 599, 106. 24 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................................... Maintenance.............. ....... ............................. $12,327.13 $3, 235.26 $6,066.68 APPROPRIATIONS. [For the last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- $30, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------- 18, 720. 24 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------ 6, 066. 68 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 12, 653. 56 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 2, 733. 18 July 1, 1915, balance available ----------------------------------- 9, 920. 38 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement __ 219, 000.00 13. HARBOR AT LITTLE SODUS BAY, N. Y. Location. -This harbor is located on the south shore of Lake Ontario, 13 miles west of Oswego Harbor, N. Y. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 23, coast No. 3, Lake Ontario.) Original condition.-Little Sodus Bay is 2 miles long, one-fourth to five-eighths mile wide, with a depth of 18 to 50 feet, and is con- nected with Lake Ontario by a channel which, in its original condi- tion, was about 150 feet wide and 18 inches deep. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 30, 1852, and modifications were adopted by the acts of June 23, 1866, and March 3, 1871. The amount ex- 1This amount is reduced by $167.68 from that reported in 1914, which contained reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373 0 -ENG 1915-----89 1410 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. pended on original and modified projects was $232,290.77. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1973. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882, and provided for obtaining a chan- nel 15 feet deep at low water by extending parallel piers a total distance of 1,500 feet to the 15-foot curve in the lake and by dredg- ing, at an estimated cost of $80,000. (Annual Report for 1881, p. 2444.) After the piers were extended a total distance of 835 feet, the project was modified by authority of the Chief of Engineers, June 29, 1898, to restore and maintain the entrance channel 150 feet wide and 15 feet deep at low water by dredging, without further extension of the piers for the present, and this was modified by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, to extend the east pier 300 feet, at an estimated cost of $20,000. (Annual Report for 1901, p. 3364.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The improvement was commenced in 1854 and has consisted of the following: Construc- tion of two parallel piers 250 feet apart--east pier 1,810 feet long and west pier 1,747 feet long; construction of two breakwaters con- necting the inner ends of these piers to the shore-the east and west breakwaters being 1,680 feet and 469 feet long, respectively; dredg- ing of a channel 150 feet wide and 15 feet deep at low water. The structures are all of the timber-crib type, the piers having a concrete superstructure. The channel is unstable and requires redredging annually. The amount expended prior to the fiscal year, but subse- quent to the expenditures reported under the head of Previous proj- ects, was $271,127.71, of which $69,066.20 was for new work and $202,061.51 for maintenance. Operations-and results during the fiscal year.-Work during the fiscal year consisted in redredging in the channel with a United States dredge, 9,528 cubic yards of sand being removed, at a field cost of $1,162.42. The dredging necessary to restore project depth in the channel is 75 per cent completed. The amount expended dur- ing the fiscal year was $1,945.36, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed except maintenance. The maximum draft that could be carried in the channel at low water was 13 feet. The total expenditure under the present project, to the end of the fiscal year, was $273,073.07, of which $69,066.20 was for new work and $204,006.87 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of adoption of the project. About $6,000 was expended in 1857 by the Ontario Bay Harbor Improvement Association in dredging the channel in amplification of Government dredging. Effect of improvement.-The project is reported to have a material effect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, lumber, and ore. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is submitted, sufficient being on hand. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is bulk freights received, consisting of lumber and repair parts, and freight shipped, consisting of coal and apples. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1411 Comparative statement. By lake. Calendar year. Short Value. tons. 1912... .......... ....... ......................................................... 185,187 $889,633 1913........ ... ..................................................... .. ....... ...... 116,819 555,728 1914................... ............................................................. 133,968 643,775 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------- $301, 356. 97 Maintenance (since 1882) ------------------------------ 204, 006. 87 Total -------------------------------------------- 505, 363. 84 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....................... Maintenance ...................................................... .......................... .. 36, 830.11 $3, $3, 803.95 $1,945.36 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------ ---------------------------- -------- $30, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ___------- -- ----- ______ 25, 807. 27 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__________________--__________________-- 1, 945. 36 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 23, 861. 91 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities __-______--- ----------- 1, 337. 28 July 1, 1915, balance available - __-______----__-------------- 22, 524. 63 14. HARBOR AT OSWEGO, N. Y. Location.-This harbor is located on the south shore of Lake On- tario at the mouth of the Oswego River, 59 miles east of Charlotte Harbor, N. Y. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 22, Lake Ontario coast chart No. 2.) Original condition.-The harbor consisted of the lower part of the Oswego River and the cove at its mouth, this cove having no protec- tion against the lake seas. The harbor was navigable for light-draft boats only, the original depth and width of channel unknown, no in- formation being found in the Oswego records. The river was navi- gable for a distance of about three-fourths of a mile upstream, for vessels of light draft only. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1827, and was modified by the river and harbor acts of March 2, 1831; June 23, 1866; July 25, 1868; July 11, 1870; March 3, 1881; the sundry civil act of March 3, 1893; and the 1 This amount is reduced by $74.68 from that reported in 1914, which contained reim- bursable expenditures to that amount, 1412 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. river and harbor act of August 18, 1894. The amount expended prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $1,831,819.64. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1973. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, and there were subsequent additions by authority of the Chief of Engineers in 1897, and by river and harbor acts of March 3, 1899; March 3, 1905; and March 2, 1907. It provides for the following: (1) Construction of an east breakwater of the timber-crib type, 1,435 feet long, beginning 500 feet east of the old breakwater, at an estimated cost of $197,000. (Annual Report for 1895, p. 3213 et seq.) (2) Narrowing the breach made in the outer breakwater in 1884 from 175 to 75 feet, at an estimated cost of $17,000. (Annual Report for 1896, pp. 3155-3156.) (3) Widening and deepening the inner harbor at the mouth of the Oswego River and extending the deep-water area upstream by rock excavation; total cost not estimated. (Annual Report for 1896, p. 3280.) (4) Permanent repair of the outer breakwater by replacing timber superstructure by one of concrete and by heavy riprap protection for substructure, at an estimated cost of $900,000. (Report printed in H. Doc. No. 55, 58th Cong., 2d sess.) (5) Maintenance of the entrance channel and outer harbor basin to a depth of 15.7 feet and the inner harbor to a depth of 15 feet at low water (zero of the Oswego gauge) and maintenance of break- waters and pier; no estimate of cost. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work has been in progress since 1827, and has consisted in the construction of an inner breakwater across the cove at the mouth of the river with a 350-foot opening as an entrance-the west arm 1,993 feet long, the east arm 750 feet long-construction of a lighthouse pier 564 feet long, extend- ing north from the east end of the westerly arm of the inner break- water; construction of an outer breakwater 6,032 feet long, of which 916 feet is a shore return at the western end and 246 feet is a return toward the lighthouse pier at the eastern end; deepening by dredging and rock removal of the outer harbor to 15.7 feet at low water, and the inner harbor in the mouth of the Oswego River to 15 feet at low water. The structures are of the timber-crib type, the outer break- water having a heavy riprap protection on the lake face and 2,306 linear feet of its timber superstructure replaced by concrete. The dredged area of the outer harbor between the outer breakwater and the harbor line is about 30 acres in extent. The amount expended un- der the present project prior to the fiscal year was $707,793.52,1 of which $20,423.43 was for new work and $687,370.09 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year the repair of the outer breakwater was continued, under con- tract, by the method authorized under plan (a), 2,012 linear feet of concrete superstructure having been completed during the year at a total cost of $199,436.70, all for maintenance. Repairs were made to a breach in the outer breakwater at a cost of $833.32. General re- pairs, maintenance, and repairs to floating plant continued during 1 This amount is reduced by $793.67 from that reported in 1914, which contained reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1413 the year. Total expenditures during the year were $200,548.83, all for maintenance. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The percentage of com- pletion of the items of the present project is as follows: Construction of east breakwater 0 per cent (this construction was not considered advisable under present conditions of commerce); narrowing of breach in outer breakwater 56 per cent; widening and deepening the inner harbor, project indefinite; repair of the outer breakwater under plan (a) 60 per cent; maintenance, indefinite. Timber superstruc- ture of pier and breakwaters are decayed, otherwise in good condi- tion. The minimum depth at low water over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement was 14 feet. The total expenditure under the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $908,342.35,' of which $20,423.43 was for new work and $887,918.92 for mainte- nance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of adoption of the project. Work for the benefit of the public with funds supplied by other sources than Congress has been done as follows: In 1846 and 1847 the east breakwater was repaired and a gravel bar at the mouth of the river was removed at the expense of private citizens, cost unknown. In 1852 the maintenance of the east breakwater was undertaken by the Gerrit-Smith estate, and it has been so maintained to date. In 1855 dredging to deepen the river channel was done by the city of Oswego at an expense of $10,000. In 1896 the State of New York deepened the approach to the canal basin in the river at Bridge Street to 10 feet, cost unknown. In 1914 the State of New York started the construction of a New York State Barge Canal terminal in the outer and inner harbors; estimated cost, $348,685. Effect of improvement.-The project is reported to have a material effect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, lumber, and ore, and it also affords a harbor of refuge for ves- sels running between the St. Lawrence River and other Lake Ontario ports. Proposed operations.-It is believed that the amount available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted June 30, 1916. The work proposed for the fiscal year 1917 is the repair of the 916 linear feet shore arm of the outer breakwater by replacing timber superstructure, which is badly decayed, with concrete, at an estimated cost of $100,000. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is bulk freights received consisting of lumber, grain, and pulpwood, and freight shipped, consisting of coal. Comparative statement. By lake. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912................................. ........................................... 745,422 $3,813,862 1913......................... ................................................. 825,981 4,135,003 1914........ ............... .... ..................................... ............. 785,299 4,148,610 1 This amount is reduced by $793.67 from that reported in 1914, which contained reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. 1414 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsumrrmary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ___--------------------------------------- $1, 489, 363. 14 Maintenance (since 1881) -------------------------- . 1, 250, 798. 85 Total ----------------- ------------------------- 2, 740, 161.99 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................................... Maintenance ........................................................ $41,787.83 $31, 026. 76 $200,548.83 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $85, 000. 00 JulyJuly 25,-191 25, -------------------------------------------- 1912____ _ __ 8,0.0 85, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 110, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________________ ______ 252, 848. 42 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 100, 000. 00 Receipts from sales ------------------------------------------ 21.50 352, 869. 92 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement -- ------------- 200, 548.83 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__---------------------------- 152, 321.09 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ________________ $352. 60 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts----------------------------------- 35, 657. 32 36, 009. 92 July 1, 1915, balance available_____ ---- _______________ 116, 311. 17 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for com- pletion of existing project________-----_----- ------- ____--------________________-----205,000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement __--------____- 100, 000. 00 15. HARBOR" AT CAPE VINCENT, N. Y. Location.-This harbor is located on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River 21 miles from Lake Ontario. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 21, coast chart No. 1, Lake Ontario.) Original condition.-The harbor was an open roadstead. It was exposed to seas from the St. Lawrence River due to northerly winds, and to seas from Lake Ontario due to southwesterly winds. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. The amount expended prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $247.29 for surveys. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1975. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of May 13, 1899, and provides for the construction of i This amount is reduced by $793.67 from that reported in 1914, which contained reimbursable 2 expenditures to that amount. Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1. 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1415 a timber-crib breakwater parallel to and 500 feet from the railroad wharf 1,550 feet long, of which length 150 feet, or as much thereof as required, was to be shore return at the upper end, the estimated cost being $200,000. (Project printed in Annual Report for 1897, pp. 3286-3287.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-There had been completed 1,130 feet of the breakwater, of which 50 feet is shore return. The breakwater is of the timber-crib type, 410 feet having a timber superstructure and the remainder a concrete superstructure. It furnishes a shelter for vessels in stormy weather. The river wharf frontage was 1 miles long, the width between wharves and break- water being 500 feet, and the depth 12 feet at low water at the wharves, increasing to 23 feet at the breakwater. The amount ex- pended prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but subsequent to the expenditures reported under the head of Previous projects, was $160,763.441, of which $160,246.49 was for construction and $516.95 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year the extension of the breakwater was continued by contract, 251.3 linear feet of timber cribs with concrete superstructure having been placed at a field cost of $37,144.78. The amount expended dur- ing the fiscal year was $11,217.82, all for new work. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project is 89 per cent completed. Except for the extension of the breakwater the condi- tion is as stated under Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The maximum draft available at low water June 30, 1915, was 19 feet and the usual variation is 3 feet. The total amount expended under the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $171,981.26,1 of which $171,464.31 was for new work and $516.95 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of the adoption of the project and there has been no local co- operation. Effect of improvement.-Funds available will be exhausted June 30, 1916. The improvement furnishes a harbor of refuge for all craft plying between Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, and by making navigation safer affects freight rates. Proposed operations.-The work proposed for the fiscal year 1917 is the replacing with concrete of the 410 linear feet of timber super- structure in the breakwater, which is beginning to decay, at an esti- mated cost of $20,000. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is bulk freights received consisting of hay, mica, fish, cattle, and miscellaneous, and freight shipped consisting of mis- cellaneous items. 1This amount is reduced by $25.85 from that reported in 1914, which contained reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. 1416 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. By lake. Calendar year. Short Value. tons. 1912....................... .................... .......................... ........ 6,737 $448,922 1913................................................................................ 5,715 453,536 1914 ................................................................................ 6,641 371,747 Tonnage of receipts only. Weight of shipments unknown. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $171, 711. 60 Maintenance------------------------------------------- 516. 95 Total---------------- ------------------------------- 172, 228. 55 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ....................................... ................ $28,760.88 ............ $11,217.82 Maintenance....1...... ............. . . 1................................$12715 Total ............................................. 28,760.88 127.15 11,217.82 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913-------------- 000. 00 $---------------------------36, July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------ _____-_______- -___38, 963. 42 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement___------------------------------------------- 11, 217. 82 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -- ____-___________ _____ 27, 745. 60 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__________________ $142. 30 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 27, 097. 94 27, 240. 24 July 1, 1915, balance available_ __ _---505. -____----____--____ 36 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _______-___--- __-- 20, 000. 00 16. HARBOR AT OGDENSBURG, N. Y. Location.-The harbor is located on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River 62 miles from Lake Ontario. (See U. S. Lake Survey chart No. 13, St. Lawrence River No. 3.) Original condition.-When work was first undertaken by the Gov- ernment in 1868 the depth at low water was 9 feet through the upper-entrance channel, 10 to 12 feet in the two lower-entrance channels, and 6 to 12 feet along the city front, widths unknown. The Oswegatchie River was navigable for about 800 feet. 1 This amount is reduced by $25.85 from that reported in 1914, which contained reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVE AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1417 Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1867, and was modified by the acts of August 2, 1882, and September 19, 1890, by authority of the Chief of Engineers dated February 27, 1897, and act of March 3, 1899. The amount expended prior to the commencement of operations under the present project was $401,875.97. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1975. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for dredging the three entrance channels and the channel along the city front to a depth of 19 feet below low water (zero of the Oswego gauge), and for re- moving wholly the middle ground between the two lower-entrance channels, at an estimated cost of $187,970. (H. Doc. No. 920, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project had been completed and channels having a depth of 19 feet at low water provided from the St. Lawrence River across the bar to the Oswe- gatchie River, with a least width of 280 feet, and along the city front a length of 10,970 feet, with a width of 200 to 550 feet. The middle ground between the two lower-entrance channels, which were from 1,000 to 1,200 feet apart, was entirely removed, making a single entrance and basin about 2,100 feet wide. The amount expended prior to the beginning of the fiscal year but subsequent to the expenditures reported under the head of previous projects was $123,269.24,1 all for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the fiscal year; $5,267.37 expended in part payment for cruiser Scajaquada, travel expenses, etc., and charged to work of improve- ment. Conditionat the end of the fiscal year.-The present project is com- pleted, and the condition is as stated under the head of Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. The maximum draft that could be carried over the locality improved at low water-zero of the new Ogdensburg gauge, corresponding to zero of Oswego gauge-June 30, 1915, was 17 feet, and the usual variation is 3 feet. The total ex- penditure under the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $128,536.61,' all for new work. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law at the time of adoption of the project, and there has been no local cooperation. Effect of improvement.--The project probably has a material effect in controlling freight rates on bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, lumber, and ore. Proposed operations.-No estimate of funds for the fiscal year 1917 is submitted, sufficient funds being on hand. Commercial statistics.-The general character of the commerce for the current year is bulk freights received, consisting of raw silk, nickel matte, grain, lumber, and miscellaneous merchandise, and freight shipped, consisting of coal, coke, sugar, and miscellaneous merchandise. 1 This amount is reduced by $45.49 from that reported in 1914, which contained reim- bursable expenditures to that amount. 1418 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. By water. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................................... 933,392 $29,546,483 1913... ............. ... .................................. 1,002,722 68,886,793 1914 ...... ..... . ......... . ........ .... .......................... 959,648 57,505,133 Changes in values due to quantity of raw silk received. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $399, 900. 26 Maintenance --------------------------------------- 130, 512. 32 Total ------------- ------------------------------------ 530, 412. 58 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................... ........... $60,850. 17 $23, 806.80 $5, 267.37 Maintenance............................................................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------ ----------------------------------- $20, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----- ---------------------------- 37, 970. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------- ------------------- 49, 746. 91 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915----- ------------------------- 35, 000. 00 14, 746. 91 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement -------------------------------------------- 5, 267. 37 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 9,479.54 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Ogdensburg Harbor, N. Y., with a view to removing the point in the bend of the channel at the inner end of the upper entrance channel, opposite the mouth of the Oswegatchie River, and widening the channel. 2. Buffalo Harbor, N. Y., with a view to securing a width of 400 feet in the inner harbor entrance channel, including consideration of any proposition for cooperation on the part of local interests. 3. Oswego Harbor,N. Y. 1This amount is reduced by $45.49 from that reported in 1914, which contained re- imbursable expenditures to that amount. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1419 IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE LOS ANGELES, CAL., DISTRICT. The district includes that part of California which is south of Monterey Bay (about 328 miles northwest of the entrance to Los Angeles Harbor), and the Colorado River system. District officer: Maj. R. R. Raymond, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. Thomas H. Rees, Corps of En- gineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. San Diego Harbor, Cal......... 1419 3. San Luis Obispo Harbor, Cal... 1428 2. Los Angeles Harbor, Cal....... 1421. FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3323 TO 3328. 1. SAN DIEGO HARBOR, CAL. Location.-San Diego Harbor is just north of the United States- Mexican boundary, 102 miles southeast of Los Angeles Harbor and 555 miles southeast of San Francisco Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5100.) Original condition.-The harbor is a natural basin separated from the ocean by a sand spit about 10 miles long. The channel through the outer bar was 500 feet wide and 21 feet deep at mean lower low water. The middle-ground channel was also 21 feet deep, but too crooked for safe navigation. The main channel, lying to the west of the middle ground, was of ample depth, but was difficult to navi- gate on account of two sharp turns. The channel inside the harbor was about one-third mile wide and not less than 30 feet deep up to San Diego, and narrower and shallower up to National City, a dis- tance of about 11 miles from the outer bar. Previous projects.-The original project (exclusive of the project adopted August 30, 1852) was adopted by river and harbor act of March 3, 1875, and supplemented by acts of September 19, 1890, and June 25, 1910. The amount expended on original and later projects prior to commencement of work under the present project is $772,- 882.05 for new work and $66,937.52 for maintenance, making a total of $839,819.57, including the $30,000 appropriated August 30, 1852. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1976. Present project.-The present project provides for dredging a channel through the outer bar 570 feet wide and 35 feet deep at mean lower low water, and a channel through the middle ground 32 feet deep at mean lower low water and of irregular shape, at an estimated cost of $208,786, with an annual maintenance cost of $19,289. (For report with map, see H. Doc. No. 1309, 62d Cong., 3d sess.), This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. No modification has been made in the project. The average height of all high waters above the plane of reference is 4.8 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-An earthen dike with riprap facing on the river side and 7,735 feet long had been built to divert the San Diego River from San Diego Bay to False Bay. A rubble-stone jetty 7,500 feet long had been built to a height 1420 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of extreme high water along Zuninga Shoal. A channel about 570 feet wide and 33.5 feet deep at mean lower low water had been dredged through the outer bar, and a channel 30 feet deep and irreg- ular in shape had been dredged through the middle ground. The amount expended prior to the beginning of the fiscal year, but sub- sequent to the expenditures reported under previous projects, is $58,409.46 for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year 659,778 cubic yards was dredged from the outer bar channel, which is 570 feet wide and about 4,500 feet long, and 206,188 cubic yards was dredged from the middle ground channel, of irregular shape, at a cost of $119,559.78 for new work. The dredging was done under contract at $0.1347 per cubic yard. The material was de- posited at sea. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 95 per cent completed. The channel through the outer bar has been deepened to project depth of 35 feet at- mean lower low water. The middle ground channel has been deepened to project depth of 32 feet at mean lower low water, except along the easterly side where the depth is 312 feet. At the end of the fiscal year the maximum draft con- templated by the project could be carried at mean lower low water through the outer bar and middle ground channels. Inside the harbor the natural channel has ample depth so that a draft of 35 feet could be carried up to points opposite the commercial wharves at San Diego. The amount expended under the existing adopted proj- ect is $177,969.24 for new work. Local cooperation.-The project was adopted without special con- ditions being imposed. The city of San Diego has built a concrete pier 800 feet long and 7,764 feet of bulkhead wall, at a cost of $800,445, and has dredged a channel to the wharf. This approach is now being deepened to 35 feet at mean lower low water. Effect of improvement.-A railroad-the San Diego & Arizona- is under construction between San Diego and Yuma. It will make San Diego a distributing and concentrating point for the Imperial Valley. San Diego is the first port on the United States Pacific coast after leaving Panama, and will be much used as a port of call. The ocean freight rate from Atlantic coast points to San Diego is 20 to 30 per cent less than the all-rail rate. In the last 10 years the commerce has increased 438 per cent. Proposed operations.-The existing contract will be completed in August, 1915. No further work is contemplated except the mainte- nance of existing channels, for which sufficient funds are available. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists principally of lum- ber, crude oil, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. ........ ....... -... ... ....... ....... ..... ............................. 537,674 $51,527,542 1913 ............................................................................. 631,022 55, 840,124 1914. ......................... ................................ 654, 087 60,184,675 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1421 Financialsum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------- ------------- $950, 851.29 Maintenance_-- ------------------------------------- 66, 937. 52 Total ----------------------------------------------- 1, 017, 788. 81 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................54.76 $58, 354. 70 119,559. 78 Maintenance.......................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------- $243, 786. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- --- _ 185, 906.97 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement _____ _ --------- ---------- 119, 559. 78 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-_____ _ 66, 347. 19 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------- --- $9, 327. 78 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 20, 493. 87 29, 821. 65 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 36, 525. 54 2. LOS ANGELES HARBOR, CAL. Location.-Los Angeles Harbor is 453 miles southeast of San Fran- cisco Harbor and 102 miles northwest of San Diego Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5100.) Original condition.-The harbor consists of two parts, the outer harbor (formerly known as San Pedro Harbor) and the inner harbor (formerly known as Wilmington Harbor). The outer harbor was an open roadstead, with a considerable amount of kelp, well protected on the west by the bluff which terminates at Point Fermin, but ex- posed to the southeast, south, and southwest. The bay was of varying depths up to 9 fathoms. The inner harbor was a large expanse of shallow water, with a depth at the present entrance of less than 2 feet at mean lower low water. A narrow, shallow channel led up to Wil- mington, a distance of 31 miles. Previous projects.--Outer harbor: Original project adopted by river and harbor act of June 3, 1896, modified by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The amount expended on original and modified projects prior to commencement of work under the existing project, including $86 expended during the year for placing trespass signs on the breakwater, etc., is $3,038.789.06 for new work. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1976. Inner harbor: Original project adopted by river and harbor act of March 3, 1871. Modified by river and harbor acts of March 3, 1881, June 3, 1896, and June 13, 1902. The amount expended on original and modified projects prior to commencement of work un- der the existing project is $1,629,445.77, for new work. For scope of 1422 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. previous projects see Appendix, page -. Total expended for both outer and inner harbors is $4,668,234.83 for new work. Present project.-The present project consists of three parts: One, (a) relating to the outer harbor, and two, (b) and (c), to the inner harbor. (a) Dredging to a depth of 35 feet at mean lower low water an area of irregular shape about 2,300 feet long, with an average width of about 1,200 feet, lying between the 35-foot contour and the pier- head line west of the inner harbor entrance, at an estimated cost of $327,250, adopted by river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. (See Rivers and Harbors Committee Doc. No. 8, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) No. modification has been made in it. (b) Dredging to a depth of 30 feet at mean lower low water a channel 400 feet wide from the outer harbor up to the lower end of the wharves, for full width between wharves, up to and including the turning basin 1,600 feet in diameter, a distance of 16,000 feet, at a cost originally estimated at $420,000, but subsequently (June 30, 1911) increased to $596,000. (See H. Doc. No. 1114, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) (c) Dredging two channels 200 feet wide and 20 feet deep from the turning basin into the east and west basins, with lengths of 9,000 and 5,600 feet, respectively, at an estimated cost of $390,000 (includ- ing the construction of a dredge), subsequently reduced to $220,000. (See H. Doc. No. 768, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Parts (b) and (c) were adopted by river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. No modifications have been made in them. The average rise of tide above the plane of reference is 5.1 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Outer harbor: A rubble-mound breakwater, 11,152.5 feet long, had been built easterly from Point Fermin. An area lying westerly, of the inner harbor entrance channel and south of the pierhead line had been dredged to about 35 feet, the project depth. This dredging amounted to 777,237 cubic yards. During the flood in the Los Angeles River in February, 1914, about 223,000 cubic yards of silt was deposited in the project area. The total amount expended prior to the fiscal year, but subse- quent to the expenditures reported under previous projects, is $216,- 103 for new work. Inner harbor: The east jetty had been extended from Rattlesnake" Island to a point 425 feet south of Deadmans Island, a distance, in- cluding the island, of 7,560 feet. The west jetty had been built from Timms Point, a distance of 5,400 feet, to its full height and 300 feet additional to ordinary high water. A 20-inch suction dredge, with attendant plant, had been purchased at a cost of $118,721.78. A channel 400 feet wide had been dredged to the project depth of 30 feet from the outer harbor up to the lower end of the wharves and for full width between wharves, up to and including the turning basin 1,600 feet in diameter, a distance of 16,000 feet. This work was practically completed in February, 1914, when it was shoaled during the flood of the Los Angeles River in February, 1914. The greater portion of the channel and a part of the turning basin had been redredged by the end of the fiscal year. The east-basin and west-basin channels had been dredged to a depth of 20 feet. The east-basin channel, however, was badly shoaled by silt deposited dur- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1423 ing the flood of February, 1914. The total amount expended prior to the fiscal year, but subsequent to the expenditures reported under previous projects, is $755,634.54 for new work and $23,100.28 for maintenance, making a total of $778,734.82. The amount expended for the outer and inner harbors is $971,- 737.54 for new work, $23,100.28 for maintenance, a total of $994,- 837.82. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Outer harbor: The westerly half of the project area, except a narrow strip along its southwesterly side, was dredged to the project depth of 35 feet at mean lower low water, and the silt deposited in the project area (except the narrow strip referred to above) during the floods of February, 1914, was also removed. A total of 288,296 cubic yards was dredged at a cost of $111,147 for new work and $10,000 for maintenance, making a total of $121,147. The work was done under contract at a cost of $0.30 per yard. The material was deposited at sea. Inner harbor: The U. S. dredge San Pedro dredged in the turning basin until December 14, in removing silt deposited during the flood of February, 1914. A total of 785,804 cubic yards was dredged and deposited on the beach east of Rattlesnake Island. The turning basin was restored to project depth. The dredge was then moved to the east basin channel easterly of the entrance to Wilmington Basin, where dredging was continued until June 15, a total of 875,915 cubic yards was dredged and deposited on the beach east of Rattle- snake Island. The east basin channel was restored to its former depth of 20 feet. The dredge was then moved to the west basin and began dredging a channel and basin to the west of Smiths Island, in which the dredge will be laid up. A total of 25,757 cubic yards was dredged and deposited on the westerly side of Smiths Island. All work in the inner harbor was done at a cost of $67,872.03 for maintenance. The total expenditure for the outer and inner harbors was $111,147 for new work and $77,872.03 for maintenance, a total of $189,019.03. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Outer harbor: This part of the project is 98 per cent completed. The work required to com- plete it is dredging a strip on the southwesterly side of the project area about 1,300 feet long, averaging about 75 feet wide, and con- taining about 26,000 cubic yards, at an estimated cost of $13,000. This additional cost is not regarded as urgent. The maximum draft that can be carried over the area under improvement at mean lower low water is 33 feet. The amount expended for new work is $327,250, and for maintenance, $10,000, making a total of $337,250. Inner harbor: (b) The original 30-foot project is completed. The work of restoring the 30-foot depth by removing silt is about 95 per cent completed. The silt has been dredged from the entrance up to and including the turning basin, except a stretch of about one- half mile near Deadmans Island, where there remains about 75,000 cubic yards to be dredged. The maximum draft that can be carried over the area under improvement at mean lower low water is 29 feet. The amount expended for new work is $558,437.01, and for maintenance, $54,813.72, a total of $613,250.73. (c) This part of the project is 96 per cent completed. The silt has been dredged from the easterly end of the east basin channel. 1424 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The westerly end of this channel was dredged to a depth of 30 feet by the city of Los Angeles. The west basin channel is completed to full project depth and width except for 2,450 feet at its northerly end, where it is only 150 feet wide. The maximum draft that can be carried through the east and west basin channels is 19 feet at mean lower low water. The amount expended for new work is $197,197.53, and for maintenance $36,158.59, making a total of $233,356.12. The amount expended for the outer and inner harbors is $1,082,- 884.54 for new work, and $100,972.31 for maintenance, a total of $1,183,856.85. Local cooperation.-Theprojects were adopted without special con- ditions being imposed. In the outer harbor the Outer Harbor Dock & Wharf Co. has dredged to 30-foot depth at mean lower low water the westerly side of the east channel, and in the west channel over a width of 600 feet at its northerly end and 400 feet at its southerly end (cost unknown). The city of Los Angeles has deepened the entire east channel to 35 feet at mean lower low water and has dredged 150 feet wide and 35 feet deep southerly therefrom to the 35-foot contour, has bulkheaded and reclaimed 79 acres of land, and has constructed thereon a concrete wharf 2,920 feet long. It has widened the entrance channel opposite Deadmans Island to 550 feet by dredg- ing to 35-foot depth. It has dredged the greater portion of Mormon Island Channel to 30-foot depth and has constructed a wharf thereon 2,050 feet long. It has dredged to 30-foot depth a channel from the turning basin up to and including the Wilmington Basin and con- structed 1,000 feet of wharves in Wilmington Basin. It has also con- structed bulkheads, transit sheds, warehouses, and roads leading to wharves and has reclaimed large areas of land. This work was done at a cost of $3,973,242. The Southern Pacific Co. has dredged a slip 1,840 feet long, 250 feet wide, and 30 feet deep at a cost of $161,- 123. The Pacific Wharf & Storage Co. has dredged a slip 2,450 feet long, 250 feet wide, and 30 feet deep at a cost of $91,300. The San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad Co. has dredged a channel 2,400 feet long, 60 to 100 feet wide, and 20 feet deep in the east basin, and has done other dredging in front of its wharves, at a cost of $74,911. The Banning Co. has bulkheaded and reclaimed, by dredg- ing in the channels, about 125 acres of land at a cost of about $200,000. The Consolidated Lumber Co. has dredged a channel 8,500 feet long in the east basin, and in extension thereof, at a cost of $199,928. All channels dredged are open for the free use of the public. The rail- roads, lumber companies, and several wharf companies have con- structed about 5 miles of wharves in addition to the city wharves and have reclaimed large areas of tide and submerged lands. Effect of improvement.-Foreign commerce has developed, and large vessels deliver freight at this port, where formerly it was de- livered elsewhere for transshipment to this locality. Eleven years ago lumber formed 95 per cent of the commerce; last year it was but 54 per cent. The volume of the commerce in 11 years has increased 126 per cent. Proposed operations.--In case the floods in the Los Angeles River deposit more silt in the channels of the inner or outer harbor, redredg- ing these channels to project depths will be resumed at once in order to cause as little delay as possible to commerce. The estimated cost RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1425 is the operation of one hydraulic pipe-line dredge, $75,000 for one year. Commercial statistics.--The commerce consists principally of lum- ber, crude oil, and general merchandise. The new lines established are the Boston & Pacific, Blue Funnel, Invor, Mitsui, Sudden & Christen- sen, Johnson, Swayne & Hoyt, Emery, and Toyo Kisen Kaisha. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.......... -.. -.. -.................... 1,867,098 $86, 468,264 1913.---.------....-.....--.............-------..........----.......................................----------------------------------- 1,727,876 94,266,762 1914---------.........--...------....---.---..........-----........................................... 1,734,752 76,696,764 Financialsummary. OUTER HARBOR. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work___---------------------------- $3, 366, 039. 06 Maintenance ----------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Total---------- ----------- 3, 376, 039. 06 BREAKWATER. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 --------------------------------------------- New work ..................................................... $41,550.67 $5.64 $86.00 Maintenance............................................. .. ...... . ................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------$39, 296. 99 Receipts from sales----------------------------------- -- 22. 50 39, 319. 49 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 191.5-------------------------------- ---- 29, 000. 00 10, 319. 49 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement------------ ------------ 86. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- 10, 233. 49 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts--,_ 4, 858. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 5, 375. 49 DREDGING. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.-----..----.--.............---------..........-------.........--.----......------------.......... $64,919.07 $151,185.93 $111,147.00 Maintenance..............--------.............--------------------..-..-------.....-...-.......---. ............ --.------------------- 10,000.00 Total..----.......-...-...-..-----.-. .-----...--............ 64,919.07 151,185.93 121,147.00 8373 0 -ENG 1915----90 1426 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------$327, 250. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-__--------------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------- (1) July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---- ------------------------ 111, 147. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915-_ (1) 121, 147. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_------------------- $111, 147. 00 For maintenance of improvement---------------10,000. 00 121, 147. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--------------------------------------- 2813, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------- (4) INNER HARBOR. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------- ---------- 2, 385,080.31 Maintenance -------------------------------------------- 90, 972. 31 Total ------------------------------------------- 2, 476, 052. 62 DREDGING TO 30-FOOT DEPTH. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work -...... ...--------------------------------------------- $93,714.33 $56,254.81 ... Maintenance....................................................... 23,100.28 .......----------------- $31,713.44 Total-................. -- --.. ............... 93,714.33 79,355.09 31,713.44 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ---------------------------------------- -- $270, 000. 00 July 25, 1912---------------------------------------- -- 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-__---- ------------- 101, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-- --------------------------------------- 28, 643. 88 Mar. 4, 1915---------------- -------- ------------------ 75, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------23, 213. 44 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ "28, 643. 88 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 75, 000. 00 126, 857. 32 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----- ------------------------------------ 31, 713. 44 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 95, 143. 88 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------------------- 4, 725. 67 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 90, 418. 21 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- (4) 1 $75,000 was allotted for maintenance of project depths in outer and inner harbors. It is reported under the project for dredging to 30 feet in the inner harbor, as the major portion 2 of it will probably be spent there. Completion of project is indefinitely postponed. SExclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. * See consolidated Financialsummary on p. 1428. 6 $42,000 was allotted for restoring the project depths in the 30-foot and 20-foot chan- nels. For balance of the $42,000, see report for the 20-foot channel (or 30-foot channel). 6 Allotted for maintenance of existing channels in outer and inner harbors. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1427 DREDGING CHANNELS TO 20-FOOT DEPTH FROM TURNING BASIN TO EAST AND WEST BASINS. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... . ,...................... . .. 74,448.66 ..... $..... ........... Maintenance---.. ---------------.....-------------------------... ... ,....$36,158.59 ---------- --------- Total......... . .............. ....................... 74,448.6 ------------..... 36,158.59 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- $20, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------------------------- 13, 356. 12 Mar. 4, 1915__---------------------------------------------- () July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_----- -------------- ______ 22, 802. 47 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 13, 356. 12 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ (") 36, 158. 59 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for mainte- nance of improvement------------------------- 36, 158. 59 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project--- ------------------------------- 4 22, 800. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement _.................. (5) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ 5, 751, 119.37 Maintenance __----------------------------------------- 100, 972. 31 Total ------- ------------------- ------------- 5, 852, 091. 68 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-................... .......-....................... $274, 632. 73 $207, 446. 38 $111,233.00 Maintenance..... ................................... ............ 23,100. 28 77, 872.03 Total................... .......... ................. 274,632.73 230,546.66 189,105.03 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------ $270, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------------- 352, 250. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 000. 00 1-------------------------------- Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------------------52, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------------------------------- 75, 000. 00 1 $42,000 was allotted for restoring the project depths in the 30-foot and 20-foot chan- nels. For balance of the $42,000. see report for the 20-foot channel (or 30-foot channel). 2 $75,000 was allotted for maintenance of project depths in outer and inner harbors. It is reported under the project for dredging to 30 feet in the inner harbor, as the major portion of it will probably be spent there. 3 Completion of project is indefinitely postponed. Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1 1915. 2 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 1428. 1428 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_______________--------__ $196, 459. 90 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 52, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 75, 000. 00 Receipts from sales_ --------------------- -___- 22. 50 323, 482. 40 Deductions on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915 -- 29, 000. 00 294, 482. 40 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement _________------- __ $111, 233. 00 For maintenance of improvement__------------- 77, 872. 03 189, 105. 03 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___________________________ 105, 377. 37 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__________________ 4, 725. 67 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts --------------------------------------- 4, 858.00 9, 583. 67 July 1, 1915, balance available-------------- 95, 793. 70 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ______________--______ 1235, 800. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___ __---__--_- '75, 000. 00 3. SAN LUIS OBISPO HARBOR, CAL. Location.-San Luis Obispo Harbor is 9 miles south of the city of San Luis Obispo, 204 miles northwest of Los Angeles Harbor, and 249 miles southeast of San Francisco Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5300.) Originalcondition.-The harbor is an open roadstead, protected on the west by Point San Luis. Whaler Reef, extending nearly half a mile southeasterly from Point San Luis, formed more or less of a natural breakwater, but during the winter season the harbor was ex- posed to the heavy swell caused by southerly gales. The minimum usable depths in the protected area varied from 20 to 33 feet at mean lower low water. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, as modified, is the construc- tion on Whaler Reef of a rubblestone breakwater extending from Point San Luis to Whaler Island, a distance of 336 feet, and thence southeasterly a distance of about 1,800 feet, at an estimated cost of $568,660. (See S. Doc. No. 81, 49th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Re- port for 1887, p. 2433.) The project was modified January 17, 1893, to provide for raising the structure to the height of 6 feet above mean high water, with a top width of 20 feet. In 1898 the line of the breakwater was deflected about 11 ° toward the harbor. The mean rise of all high waters above the plane of reference is 4.6 feet. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-A breakwater had been built from Point San Luis to Whaler Island and for a distance of 1,820 feet southeasterly of Whaler Island, a total distance, includ- ing the island, of 2,401 feet. The results have been to give increased security to vessels in the anchorage and at the landing. The project 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2 Completion of project is indefinitely postponed. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1429 was completed August 27, 1913, at a cost of $568,418.08, all for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The condition of the breakwater at the end of the fiscal year is practically the same as when completed. The total expenditures on the present project were $568.418.08 all for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-Since the breakwater was built to sufficient length and height to enable deep-draft vessels to lie at the wharf, this has become one of the largest oil-shipping ports on the Pacific coast. The regular oil fleet of the port consists of about 20 vessels and barges, about half of which have a capacity of 50,000 barrels each. The volume of commerce has increased 2,694 per cent in 10 years. Proposed operations.-No work is proposed, the project having been completed. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists principally of crude oil. No lines of transportation have been established or abandoned during the year. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912...--..------------------------------------------------........................................................----------........... 1,998,569 $10,367,745 1913.............................................................................-------------------- 2,137,187 8,865,418 1914............................................................................. 2,280,319 10,355,955 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $568, 418. 08 Maintenance-- ---------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... -- --..................................................... $77,223.08 $60,083.55 ........ Maintenance........... ........................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911---------------------------------------------__----- $64, 000. 00 June 23, 1.913-------------------------------------------------46, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 242. 87 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 242. 87 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF JULY 25, 1912, AND MARCH 4, 1915. The local officer was charged with the duty of making a prelimi- nary examination and survey, provided for in the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, of Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors, Cal., and their tributary waters, with a view to the improvement of said 1430 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. harbors and to their protection from the deposit of silt, considera- tion being given to the question of cooperation on the part of local interests. The reports thereon printed in House Document No. 896, Sixty-third Congress, second session, do not cover the subject of the protection of these harbors from the deposit of silt, and this matter will be treated in a separate report to be submitted after further in- vestigation. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. San Diego Harbor, Cal., with a view to widening the main channel at the Government coaling station and at other places in the harbor where widening may be needed; providing ample approaches to the municipal docks and wharves and a suitable turning basin. 2. Dominguez Creek Channel, Los Angeles Harbor, Cal. 3. Long Beach Harbor, Cal., with a view to the extension of the jetties at the harbor entrance to the 30-foot contour in San Pedro Bay and to providing and maintaining a channel 30 feet in depth and of suitable width, and with a further view of connecting the Long Beach Harbor with the Los Angeles Harbor by a channel 600 feet in width and 30 feet in depth, consideration being given to the question of cooperation on the part of local interests. 4. Ventura Harbor, Ventura County, Cal. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE FIRST SAN FRAN- CISCO, CAL., DISTRICT. This district comprises all the waterways and their tributaries along the Pacific coast from the Big Sur River, Cal. (about 124 miles south of the entrance to San Francisco Harbor), on the south to the Oregon State line on the north, except the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and their tributaries. District officer: Lieut. Col. Thos. H. Rees, Corps of Engineers, who is also division engineer. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Harbor at San Francisco, Cal... 1430 6. Petaluma Creek and Napa River, 2. Redwood Creek, Cal.......... 1433 Cal....................... 1443 3. Oakland Harbor, Cal............ 1435 7. Monterey Harbor, Cal.......... 1449 4. San Pablo Bay, Cal........... 1439 8. Humboldt Harbor and Bay, Cal. 1450 5. Suisun Channel, Cal........... 1442 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3329 TO 3344. 1. HARBOR AT SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Location.-San Francisco Harbor is the largest and most impor- tant harbor on the Pacific coast of the United States. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5500.) Original condition.-Priorto improvement the chief impediments to navigation were a number of rocks about the entrance and within the harbor. The approach to the harbor from the ocean is through the straits of the Golden Gate, with a minimum width of about a mile and a minimum usable depth at mean lower low water of 30 to RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1431 60 feet. The minimum usable depth at mean lower low water over the crest of the bar across the entrance is 32 feet, 60 feet in the north channel around the bar and 35 feet in the south channel. The head of navigation is San Francisco, about 12 miles by water from the entrance. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted in 1868 and enlarged in 1872. The amount spent on original and modified proj- ects prior to commencement of operations under the existing project was $165,927.84. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1978. Present project.-The existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and is concerned with the removal of the most dangerous submarine rocks within the harbor and about the entrance. It provided originally for the removal of Arch Rock and Shag Rocks, Nos. 1 and 2, to a depth of 30 feet at mean low water, at an estimated cost of $731,220, with no estimate for main- tenance. In 1902 this project was modified so as to include further excava- tion on Blossom Rock (partially removed under a prior project) to obtain a depth of 30 feet. The estimated cost of this extra work was $92,600 with no estimate for maintenance. All the foregoing work was completed in 1902. The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, revived the continuing contract authorization of March 3, 1899, for this project and extended it so as to include the removal of Centissima Rock to a depth of 40 feet and Rincon Reef Rocks to a depth of 35 feet,' at a total estimated cost of $170,000, with no estimate for main- tenance. (Annual Reports for 1895, p. 3254, and 1898, p. 2924; H. Doc. No. 101, 58th Cong., 1st sess.; and H. Doc. No. 1119, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) The tidal variation is 4 feet on the bar entrance for average tides and within the harbor 4.1 feet. The length of the section covered by the project is about 12 miles. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Blossom Rock and Rincon Rock were removed to a depth of 24 feet under the original project; Arch Rock and the two Shag Rocks were removed to a depth of 30 feet and Blossom Rock was lowered from 24 to 30 feet; the two Rincon Reef Rocks were removed to a depth of 35 feet; and work had been commenced on removing Centissima Rock to a depth of 40 feet. The total spent prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $343,961.66 for original work and $9,908.59 for maintenance work, a total of $353,870.25. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work of remov- ing Centissima Rock under contract was nearly completed, 1,800 cubic yards of rock having been removed during the year. San Francisco Bay was patrolled with the inspection boat Suisun to enforce the laws for the preservation of navigable waters and for the protection of vessels from floating timbers, old piles, etc. This work is under a continuing-contract authorization, and the amount remaining to be appropriated is $140,000. The expenditures during the year were $36,300 for new work and $14,954.10 for maintenance, a total of $51,254.10. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was 73.1 per cent completed at the end of the year, and the result was the elimination 1432 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of the most dangerous rocks from the path of vessels entering or leaving the port or plying within the bay. The maximum draft at mean lower low water that can be carried at the end of the fiscal year over the shoalest parts of the localities under improvement was 30 feet over Arch, Shag, and Blossom rocks, 35 feet over Rincon Reef rocks, and 38 feet over Centissima rock. The expenditures under the exist- ing adopted project up to the end of the fiscal year were $380,261.66 for new work and $24,862.69 for maintenance, a total of $405,124.35. Local cooperation.-The present project was adopted without any conditions, but local interests reclaimed the tide flats that originally separated the shore from deep water in the harbor; the State of Cali- fornia acquired the water front and has erected thereon a most ex- cellent system of docks, costing about $45,000,000 to date, including dredging approaches, with a project for many new docks to be con- structed in the near future. In addition the State maintains two large dredging plants for dredging out the slips and the approaches thereto. Effect of improvement.--The project has had no appreciable effect on freight rates, but it has been a great benefit to commerce, as it has removed the greatest hazards to shipping entering and leaving the port. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand June 30, 1915, will be exhausted in June, 1916. The inspection and survey boat Suisun will be kept in commission for patrol purposes to prevent illegal dumping within the harbor and to prevent encroachments on the tidal prism by unauthorized reclamation work along the shores of the bay. This will be for the general maintenance of existing depths in the channels within the bay and over the bar across the entrance. This boat is used on other works of the district and the cost of its operation is apportioned among the several appropriations according to the services rendered. The estimate will be divided about as follows: Pro rata cost of operation and repairs of patrol boat Suisun-------- $12, 000 Engineering and contingencies ---------------------------------- 3, 000 Total ---------------------------------------------- 15, 000 There has been no deterioration of improvements at this locality. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this locality consists of lumber, building materials, crude oil, grain, coal, Chinese merchan- dise, fruit, vegetables, groceries, etc., and the amount and value for the last three calendar years were as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 -------------------------------------------------------.... 8,368, 280 $400, 862,864 1913 ......................................... ...... ... ... 1913----------------------------------------------------------------- 9,353,530 9,35,530 539,980,306 539,90,306 1914 ............ .... ........... ................. 9, 907 549 554, 063, 227 The commerce of the port is increasing. The opening of the Pan- ama Canal during the year caused the establishment of new steam- ship lines connecting with the Atlantic coast of the United States and European ports. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1433 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work 189. 50 $546---------------------------- Maintenance ------------------------ ----------------- 24, 862. 69 Total ------------------------------------------- 571, 052. 19 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.....................................-------- ....... .. .......... . $16,402.74 $1,165.27 $36,300.00 9,908.59 14,954.10 Maintenance.................------------------.............................. Total.......---- ..........----- ..........----.... .... ..--.......... . 16,402.74 11,073.86 51,254.10 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911--------------------------------------------------$30, 000. 00 June 23, 1913------------------ ------------------------------- 110, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------------12, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -________________________ -1102, 659. 43 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 12, 000. 00 114, 659. 43 June 30, 3915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement______________________ $36, 300. 00 For maintenance of improvement 954. 10 1-----------------4, 51, 254. 10 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended 3, 405. 33 6----------------------------- July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _______________ $12, 195. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 16, 500. 00 28, 695. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------------------- 34, 710. 33 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 3, 1899__ 500, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization------------------ 360, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated------------------------- -------- 140, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement--------------------- 2 15, 000. 00 2. REDWOOD CREEK, CAL. Location.-The creek is largely a tidal stream, but the drainage water from the hills west of Redwood City empties into it. It flows northeasterly and empties into San Francisco Bay about 25 miles south of the city of San Francisco. The creek is 54 miles long, the section under improvement is 31 miles long, and its lower end is 21 miles from the mouth of the creek. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5500.) Originalcondition.-In its original condition this creek was dry at low water in a number of places. The channel had a width of from 80 to 400 feet and was used only during the medium or higher stages 1Difference of $3.42 between this amount and that contained in Annual Report for 1914 is caused by reimbursable item being included in expenditures for 1914. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1434 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of the tide. The minimum usable depth at mean lower low water is 2 feet. The head of navigation is Redwood City, Cal. The navi- gable portion is 51 miles long. Previous projects.-The act of July 5, 1884, adopted the original project. This was modified by the act of June 13, 1902. The amount spent on original and modified projects prior to commencement of operations under the existing project was $31,442.66. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1979. Present project.-The existing project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for dredging a channel 150 feet wide and 5 feet deep at mean lower low water from San Francisco Bay up to the city dock, about three-fourths mile below Redwood City. The estimated cost of the original work was $12,000, with $1,500 for annual maintenance. (See H. Doc. 307, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The tidal range is about 8 feet. The improved section is 31 miles long. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The creek was dredged out originally and the work completed in 1889. Since then it has been redredged from time to time to overcome natural silting, and the channel has been made deeper and wider under later projects. The amount expended prior to beginning of fiscal year but sube- quent to expenditures reported under previous projects was $10,320.80 for new work and $4.83 for maintenance, making a total of $10,325.63. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the year. The expenditures ($90.22) were for a survey of shoals. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The channel called for by ap- proved project was completed in 1911, since which time considerable shoaling has taken place, so that the shoalest parts of the channel are now dry at low water. The original work under the project was completed for less than the estimate, the amount of the saving being 14 per cent of the estimate. The amount expended on existing adopted project was $10,320.80 for new work and $95.05 for main- tenance, making a total of $10,415.85. Local cooperation.-The project was adopted without any condi- tions. Local interests have paid for dredging in the upper end of the creek for public use to the extent of $3,771 and have constructed a municipal wharf at a cost of about $5,300. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has given Redwood City the advantage of competition by water transportation and rail- road rates have been materially reduced on account thereof, but exact data has not been collected. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand will be exhausted by June, 1916. The funds estimated will be used as follows: Redredging channel by contract for maintenance, 65,000 cubic yards, at 15 cents per cubic yard ------ ------------------------------ $9, 750 Engineering expenses and contingencies ----------------------------- 500 Total 250 1------------------------- No work has been done at this locality since 1911 and the accumu- lated silting within the dredged channel amounts to 40,000 cubic yards. The work to be undertaken at once will relieve the most pressing needs of commerce, but the additional funds estimated will be needed to complete the redredging to full project dimensions, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1435 together with the additional silting that will accumulate in the interim. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of hides, leather, flour, fish, salt, etc., and amounted to 26,367 short tons, valued at $1,457,259. The total tonnage for the last three years was as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 19121 ............................................................... 51,495 $860,810 19131 ............................................................. ........ 19141 .......................................................................... 26,367 1,457,259 1 Statistics for 1912 reported by local interests; statistics for 1913 could not be obtained; statistics for 1914 collected by this office from individual cargoes; the apparent discrepancy is not due to any changes, but to mistakes in reporting for 1912. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------- ------------------------------ $41, 763. 46 Maintenance ______--------------9-------------- _ 5. 05 Total-------------- ------------------------------- 41, 858. 51 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............................................. ................ Maintenance ........................... ........ .................... .. .. ....... 4.83 $90.22 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913 ---------- ------------------------------- $3,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 4, 674. 37 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement -------------------------------------------- 90. 22 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------_____ 4, 584. 15 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities- --. --------- - - - 11. 45 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------_____ 4, 572. 70 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_ ........... -___- 110,250.00 3. OAKLAND HARBOR, CAL. Location.-This harbor is on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, Cal., opposite the center of the city of San Francisco. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5500.) Originalcondition.-Originallythis waterway was a shallow tidal estuary, and commerce was possible only at the higher stages of the tide. The channel had a general width of 500 feet and a minimum 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1436 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. usable depth at mean lower low water of 2 feet. The head of naviga- tion was Brooklyn Basin, at upper part of the city of Oakland, Cal., and about 5 miles from the mouth of the estuary. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 24, 1874, and modified by the river and harbor acts of June 13, 1902, and March 2, 1907. The amount expended on the original and modified projects prior to commencement of opera- tions under the existing project was $3,420,947.93. For a statement of the scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1979. Present project.-The existing project, which was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, contemplates a channel 500 feet wide and 30 feet deep at mean lower low water from deep water in San Francisco Bay through Oakland Estuary to Brooklyn Basin, a distance of about 5 miles, 300 feet wide and 25 feet deep around said basin, and 18 feet deep through the Oakland Tidal Canal to San Leandro Bay, a farther distance of 41 miles. By spe- cial stipulation this act provides for putting three highway draw- bridges across the tidal canal in condition for operation of draws and transferring them to local authorities for maintenance and oper- ation. These bridges were built under a prior project and were maintained as fixed bridges out of the general appropriation but were not operated as drawbridges. The jetties built under the orig- inal project are free from deterioration and need no maintenance; the tidal basin and tidal canal, constructed under the same project, are not maintained for tidal-scouring purposes but have been con- verted into commercial waterways for the use of navigation. The tidal range is 4.8 feet. The total length of the section included in the project is 9 miles. The approved estimate of cost of the new work was $1,100,000, with $25,000 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 647, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-With a view to increasing the tidal scour, to assist in deepening and maintaining the main channel, two parallel high jetties were built across the shoal at the entrance to Oakland Inner Harbor; dredging was done to increase the tidal prism in Brooklyn Basin, a natural tidal basin at the upper end of the channel; and a canal was excavated to con- nect with San Leandro Bay to make it serve as an auxiliary tidal basin. As this canal crossed two railroads and three public highways, three suitable bridges were built to carry the traffic on these highways across the canal. The jetties at the entrance were built of stone and are not subject to disintegration; the north jetty is 9,100 feet long and the south jetty is 11,750 feet long. Brooklyn Basin is about a mile long and about a half mile wide. As Sausal Creek carried detritus into the tidal canal, it was diverted into San Leandro Bay by dredging an artificial outlet. The tidal scour proved inefficacious, so that the tidal basins soon fell into disuse as such, but Brooklyn Basin has been developed into a commercial waterway by dredging a channel around it. The tidal canal is used as a commercial water- way also. Dredging, commenced in 1876, has been continued with but few interruptions to the present time, and has been the means of providing a channel 30 feet deep, 300 to 500 feet wide, from deep water in San Francisco Bay to Brooklyn Basin; 25 feet deep and RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1437 200 feet wide around Brooklyn Basin; and 10 feet deep, 300 feet wide, through the tidal canal. The amount expended on existing project prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $487,403.29 for new work and $159,561.20 for maintenance, making the total cost $646,964.49. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-At the commence- ment of the year work was in progress under contract for dredging a channel under the approved project 25 feet deep and 200 feet wide along the north side of the tidal basin for a length of 7,900 feet. Work was continued under this contract and completed on March 16, 1915, at a cost of $134,019 for-the year. During the year a second contract was entered into for widening the channel 200 feet along the Alameda shore of the estuary. Work was begun in April, 1915, and continued throughout the rest of the year. The above was partly new work, but the larger part of it was redredging de- posits within the areas of previous dredging and was therefore for maintenance. The locality was also patrolled with a Government launch in connection with other improvements in the district to pre- vent illegal dumping in navigable water. The pro rata total cost of this item of expenditure was $4,800. The net result of the year's work comprises channels 200 feet wide dredged for a length of 7,900 feet and widening a 300-foot channel to a width of 500 feet for a length of 3,000 feet. The expenditures during the year were $81,192.90 for new work and $89,727.17 for maintenance, a total of $170,920.07. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--A channel has been dredged 30 feet deep and from 300 to 500 feet wide from deep water in San Francisco Bay to the tidal basin and a channel dredged 200 feet wide and 25 feet deep around the greater part of the tidal basin. The approved project is 65 per cent completed. The maximum draft that can be carried at the end of the year over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement is 25 feet at mean lower low water up to the tidal basin and 25 feet around the north side of the tidal basin and 13 feet through the south side. The expenditures under the existing project for new work are $568,596.19, and $249,288.37 for maintenance, a total of $817,884.56. Local cooperation.-The present project was adopted without any conditions being imposed. The city of Oakland has built municipal wharves, piers, and a quay wall for the benefit of the public, at a cost to date of $679,853.91, and in addition dredged up to and around piers, etc., at a total cost to date of $342,950.28. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has provided a well- protected deep-water harbor for a large port and has eliminated the former expenses for lightering ocean freight across from San Fran- cisco Harbor. Freight rates have been reduced because of the in- creased volume of commerce and deeper draft allowed for vessels. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand June 30, 1915, will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. The work of dredging will be con- tinued under approved project, either by contract or with Govern- ment dredge San Pablo, now building, as may be most economical and advantageous, and the harbor will be patrolled with inspection boat Suisun to prevent illegal dumping or other damage to navigable waters. The funds estimated will be apportioned about as follows: 1438 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Dredging-------------------- __ $100, 000 Pro rata cost of operation and repairs of inspection boat Suisun_ 1, 500 Engineering and contingencies ............ 5, 000 Total ---------------------------------------------- 106, 500 Commerial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of lumber, building materials, fuel oil, coal, farm products, and general merchandise, and amounted to 2,608,402 short tons, valued at $196,114,563.70. The total tonnage for the last three cal- endar years was as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 ......... ....... ...... ........ .......................... 3,933,481 $159,317,632 1913................................... 3,413,980 183,441,743 1914............. ........................................... 2,608,402 196,114,563 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------ ---------------------------------- $3, 944, 328. 00 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 294, 504. 49 Total --- ------ ------------------- ----- 4, 238, 832. 49 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............... .... ...... ... ............ ... .................. 85,450.79 $217,157.57 $81,192.90 Maintenance ....................................................... 69, 861.00 76,187. 32 89, 727.17 Total....................... .................. ............ 155,311.79 293,344.89 170,920.07 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911_ -------------------------------------------- - $150, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_ ------------------------------------------- 130, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_ --------------------------- ,-----,--,,----- 275, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914__ ------------------------------------------- 98, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-- ---- ,---,------- ------ , -- ,---,-,,,,,, -- 80, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _______ 1171, 155. 93 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 98, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 80, 000.00 349, 155. 93 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ______------ -__ $81, 192. 90 For maintenance of improvement- -_____----89, 727. 17 170, 920. 07 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____ 178, 235.86 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities- -- __ __ _ 15, 477. 22 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts ------------------------------------- 19, 602. 22 35, 079. 44 July 1, 1915, balance available - ________________ 143, 156. 42 1 The difference of $46.25 between this amount and that contained in Annual Report for 1914 is caused by $35 being included in "Miscellaneous receipts" twice, and by $11.25 being erroneously included in the amount reimbursable for that report. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1439 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-----------------------------------1 $265, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for mainte- nance ------------------ ----------------------------- 106, 500. 00 4. SAN PABLO BAY, CAL. Location.-San Pablo Bay is about 10 miles northeast of San Francisco Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5500.) It is 12 miles long by 6 miles wide, and the section included in the project is about 5 miles long. Original condition.-Beforeimprovement there was a shoal, known as Pinole Shoal, with a minimum usable depth over it of 19 feet at mean lower low water, lying across the course of vessels going to and from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, Mare Island Navy Yard, Vallejo, Port Costa, Oleum, and other upper San Pablo Bay commercial ports. Navigation for ocean-going steamers was possible only at the highest stages of the tide. The head of deep-water navi- gation is Bulls Head, above Martinez, Cal., and the navigable channel affected by this project is 30 miles long. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. The amount expended on this project prior to commencement of operations under the existing project was $335,165.33, not including $22,422.40 recovered subse- quently through the Court of Claims. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1981. Present project.-The existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of February 27, 1911, and provides for dredging a channel in San Pablo Bay 27,000 feet long, 500 feet wide, and 30 feet deep at mean lower low water, and also includes a Government dredge for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 1103, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) This document also includes additional work in Mare Island Strait, etc., at an estimated cost of $1,007,000, which is being carried out under the direction of the Navy Department. The total estimated cost of the War Department part of the project is $760,000, $510,000 of which is for dredging under contract and $250,000 for the con- struction of a Government dredge for maintenance. The cost of maintenance is estimated at $100,000 per annum. The tidal range is 5 feet. The object of the improvement is to permit the large volume of deep-water tonnage to reach the head of navigation and other ports on San Pablo Bay, and also to permit Navy vessels to reach Mare Island Navy Yard. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--A 300-foot channel was dredged across Pinole Shoal, but was obliterated in a very short time. A new channel 500 feet wide, located more advantageously with relation to the currents, was then dredged, and a sheet-pile dike 8,400 feet long was constructed off the southwest corner of Mare Island. Preparations were completed for the construction of a sea- going hopper dredge authorized for maintenance of the channel. The amount spent for original work under the existing project prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $527,347.33 and $10,000 for maintenance, making a total of $537,347.33. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1440 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the year the construction of the dredge San Pablo under contract was carried on, and the locality was patrolled to prevent infractions of War Department fishing regulations and other laws for the preservation and protection of Government works in navigable waters. The expenditures during the year for new work were $116,512.68, of which $94,090.28 was for construction of the dredge; the amount spent for maintenance was $813.33, making a total of $117,752.14. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The dredging part of project was 100 per cent completed on June 30, 1915, at slightly less than estimated cost, and the result accomplished was a channel dredged 500 feet wide, 31 feet deep, and 27,200 feet long across Pinole Shoal; also a Government dredge for maintenance 53 per cent com- pleted. The maximum draft that can be carried over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement is 24.7 feet at mean lower low water. The expenditures under the existing project to June 30, 1915, have been $643,860.01 for new work and $10,813.33 for main- tenance, making a total of $654,673.34, including work on dredge San Pablo, and the sum of $22,422.40 paid on a judgment by the Court of Claims. Local cooperation.-The present project was adopted without any conditions. being imposed. Local interests have expended about $450,000 on public docks, piers, and ferry slips, and about $90,000 in dredging approaches to those docks, etc. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has materially in- creased the commerce of San Pablo Bay points by making it possible for deep-draft ocean vessels to land direct at the desired destination. There is no opportunity for competition with the railroad rates, but the improvement has materially reduced the cost of shipping for this locality. The exact effect on freight rates has not been determined. Proposed operations.-The funds available June 30, 1915, will be exhausted about June, 1916. The additional funds required will be used for redredging the channel across Pinole Shoal with Govern- ment dredge and for patrol of the waters of the bay, as follows: Operation and repairs of one seagoing dredge, 12 months, at $8,000 per month-- -------------------------------------------- $96, 000 Pro rata cost of operation of patrol boat, 12 months, at $375 per month- 4, 500 Engineering expenses and contingencies_-- -_____----_______ ___ 5, 000 Total ----------------------------- --------- -------- 105, 500 The deterioration that has taken place consists of silting in the ship channel and amounts to 1,226,000 cubic yards. Commercial statistics.-The total commerce passing over this im- provement during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 3,892,186 short tons, valued at $115,044,008, and consisted of fuel oil, raw sugar, flour, grain, farm products, and naval supplies. The commerce of the locality is increasing. The total tonnage for the last three calendar years was as follows.: RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1441 Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Valuation. 19121 ............ .................................................... 1913 ............................................................. 3,464,379 $110,373,436 1914 ........................................................... 3,892,186 115,044,008 1 No statistics for calendar year 1912 were obtained. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work- - - - - - - - - $979, 025. 34 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 10, 813. 33 Total ------------------------------------------- 989, 838. 67 Amount expended during fiscal year ending Iune 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............ ................................. $286,338.83 $158,785.10 $116,512.68 Maintenance ....................................................... 10,000.00 813.33 Total .................. ....... ................ 286, 338.83 168, 785.10 117, 752.14 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------- -------------------------------- $400, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 ------------------------------------------------- 122, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---- ----------------------------------------- 40, 000. 00 June 23, 1913--- ---------------------------------------- 238, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 22, 422. 40 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ -___ - - ____280, --- 655. 75 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 15, 000. 00 Amount allotted for emergency deficiency act of Mar. 4, 1915____ 22, 422. 40 318, 078.15 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement________--------- $116, 512. 68 For maintenance of improvement--------------- 813. 33 117, 326. 01 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_------------ -_-- ____ _-- 200, 752. 14 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ____-- ________ 363. 59 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 120, 610. 65 120, 974. 24 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------- 79, 777. 90 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___ _______----_ ' 105, 500. 00 1The difference of $11.25 between this amount and that contained in Annual Report for 1914 is caused by reimbursable item not being deducted from expenditures for 1914. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373 0 -E-NG 1915---91 1442 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 5. SUISUN CHANNEL, CAL. Location.-This stream is a tidal inlet from Suisun Bay, Cal., about 30 miles northeast of San Francisco Harbor. The section under improvement is about 2 miles long, and its lower end is about 15 miles from the mouth. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5500.) Original condition.--Originally navigation in the upper one-half mile was possible only at the highest stages of the tide. The width of the channel varied, from 600 feet in the lower section to about 80 feet in the upper section, and the minimum usable depth at mean lower low water varied from 17 feet in the lower section to zero in the upper section. The head of navigation is the town of Suisun. The navigable portion is 17 miles in length. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and modified by the act of March 4, 1913, contemplates dredging a channel 80 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean lower low water up to the head of navigation with a harbor 1,400 feet long by 150 feet wide and 6 feet deep at the upper end. The tidal range is about 7 feet. The section included in the project is 2 miles in length. The approved estimate of cost was $25,000 for original work and $2,000 for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 1110, 60th Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The necessary dredging was done in the upper part of the waterway to obtain the channel and harbor dimensions required by the project. The amount spent prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $16,542.53 for original work and $2,000 for maintenance, making a total of $18,542.53. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done at this locality during the year. The expenditure of $17.30 was for obligations incurred during the preceding year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-All original work under the project has been completed and there has been obtained a chan- nel and harbor at the head of navigation sufficient for all present and prospective commerce. The maximum draft that can be car- ried at end of fiscal year over shoalest part of locality under improve- ment is 6 feet at mean lower low water. The total expenditures under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year was $16,542.53 for new work and $2,017.30 for maintenance, making a total of $18,559.83. The project was completed at 33 per cent less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.-The original project required that right-of- way for cut-off be furnished free of cost to the United States and this was done, although the cut-off was later eliminated by a modification in the project by the act of March 4, 1913. Local interests have done dredging to the amount of over $8,000 in extension of the work done by the Government. Effect of improvement.-By affording competition with the rail- roads this improvement has secured a very material reduction in freight rates for this locality, but full exact data has not been col- lected. However, most of the freight still goes by railroad. More and more use of the improvements will probably be made in the future. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1443 Proposed operations.-The funds on hand are sufficient for all work proposed. There has been no deterioration in the works at this locality. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted mostly of fuel oil and amounted to 65,109.5 short tons, valued at $543,506.17. A regular line of steamers was established as a result of the improvement, but this was abandoned during the year owing to competition by the railroad. The total tonnage for the last three calendar years was as follows: Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912------..-.....----....--..................------------................................................ 62,226 $692,096.00 1913------..-.....--.......................................................------------------------------------------------...----...... 57,226 559,731.00 1914-------------------------------------------------------------............................................................................. 65,109.5 543,506.17 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $16, 542. 53 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 2, 017. 30 Total ----------------------- ---------------------------- 18, 559. 83 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ... .... ......----------------------------------------------- $119.23 $16,289.75 ...... Maintenance...---------------------------------------------------2,000.00 $17.30 Total ------.....----------...--... ........---------------------------............... 119.23 18,289.75 17.30 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years ,nly.] Mar. 4, 1913------- ______------------- $14, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------- 8, 457. 47 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement.------------------------ 17. 30 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 8, 440.17 6. PETALUMA CREEK AND NAPA RIVER, CAL. (A) PETALUMA CREEK, CAL. Location.--This stream rises in the hills north of Petaluma, Cal., flows in a southerly direction over a length of 20 miles and empties into San Pablo Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5500.) The section included in the project is 16 miles long and its lower end is at the mouth of the creek. Original condition.-Originally this creek was very crooked, dry in many places at low tide, and navigation was possible only at the highest stages of the tide. In the lower section the channel was about 600 feet wide and in the upper section 80 feet wide. The head 1444 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of navigation is Petaluma, Cal. The navigable portion is 16 miles long. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, and modified by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892. The amount expended on original and modified projects prior to commencement of operations under the existing project was $67,808.52. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1982. Present project.-The existing project adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, provides for dredging a channel 50 feet wide (bottom width) and 6 feet deep at mean lower low water from the mouth to McNears Canal, and 4 feet deep with the same width, thence to the head of navigation. The tidal range is about 8 feet. The length of the section included in the.project is 16 miles. The approved estimate of cost was $15,239 for new work and $2,600 annually for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 387, 59th Cong., 1st sess. ) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Originallya very shallow channel was dredged up to the head of navigation and three cut-offs made to straighten out the worst bends. Later a deeper channel was dredged and a channel cut through a shoal in San Pablo Bay with emergency funds. The amount expended since completion of previous project and prior to beginning of the fiscal year was $42,406.23 for new work, including the channel in San Pablo Bay, and $21,895.95 for maintenance, making the total cost $64,302.18. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-In continuation of work begun in the previous year the channel was dredged under two contracts up to the head of navigation, 19,110 cubic yards of excava- tion being redredging for maintenance, at a contract price of $4,777.50, and 10,174 cubic yards being mostly new work, in a cut- off above the Washington Street Bridge, at a contract price of $3,357.42, $2,500 of which was contributed by local interests. A total of 14,000 linear feet of channel was dredged, and the total expendi- tures were $2,500 for new work by local interests and $11,098.93 for maintenance by the United States, making a total of $13,598.93, including contributed funds. Condition at end of fiscal year.-All work under the project, except maintenance, has been completed. The maximum draft that can be carried at mean lower low water over the shoalest part under im- provement was 2 feet, to McNears Canal, and thence to the head of navigation. The creek was dry at low water at end of fiscal year. ' The expenditures under the existing project for new work are $42,406.23 by the United States and $2,500 by local interests, a total of $44,- 906.23 and $32,994.88 for maintenance, a total of $77,901.11. All new work under the project was completed at a saving of 3.41 per cent on the estimate. Local cooperation.-The project was adopted without any condi- tions being imposed. Work done by local interests for the benefit of the public amounts to about $92,000 for dredging in a branch canal, $5,000 for municipal wharves and bulkhead, and about $26,000 for dredging in the creek and cut-offs. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1445 Effect of improvement.--It is believed that this improvement has effected a material reduction in freight rates by affording competi- tion with the railroads. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand June 30, 1915, will be exhausted in June, 1916. With the additional funds requested it is proposed to do the usual dredging required on account of the silting caused by high water of the rainy season. The amount of such silt- ing is now 119,523 cubic yards. The expenditure of the funds will be distributed as follows: Dredging by contract- ------------------------------ $17, 500 Pro rata cost of operating patrol boat---------------------------- 2, 000 Engineering and inspection expenses-----------------------------2, 000 Total ----------------------------------------------- 21, 500 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of grain, flour, lumber, building materials, etc., and amounted to 221,478 short tons valued at $17,145,773. The total ton- nage for the last three years was as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 223,403 $12,338,340 1912...........-------------..........--............-----------------------------------------........ 231,725 12,719,747 1913....----...--....-........------.............--------------------------------------------------.. 1914............................................................................. 221,478 17,145,773 The apparent marked increase in 1914 in value of the commerce with a decrease in the tonnage is due to a more thorough method of collecting statistics and appraising values and not to any correspond- ing actual changes. Financialsummary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- ------------------------------------ $110, 214.75 Maintenance----- --------------------------- ---- 32, 994. 88 Total--..--..------------------------- -------------- 143, 209. 63 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ...................................... ....... .. Maintenance ..........................................................-...... $7,517.30 $11,098.93 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------- ----------------------------------- $7, 000. 00 Feb. 17, 1912--------------------------------------------------16, 659. 00 July 25, 1912 ---------------------------------------------- 6, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------ 13,.000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-- --------- -------------------------------- 14, 000. 00 1 Allotted from emergency act of Mar. 3, 1909. 1446 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _------_-_------_------$11, 482. 70 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 14, 000. 00 25, 482. 70 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement-- ------------------------------------- 11, 098. 93 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____--- ----- __----------- 14, 383. 77 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__- ------------------------ 10.95 July 1, 1915, balance available___________________---_--___ 14, 372. 82 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement___________-------- (1) CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------------- $2, 500 Maintenance---------- --------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work... ................................................................. $2, 500 Maintenance......................................... .... ..................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 10, 1914, contributed by private parties_ ________-__________-__ $2, 500 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improve- ment------------- ------------------------------------ 2, 500 (B) NAPA RIVER, CAL. Location.-Napa River rises in the St. Helena Mountains, flows in a southerly direction, and empties into Mare Island Strait, an arm of San Pablo Bay. The river has a length of 45 miles, the length of the section included in the project is 18 miles, and its lower end is at the mouth. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5500.) Original condition.-Before improvement the river had a minimum usable depth at mean lower low water of 10 feet and width of 300 feet for the first 12 miles above the mouth and about 1 foot to the crest of the bars and width of 125 feet in the next 6 miles to the city of Napa, Cal., the head of navigation. Navigation then was possible only at the highest stages of the tide. The navigable portion is 18 miles long. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project provides for dredging, re- moving Lone Tree Reef (rock), and removing snags and overhanging trees to obtain and maintain a channel 75 feet wide and 4 feet deep at mean lower low water to the head of navigation, at an estimated cost of $27,600, with no estimate for maintenance. The tidal range is 5 feet. The length of the section included in the project is 18 miles. (See Anual Report for 1885, p. 2343.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 1449. IIVER ANDI HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1447 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-,-The channel of the river was dredged about 25 years ago, but the projecting points of land mentioned in the project were not cut off. The only work done since then has been occasional redredging for maintenance. The amount spent prior to the fiscal year was $27,555.55 for new work and $27,747.55 for maintenance, a total of $55,303.10. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the year, except a survey to determine the present depths, for which the expenditures were $236.95. Condition at the end of the fiscal year--The project was com- pleted some 25 years ago, at a cost slightly below the estimate, but without cutting off any of the projecting points of land originally contemplated. The maximum draft that can be carried at end of fiscal year over the shoalest part of the improvement is 2.5 feet at mean lower low water. The total expenditures under the existing project up to end of fiscal year were $27,555.55 for new work and $27,984.50 for maintenance, making a total of 55,540.05. Local cooperation.-The project was adopted without any special conditions being imposed, but local interests have dredged about 325,000 cubic yards of material from the channel of the river for the benefit of the public, at a cost of about $62,500, including work by the State of California. The city of Napa, at a cost of $6,000, has ac- quired the rights of way for two proposed cut-offs. Effect of improvement.-The improvement affords competition with the railroad, and freight rates lower on the river than on the railroad are materially less than they would be without this water competition, but full exact data has not been collected. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand June 30, 1915, will be exhausted in June, 1916. With the additional funds requested, it is proposed to do the usual annual dredging required on account of the silting caused by high water of the rainy season. The amount of such silting is now 15,000 cubic yards and more will accumulate during the year. The expenditure of the funds requested will be distributed as follows: Dredging by contract---------------------------------------------$8,100 Pro rata cost of operating patrol boat -------------------------------- 500 Engineering and inspection 400 Total --------------------- --------------------------------- 9, 000 Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of lumber, building materials, crude oil, fruits and vege- tables, general merchandise, grain, mineral water, etc., and amounted to 186,704 short tons valued at $5,866,065. The total tonnage for the last 3 years was as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....... ... ................ .... ..... .. ........ ...... ........ ................... 211,060 $8,023,665 1913 ............................................................................ 222,938 5,742,408 1914 .......................................................................... 186,704 5,866 065 1448 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $27, 555. 55 Maintenance ------------------ ------------------------ 27, 984. 50 Total _--_--_----------- ------------ 55, 540. 05 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................................................... Maintenance.... ...................................... $97.17 8, 374.32 $236.95 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------------------------------------------------$4, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 --------------------------------------------- 3,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------- 5,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __ -__-_________ _______ 6, 626. 26 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_.. 1, 000. 00 7, 626. 26 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement- - ----------- ------- 236. 95 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 7, 389. 31 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities- - --------------------- 12. 25 July 1, 1915, balance available_____------------------------------------ 7, 377. 06 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-------- -- () CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $140, 270. 30 Maintenance_ .. ----------------------- 60, 979. 38 Total------------------- ------------------------ 201, 249. 68 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................... .................................... $2,500.00 Maintenance ............................................. $97.17 $15,891.62 11,335.88 Total..................... ....................... 97.17 15,891.62 13,835.88 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------- $11, 000. 00 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------------- 9,000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------------18, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------- ------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 1 See consolidated Financial summary on p. 1449. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1449 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- $18,108. 96 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 15, 000. 00 July 10, 1914, contributed by private parties-.....------------------- 2, 500. 00 35, 608. 96 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ---------------- $2, 500.00 For maintenance of improvement --------- ___ 11, 335. 88 13, 835. 88 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__ ---------------------- _ 21, 773. 08 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------- ------ 23. 20 July 1, 1915, balance available_ ____ __------_____--___-21, 749. 88 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June. 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement.__ -____________ 130, 500.00 7. MONTEREY HARBOR, CAL. Location.-This harbor is 95 miles south of San Francisco Harbor. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5500.) Original condition.-The harbor depths and dimensions being sufficient, the only obstructions to navigation are the heavy ocean swells that sweep over the harbor almost continually, making it im- possible to anchor vessels at wharves or landings for any length of time. The harbor is about 3,000 feet long by 1,700 feet wide. It has a minimum usable depth at mean lower low water of 18 feet in the inner parts and increasing to 60 feet at the outer part. The head of navigation is the city of Monterey, Cal. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project provides for building a breakwater 2,000 feet long, 10 feet above mean lower low water, and 15 feet wide on the top, at an estimated cost of $800,000 for original work with no estimate for maintenance. The tidal range is 3.4 feet. (See H. Doc. No. 1084, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-No work has been done and no expenditures made as yet. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work has been undertaken at this locality yet and no expenditures made. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-Work has not been begun on this improvement and no expenditures have been made. The maximum draft that can be carried at the end of the fiscal year up to the wharf at Monterey is 24 feet at mean lower low water. Local cooperation.-The act adopting the project required local interests to contribute $200,000 toward meeting the cost of the work and to give satisfactory assurances to the Secretary of War that a railroad connecting Monterey with the San Joaquin Valley will be built if the breakwater is constructed. The $200,000 has been pro- vided but to date the condition as to the building of the railroad has not been fulfilled. Effect of improvement.-No improvement has been made yet. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed pending com- pliance with the conditions imposed by the enabling act. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1450 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The commerce for the calendar year 1914 consisted of lumber, building materials, crude oil, and general mer- chandise, and amounted to.767,533 short tons valued at $4,001,158. The total tonnage for the last three years was as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912....................................... .. .............................. 650,290 $4,080,978 1913. ............................................................. 647,789 3,816,956 -------------------------------------------------------------- 1914 ............................................................................ 767,533 767,533 4,001,158 4,001,158 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: Nothing. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------- 200, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __----------------------------200, 000. 00 Deduction on account of transfer to other works under authority of the river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915---------------200, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------------------------- 600, 000. 00 8. HUMBOLDT HARBOR AND BAY, CAL. (A) REBUILDING JETTIES. Location.-This locality is 220 miles north of San Francisco and 325 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River, Oreg. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5800.) Original condition.-Priorto improvement the channel at the en- trance had a width of about 600 feet generally, with a minimum usable depth at mean lower low water of from 12 to 15 feet. The head of navigation is principally at Eureka, Cal., distant 61 miles from the entrance, although there are considerable shipments origi- nating at Fields Landing, Arcata, and Samoa. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted in 1884 and modified in 1888 and again in 1891 by the Chief of Engineers. These modifications were impliedly confirmed by the acts of September 19, 1890, and July 13, 1892, respectively. A total of $2,178,704.14 was ex- pended on the original and modified projects, including the channel in front of Eureka, prior to operations under the existing project. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1982. Present project.-The existing project, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, provides for rebuilding the two jetties at the entrance which were originally built under a prior project and worn down by storms and wave action. The object is to confine and direct the current so as to scour a channel about 500 feet wide and 30 feet deep across the bar. The mean tidal range is 4.3 feet, with an extreme range of 11 feet, and there is no material difference in the tidal range at different points. The length of the jetty channel is 1 miles. The approved revised estimate of cost of original work is RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1451 $1,737,400, with no approved estimate of cost of maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 950, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work was com- menced with the object of obtaining a single low-water south jetty, but when it was about half completed the project was changed and work was commenced on a second jetty on the north side. Both jetties were raised to the plane of high water and extended out to the 18-foot contour. The result was an excellent channel 30 feet deep straight to sea, but the jetties deteriorated rapidly until almost obliterated, and coincidently therewith sand bars accumulated across the entrance, leaving only a narrow channel of about 16 feet depth generally, crooked and very difficult to navigate. After a delay of several years the rebuilding of the jetties was undertaken on a more substantial scale, and so far the south jetty has been practically com- pleted with preliminary work commenced on the north jetty. The result of this new work has been to straighten the channel across the bar and increase its depth to 23 feet. The amount spent for original work prior to the beginning of the fiscal year was $845,792,63 for new work and $75,000 for maintenance, making a total of $920,792.63. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-At the beginning of the year work was in progress obtaining stone under contract and placing it in the south jetty by hired labor. The funds were exhausted early in the year and the work shut down. Work was resumed in February, 1915, and continued throughout the rest of the fiscal year under the same arrangement as above. A total of 103,145 tons of rock was placed in the south jetty. Besides replacing rock washed away by storms and transferring the Government plant to the north jetty, the south jetty was extended 174 linear feet and pre- liminary work was commenced on the north jetty. The amount spent for new work was $142,019.81, with $115,000 spent for mainte- nance, including repairs to Government plant, jetty, roadbed and track, and concrete cap, making a total of $257,019.81. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the end of the fiscal year the approved project was about 65 per cent completed. The portion of the jetties completed has greatly improved the entrance channel, making it 7 feet deeper than in 1911 and straighter out to sea, and reducing the distance across the 30-foot shoal from 3,500 in 1911 to 600 feet in June, 1915. The maximum draft that can be carried June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the locality under improve- ment is 23 feet at mean lower low water. The expenditures under the existing adopted project were $987,- 812.44 for new work and $190,000 for maintenance, making a total of $1,177,812.44. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has made the crossing of the bar very much safer, and the freight rate on lumber, the prin- cipal item of commerce, has been reduced from $3 to $2.50 per thou- sand feet board measure. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand will be used in obtain- ing stone under contract and placing it in the north jetty by hired labor with Government plant, and will be exhausted by June, 1916. The funds for which estimate is submitted will be used in continuing this work until June 30, 1917, and in repairing damage to both north and south jetties by storms, etc., as follows: 1452 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. NEW WORK. North jetty: About 170,000 tons of stone, obtaied under contract___ $265, 000 Placing above stone by hired labor, at 25 cents per ton__ 42, 500 About 1,300 linear feet of concrete cap, at $23 per foot__ 30, 000 Operation of north jetty railroad and cranes, 10 months, at $2,000 per month---------------------------- 20, 000 Operation of and repairs to launch Clyde, 12 months, at $150 per month______________---------------- 1,800 Superintendance and contingencies -------------- 15, 700 $375,000 MAINTENANCE. South jetty: Repairs to south jetty wharf, damaged by teredo, etc___ 2, 500 Tracks to end of enrockment, including crossovers and siding ------------------------------------ 14, 000 One 10-ton derrick, donkey engine, and shelter--------- 2, 500 Track scales, scale house, etc_____________________- 1, 000 Small storehouse and roundhouse---------------------1, 000 About 15,000 tons of stone, in place--______---__ __ 30, 000 Maintenance of plant------------------------------3, 000 54, 000 North jetty: Maintenance and repairs to plant __________ - -_____8, 000 Repairs of damage by storms, about 6,500 tons of stone, in place -------------------------------------- 12, 300 Repairs to concrete cap__.- ----- __---- --- 700 21, 000 Total for maintenance --------------------------- 75, 000 Total for new work__--...._______------- - 375, 000 Grand total ------------------------------------------ 450, 000 Commerical statistics.-The commerce for the current year con- sisted of lumber, fuel oil, dairy products, and general merchandise. During the year the railroad from San Francisco to Eureka was completed and it is expected that this railroad will very materially increase the commercial prosperity of this port. Lumber shipments, constituting the bulk of the tonnage, decreased somewhat during the year, probably on account of the European war, but other items increased in volume. The difference in valua- tion is largely due to the inadequate system previously employed in appraising the value of commodities carried at this locality. Comparative statement. Calendar years. Tons. Value. 1912.......................................................... 874,846 $16,920,200 1913................ ........................................... 829,406 16,572,257 1914.. .......................................................... 818,458 37,596,294 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $3, 166, 516. 58 Maintenance -- --- ---------- 190, 000. 00 Total -------------------- 3, 356, 516. 58 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................ .... $298,935. 63 $451, 022.28 $142,019. 81 Maintenance....... . ............................. ............ 115, 000. 00 Total.................... . ..... . . .......... .... 298,935.63 450, 982. 51 257, 019. 81 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1453 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------ $170, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912___ ____ 250, 000. 00 June 23, 1913------------------------------------------------- 467, 400. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ------------------------------------------------ 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--- ------- --- ----------- ---- -- 300, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 125, 524. 23 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 200, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 300, 000. 00 625, 524. 23 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ________.___- __ $142,019.81 For maintenance of improvement________-_---_ 115, 000. 00 257, 019. 81 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______________________________ 368, 504. 42 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__ ____ _______ - 60, 151. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 266, 695. 50 326, 846. 50 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------------- 41, 657. 92 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project---------------------------------------- 2 550, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_______ 2 450, 000. 00 (B) CHANNEL IN FRONT OF EUREKA, CAL. Location.-This locality is 220 miles north of San Francisco, Cal., and 325 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. It is 61 miles from the jetties at the entrance to Humboldt Bay. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5800.) Original condition.-Before improvement navigation was limited to the higher stages of the tide. The minimum usable depth at mean lower low water was 10 feet. The head of navigation is the city of Eureka and the length of navigable portion connecting with the sea was about 8 miles. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1881, and modified by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1889. The amount expended on the original and modified projects is included in the amount reported as expended on the jetties at the entrance to Humboldt Bay and can not be segre- gated from that amount owing to loss of records by fire. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1984. Presentproject.-The existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. It is designed to permit ocean-going vessels to reach the city of Eureka and it provides for dredging a channel 300 feet wide, 18 feet deep at mean lower low water, and 6,200 feet long through the shallow water in front of Eureka. The estimated cost of original work was $83,000, and it was stated that the cost of maintenance would be nominal. (See H. Doc. No. 228, 59th Cong., 1st sess.) This project has not been modified since its adoption. The tidal range is 4.3 feet. 1The difference between this amount and that contained in Annual Report for 1914 is caused 2 by the sum of $39.77 (reimbursable) being deducted twice from gross expenditures. Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1454 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.--The channel was dredged out in 1908 to full depth and length and to full width ex- cept a portion of one end not much used by vessels, where it was narrowed down to 200 feet on account of insufficiency of funds. The expenditures have been $82,666.79 for new work and $4,228.91 for maintenance, making a total of $86,895.70. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-This channel was redredged during the year to practically the full project dimensions, and in addition, with funds contributed by local interests, cuts were made across Samoa Shoal, Buhne Point Shoal, and Beacon No. 9 Shoal, all in Humboldt Bay. Most of the above work Was for maintenance and was done with the Government dredge Colonel P. S. Michie and by hired labor. The expenditures were $9,000 for new work from contributed funds, and $16,573.98 for maintenance from United States funds, making a total of $25,573.98. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-This project has been fully completed and the channel has been but recently redredged and full project dimensions are now available except in one portion of the channel, where full project depth has not been obtained. The maximum draft that can be carried at end of fiscal year over the shoalest part of the locality is 161 feet at mean lower low water. The expenditures under the existing adopted project have been $82,666.79 from United States funds and $9,000 from contributed funds, or $91,666.79 for new work and $20,802.89 for maintenance, making a total of $112,469.68. This project was practically com- pleted within the original estimated cost. Local cooperation.-The project was adopted without any condi- tions. Local interests recently contributed $9,000 for dredging in the vicinity and this amount was expended in accordance with exist- ing regulation. Effect of improvement.-This work has made the city of Eureka accessible to ocean-going commerce and has contributed toward re- ducing freight rates, but exact data on the subject has not been ob- tained. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand being sufficient for all work proposed no estimate for additional funds is submitted. Commercial statistics.--The statistics of commerce of the port of Eureka are consolidated with the report submitted under the head of rebuilding the jetties and it is not practicable to segregate a sepa- rate report for this locality. Financialsum/mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------$82, 666. 79 Maintenance ----------------------------------- 20, 802. 89 Total ------------------------------------------------ 103, 469. 68 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Maintenance................. ......................................... 1 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1455 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------ ------------------------ $15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--- --------------- -------- 20, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________-----_-_______ - -_ 31, 104. 30 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement---------------------------1--------------6, 573. 98 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------- _____ _----- 14, 530. 32 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- 9,000 Maintenance [For last five fiscal years only.] None. Contributed by private parties ------------------------------ $9, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement -------------------------------------------- 9, 000. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- 3, 258, 183. 37 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 210, 802. 89 Total ------------------------------------------- 3, 468, 986. 26 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work --.....------------------------------------------ 298, 935. 63 $450, 982.51 $151,019.81 Maintenance .......... ......---------------------------------------------------- ----------- 131,573.98 Total................. ................ ................... 298,935.63 450,982.51 282,593.79 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------ $185, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 ------------------------------------------- 250, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 20, 000. 00 June 23, 1913 ------------------------------------------- 467, 400. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 -------------------------------------------------- 200, 000. 00 Mar 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------------- 300, 000. 00 1456 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- ____-_---_-------- ----- Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 628. 53 200, 000. 00 1$156, Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 300, 000. 00 Contributed by private parties --------..--------.----- - ..9, 000. 00 665, 628. 53 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement________-------- $151, 019. 81 For maintenance of improvement--------- 131, 573. 98 282, 593. 79 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ ____--_------------_---- 383, 034. 74 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------- $60, 151.00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts 266, 695. 50 326, 846. 50 July 1, 1915, balance available ----.- _---- - ___ -_____ 56, 188. 24 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ------------- . _ Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending 2550, 000. 00 June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance- 2450, 000. 00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEY MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF JULY 251 1912, AND MARCH 4 1913. Reports on preliminary examinations and survey required by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1913, of the following localities within this district were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were transmitted to Con- gress and printed in documents, as indicated: 1. Preliminary examination and survey of Corte Madera Channel, Cal.-Reports dated April 14, 1913, and July 27, 1914, with maps, are printed in House Document No. 1171, Sixty-third Congress, second session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time. 2. Preliminary examination for harbor of refuge at Point Arena or other locality on the Pacific Coast between San Francisco and Humboldt Bay, Cal.-Report dated February 23, 1914, is printed in House Document No. 1369, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. San Francisco Bay, Cal., from the mouth of the Guadaloupe River to a point 4,150 feet northwest therefrom, with a view of secur- ing a permanent channel 300 feet wide with a depth of 18 feet at low tide. 2. Crescent City Harbor and vicinity, Cal., with a view to secur- ing a suitable harbor. 3. Oakland Harbor, Cal. 4. Berkeley Harbor, Cal., with a view to the development and com- pletion of the Berkeley inner harbor. 1 The difference between this amount and that contained in the annual report for 1914 is caused by the sum of $39.77 (reimbursable) being deducted twice from gross expenditures on rebuilding jetties, s Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1457 5. Inner channels of Humboldt Bay, Cal. 6. Channel from the town of Bolinas, Cal., to the sea. 7. Novato Creek, Cal. 8. Arcata Channels, Humboldt Bay, Cal., with a view of dredging a channel leading up to the proposed municipal public wharf. 9. Channel in Suisun Bay from Martinez to Antioch, Cal. 10. The south end of San Francisco Bay, with a view of providing a harbor for the Santa Clara Valley and contiguous territory. 11. Petaluma Creek, Cal., from deep water in San Pablo Bay to the head of navigation, with a view to straightening the channel and making necessary cut-offs, including the consideration of any propo- sition for cooperation on the part of local interests. 12. Napa River, Cal., from the city of Napa to the head of naviga- tion, with a view to straightening the channel, making necessary cut-offs, including the consideration of any proposition for coopera- tion on the part of local interests. 13. Redwood City Harbor, Cal. 14. Santa Cruz Harbor, Cal., including a breakwater. 15. Port Watsonville Harbor, Cal. SACRAMENTO-FEATHER RIVERS BOARD. This board has charge of the improvement of the Sacramento and Feather Rivers, which drain the northern portion of the central valley of California. The exact line of demarcation between the Sacra- mento and San Joaquin Rivers is not determinable with definiteness, since with their common delta they merge into one another, but the line of the Cosumnes River furnishes as good a boundary as any and is generally assumed therefor. For more detailed description of the limits in other directions, see page 1461 for corresponding description of the third San Francisco, Cal., district. The river and harbor act approved June 3, 1896, required the Secretary of War to appoint the Sacramento-Feather River board, and provided that the same should consist of three engineers of the United States Army. During the year this board consisted of Lieut. Col. Thos. H. Rees, Corps of Engineers (senior member) ; Maj. R. R. Raymond, Corps of Engineers; Maj. L. H. Rand, Corps of Engineers (recorder), since August 7, 1914; and Maj. S. A. Cheney, Corps of Engineers (recorder), prior to that date. The recorder exercises immediate supervision over the work. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. 1. Sacramento and Feather Rivers, Cal. (general improvement) --------- 1457 FOR BOARD'S REPORT, SEE PAGES 3345 TO 3348, INCLUSIVE. 1. IMPROVING SACRAMENTO AND FEATHER RIVERS, CAL. (GENERAL IMPROVEMENT). Location.-The Sacramento River rises in the Trinity Mountains, in northern California, flows about 375 miles in a southerly direction and empties into Suisun Bay. It is navigable from Red Bluff to its mouth, a distance of 261 miles, and this is the portion under improve- 8373o--ENaG 1915-----92 1458 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. ment. The Feather River heads on the crest of the Sierra Nevadas, flows in a southwesterly course and empties into the Sacramento River about 20 miles (by river) above Sacramento. The lower 30 miles from Marysville to its mouth is navigable. (See U. S. Geo- logical Survey, " Topographic map of the Sacramento Valley, Cal.") Original condition.-Before improvement navigation on the Sacra- mento River above Colusa, 150 miles above the mouth, was very difficult on account of snags and bars, and in 1875 it was navigated regularly only as far as Jacinto, 186 miles above the mouth, although it had been navigated regularly to Red Bluff, 261 miles above the mouth, before that time. Below Sacramento there was said to be less than 7 feet of water on shoals, and river steamers were unable to reach Sacramento without lightening their cargoes. Feather River was practically unnavigable at low-water stage on account of deposits of mining debris. Previous projects.-The original project adopted by river and harbor act of March 3, 1875, was modified by river and harbor acts of August 7, 1882, December 21, 1889, July 13, 1892, and amended by river and harbor act of August 18, 1894. The amount expended on all projects prior to the adoption of the present project was $740,- 860.21. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1985. Present project.-Sacramento River is being improved under plans adopted as follows: Below Sacramento, with a view to securing a least channel depth of 7 feet by means of a system of wing dams at or near shoals, sup- plemented by dredging, if necessary, at an estimated cost of $280,000, adopted by the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, in accordance with the reports printed in House Document No. 186, Fifty-fifth Congress, second session, and House Document No. 48, Fifty-fifth Congress, third session. Above Sacramento, with a view to securing a channel 4 feet deep up to Colusa, 3 feet deep from Colusa to Chico Landing, and such depth as is practicable from Chico Landing to Red Bluff, at an esti- mated annual expenditure of $25,000, adopted by the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912, in accordance with the report printed in House Document No. 76, Sixty-second Congress, first session. The tidal range is 6 feet at the mouth of the river, and during extreme low water about 1 foot at Sacramento, at which latter point irregular flow conditions cause a variation of about 20 feet in levels. The distance from the mouth to Sacramento is 60 miles, to Colusa 150 miles, to Chico Landing 201 miles, and to Red Bluff 261 miles. In the report printed in House Document No. 48, Fifty-fifth Con- gress, third session, a board of engineers expressed the opinion that no permanent improvement of the Feather River could be carried out at reasonable or justifiable cost until the flow of sand and other mining detritus had been stopped. Since the adoption of this report in 1899 no work has been done for the improvement of Feather River. Operationsand results prior to fiscal year.-Priorto the fiscal year snagging. had been done annually on the upper and lower Sacra- mento River; temporary wing dams built and occasional dredging done on the upper Sacramento River; more permanent wing dams RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1459 built and repairing done to the same, and occasional dredging re- sorted to on the lower Sacramento River. Snagging had been done and temporary wing dams had been built at various times on the Feather River. Since 1902 the project depths had been maintained on the Sacramento River, except at a few places for a few days, pending restoration work, during low-water periods. The dangers to navigation especially above Colusa, due to snags and other ob- structions, had been greatly reduced, and conditions in the lower regions, due to obstructions of mining debris, had been greatly allevi- ated. Prior to the beginning of the fiscal year $363,318.13 had been spent on the present project, of which $37,212.71 was considered to be for original work and $326,105.42 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The Sacramento River was snagged from its mouth to Chico Landing, a distance of about 201 miles. Some 1,888 snags were removed from the river and destroyed, and 491 overhanging trees were cut from the banks. This work was done at a cost of $17,561.69. Four new wing dams were built and 17 wing dams were repaired, at a cost of $8,857.38. Work on a bank protective group of piling at Collins Eddy, Sacra- mento River was done at a cost of $2,144.44. All the above work was done with hired labor and with Government plant. Dredging was resorted to in two places in the Sacramento River-Sacramento Bend and opposite Knox's lumber wharf at Sacramento. At Sacra- mento Bend a channel 200 feet wide and 1,000 feet long was dredged to a depth of 9 feet, at a cost of $1,354.12. Opposite Knox's lumber wharf a channel 125 feet wide and 600 feet long was dredged to a depth of 9 feet at a cost of $519.87. This dredging was done by a dredge hired at the rate of $135 per day of 22 hours. The project depths on the Sacramento River were maintained during the year, except for a few days at one point. All the work done during the year was for maintenance, and the total expenditures were $33,354.35. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-On the Sacramento River, the project depths of 7 feet up to Sacramento, 4 feet up to Colusa, 3 feet up to Chico Landing, and about 2 feet from Chico Landing to Red Bluff, are available, and on the Feather River a depth of about 2 feet is available. These are the maximum drafts which may be carried over ,these portions of the rivers at low stages of the rivers. At the end of the fiscal year $396,672.48 had been expended on the existing project, of which $37,212.71 were for original work and $359,459.77 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Nolocal cooperation was imposed by law, but nevertheless it has been quite extensive. The State of California has done extensive bank protection work, built wing dams, made cut-offs, and done various other river work. The cities of Sacramento and Marysville have built municipal wharves and freight sheds, and reclamation districts have dredged much material from the river for levees, to the material aid of navigation. It is estimated that this work has amounted to approximately $3,950,000 on these two rivers. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to maintain the project depths in the Sacramento River by snagging, building wing dams at shoals and by occasional dredging. The funds available June 20, 1915, will be exhausted June 30, 1916. The following estimate is submitted: 1460 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Above Sacramento: Operation of snag boat, 6 months, at $3,750 per month____ $22, 500 Occasional and irregular dredging, estimated at----------1, 000 Repairs and additions to wing dams, estimated at-------_ 1, 500 $25.000 -. -- , - - - Below Sacramento: Operations of snag boat, 1 month, at $3,750 per month Occasional and irregular dredging, estimated at. --. 3, 750 3, 000 Building new wing dams, making repairs and adding rock to existing wing dams, estimated at __. 12, 750 Care of snag boat while idle, 5 months, at $100 per month ---------------------------- 500 20, 000 Construction of new snag boat, estimated at------------------- 60, 000 105, 000 (An estimate is submitted for a new snag boat because the old snag boat is practically worn out and obsolete.) Comnmercial statistics.-The commerce on the Sacramento River consists mostly of grain, lumber, fruit, vegetables, and general mer- chandise. Following is a comparative statement of the amount and value of the commerce for the last three calendar years: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912----------- --------------------------------------------------... 477,292 $27,755,325 1913 ------- -------------------------------------------------- 733,594 35,856,791 1914. --- ----------------------------------------------------------- 721,090 38,211,760 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------- ----------------------------------- $37, 212. 71 Maintenance----------- --------------- 359, 459. 77 New work and maintenance--- ------------------------- 1740, 860. 21 Total--------------------------- -- 1, 137, 532. 69 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 - New work..---------------------------------------------------------- - - ----------- Maintenance................ .................. .............. $34,078.94 1 $41,544.92 $33, 354.35 1Figures reported last year decreased 80 cents, due to refund of overpayment made in that fiscal year. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911_ ------ '-------------------'----'----"---'---- $25, 000. 00 July 25, 1912_ --------------------------------------------- 65, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_. --------------------------------------------- 40,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915__ 60, 000. 00 1Expended prior to March 3, 1899, before which time records do not indicate expenditures separable into new work or maintenance. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1461 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -------- ___________,____- 1$29, 763. 73 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 60, 000. 00 89, 763. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------- -------------------------- 33, 354. 35 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---- ------------- _____-56, 409. 38 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------------------- 3, 660. 04 July 1, 1915, balance available___.....-------__ 52, 749. 34 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-------------- - -2 105, 000. 00 IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE THIRD SAN FRAN- CISCO, CAL., DISTRICT. This district embraces the rivers and waterways within the area drained by the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, above their confluence at head of Suisun Bay. It is entirely within the State of California and extends from the crest of the Sierra Nevada Moun- tains on the east to the Coast Range on the west, and from the Cas- cade Range and the Oregon boundary on the north to the Tehachapi Mountains on the south. District officer: Maj. S. A. Cheney, Corps of Engineers, until Au- gust 7, 1914, and Maj. L. H. Rand, Corps of Engineers, since that date. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. Thos. H. Rees, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. 1. San Joaquin River, Cal-------------------------------------- 1461 2. Stockton and Mormon Channels (diverting canal), Cal--- ----- __ 1468 3. Mokelumne River, Cal--- . ....--------.------------------ 1470 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3349 TO 3354. 1. SAN JOAQUIN RIVER. This river is under improvement under several separate projects, the later of which in point of time partially overlap the earlier, and as they become accomplished will supplant the earlier to the corresponding extent Even, however, where they overlap, the earlier are, pending completion of cooperative requirements for the later, the basis of work. To intelligibly present the subject as a whole the separate projects are carried along seriatim under the usual headings with literal cross references as- (a) Including Stockton and Mormon Channels, maintenance (9- foot channel). (b) Nine-foot channel and cut-offs. (c) Fremont Channel and McLeod Lake, arms of Stockton Harbor. Location.-(a) Its several forks and branches rising in the high Sierras unite to form the San Joaquin River, which then flows south- 1 Increased 80 cents, due to refund of overpayment. ' Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1462 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. westerly about 143 miles to Herndon 10 miles northwest of Fresno; thence westerly 48 miles by river to Firebaugh; thence northwesterly 166 miles to mouth of Stockton Channel, 2.5 miles west from Stock- ton; thence in same general direction 42.5 miles farther to Suisun Bay, thus aggregating about 400 miles in length. Mormon Channel, a branch of Stockton Channel, extends through southerly part of Stockton. Hills Ferry, 87 miles above Stockton Channel, or 129 miles above the mouth of the river, is upper limit of the portion of the river included in the project. In the lower 34 miles of river, there is a governing depth of 15 feet; the only work done in this portion has been the elimination of a large bend by means of a cut-off. The lower 29 miles of channel, though not specifically excluded from the project is ample to meet all needs of the navigation without any im- provement. It should be noted that between the mouth of the river and San Francisco Bay, the governing depth of present used naviga- tion channel is about 10 feet, although there is an unmarked channel having a governing depth of 15 feet at mean low water. (b) This project covers San Joaquin River and Stockton Channel from the mouth of the former to the head of the latter at the City of Stockton, a distance of 45 miles. These channels are also included under preceding paragraph, and the remarks therein as to lower river conditions apply. (c) Fremont Channel and McLeod Lake, included in this project, form an arm of Stockton Channel, branching off therefrom at a point about 1,500 feet west of El Dorado Street, Stockton, and extend northeasterly about 2,000 feet, all of which is included in the project. forming an important part of the city's harbor. Their distance above the mouth of the river is 45 miles. Original_condition.-(a) The lower 34 miles of channel have always been broad and deep. In spite of numerous sharp bends, the 15 miles of channel above, including Stockton Channel, was navi- gated at low water by boats drawing 6 feet. The river above Stock- ton, although obstructed by snags, was navigated by light-draft steam- boats to Hills Ferry about half the year and to Firebaugh, 79 miles higher, for a few weeks at high water. At annual high-water periods, much silt was deposited in Stockton and Mormon Channels and in the river below. Portions of the river flow were diverted through side channels. (b) When this project became operative in 1914, the governing depth was about 7 feet. The width between banks was in excess of 200 feet at all except a few reaches near Stockton, where it was as small as 160 to 175 feet. (c) At the time of adoption of the project, the area included therein was generally less than 5 feet deep at mean low water, a depth insufficient for use by the river boats. (See map in H. Doc. 581, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) Previous projects.--(a) There was no project for the San Joaquin previous to the adoption of the present existing project. (b) There were two projects prior to the present project, the one for "Improving San Joaquin River, including Stockton and Mor- mon Channels, 9-foot channel, maintenance," and one for "Stockton and Mormon Channels (diverting canal)", both of which are still in force and reported on herewith. Prior to 1914, when present project became operative, there had been spent on the first project RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1463 $641,837.34 and on the second project $245,743.41, a total of $887,- 580.75. Of the former sum about $60,000 was spent for dredging Mormon Channel and $29,000 for work in upper river, which are not included in present project. (c) There was no previous project which included the area under present project. Present project.--(a) The date of adoption of the present project is taken as August 14, 1876, when the first appropriation for im- proving the San Joaquin River was made. The project was not based on any printed document and the records seem to show that the plan of improvement was not well defined at first, but became fairly definite about 1881. The objects to be attained were as follows: (1) To improve certain constricted portions of Stockton Channel and of the San Joaquin River in the 3 miles just below by dredging to a mean low-water depth of 9 feet and a bottom width of 100 feet, all the river below being in excess of these dimensions. (2) To establish and maintain, by dredging, a channel in Mormon Channel from its junction with Stockton Channel up 1.7 miles to Millers Warehouse, Center Street, Stockton, 80 feet wide and 4 feet deep at low water. (3) To reduce the curvature of the channel by cutting off sharp bends. (4) To make temporary improvements in the low-water channel of the "upper river," above Stockton Channel to Hills Ferry, a distance of 87 miles. The improvements included snagging, removal of overhanging trees, and con- struction of brush wing dams, and were intended to facilitate light-draft steam- boat navigation during the high and mean stages of water, it being considered impracticable to maintain a navigable channel during low water. (5) It was additionally provided (river and harbor act of Aug. 11, 1888) to partially close the side channels, Lairds Slough and Paradise Cut, by weirs and thereby confine their low-water flow to one main channel. Tidal influence at low water extends about 65 miles above, the mouth of the river; its mean range at the mouth is about 6 feet and at Stockton about 3 feet. Since 1898 the operations under this project have been restricted to maintenance of the river and of Stockton and Mormon Channels below Stockton. There is no estimate of available record for annual maintenance. (b) The present project, adopted June 25, 1910 (H. Doc. 1124, 60th Cong., 2d sess.), has for its objects: (1) To improve Stockton Channel and the San Joaquin River by dredging deficient portions to a mean low-water depth of 9 feet and to a bottom width of 200 feet, all such deficient sections being within Stockton Channel and the first few miles of river below. (2) To make two cut-offs designated "B" and "C." The approved estimate of cost of the improvement is $199,632, and of maintenance $25,000, annually. The length of the San Joaquin River included in the project is 42.5 miles and of Stockton Channel 2.5 miles. (c) The present project was adopted July 25, 1912, in accordance with House Document No. 581, Sixty-second Congress, second session. Its objects are: (1) To establish, by dredging, a depth of 9 feet at mean low water over area included, and (2) To maintain the same. The estimated cost of (1) was $11,000 and of (2) was $500 annually. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-(a) The expenditures have resulted in improved channels that have fairly met the needs 1464 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. of commerce. Cost of new work and of maintenance were not kept separate prior to 1898, up to which time the total expenditure for new work and for maintenance had been $384,424.58; since then all expenditures have been for maintenance and have amounted to $257,412.26, making a total expenditure prior to fiscal year since original adoption of project, $641,836.84. (Reduction of 50 cents from figures of 1914 report due to refund of overpayment made in that fiscal year.) (b) There were no operations and no expenditures prior to the fiscal year, as proviso of act adopting project, which required that no part of the funds be expended until titles to right of way required be first conveyed free of cost to the United States, was not complied with until July 8, 1914. (c) The original dredging was completed in March, 1914, at a cost of $11,000, resulting in the approved depth over the entire area. There had been no maintenance operations prior to fiscal year. (a), (b), and (c).-Total expenditures for new work since 18981 are $11,000 and for maintenance $257,412.26. Total expenditures for new work and for maintenance since adoption of original project are $652,836. 84. Operations and results during fiscal year.--(a) Contract was entered into for dredging shoals in the lower portion of Stockton Channel and in the San Joaquin River just below. Under this con- tract a total of 144,735 cubic yards was removed and pumped ashore. The total expenditure has been $17,331.69, all of- which was for maintenance. (b) The cut-off " C " was about nine-tenths completed during fiscal year. The work was done by a leased clam shell dredging plant. Final payment therefor has not been made. The total amount ex- pended during the fiscal year was $20,411.02, all of which was for new work. (c) There have been no operations during fiscal year as none was necessary. The total expenditures during the fiscal year on all three sub- divisions, (a), (b), and (c), was $37,742.71, of which $17,331.69 was for maintenance and $20,411.02 for new work. Conditions at the end of fiscal year.-(a) On June 30, 1915, there exists the full project width of 80 feet and mean low water depth of 4 feet in Mormon Channel, the project width of 100 feet and mean low water depth of 9 feet in San Joaquin River and Stockton Channel from the mouth of the former to the head of the latter in city of Stockton, except at a few crossings, where the governing depth is about 7 feet. This depth meets requirements of all boats now in use in the river. There is no complete estimate of available record, so that no definite percentage of completion can be stated. At the end of the fiscal year the total expenditures since 1898' have been for new work nil and for maintenance $274,743.95, or a total expenditure since original adoption of the project of $659,168.53. (b) The project is 10 per cent completed and the total expendi- tures thereunder to end of fiscal year are $20,411.02, all of which were for new work. 1 See Operations and results prior to fiscal year (a). RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1465 The cut-off "C " is now used by all the San Joaquin River traffic. It has the effect of shortening the distance for boats between Stockton and points below, including San Francisco, by about 0.31 mile, of eliminating a bend in the river and also of facilitating the flow of tides, consequently increasing their scour, depended upon to maintain the channel. (c) No survey of the area has been made recently but it is believed that there exists the approved depth of 9 feet at mean low water over the whole area. The dredged area constitutes a much needed addi- tion to the harbor of Stockton. The total expenditures on this project to end of fiscal year were $11,000, all for new work. (a, b, c) Since 18981 the total expenditures to end of fiscal year have been for new work $31,411.02, and for maintenance $274,743.95, and a total for both new work and maintenance since adoption of original project, $690,579.55. Local cooperation.-(a) It was required (river and harbor act, July 13, 1892) that right of way for two cut-offs be furnished to the United States free of cost before any part of the appropriation should be expended. This proviso was complied with and the cut-offs made the year following. The following work was done voluntarily by others than the Government: Right of way for Head Reach Cut-off, made in 1891, was furnished by private interests. Three cut-offs were made by State of California (see Annual Re- port for 1900, pt. 4, p. 4224). The city of Stockton formerly maintained a dredge that was used near the city (see Annual Report for 1882, pt. 3, p. 2537), and has built extensive concrete bulkheads and wharves at Stockton. In March, 1910, San Joaquin County completed the dredging of a shoal in " The Narrows," available Government funds having become exhausted. The dam at Paradise Cut is at present, and for several years past has been, maintained by local interests for purpose of correcting flood conditions. From 1908 to 1912, before completion of the Stockton and Mormon Channels Diverting Canal, the city of Stockton obtained use of the " Boggs Tract" by lease and diverted the flow of Mormon Slough over it, thereby preventing large deposits of silt in the navigable waters below. At present there are no cooperative requirements that have not been met. (b) In compliance with act adopting project, rights of way for cut-offs " B " and " C " were conveyed free of cost to the United States and proceedings are under way to procure the additional lands necessary for widening the river. (c) It was required in act adopting the project for improvement (p.. 9, H. Doc. No. 581, 62d Cong., 2d sess.), that local interests fur- nish satisfactory evidence to Secretary of War that adequate bulk- heads and terminals be provided free of cost to the United States. A statement of status of compliance with this provision was ap- proved by the Secretary of War September 11, 1912. 1See Operations and results prior to fiscal year (a). 1466 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Effect of improvement.-The increased facilities have met the needs of commerce and made possible uninterrupted schedules for water transportation, which have undoubtedly largely decreased transportation costs. Proposed operations.-(a) The funds estimated will be used in supplementing those now available for the necessary dredging and snagging operations. It is probable that the balance available will be expended by January 1, 1917. (b) Funds in hand are adequate to meet all probable expenditure necessary prior to June 30, 1917. (c) With the funds recommended as a profitable expenditure it is proposed to dredge shoals when they shall have formed. The balance available, $500, is inadequate to justify an operation, and can not be expended advantageously unless supplemented with additional funds, in which case it will probably be expended by June 30, 1917. Commercial statistics.--The commerce for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 772,156 short tons, valued at $35,479,741, and consisted principally of grain, potatoes, onions, beans, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..-...--------------...----..-...-------.......---------------------------------------------.............................................. 632,591 38,854.539 1913-----..--..----------------------------------------------------------------- 820,399 38,341,174 1914.....--................................................................ 772,156 35,479,741 Financialsummary. SAN JOAQUIN RIVER, CAL., INCLUDING STOCKTON AND MORMON CHANNELS (MAINTE- NANCE) AND FREMONT CHANNEL AND M'LEOD LAKE. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $11, 000. 00 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------- 659, 168. 53 Total------------------------------- 670, 168. 53 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 - New work...... .........-- ........................................ $175.00 $10,825.00 .. Maintenance ........... ......................................... 3,152.39 124,293.85 $17, 331.69 Total....................... . ................ 3,327.39 35,118.85 17,331.99 1 Reduction of 50 cents from figures of 1914 report, due to refund of overpayment made in that fiscal year. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------- $25, 000.00 July 25, 1912 ------- ---------------------------- 51, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- 25, 500.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 58, 344. 41 June 30, 1915, amount expended dlring fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_ _____________ _______________---- 17,331.69 1Increased by 50 cents due to refund of overpayment. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1467 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----- ---------------------- $41, 012. 72 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------------------- 272. 50 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 40, 740. 22 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement 1 11, 000. 00 _------------------- SAN JOAQUIN RIVER (9 FOOT CHANNEL AND CUT-OFF). Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_--------------------------------------- -- $20, 411. 02 Maintenance------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.------..-- ------------------ ---- ------------------------------- 20,411.02 Maintenance................... ................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------- $159, 632. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------199, 632. 00 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap- proved Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------30, 000. 00 169, 632. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------------------------------------- 20, 411. 02 June 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------149, 220. 98 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 2, 090. 33 July 1, 1915, balance available------------ ------------- 147, 130. 65 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------ ------------------- --------------- 30, 000. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $31, 411. 02 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 659, 168. 53 Total-------------- --------------------------- 90, 579. 55 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............ .......... .................... ...... $175.00 $10,825.00 20, 411.02 Maintenance ................... ................................... 3,152.39 224,293.85 17,331.69 Total .............. ... . ............................ 3,327.39 35,118.85 37,742.71 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 2Reduction of 50 cents from figures of 1914 report, due to refund of overpayment made in that fiscal year. 1468 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911----- --------------------------------------- $25, 000. 00 July 25, 1912____-------------------------------------------- 51, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 185, 132. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __- ----- ____257, 976. 41 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act ap. proved Mar. 4, 1915 ----------------- -- - 30, 000. 00 227, 976. 41 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------- $20, 411. 02 For maintenance of improvement---------------17, 331. 69 37, 742. 71 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___________________________ 190, 233. 70 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities --------------------------- 2, 362. 83 ____----- July 1, 1915, balance available _______________ 187, 870. 87 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------- --------------------------- 30, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__________________ 211, 000.00 2. STOCKTON AND MORMON CHANNELS (DIVERTING CANAL), CAL. Location.-The Calaveras River separates at Bellota, 14 miles east and 6 miles north of Stockton. The north channel, still called Cala- veras River, flows thence westerly 2 miles north of Stockton and empties into the San Joaquin River 2.1 miles below the mouth of Stockton Channel. The south channel, Mormon Slough, flowed through the southern part of Stockton to Stockton Channel. The length of Stockton Channel is 2.5 miles and of Mormon Channel 1.7 miles, a total length of 4.2 miles. They extend from 42.5 to 45 miles above the mouth of the river. The extent and location of works for improving these channels is given under Present project below. Original condition.-The north branch of the Calaveras River, which formerly carried most of the discharge of the stream, had be- come checked with silt in recent years and Mormon Slough had be- come the principal branch. During annual freshets there were de- posited large quantities of silt in the quiet waters of Mormon and Stockton Channels. This necessitated extensive dredging, which con- stituted nearly two-thirds of all the work done under the project- (a) under San Joaquin River. The cost was increasing, due to in- creasing height of levees and increasing value of land upon which to deposit material dredged. Previous projects.-There was no project prior to the present one for diverting the flow of Mormon Slough. See the project "For improving San Joaquin River, 9- foot channel, maintenance," page 1461. Present project.-The object of the present project is to divert the waters of Mormon Slough by means of the works set forth below and thereby prevent their load of debris from being deposited in Stock- 1 Exclusive 2 Increased by 50 cents due to refund of overpayment, of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1469 ton and Mormon Channels. This project includes the construction of a dam 3 miles east of Stockton across Mormon Slough, a canal leading thence northwesterly 4.63 miles to north branch of Calaveras River, and the enlargement of cross section of the latter for a dis- tance of 5 miles to its mouth, at San Joaquin River. The project also includes construction of certain bridges over canal. This project was adopted by river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. It provided that the work be done in accordance with report thereon. (H. Doc. No. 152, 55th Cong., 3d sess.) The final approved estimate for the work is $280,395. No estimate for annual cost of maintenance was made. The first (and only) appropriation for that purpose was made March 4, 1913, in lump sum for this and two other projects. It was anticipated that the maintenance would consist of repairs to the dam or levee and in clearing the canal of undergrowth. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The works as origi- nally specified were about 85 per cent completed, at a total expendi- ture of $242,119.52 for new work and $4,048.89 for maintenance, or an aggregate of $246,168.41. The expenditures resulted in the con- struction of the works as originally specified, except that the amount of channel excavation was about 17 per cent less than specified. From the appropriations for improvement there was expended for maintenance, including repairs to bridges and cutting of thistles along the canal, $3,623.89, most of which was spent prior to June 30, 1911. From the $1,000 appropriated for maintenance $425 had been expended prior to fiscal year for exterminating squirrels, destroying thistles, and for administrative work. Operations and results during fiscal year.-The sum of $334.26 was spent during the year for maintenance, $59.26 from original improvement appropriations, and $275 from maintenance appro- priation, of which $84.26 was expended for administration and $250 by oral agreement for a particular piece of work, which resulted in keeping down undergrowth along the canal. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project work is about 85 per cent completed, though considerable deterioration has taken place since completion of excavation, due to formation of deposits in the canal bed. The work for the time being prevents formation of most of the silt deposits in Stockton and Mormon Channels, thereby say- mean low-water governing depths of about 8 feet in Stockton Chan- ing expensive annual dredging. It is believed that there exist the mean low water governing depths of about 8 feet in Stockton Chan- nel and in excess of 4 feet in Mormon Channel. The total expendi- tures to end of fiscal year amount to $246,502.67, of which $242,119.52 was for improvement and $4,383.15 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.-It was required that right of way for canal be furnished the United States free of cost, either by city of Stock- ton or State of California. This was done by them jointly. Certain work has been done by city of Stockton or San Joaquin County, or both, in maintaining bridges across the canal. Effect of imnprovement.-The results expected, ii diverting the flow of Mormon Slough, have, to a great extent, been realized, al- though during flood periods some of the water overflows the south bank above the dam and discharges into Mormon and Stockton Channels, thereby causing deposits. 1470 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Proposed operations.-With the funds estimated and those on hand, it is proposed to remove deposits and keep down undergrowth in the channel sections so far as the same may seem advisable. The available funds will probably be expended by June 30, 1916. Commercial statistics.-See report on San Joaquin River, Cal., page 1466. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--- -------------------------------------- $242, 119. 52 Maintenance------------------------------------ 4, 383. 15 Total -------------------------------------------- 246, 502. 67 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................... . Maintenance ..................................................... $1,255.66 $425.00 $334.28 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--__------------------------------------------------ $1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 35, 234. 92 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement--------------------- ------------------------ 334. 26 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 34, 900. 66 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement------------------- 210,000.00 3. MOKELUMNE RIVER, CAL. Location.-The Mokelumne River rises near the crest of the Sierra Nevadas and flows southwesterly 119 miles to the town of Wood- bridge; thence northerly about 9 miles to the Galt-New Hope Bridge; thence northwesterly, westerly, and southerly 8 miles by river to New Hope Landing, where it separates, afterwards reuniting below in a southerly direction 9 miles via North Fork and 14 miles via South Fork (forming Staten Island). The river then flows southerly 4 miles and empties into the San Joaquin 20 miles above the mouth of the latter at Suisun Bay, a total distance of 140 miles via North Fork or 145 miles via South Fork. (See U. S. Geological Survey topographic map, Sacramento Valley scale 2 .) The river lies generally about midway between the cities of Sacramento and Stockton. Originalconditions.-In the lower portion of their courses the two channels are tidal estuaries, tidal action extending to a little above the Galt-New Hope Bridge, the head of navigation. All the North Fork was reported to be in good navigable condition, but the South Fork was obstructed by snags and overhanging trees in the 1i miles just below New Hope Landing. There were also many snags and overhanging trees in portion of rivers between New Hope Landing and Galt-New Hope Bridge. A bar was also reported extending 1Appropriated for " Improving San Joaquin River, Cal.," and allotted for maintenance of 2this work. Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1471 across the river at mouth of Cosumnes River. Exact widths and depths prevailing originally are not given. (Annual Report for 1882, pt. 3, pp. 2638 and 2639.) Previous projects. None. Present projects.-The present project was adopted July 5, 1884. It has for its object to maintain a channel suitable to the needs of navigation by means of removal of snags and obstructions and oc- casional dredging of shoals. The mean low-water depths at present contemplated /considered sufficient for needs of navigation) are as follows: Location. Depth. Length. Feet. Miles. Mouth of river to lower junction North and South Forks..-.... -...................... 9 4 Lower junction North and South Forks to Snodgrass Slough via North Fork............ 9 8 Snodgrass Slough to upper junction North and South Forks........................... 6 1 Lower junction North and South Forks to upper junction of same at New Hope Landing via South Fork....................................................................... 9 14 New Hope Landing to Galt-New Hope Bridge .......................................... 3 8 These depths in general prevail, but there is shoaling at New Hope Landing. The mean daily range of tide at low river stages is about 3 feet. Maximum flood stage at Galt-New Hope Bridge is about 17 feet above low water, with annual variation of about 12 feet. The first estimate made in 1882 of $8,250, which formed a basis for the project, was for clearing the river of all obstructions and im- provement of shoals near mouth of Cosumnes River. There is no estimate for annual maintenance of available record. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The work done has consisted largely of removing snags and overhanging trees and of dredging shoals. Of total appropriations of $31,000, $29,902.05 were expended previous to current fiscal year, $21,402.05 of which was for maintenance and $8,500 for new work. The needs of navigation have been fairly met. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work has been done on the Mokelumne River during current fiscal year, none being required. Of the money expended during current year, $243.20, $200 was for administrative work and $43.20 was to cover outstand- ing liabilities from preceding year. Conditions at the end of fiscal year.-No survey has been made since the recent high water, but it is believed that at end of fiscal year there exist the governing depths tabulated above under Present proj- ect, reference to which is made to avoid extensive repetition here. The channel is believed to be free of obstructions to the head of navi- gation. Total expenditures to end of fiscal year are $30,145.25. Local cooperation.-There are no local cooperative requirements of current interest. Effect of improvement.-The improvements have made possible regular scheduled steamboat operation to the Galt-New Hope Bridge. The effect upon transportation costs could be stated only after such extended investigation as is impracticable, but is presumably one of reduction. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to expend the funds for which estimate is submitted for continuing miscellaneous mainte- 1472 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. nance operations as need arises, to meet needs of navigation, includ- ing dredging, removal of snags, construction of temporary wing dams, etc. The available funds will probably be expended by March 1, 1916. Commercial statistics.--The commerce for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 69,783 short tons, valued at $3,045,870, and consisted principally of barley, beans, potatoes, vegetables, sheep, canned goods, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912------- -----------. ---- ------------------------------- 50,443 $2,833,704 1913. ----------------------- 90,585 5,079,932 1914.-------------------- 69,783 3,045,870 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------ ------------------------------------------ $21, 402. 05 Maintenance--------------------- -------------------------- 8, 743. 20 Total--------------------------------------- --- 30, 145. 25 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....... ...--. . ..... .. ...... . .. .. ............................... Maintenance ....................................................... $710.00 $232.40 $243.20 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911---------- ---------------------------------------- $5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 1, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------1, 097. 95 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------------243.20 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 854. 75 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- 2, 500. 00 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF FEBRUARY 27, 1911, AND MARCH 4, 1913. Reports on preliminary examinations and surveys required by the river and harbor acts of February 27, 1911, and March 4, 1913, of the following localities within this district were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors pursuant to law, and were transmitted to Con- gress and printed in documents as indicated: 1. Preliminary examination and survey of Mokelumne River, Cal., with a view to its improvement from the Galt-New Hope Bridge to a point at or near Woodbridge. Reports dated October 16, 1911, and April 2, 1914, with maps, are printed in House Document No. 1160, Sixty-third Congress, second session. The improvement of the 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1473 locality by the United States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time. 2. Preliminary examination and plan and estimate of cost of im- provement of Feather River, Cal., from its mouth up to Marysville, with a view to deepening and straightening the channel and to deter- mining what other improvements are necessary in the interests of navigation, consideration being given to any proposition for coop- eration on the part of State or other local interests. Reports dated October 16 and December 29, 1913, are printed in House Document No. 1460, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time, except in so far as already authorized. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of February 27, 1911, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. San Joaquin River, Cal., with a view to its improvement up to a point at or near Herndon by means of locks and dams or otherwise. 2. Sacramento River, Cal., from Chico Landing to Red Bluff. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE FIRST DISTRICT, PORTLAND, OREG. The district embraces the territory included in the Snake River Basin, Oreg., Wash., and Idaho; the Columbia River from the Snake to the Willamette; the entire State of Oregon, except the Willamette River Basin, and the Columbia River from the Willamette to the sea. District officer: Lieut. Col. C. H. McKinstry, Corps of Engineers, from July 1 to 8, 1914; Lieut. Col. Jay J. Morrow, Corps of Engi- neers, from July 8 to December 30, 1914, and from March 31, 1915, to June 30, 1915; Capt. T. H. Dillon, Corps of Engineers, from De- cember 30, 1914, to March 31, 1915. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. C. H. McKinstry, Corps of Engi- neers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Coquille River, Oreg......... 1474 11. Operating and care of the canal 2. Entrance to Coas Bay and and locks between The Harbor, Oreg............... 1477 Dalles and Celilo, Columbia 3. Coos River, Oreg.............. 1481 River, Oreg. and Wash..... 1509 4. Mouth of Siuslaw River, Oreg.. 1483 12. Canal at the Cascades, Colum- 5. Yaquina River, Oreg.......... 1488 bia River, Oreg........... 1510 6. Tillamook Bay and Bar, Oreg.. 1491 13. Operating and care of the canal 7. Nehalem Bay, Oreg.......... 1496 and locks at the Cascades of 8. Snake River, Oreg., Wash., the Columbia River, Oreg... 1512 and Idaho ............... 1500 14. Columbia River between Van- 9. Columbia River and tributa- couver, Wash., and the ries above Celilo Falls to the mouth of Willamette River.. 1513 mouth of Snake River, Oreg. 15. Oregon Slough (North Portland and Wash ............... 1503 Harbor), Oreg.............. 1515 10. Columbia River between the foot of The Dalles Rapids and the head of Celilo Falls, Oreg. and Wash...................1506 FOR THE DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT OF OPERATIONS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR, SEE PAGES 3355 TO 3390, INCLUSIVE. 8373 0 -ENG 1915-----93 1474 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1. COQUILLE RIVER, OREG. Location.-Coquille River rises in several forks in the Coast Range, flows in a general westerly direction for about 100 miles, and empties into the Pacific Ocean at Bandon, Oreg., about 225 miles south of the mouth of Columbia River and 420 miles north of San Francisco Bay, Cal. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5900.) The section included in the project is 36 miles long and extends from the mouth of the river to the mouth of the North Fork. Original conditio.-The channel mouth was shifting, studded with dangerous rocks, and available for small coasting vessels only, the depth on the bar being usually about 3 feet at mean lower low water. The average range of tide at the mouth is 4.2 feet. In- side the entrance the channel width varies from 700 to 50 feet, with a controlling depth at mean lower low water of 5 feet at Coquille, 25 miles above the mouth, and 1 foot at low tide to Myrtle Point, the head of navigation, 37 miles above the mouth. Logging is carried on extensively on the headwaters for distances of 30, 26, and 18 miles above Myrtle Point on the North, South, and Middle Forks, respectively. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880, modified by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, and completed in 1908 at a cost of $351,192.75. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1986. Present project.-The existing project, which has not been modi- fied, provides for the removal of snags from the river between the mouth of the North Fork and Bandon; the removal of a mid-channel rock at Rocky Point and the rocks near the mouth of the river; dredging of a low-water channel 140 feet wide through Bandon Shoal and 100 feet wide through the other shoals up to Coquille, 9 feet in depth between Coquille and Riverton, and 10 feet in depth between Riverton and the mouth; and constructing some regulating works. The section included in the project is 36 miles long. The estimated cost is $50,000 for original work and $6,000 annually for maintenance. The project is printed (see H. Doc. No. 673, 61st Cong., 2d sess.), and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Jetty construction was commenced in 1880 and completed in 1908, when the north jetty was extended to its project length of 1,575 feet. The south jetty was constructed to its project length, 2,700 feet, in 1890. The depth obtained was from 8 to 10 feet at mean lower low water, and vessels drawing as much as 13 feet could safely cross the bar. Operations under the present project commenced in January, 1911, and the project was completed July 13, 1912, when the channel had been dredged to its full project width and depth and dangerous rocks and snags removed, at a total cost of $54,648.15 for original work. Maintenance work has cost $10,945.83. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Since the comple- tion of the jetties in 1908 no work of maintenance has been done, as the jetties remained in fairly good condition until November 29, 1912, when, during a period of very rough weather, the sea broke through the beach immedietely to the north of the north jetty and scoured a channel between the ocean and bay about 100 feet wide and 5 feet deep at high tide. On November 20, 1913, the sea broke through a RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1475 second time and washed a channel from 200 to 300 feet wide and from 3 to 4 feet deep at high tide, flanking the shore end of the north jetty, forming a connection between the ocean and the river inside the en- trance. An estimate, amounting to $90,000, for closing the breach was submitted January 7, 1914. Allotment of $26,000 was made from the river and harbor act of October 2, 1914; and $76,000 from the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, for this work was made. Of these allotments $12,000 is to be expended in maintaining the channel between Bandon and the mouth of the North Fork, and the remaining $90,000 is to be expended in closing the breach in the north jetty by extending it shoreward in light section. Preliminary opera- tions for closing the breach at the shore end of the north jetty began in January, 1915. The Government quarry near Bandon was opened, tramways and a receiving wharf were constructed, and plant was assembled by purchase and transfer from other works. At the close of the year the tramway was finished and 3,441 tons of rock had been placed in the enrockment. Dredging operations under the existing project were carried on during the year. The port of Bandon carried on the work on a channel of larger section than that contemplated by the Government project until June, 1915, when their funds were exhausted. The work was then taken over by the United States and finished on the lines of the Government project by the end of the year. The channel from Bandon to Coquille was dredged to a mini- mum width of 100 feet and a minimum depth of 10 feet at mean lower low water. The total expended during the fiscal year for all work on Coquille River from United States funds was $21,286.47, of which $20,719.32 was for extension, of the jetty shoreward and $567.15 for maintenance of the channel from Bandon to Coquille. The port of Bandon expended $43,842.20 for dredging and $500 for repairs to the pile jetty at Bandon. Total expended, $65,628.67. A survey of the entrance was made in June, 1915, and showed a controlling depth in the bar channel of 8 feet at mean lower low water. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The existing project was finished July 13, 1912. Work of closing the jetty breach was about 30 per cent complete. The channels between Bandon and Coquille were dredged to a depth and width at least equal to those of the project. The work done on all projects has resulted in a channel across the bar between the jetties with a controlling depth of 8 feet at mean lower low water. From this bar to Coquille, 25 miles, there is a channel 100 feet wide with a controlling depth of 10 feet at mean lower low tide. Between Coquille and the mouth of the North Fork, 12 miles, the channel is from 50 to 70 feet wide with a con- trolling depth of 1 foot at low water. The total amount expended to the end of the fiscal year on the existing project, including the extension of.the north jetty shoreward, was $75,367.47 for new work and $11,512.98 for maintenance of the channels above Bandon. Local cooperation.-No conditions in regard to local cooperation have been imposed by law. However, local interests have expended $43,842.20 for dredging the channels and $500 for repairs to pile jetty at Bandon. Effecot of improvement.--The effect on freight rates has been beneficial. The water-borne traffic has greatly increased and ocean- going steamers drawing 12 feet can now ascend as far as Coquille, 1476 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 25 miles from the ocean, at high tide. The decrease in 1914 was due to exceptionally poor lumber market. Proposed operations.-The available funds will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. The following estimate for maintaining the channels between the mouth and Coquille is submitted: For operating Government dredging plant 4 months, at $1,500 per month_ $6, 000 Commercial statistics.-The exports consist principally of lumber, railroad ties, and farm products; the imports of general merchandise, machinery, and agricultural implements. The commerce during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 123,197 short tons, valued at $2, 472,- 955. The decrease was due to exceptionally poor lumber market, which resulted in partial suspension of milling operations during a portion of the year. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.......... ............... .................................... 193,496 $3, 054,556 1913. ......... .................................................... 196,817 3285, 554 1914 ....... ...................................................... 123,197 2472,955 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $385, 093. 05 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 52, 980. 15 Total -------------------------------------------- 438, 073. 20 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............. ......... ............. .. ............ $500.00 ............. 20, 719.32 Maintenance.... ..................................... 5, 300. 61 $5,645.22 567.15 Total.............. ................................ 5,800.61 5,645.22 21,286.47 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913----- ------------------------------------- $6,000.00 Oct. 2, 1914------- -- ------------------------------------ 26, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------- -- ------------------------------- 76, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __________-_____-__- -_____ 1, 119. 22 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 26, 000. OC Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 76, 000. 00 103, 119. 22 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement _________________ $20, 719. 32 For maintenance of improvement -________---_ 567. 15 21, 286. 47 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __..-- -- __-_ 81, 832. 75 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------- -15, 500. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_-------------------- ---- 66, 332. 75 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 80, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-- _----- ..---- 16, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1477 I. HNTRANG TO COOS BAY AND HARBOR, ORMG. Location.--Coos Bay is located on the Pacific coast, in Oregon, about 200 miles south of the mouth of Columbia River and 445 miles north of San Francisco Bay, Cal. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 5900.) Original condition.-Originallythere was a channel across the bar about 10 feet deep at mean lower low water. This channel was un- stable and followed the north spit in a tortuous course, but was used by small coasting vessels. The bay ship channel to Marshfield, 13 miles from the bar, was-obstructed by shoals, but had a controlling depth of about 8 feet at mean lower low tide. The channel narrowed gradually toward Marshfield, where the width was only about 50 feet. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1879. The amount expended thereunder was $213,750. The second project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of September 19, 1890. The amount expended thereunder was $721,720.76. The third project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894. The amount expended thereunder was $45.426.51. The total amount expended on previous projects was $980,897.27. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1987. Present project.-The existing project provides for securing such additional depth on the ocean bar as can be obtained and maintained by the construction and operation of a seagoing hydraulic dredge and for dredging the bay channels between the bar and the town of Marshfield, 13 miles, with a view to securing a depth of 18 feet at mean lower low water and a width of 300 feet opposite the towns of North Bend and Marshfield and 200 feet at other points, at an esti- mated first cost of $500,000 and $60,000 annually for maintenance. The average rise of the tide above mean lower low water is 5.9 feet at the bar and decreases slightly within the bay. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. (See H. Doc. No. 958, 60th Cong., 1st sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Jetty construction was commenced in 1879 and completed in 1894. From 1894 to 1901 the restoration of jetty enrockment was in progress. In 1909 the bal- ance of the appropriation was applied to dredging the inner harbor. The foregoing work provided a north jetty 9,520 feet long, which re- sulted in increasing the depth across the bar to 20 feet, and in dredg- ing a channel to Marshfield, 12 feet deep at mean low water. In addition, about 720 acres of sandy wastes of North Spit have been reclaimed by being planted with Holland grass roots (Arunda are- naria). Operations under the present project include the dredging of an 18-foot channel from the bar entrance to Marshfield, completed Sep- tember 15, 1912; the construction of the dredge Col. P. S. Michie, completed in December, 1913; and the operation of the Michie, which has increased the controlling depth on the entrance bar from a depth of 19 to 24 feet at mean lower low tide. The total amount expended for this work was $497,996.22, of which $89,752.53 was for dredging the 18-foot channel, $5,477.89 to its maintenance, $378,198.63 for con- struction of dredge Michie, and $24,567.17 for operating the dredge. 1478 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--Operations of dredging the entrance bar were carried on by the U. S. seagoing dredge Col. P. S. Michie, from July 1, 1914, until August 15, 1914, and from May 10, 1915, to the end of the fiscal year. Available United States funds were exhausted July 18, 1914, and operations thereafter until August 15, 1914, were with funds contributed by local interests. After the passage of the river and harbor act of October 2, 1914, when funds again became available, the dredge worked only three days and was then transferred to Astoria, Oreg., for tests of dredging machinery, with a view to increasing its effi- ciency. The Michie returned to Coos Bay Bar, after a general over- hauling, on May 10, 1915, and operations were in progress to the end of the year. During the fiscal year the Michie excavated 347,135 cubic yards of sand from the entrance bar during a period of 58 working days. This work resulted in an increase of the bar channel depth of from about 19 feet to 24 feet at mean lower low water and with a width of about 200 feet. The total expenditures for this work for the year were $65,809.86, of which $14,660 was applied to better- ments and repairs and $3,800 contributed by local interests, for dredging. Dredging operations in the inner bay channels were carried on by the U. S. pipe-line dredge Oregon, operated by hired labor from July 1 to September 26, 1914. The available United States funds became exhausted July 18, 1914, but the dredge continued operations until September 26 under contributed funds by local interests, and was then transferred to the Seattle district. During the period of work 217,221 cubic yards of sand was excavated from the channels through North and Pony Slough Shoals. This work resulted in restoring the channel to a depth of 18 feet and width of 200 feet, as provided in the project. The port of Coos Bay, with contributed funds, dredged the channel to a depth of 25 feet at mean lower low water and width of 300 feet. The total expenditure by the United States for operating dredge Oregon on this maintenance work was $12,500, of which $7,300 was contributed by local interests. In the early spring of 1915 70' acres on the North Spit were planted to Holland grass to control the shifting sands. A total of 790 acres have now been reclaimed by this method. The expendi- tures for this work during the fiscal year are $600. A survey of the entrance was made in June, 1915, and shows a controlling depth of 24 feet at mean lower low water in a channel having a minimum width of 200 feet. Dredging operations in the inner bay were also carried on by the port of Coos Bay under permit dated August 12, 1913, and completed the contemplated work in April, 1915. Approximately 2,128,250 cubic yards of sand were removed at a cost of $300,373.50, including miscellaneous work. The total expenditures during the year amounted to $65,809.86 of United States funds, of which $20,000 ivas for new work and $45,809.86 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The bar channel now has a depth of 24 feet at mean lower low water in a channel about 200 feet wide. Between the entrance and Pigeon Point the controlling depth on a natural shoal is about 22 feet at mean lower low water, and be- tween Pigeon Point and Marshfield the channel has been dredged to RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1479 a depth of 25 feet at mean lower low water, 300 feet wide, except opposite Marshfield and North Bend, where it is 500 feet wide. Channels have been dredged by the port of, Coos Bay, leading into North, Willanch, and Kentuck Sloughs with a minimum depth of 4 feet at mean lower low water from 40 to 50 feet wide. A total of 790 acres of the North Spit has been set to Holland grass to hold the drifting sands. The maximum draft that can be safely carried over the bar to Marshfield at ordinary high tide June 30, 1915, is about 22 feet. The total expenditures under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year were $574,906.08, of whch $512,518.33 was for new work and $51,287.75 for maintenance from United States funds and $11,100 for maintenance from funds contributed by local interests. Local cooperation.--No conditions in regard to local cooperation have been imposed by law, but the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, directed the Secretary of War to use any additional money that may be placed at his disposal by the port of Coos Bay or by any other organization or by individuals for the improvement of the inner harbor. With the exception of $11,100 contributed to operate the dredges Michie and Oregon in 1914, when no Government funds were available, no funds have been placed at his disposal. The port of Coos Bay, however, raised $600,000 by the sale of bonds for the purpose of dredging a channel 300 feet wide and 25 feet deep at mean lower low tide, from a point above Marshfield to deep water in the lower bay, a distance of 13 miles, with turning basins 500 feet wide opposite Marshfield and North Bend. This work was finished in April, 1915, and in addition certain contiguous sloughs have been deepened by dredging. Since the beginning of the improvement to the end of the fiscal year 1915 local interests, consisting of the port of Coos Bay, the town of Marshfield, and others, have expended approximately $593,682.14 on the improvement of channels within the bay. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has increased the car- rying capacity of vessels and has resulted in a reduction of freight rates, as ocean-going steamers can now ascend to Bay City, 14 miles from the bar. Above this point there is about 50 miles of channel available for navigation by boats of light draft and for rafting and logging purposes. Proposed operations.-The available funds will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. The following estimate for maintaining the present channels is submitted: Operating the dredge Col. P. S. Michie 1 year _ _--------------------__ $60, 000 Operating the dredge Oregon in bay channels 1 month________________ 6, 000 Engineering and contingencies-___________- -__________ _4, 000 70, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal exports are coal, lumber, farm and dairy products, live stock, woolen goods, and salmon. The imports consist of farm and mill machinery and miscellaneous merchandise. 1480 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGNiGr1EERS, TT. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............ ................. ..................................... 406,727 $8,519,550 1913......... -................................................................. 473,376 8,462,577 1914.... ............. ............................... 520,409 10,508,766 Financial summary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----- ----------------- ------------------ $1, 314, 614. 77 Maintenance - ----------------------------------- 230, 088. 58 Total ---------------------------------------- 1, 544, 703. 35 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......... ............ ............................ $277,657.15 $141,411.37 $20,000.00 Maintenance ................ .................................. 5,477.89 45, 809.86 Total................... ......................... ....... 27,657. 15 146,889.26 65,809.86 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------- -------------------- $40, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 80, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 70, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 70, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------- 29, 102. 35 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 __ 70, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 70, 000. 00 Receipts from rental of U. S. dredge Michie__-------_---___ -__ 5, 201. 61 174, 303. 96 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_ .___.._________ $20,000.00 For maintenance of improvement___--- -__ _____ 45, 809. 86 65, 809. 86 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____-____________________ 108, 494. 10 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities______________________ __ _ 13, 200. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_ .-.... _____.___________ 95, 294. 10 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance--------1 70, 000. 00 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Contributed by port of Coos Bay______________________________ $11, 100.00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_-----------------------------------------11, 100. 00 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. IVER AND HAIROR 1MPROVBMENB. NT14 1481 3. 00OS RIVER, OREG. Location.--boos River rises in two forks in the Coast Range in the southern part of Oregon, flows about 60 miles in a general west- erly direction, and empties into Coos Bay nearly opposite Marsh- field, Oreg. (See U. S. Geological Survey Coos Bay Quad.) The section under improvement includes 51 miles of the main river and about 82 miles of each fork; or from the mouth to the head of navi- gation on the north and south forks. Original condition.-The mouth of the river was obstructed by a mud bar on which the controlling depth was about 4 feet at mean low water; while the river itself from the mouth to the fork, about 52 miles, is moderately straight and from 400 to 700 feet wide, and was navigable at any stage of tide for boats drawing 6 to 7 feet. This stretch was obstructed by but few snags. The South Fork was navigable for light-draft steamers at high water to the head of tide, about 9 miles. Along the upper 2 miles the ruling depth at low tide was about 1 foot, and snags and rocks more frequent. The North Fork was navigable the same way about 8 miles, making the total navigable portion 222 miles long. Both forks are from 100 to 200 feet wide. Logging is carried on along the upper reaches of the stream. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for the removal of snags and bowlders (by dredging or otherwise) from a selected channel 50 feet wide, from the mouth of the river to the head of navigation on both forks, 82 miles above their confluence, or a total distance of 222 miles; by Government plant borrowed from Coos Bay at such times as it can be spared at an estimated cost of $5,000. This estimate was increased to $8,000 in 1898 when the channel was found to be so thickly studded with snags that it was not possible to remove all of them with the funds available. It was then stated $1,500 annually would be required for maintenance. The project is printed (see H. Doc. No. 237, 53d Cong., 3d sess.) and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Snagging and removal of bowlders by hired labor and use of Government plant commenced in 1897, and the project was completed in 1899. This work provided a channel 50 feet wide with a controlling depth, on June 30, 1900, of 2 to 4 feet at mean lower low tide over the shoalest portion. The amount expended was $8,000 for original work and $13,514.44 for maintenance, a total of $21,514.44. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Dredgingand snag- ging the channel commenced June 1, 1915, with a bucket dredge hired by the hour. The channels of the North Fork from Alleghany to its mouth, a distance of 82 miles, and of the South Fork from the head of navigation about 2 miles downstream, were restored to a depth of 4 feet and width of 40 feet. About 17,000 cubic yards of material was excavated from the shoals and placed on the banks, and 375 snags and 15 bowlders removed, at a cost of $1,700, all for main- tenance, which amount is included in outstanding liabilities. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The North Fork from the head of navigation to its confluence with the main river, and the 1482 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. South Fork from the head of navigation about 2 miles downstream, had their channels redredged from 40 to 50 feet wide to a depth of 4 feet at low water, and the snags removed. This work increased the controlling depth about 21 feet on the portions mentioned. The maximum draft that can be carried to the head of navigation on both forks at low water is about 3 feet. The total amount expended on the existing, which is the original, project to the end of the fiscal year 1915, was $21,514.65, of which $13,514.65 was for maintenance and $8,000 for new work. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of improvement.-There is no railroad serving the locality. The river furnishes the only means of transportation for the farmers to reach the markets, to whom the improvement has been of great benefit, and is enabling them to materially increase shipments of products from accessible points along the river. Proposed operations.-The channels of Coos River silts up every winter, and snags are carried into them by the freshets. The funds available for the improvement will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. The following estimate is submitted for the fiscal year 1917 to main- tain the project: Dredging with either hired or the use of Government plant, 21 months, at $1,000 per month--------------------------------------------- $2, 500 Engineering and contingencies ----------------------------- 500 Total ------------------------------ 3, 000 Commercial statistics.-The considerable difference between the 1912 and 1913 commerce is due to the increased logging operations on the headwaters of the stream. The exports consist principally of farm and dairy products, lum- ber, and logs; while the imports are agricultural implements, mill machinery and supplies, and general merchandise. The total com- merce during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 103,084 short tons, valued at $2,280,600. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912-........... ................. .. .............................----------------- 82,364 $1,883,944 1913.. ..--...... .........................------------------------------------------..... 67,259 2,075,695 1914.......... ................. ......... ............... ........... 103,084 2,280,600 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $8, 000. 00 Maintenance 3, 514. 65 1----------------------------- Total _--------------------------------------- 21, 514. 65 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................................ Maintenance.................................................. $695.50 $2,586.09 $0.21 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1483 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- $3, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------------------------------__ 3, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________________________ 485. 56 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915... 3, 000. 00 3, 485. 56 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------------_ .21 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______________________________ 3, 485. 35 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------- 1, 700. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_ -- ______________-_____________ 1, 785. 35 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement----------________________ 13,000.00 4. MOUTH OF SIUSLAW RIVER, OREG. Location.-Siuslaw River rises in the Coast Range, flows about 110 miles in a westerly direction, and empties into the Pacific Ocean through a low shifting sand beach about 160 miles south of the mouth of Columbia River and 485 miles north of San Francisco Bay, Cal. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6000.) The section under improvement is about 1 mile long and includes only the entrance, which is unmarked by headlands or other fixed points. Original condition.-The -bar channel frequently changed its posi- tion up and down the coast as much as 1 mile, and the depth on the bar varied from 5 to 12 feet at mean lower low tide. As the average range of tide is but 6 4 feet above the plane of lower low water, vessels drawing over 9 feet could not cross the bar except at unusu- ally high tide. The river channel was from 100 to 1,000 feet wide and from 3 to 9 feet deep at low water. It is navigable to the rapids, about 19 miles from the ocean. Above the rapids the river is a rapid mountain stream obstructed by reefs and bowlders and not suitable for navigation at any stage. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and modified in 1891. The amount expended thereunder was $162,312.10. For scope of pre- vious project see Appendix, page 1988. Present project.-The present project provides for securing a bar channel depth of 8 feet at mean lower low tide by the construction of two mean high-tide rubblestone jetties, the north jetty to extend westerly from a point near the end of the old jetty, on a curve of 4,000 feet radius, along the edge of the north spit for a distance of about 3,700 feet; the south jetty to extend westerly, on a curve of 2,350 feet radius, across the south spit for a distance of about 4,200 feet, the jetties being 750 feet apart at their extremities. The esti- mated cost was, for repairs and maintenance during construction, annually $5,000. The present project (see H. Doc. No. 468, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1484 rPORnT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1910, which appropriated $50,000 and authorized continuing con- tracts not exceeding $165,500, exclusive of the amount appropriated, all of which has been appropriated. The original estimate proved too small on account of the greater amount of enrockment required, due to the scour of the ocean bed in advance of the jetty, and on January 30, 1914, a revised estimate of $225,000 for additional funds necessary to complete both jetties was submitted. The local interests agreed to furnish one-half of this amount. The Secretary of War allotted the sum of $112,500 for this construction and $5,000 additional for maintenance from funds appropriated by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, on con- dition that the local interests should furnish $112,500 toward the construction. The average rise of tide at the entrance and within the harbor is 6.4 feet above the mean of the lower low water. The tidal influence extends to the foot of the rapids, about 19 miles from the ocean, where it is 3 feet. The section under improvement at the entrance is about 1 mile long. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Preliminarywork was commenced in 1891, and active jetty construction in 1893, and in 1901 the north jetty, including tramway approach, had been com- pleted for a distance of 4,090 feet. This work resulted in somewhat checking the tendency of the bar channel to shift its position as far north as often occurred before the improvement was commenced. In 1902 operations were suspended pending receipt of further instruc- tions from Congress. The river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, provided that the unexpended balance of appropriations should be returned to the Treasury, except that an amount might be retained sufficient for maintenance for two years. The unexpended balance, $24,838, was returned to the Treasury in 1908 and the work aban- doned. Under the present project the extension of the north jetty was commenced January 10, 1912, and at the end of the fiscal year 1914 a point 6,780 feet seaward from the receiving wharf had been reached. The south jetty had been partly constructed by the port of Siuslaw; its extension was commenced April 15 and completed October 10, 1912, when the seaward extension of 405 feet had been made. This work was done under contract. A survey of the entrance, made in 1914, showed a controlling depth of 10 feet at mean lower low tide, which is about 4 feet greater than existed prior to jetty construction. The total amount expended under the present project to the end of the fiscal year 1914 was $353,435.93, of which $173,958.01 was for original work and $5,000 for maintenance from United States funds; and $174,477.92 was for original work by the port of Siuslaw, in- cluding $100,000 credited to the port for useful work performed. The project was 60 per cent complete. The port of Siuslaw, under permit from the Secretary of War dated July 23, 1908, constructed 2,940 feet of tramway and placed 65,500 tons of enrockment by June 18, 1911, when the work was taken over by the United States under the present project. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Jetty construction was carried on under contract until October 31, 1914, when avail- able funds became exhausted and work was suspended. The north RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1485 jetty tramway was extended 465 feet and 54,904 tons of rock was placed in the enrockment. The total amount expended during the fiscal year was $91,979.31, of which $5,000 was for maintenance and $41,022.08 was paid by local interests. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 65 per cent complete. The work has resulted in an increased channel depth over the bar, with increased water-borne traffic. A survey made in June, 1915, shows a controlling depth on the bar of 12 feet at mean lower low water, which is 6 feet greater than existed prior to jetty con- struction. The total expenditures under the present project were $445,415.24, of which $219,915.24 was for original work and $10,000 for maintenance, from United States funds, and $215,500 was for original work by the port of Siuslaw, including $100,000 credited for useful work performed. Local cooperation.-No conditions were imposed by law in con- nection with the original or modified project. On July 23, 1908, the port of Siuslaw was granted permission to improve the mouth of the river by the construction of as much of the south jetty as could be done by the expenditure of $100,000 in conformity with plans and report of Capt. W. C. Langfitt, Corps of Engineers, dated February 5, 1903. The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, adopted the project on condition that half of the cost should be borne by local interests. This act was amended by the river and harbor act of February 27, 1911, which provided that the port might proceed with the construction of the south jetty to the full extent of the con- tract entered into by it December 24, 1909, the amount of one-half required to be furnished by the port or other agency to be reduced by such amount, not exceeding $100,000, as may have been properly ex- pended under the contract. Under these conditions the port built 2,940 feet of tramway and placed 65,500 tons of rock in the jetty, at a cost of $89,509.11. Operations were suspended June 18, 1911, on account of the exhaustion of funds. The port of Siuslaw furnished a bond to insure its contribution toward the cost of the work in August, 1911, and the work was taken over by the Government. By the end of the fiscal year 1914 the port had contributed $174,477.92 (including the $100,000 credited for useful work performed) for original work on the jetties. In 1914 it was estimated that $225,000 additional would be re- quired to complete the project, making the total estimated cost of original work $651,000. From the funds appropriated by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, an allotment of $112,500 was made on April 2, 1915, for the completion of the project, with the provi- sion that the port contribute an equal amount. The port of Siuslaw furnished a bond for this sum, and the allotment of $112,500 became available June 7, 1915. Effect of improvement.-The work accomplished has established the channel in a favorable location, increased the depth over the bar, and greatly benefited commerce. Proposed operations.-It is believed that the funds on hand will provide for the completion of the project. An estimate of $5,000 for maintenance is submitted. 1486 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-The exports consist principally of lumber and farm and dairy products, while the imports are agricultural implements, mill machinery and supplies, and general merchandise. The total commerce during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 37,209 short tons, valued at $1,255,627. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912-----..--...--..------------------------------------------------------.................................................................. 5,927 $479,809 1913.--------.....................................................------------------------------------------------------................. 32,995 1,495,841 1914 -..........-....... ......... .............................................. 37,209 1,255,627 The considerable difference between 1912 and 1913 commerce is due to increased shipments of lumber and large quantities of materials used in railroad construction. There are extensive forests of fir, hemlock, and spruce tributary to the port, the sawmills having a daily capacity of 150,000 feet of lumber, while salmon canning and dairying are growing industries. Since active operations have commenced on jetty construction and on the railway from Eugene, Oreg., down the river to its mouth and thence to Coos Bay, considerable activity is in evidence in the lumber industry and it is believed that shipments will soon be considerably increased. Financialsummary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------ ----------------------------- $371, 616. 07 Maintenance ---------------- _-- ______ ____20, 611. 27 Total -------------------------------------------------- 392, 227. 34 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....................................... ...... ..... $93,357.20 $57,946.63 $45,957.23 Maintenance.-------------------------------------------- 5,000.00 5,000.00 Total.......- -......... --- .. ........ ...... ..........-- 93, 357. 20 62,946.63 50,957.23 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911- ------- ------------------------------------ $50, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------ 5, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912------ -------------------------------------------- 35, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 ---- -------------- ------------ 5, 000. 00 June 23, 1913------------------------------------------------- 80, 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914---------------------------------------- -- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------------- ----------------------- 117, 500. 00 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1487 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ ----- - $48, 721. 99 _------------------ Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 117, 500. 00 Receipts for damage to jetty tramway-----___------- - 449.30 171, 671. 29 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_---------------- - $45, 957.23 For maintenance of improvement--------------- 5, 000. 00 50, 957. 23 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_ - -- 120, 714. 06 _________-- July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _________ -__________ _ 1, 100. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 119, 614. 06 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement____----------- 1 5, 000. 00 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $100,000 credited port of Siuslaw for use- ful work performed) --------- ---------------------- 215, 500.00 Maintenance.. . ..------------- - - - - - Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............... ............................. 313,500.00 60, 977.92 $41,022.08 Maintenance.... .......................................... ..... .. .. .......... July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___ ___ _________--- - $41, 022. 08 Deposited by the port of Siuslaw on June 7, 1915-------- ...... - 112, 500. 00 153, 522. 08 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------- 41, 022. 08 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------ __--- - 112, 500. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $100,000 credited port of Siuslaw for use- ful work performed) ------------------------------- 587, 116. 07 Maintenance----------------------------------------- 20, 611. 27 Total 727.34 6------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................................... $106,857.20 $118,924. 55 $86, 979.31 Maintenance.................----- ........ ............................. 5,000.00 5, 000.00 Total..................................................... 106,857.20 123,924.55 91,979.31 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1488 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $50, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ___----------------------------_ 5,000.00 Aug. 24, 1912 ------------------------------------------- 35, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_-------------------_ 5, 000. 00 June 23, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 80, 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914_ _.._..- _5, -_--_ 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 117, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__________---------__ ____ 89, 744. 07 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 117, 500. 00 Receipts from damage to jetty tramway__ ____________________- 449. 30 Deposited by the port of Siuslaw on June 7, 1915 ___ ________ 112, 500. 00 325, 193. 37 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement ___________----- - - $86, 979.31 For maintenance of improvement ___________ 5, 000. 00 91, 979. 31 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --.------------------- 233, 214. 06 ....... July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_--- ---- ______- _ 1, 100. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available,---.. __.__.. ______ -- _ ___ 232, 114. 06 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement- ________-_- -- __ -15, 000. 00 5. YAQUINA RIVER, OREG. Location.-Yaquina River rises in the Coast Range, flows about 30 miles in a westerly direction, and empties into Yaquina Bay, a harbor on the Oregon coast about 115 miles south of the mouth of Columbia River and 540 miles north of San Francisco Bay, Cal. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6000.) The section under improvement is about 6 miles long, and its lower end is 3 miles from the mouth of the river. Original condition.-Originally the depth in the channel below Toledo did not exceed 3 feet at low tide, and vessels drawing more than 7 or 8 feet could not safely navigate up to that town. The width of the river varies from 2,000 feet at its mouth to 160 feet at Elk City, 18 miles above the mouth. The head of navigation is about 3J miles above Elk City, 25 miles from the ocean. Above this point the river is not navigable for any purpose. The total navigable por- tion is 28 miles long. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project provides for the construc- tion of two controlling half-tide brush dikes, the purchase of dredg- ing plant, and excavating a channel through various shoals from a point just below the Fir & Spruce Lumber Co.'s dock in Depot Slough at Toledo to deep water above Oysterville, about 6 miles; the channel to be 10 feet deep at mean lower low water and 150 feet wide in straight reaches and 200 feet wide on the curves, at an estimated cost of $72,000, and $3,000 every two years for maintenance. The project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1918. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1489 (See H. Doc. No. 519, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) The mean rise of tide on the bar, above mean lower low water, is 7.2 feet. The rise of tide at Toledo is slightly less. The average controlling depth is 12 feet at mean lower low water. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was 98 per cent complete. Dredging commenced November 18, 1913, and was completed May 22, 1914, a channel of the project width and depth having been obtained except through the narrow rocky reef near Mill Four Shoal. At this point a channel 70 feet wide and 10 feet deep at mean lower low tide was blasted through the reef. The total amount expended by the United States for original work was $26,050.33, in addition to which $2,900.34 was contributed by local interests and $27,430.57 was expended by the port of Toledo in useful work, a total of $66,381.24. There has been no expenditure for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work of com- pleting the project by blasting and dredging the submerged channel reef was resumed September 4, 1914, and finished December 31, 1914, when the projejct depth of 10 feet at mean lower low water, and width of 150 feet, was obtained. The work was done by use of the port of Toledo's bucket dredge operated by hired labor, and 650 cubic yards of subaqueous rock was removed at a total cost of $5,640.09, all for new work, of which the local interests paid $2,869.09. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed December 31, 1914. There is now a channel 10 feet deep at mean lower low water from the entrance to the bay to Toledo, with a mini- mum width of 150 feet. At ordinary high water, when the channel is used by ocean shipping, vessels drawing as much as 14 feet can safely reach Toledo. The total amount expended on the project to the end of the fiscal year was $72,021.33, all for new work, of which the local interests contributed $43,200. Local cooperation.-The project was adopted under condition that local interests contribute 60 per cent of the first cost, either in cash or useful work performed .prior to actual construction work by the United States, and that the floating plant belonging to the port of Toledo remain available for use by the United States on work of construction and maintenance without cost to the United States other than for upkeep while in use. This condition has been fulfilled to date. Previous to the adoption of the project the citizens organized themselves into a port district under the State law and in 1911 real- ized $50,000 by the sale of bonds. With these funds the improve- Inent of the river from the bar to Toledo was commenced under permit from the Secretary of War dated August 6, 1910. The port constructed two dikes, built a bucket dredge, and excavated a narIow channel 9 feet deep at low tide from a point in Depot Slough to a point just below Altree's mill, a distance of 3,300 feet, at a total cost of $37,430.57. This work, which has been accepted, is in accord with the project, and $5,769.43 turned over to the United States constitutes the 60 per cent required by the act. Effect of improvement.-The work accomplished has resulted in increased water-borne commerce and in Toledo being granted com- 83730 -- ENG 1915----94 1490 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. man-point rates by the railroad, as ocean-going vessels drawing as much as 131 feet can now ascend to Toledo, 91 miles from the mouth. Proposedoperations.-The available funds for maintenance will be expended by June 30, 1916, and an estimate of $3,000 for maintaining the channel during the fiscal year 1917 is submitted. Commercial statistics.---The principal exports are lumber, logs, farm and dairy products, live stock, and salmon. The imports con- sist of farm and mill machinery and miscellaneous merchandise. The total commerce for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 18,241 short tons, valued at $548,600. The increase in commerce is due to the greater channel facilities. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Shons alue. 19121............................ .......................................... 1913.................. ............................................... 14860 $876,708 1914............... .............. ................................. 18,241 548,600 1 No statistics available; project adopted Mar. 4, 1913. Financialsummary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------$28, 821. 33 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................................$26,050.33 $2,771.00 Maintenance................................................ .................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------28, 800. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------- --------------------------- --------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__--- _-__________------- -- 2,798. 94 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 __ 3, 000. 00 5, 798. 94 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement---------------------------------------------------2, 771. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_---------------_________ -___ 3, 027. 94 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_.......... ______________- _ 27. 94 July 1, 1915, balance available_- - ------ ____ ______ ------ ___ 3, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement__ _ ___ _________ - 1 3, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1491 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------- -------------------------------- $43, 200.00 Maintenance ...----------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ............................ ............................. ..... 82,900.34 $2,869.09 Maintenance............................................ Expended for useful work-------------------------------- $37, 430. 57 Nov. 1, 1913, deposited to credit Secretary of War---------------- 5, 769. 43 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 2, 869. 09 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement---------------------- ----------- ------------- 2, 869. 09 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $72, 021. 33 Maintenance-------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............... ...................................... $28,950.67 $5,640.09 Maintenance.............. ..... .. ............. .... .......... . ................ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Expended for useful work -------------------------------- $37, 430. 57 Nov. 1, 1913, deposited to credit Secretary of War--------------- 5, 769. 43 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------- 28, 800. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 ---------------------------- -- ---------------- 3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------- 5, 668. 03 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 3, 000. 00 8, 668.03 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement --------- -------------- ---------------- 5, 640. 09 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 3, 027. 94 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------------------------ 27. 94 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 3, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement ___-------- ------ 13, 000. 00 6. TILLAMOOK BAY AND BAR, OREG. Location.-Tillamook Bay is an indentation of the Oregon coast, about 6 miles long and 3 miles wide. It lies about 50 miles south of the mouth of Columbia River and 595 miles north of San Francisco Bay, Cal. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6100.) 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1492 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-The bay connects with the ocean through a gorge about 750 feet wide at low tide, with a maximum depth of 60 feet. The controlling depth on the bar was 11 feet at mean lower low water, while the depth at ordinary high water in the channel between the entrance and Tillamook did not exceed 7 or 8 feet. The mean range of tide on the bar and up to Tillamook is 6.2 feet. The head of navigation for steamers and other craft is Tillamook, 12 miles from the entrance, but rafting and logging may be carried on for a considerable distance up the Miami, Kilchis, Wilson, and Trask, four small rivers tributary to the bay. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 11, 1888. The amount expended there- under was $5,700. The second project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892. The amount expended thereunder was $142,530.44. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1989. Present project.-This is a modification of the project approved by a board of engineer officers under date of December 10, 1910, for securing a depth of 20 feet on the bar at mean lower low water. It provides for the construction of a north jetty 7,500 feet long at the entrance to the bay and the dredging of a channel from a point opposite Kincheloe Point to Bay City, about 3 miles, 16 feet deep at mean lower low tide, 200 feet wide in the straight reaches, but increased at the entrance and at curves, local interests to cooperate to the extent of paying one-half the original cost, and to create and maintain a depth of at least 9 feet at mean high tide between Bay City and Tillamook. The estimated cost was $814,000. The esti- mated cost of maintaining the channel from the entrance to Bay City is $5,000 annually. No provision was made for maintaining the jetty. The project is printed (see H. Doc. No. 349, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) and was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. The section under improvement is 12 miles long, including about 3 miles to be dredged and maintained by local interests. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Operationscom- menced in 1890 with the construction of about 1,148 feet of pile dikes and 449 feet of pile and brush revetment, but the works were destroyed by the freshets of the following winter and spring. From 1892 to 1901 several dikes were constructed with a view to increas- ing the flow and depth of water in Garibaldi Channel and Hoquarten Slough so as to aid vessels in reaching Tillamook City, and a chan- nel was excavated from the north fork of Trask River to Hoquarten Slough, by means of which the waters of both forks of the river were emptied into the slough above Dry Stocking Bar; snags were removed from the Hoquarten Slough Channel between Tillamook and Bay City; and shoals were dredged and deflecting dikes con- structed in and along the selected channel leading from Hob- sonville to Tillamook City, which resulted in making this channel 9 feet deep at mean high tide, as called for by the project. Under the present project the construction of the north jetty was commenced the latter part of June, 1914 (under contract), and at the close of the fiscal year the project was about 1 per cent complete. The jetty work was not sufficiently advanced to produce noticeable RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1493 results. The amount expended for original work was $13,592.83, of which $1,590.61 was contributed by local interests and $12,002.22 was United States funds. There has been no expenditure for main- tenance under the present project. The work done resulted in in- creased depth in the inner channel from Bay City to Tillamook. Vessels drawing 9 feet had no difficulty in reaching Tillamook, 12 miles from the entrance, at mean high tide. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The north jetty was extended seaward 4,200 feet, and 123,113 tons of stone placed in the enrockment under contract, at a cost of $193,775.05, of which $93,- 124.37 was contributed by local interests and $100,650.68 was from United States funds, all for new work. The depth of 9 feet at ordinary high water was maintained in the channel between Bay City and Tillamook by local interests, in accordance with the requirements of the project, at a cost of $1,917.91. An expenditure of $476.95 for maintenance, balance available from previous project, was made for the care of Government plant. The river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, appropriated $100,000 for the work and provided for continuing-contract authorization amounting to $614,000, "exclusive of amount herein and heretofore appropriated." Of this amount, $35,000 yet remains to be appro- priated. The total expenditures during the year were $194,252, of which $101,127.63 was United States funds and $93,124.37 contrib- uted funds. Of the United States funds, $100,650.68 was for new work and $476.95 for maintenance of previous projects. Of the con- tributed funds, all was for new work. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The project is about 31 per cent complete. The north jetty has been partially enrocked for a distance of 4,865 feet, which work has not yet affected the bar depths. The maximum draft that could be carried over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement at mean lower low water is about 10 feet. The total expenditure under the existing project is $207,367.88, all for new work, of which local interests paid $93,124.37 and the United States paid $114,243.51. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, which adopted the present project, imposed the conditions that local interests shall cooperate to the extent of paying one-half the total estimated cost of the improvement ($814,000) and shall create and maintain an effective channel 9 feet deep at mean high tide between Bay City and Tillamook. The necessary guaranties have been fur- nished and were approved by the Secretary of War August 4, 1913, and the United States has entered into contract for the construction of the north jetty in accordance with the project. At the close of the fiscal year 1915 the expenditure of funds contributed by local interests, consisting of the ports of Bay City and Tillamook on the present project, amounted to $96,632.89, of which $1,917.91 was ex- pended by the port of Tillamoook for creating and maintaining the channel between Bay City and Tillamook. The sum of approxi- mately $15,000 was previously expended for maintaining the inner channels by dredging. Effect of improvement.-The effect on freight rates has not been reported, but is known to be beneficial, as vessels drawing 9 feet 1494 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. have no difficulty at mean high tide in reaching Tillamook, 12 miles from the entrance. Proposed operations.-It is estimated that the available funds will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. In order to complete the project, the following estimate is submitted: Operation of U. S. dredge Oregon, 7 months, at $4,500 per month $31, 500 Maintenance by dredging, one year ------------------------------ 5, 000 Engineering and contingencies_---- ._.. - - --- - ----__ -- 3, 500 40, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal exports are logs, lumber, cheese, and other farm and dairy products. The imports are agri- cultural implements, machinery, and miscellaneous merchandise. The commerce for the calendar year 1914 amounted to 9,018 short tons, valued at $1,173,760. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..................... ............. ......................................................... 17,612 $2,115,480 ......................................... 1913................................ 9,185 1,035,500 1914............................ .......................... 9,018 1,173,760 The considerable difference between 1912 and 1913 commerce is caused by the fact that the commerce for 1912 was increased by large quantities of materials used in the construction of the railroad to Tillamook, completed in 1912. Financial summary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-----------------------------------------------$189, 861.82 Maintenance --------- ---------------------------------- 71, 498. 47 Total -------------------------------------------------- 261, 360. 29 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................. .............. ........................ $12,002.22 $100,650.68 2............. Maintenance ............... ......... . $3,167.50 ............................ 3,220.43 476.95 ... .. Total ................. ......... ........... 3,167.50 15,222.65 101,127.63 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911__-------------------------------------------------$5, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 105, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------- 00 1------------------------------- Mar. 3, 1915-------------------------------------------------172, 000. 00 RIVER AN1) 1ARIBOR IMPROVEI METS. 1495 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended __ --------------------------- $188, 474. 78 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Mar. 3, 1915____ 172, 000. 00 360, 474. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_---____-----____ $100, 650.68 For maintenance of improvement___---- _____ - 476. 95 101, 127. 63 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----- ---------------------- 259, 347. 10 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities________ ______- $14, 216. 04 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 209, 292. 00 223, 508. 04 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------- 35, 839. 06 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 4, 1913___ 207, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization ___________ ___ 172, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated ------------------------------ 35, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ---------------------------------------- 35, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917 i For works of improvement ---------------------------- 1 235, 000. 00 For maintenance of improvement_________________________ 5, 000.00 Total __-------------------------- '40, 000. 00 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-... ------------- 9-- 714. 98 94, Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............. ...................................... .. ..... $1,590.61 $93,124.37 Maintenance .......................................... ...... .................... . Amount guaranteed by port of Bay City______________________ $407, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_________________-------__ _ 405, 409. 39 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement -- ----------------------------------------- 93, 124. 37 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --------------------------- 312, 285. 02 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities----------------$32, 153. 96 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 209, 292. 00 241, 445. 96 July 1, 1015, balance available-------------------- ---------- 70, 839. 06 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------ --------------------- $284, 576. 80 Maintenance-------------------------------------------- 71, 498. 47 Total ---- ----------------- 356, 075. 27 1 Exclusive of the balance unexuended July 1, 1915. s This estimate is for appropriation in the next sundry civil act for work under contin- uing contract authorization provided by the river and harbor act of 1913. 1496 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work. ........................................................ $13,592.83 $193,775.05 Maintenance.......................... ........................... 3,167.50 ... .......... 476.95 Total............ ..................... ...... 3,167.50 13,592.83 194,252.00 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911- $5, 000. 00 Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------$5, 000.00 July 25, 1912 --------- --------------- 105, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 Mar. 3, 1915- ------------------ 172, _----- 000. 00 Amount guaranteed by port of Bay City-----------------------407, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------593, 884. 12 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Mar. 3, 1915 ... 172, 000. 00 765, 884.12 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement -------------------- $193, 775. 05 For maintenance of improvement--------------- 476. 95 194, 252. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------571, 632. 12 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-----------------46, 370. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 418, 584. 00 464, 954. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------- 106, 678. 12 Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar..4, 1913__ 614, 000. 00 Amount appropriated under such authorization----------------- 579, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated ------------------------------- 35, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----------------------------------------135, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30,1917: For works of improvement----------------------------- 12 35, 000. 00 For maintenance of improvement-------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Total ------------------------------------ 40, 000. 00 7. NEHALEM BAY, OREG. Location.-Nehalem Bay is an indentation of the Oregon coast 2 miles long and 1l miles wide at the widest part, with a tidal area of 5 square miles. It is about 40 miles south of the mouth of Colum- bia River and 600 miles north of San Francisco Bay, Cal. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6100.) Original condition.-The entrance channel at low water leading from the ocean to Nehalem Bay Was 400 to 600 feet in width. It was subject to great changes in position and direction as well as in depth. It shifted at intervals throughout a distance of more than a mile along the beach, and-varied in direction from southwest to north of east, with reported controlling depths on the bar of from 10 to 20 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. This estimate is for appropriation in the next sundry civil act for work under contin- uing contract authorization provided by the river and harbor act of 1913. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1497 feet at high tide, and was available to small coastwise vessels. The average range of tide is 6.1 feet. The head of navigation for such vessels as enter the bay is Nehalem, about 7 miles from the entrance. Nehalem River itself, from a short distance above the town of Nehalem, is not navigable for steamboats, but affords excellent op- portunities for driving logs. Previous projects.-Under the original project, adopted by the river and harbor act of September 19, 1890, and which appropriated $10,000 for " commencement of jetty construction," $415.08 was ex- pended for a survey in 1891 (Annual Report for 1892, p. 2704), and the balance returned to the Treasury July 22, 1892, to be available for the work whenever started. In 1897 another survey was made in accordance with the river and harbor act of June 2, 1896, which directed that a preliminary ex- amination be made " for modified plan, to be paid for out of money on hand." The amount expended for this work, which resulted in an unfavorable recommendation, is $270.60. (See Annual Report for 1898, p. 3009.) The total amount expended was $685.68. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1991. Present project.-The present project contemplates the construc- tion of two high-tide jetties, the south jetty to be an extension of the one partially constructed by the port of Nehalem, the north jetty to be based on the north spit, the jetties to be slightly converging, with a distance apart of 700 feet at their extremities, about on the 6-foot contour. The radius of curvature of the south jetty is 2,292 feet until its terminal tangent, extending due west 800 feet, is reached. The corresponding distances for the north jetty are: Radius, 1,637 feet; length of tangent, 600 feet. For 1,300 feet at the inshore end of the south jetty and 1,700 feet at the inshore end of the north jetty the enrockment is designed on a section equivalent to 70 feet bottom width, 10 feet top width, and 30 feet in height. For the outer 1,450 feet of the south jetty and 600 feet of the north jetty the enrockment is designed on a section equivalent to a bottom width of 111 feet, top width of 15 feet, and heighth of 32 feet. The estimated cost, including work already done by the port of Nehalem, is $632,350, of which $378,750 is for the south jetty and $253,600 for the north jetty. No provision has been made for maintenance. The object of this improvement is to secure a permanent low-water depth of at least 8 feet. The average range of tide on the bar is 6.1 feet. Only the entrance to the bay is included in the project, which is printed (see H. Doc. No. 623, 62d Cong., 2d sess.), and was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Although an appropriation had been made for a project prior to the adoption of the present one, the sum was inadequate even to procure the neces- sary plant to commence jetty construction and as a result the only expenditure was for a reexamination of the entrance made during May, 1891, and in June, 1891, the Secretary of War directed the withholding of expenditures pending further action by Congress. On July 22, 1892, the unexpended balance was returned to the Treas- ury. The river and harbor act of June 2, 1896, ordered a prelimin- ary examination "for modified plan, to be paid for out of money on hand." The report on this examination resulted in an unfavorable recommendation, after which work was abandoned until the adop- 1498 REPORT OF THE CHIEF F0 1,NGINIERS, UT. S. ARMY. tion of the present project. Under the present project preliminary operations were commenced in February and the actual extension of the south jetty in May, 1914. At the close of the fiscal year 5,763 tons of rock had been placed, extending the jetty 210 feet seaward, at a total cost of $26,019.23 for original work. There has been no expenditure for maintenance. Local interests were given credit for $82,000 for useful work performed under the existing project, in new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The construction of the south jetty was continued by hired labor and the purchase of materials, including stone from the Miami Quarry Co. by contract. The jetty tramway was extended 1,860 feet and 113,414 tons of stone received at the jetty and dumped by hired labor in the jetty enrockment, partially completing it to the end of the existing tramway. The expenditure for the fiscal year is $167,975.66, all for new work, of which $114,614.12 was from United States funds, and $53,361.54 was contributed by local interests. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is about 55 per cent completed. The work accomplished has resulted in the seaward extension of the south jetty tramway to bent No. 297, within 585 feet of the proposed end, and in partially enrocking the jetty through- out the length of the existing tramway. A survey of the entrance made in June, 1915, shows that the channel has been diverted from its extreme southerly position and now has a westerly direction across the bar with a controlling depth of 7 feet at mean lower low tide. The maximum draft that could be safely carried over the bar at mean lower low water would not be more than 4 or 5 feet, but at high tide vessels drawing 10 feet can safely cross the bar. The total expenditure under the existing project is $276,680.57, all for original work, of which $685.68 was expended for surveys during 1890 and 1898 and $135,361.54 was contributed by local interests. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, which adopted the present project, imposed the condition that local interests shall cooperate to the extent of paying one-half the cost of the improvement, receiving credit for work already accomplished. These conditions have been met in full, and the port of Nehalem was given credit for $82,000, expended in the construction of 2,400 feet of the south jetty under a project approved by the Secretary of War on March 31, 1910, which project was later adopted by law. In addition to the foregoing work, the port of Nehalem operated a Government bucket dredge under permit from the Secretary of War from May 10 to July 23, 1914, dredging and snagging the upper bay between Wheeler and Nehalem, for which there is no project. The expenditure reported for this work was $2,050. Effect of the improvement.-The effect on freight rates has not been reported, but it is believed the work will prove beneficial when a greater depth on the bar has been secured. Proposed operations.-It is believed that the funds now available will be sufficient to complete the project; therefore no estimate is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce is small at present, but it is believed a large lumber industry will develop with the improve- ment of the bar, as the country tributary to the bay and river is heavily timbered with fir, spruce, and hemlock. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1499 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. ............................................................. 18,695 $379,877 1913............. . ."... ... . 4,475 67,311 1914...8........ ................ .. ............................. 8,896 374, 848 The marked excess of tonnage and value of commerce for 1912 over subsequent years is due to the fact that the railroad to Tillamook, Oreg., was -under construction in 1912 and required large quantities of materials and supplies. The principal exports are lumber, logs, farm and dairy products, and packed salmon. The imports are agricultural implements, machinery, and general merchandise. Financialsummary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------- ------------------------------- $141, 319. 03 Maintenance_ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.........................................- -....... .. $26,019.23 $114,614.12 Maintenance. ... ........................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-- ------------------------------------------ $100,000.00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------ 116, 175. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended -- ---------------- 173, 980. 77 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 116, 175. 00 290, 155. 77 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------- ---------------------------------- 114, 614. 12 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------- 175, 541.65 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities- ------------ $15, 749. 60 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts- 65, 635. 00 81, 384. 60 July 1, 1915, balance available_ .... __.----------- ..----- 94, 157. 05 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $82,000 useful work performed by port Nehalem) ofNeae--------------------------135361.54 $135, 361. 54 Maintenance ----------------- - -------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work................................................................. $53,361.54 Maintenance..................................................... ............... .... ... 1500 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. AR1MY. Amount guaranteed by the port of Nehalem_____________________ $234, 175. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------- 234, 175. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------- 53, 361. 54 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ______________ __________ 180, 813. 46 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-----------------$21, 021. 40 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 65, 635. 00 86, 656. 40 July 1, 1915, balance available ___ _-------------------94, 157. 06 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $82,000 credited the port of Nehalem for useful work performed) .- ___ - -__-____- $276, 680. 57 Maintenance - Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... $26,019.23 $167,975.66 .--------------------------------------- Maintenance ....................................................................... ....... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------ $100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 116, 175. 00 Amount guaranteed by the port of Nehalem _____ ________ ___ 234, 175. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--- ____- 4______________ 408, 155. 77 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 116, 175. 00 524, 330. 77 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ------------------------------------------- 167, 975. 66 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__ ---- _ ____ -___-_____ __ 356, 355.11 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-----------------$36, 771. 00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 131, 270. 00 168, 041. 00 ------------------------------ July 1, 1915, balance available__ 188, 314 11 8. SNAKE RIVER, OREG., WASH., AND IDAHO. Location.-Snake River rises near Yellowstone National Park, in the western part of Wyoming, flows in a general westerly direction for about 1,300 miles, and empties into Columbia River about 20 miles north of the northern boundary of Oregon and 324 miles from the Pacific Ocean. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of Oregon.) The portion under improvement extends from the confluence with the Columbia River to Pittsburgh Landing, about 216 miles. Original condition.-The river was obstructed by numerous rapids, rocky ledges, gravel shoals, and bowlders; and the narrow, crooked channels were practically impassable at low water. In the early days, Snake River formed a portion of the natural highway to the Pacific coast, and navigation, notwithstanding the difficulties, con- RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1501 tinued until the completion of the railroad to Riparia, Wash., in 1882, when boats abandoned the river below that point. The head of navigation is at Pittsburgh Landing, 216 miles from the mouth. There is no rafting or logging above the head of navigation. Previous projects.-No formal project for the improvement of Snake River was adopted by Congress prior to 1902. For informa- tion relative to $168,500 expended prior to adoption of present formal project in 1902, see Appendix, page 1991. Present project.-The project provides for completing and main- taining the improvement between Lewiston, Idaho, and Riparia, Wash., with a view to obtaining an exereme low-water channel generally 60 feet wide and 5 feet deep by blasting, dredging, raking gravel bars, and by construction of contraction works; and for gen- eral improvement by the same methods from the mouth to Pittsburgh Landing. The section included in the project is 216 miles long. The estimated cost of improvement is $236,690, apportioned as follows: $165,000 from the mouth to Riparia, Wash.; $23,000 from Riparia to Lewiston, Idaho; and $48,690 from Lewiston to Pittsburgh Landing, Idaho. The estimated cost of maintenance is $5,000 per year. The project is based on estimates and surveys which have been printed. (See H. Doc. No. 411, 55th Cong., 2d sess.; H. Doc. No. 127, 56th Cong., 2d sess.; and Annual Reports for 1903 and 1906.) It was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Operations con- sisted of employing Government plant in blasting submerged reefs and rocks, scraping bars, removing bowlders, and constructing wing dams. This work has improved conditions over the most troublesome bars and made a safer channel between Pittsburgh Landing and the mouth of the river, a distance of 216 miles. Under the present project $83,394.77 has been spent by the United States for original work and $85,000 by the State of Washington, a total of $168,394.77; and $101,481.38 has been expended by the United States for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--Vork consisted of drilling and blasting submerged reefs and increasing the depth of existing channels through the gravel shoals by raking, and was done by Government plant operated by hired labor. Work was carried on at the most troublesome shoals but principally between Riparia, Wash., and the mouth of the river. There were constructed 760 linear feet of wing dams requiring 2,490 tons of rock; 2,730 cubic yards of rock were drilled and blasted, 300 cubic yards of gravel were blasted, and 390 drags were made through gravel shoals. The ex- penditure for wing-dam construction was $7,350, and for drilling and blasting $12,120. The total expenditure for the fiscal year was $21,981.40, of which $16,981.40 was for improvement and $5,000 applied to maintenance. The foregoing work has resulted in an in- creased channel depth and width through the most difficult shoals, decreasing the dangers to navigation. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 75 per cent completed. The available channel depths are about as follows: Be- tween the mouth of the river and Riparia, 67 miles, 30 inches at low water in a channel about 90 feet wide; Riparia to Lewiston, 72 miles, 4 feet deep and about 125 feet wide; and Lewiston to Pitts- 1502 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. burgh Landing, 75 miles, 24 inches deep and generally 60 feet wide. The maximum draft at extreme low water June 30, 1915, can not exceed the foregoing depths. The total expenditure by the United States under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year is $206,857.55 and by local interests $85,000, a total of $291,857.55, of which $185,376.17 was for original work and $106,481.38 was for maintenance. Local cooperation.--No conditions regarding local cooperation were imposed by law. The Washington State Legislature, however, in 1907 appropriated $100,000 for expenditure by the Federal Gov- ernment between Riparia, Wash., and the mouth, but of this sum only $85,000 was used, the final requisition for $15,000 was not honored by the State auditor because the time for expenditure had lapsed prior to the last requisition. This appropriation by the State was made as the result of a general disposition to revive river naviga- tion and utilize the State Portage Railroad which was built by the State of Oregon in 1905 around the obstructions in the Columbia River between Celilo and Big Eddy, Oreg. The expenditure of the $85,000 was made for general open-river work in accordance with the adopted project. Effect of improvement.-A substantial reduction of freight rates has been made since the beginning of operations, and it is reported that a reduction of 14 per cent in rail rates was made upon the com- pletion of the Oregon, State Portage Railroad from Big Eddy to the head of Celilo Falls, which permitted through transportation of freight by the river. Proposed operations.--It is proposed to operate the U. S. steamers Asotin and Umatilla and drill scow No. 2 in removing rocks and reefs, constructing wing dams, and raking existing channels through shoals between the mouth of the river and Riparia; and the steamer Asotin in similar work above Riparia. It is estimated that the available funds will be exhausted June 30, 1916, and to carry on the work until June 30, 1917, the following estimate is submitted: Operation of steamers Asotin and Umatilla__-_____-________- $16, 000 Operation of drill scow No. 2____--------____-----______________ 5, 000 Engineering and contingencies --------------------------- 4, 000 25, 000 Of this sum $20,000 is to be expended for improvement and $5,000 for maintenance, all to be executed by Government plant operated by hired labor. Commercial statistics.-The commerce during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 32,137 short tons, consisting of grain, wool, gen- eral merchandise, etc., valued at approximately $1,085,677. Since the opening of The Dalles-Celilo Canal, May 5, 1915, The Dalles Columbia Line has inaugurated through steamer service between Portland, Oreg., and Lewiston, Idaho. During May and June, 1915, 2,364 short tons of freight, valued at approximately $214,304, passed through the canal en route to upper river points, indicating a prob- able increase of traffic for the rivers above Celilo, Oreg., resulting from the opening of the canal. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1503 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912........... ...................... .................................... 41,766 $1,318,255 1913.. . ............. ............................................. 46,877 1,301,830 1914.... .... ..... ............... ............................. 32,137 1,085,677 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $85,000 appropriated by the State of Washington) ---------------- --------------------- $338, 786. 43 Maintenance ------ --------------------- 121, 571. 12 Total ---- ------ ------- ---------- -------------- 460, 357. 55 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 Yew work .... ... .............................. ....... $13, 411.63 $15, 454.18 $16, 981.40 Maintenance....... ... ....... ........................... 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 Total....... . .............. .......................... 18,411.63 20,454.18 21,981.40 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- $15, 000. 00 July 25, 1912--------------------------- ----------------------- 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913----- ---------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------- 5, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------------------- 20, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------_ . 13, 392. 55 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 5, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 20, 000. 00 38, 392. 55 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement------------------ $16,981.40 For maintenance of improvement---------------5, 000. 00 21, 981.40 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 16, 411. 15 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------------------- 1, 100. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------ 15, 311.15 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance __ 25, 000. 00 9. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES ABOVE CELILO FALLS TO THE MOUTH OF SNAKE RIVER, OREG. AND WASH. Location.-Columbia River rises in the southeastern part of Brit- ish Columbia, flows in a northwesterly direction for about 150 miles, thence in a general southerly direction for about 600 miles until it reaches the northern boundary of Oregon, thence in a general westerly direction for about 350 miles, between the States of Oregon 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915, 1504 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. and Washington, until it empties into the Pacific Ocean. (See U. S. Geological Survey map of Oregon.) The section included in the project is 124 miles' long. The lower end of the project is about 200 miles from the mouth of the river. Original condition.-Before improvement the controlling depth between Celilo, Oreg., and the mouth of Snake River was about 3 feet in crooked channels abounding in rapids and shoals and ob- structed by projecting ledges, isolated bowlders, etc. Before the con- struction of railroads in this section the Columbia River formed the main highway between the inland empire and tidewater, but naviga- tion was practically suspended in 1882 upon the completion of the railroad which parallels the south bank of the river. The head of navigation for steamers and other craft operating on this stretch is Priest Rapids, 397 miles above the mouth of the river, but there are other navigable reaches above Priest Rapids. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 10, 1872. In 1877 it was modified so as to in- clude the improvement of Snake River. Under this project $120,000 was expended for improvement. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1992. Present project.-The project provides for removing obstructing bowlders and ledges and raking the gravel shoals in order to provide safe navigation of such channels as now exist, the work to be done by operation of Government plant. The section included in the project is 124 miles long. The total estimate is $400,000, extended over a series of years, and $30,000 annually thereafter for mainte- nance. This estimate also includes the cost of a suitable plant, at about $60,000, and $30,000 annually for operation of the plant. The project is based on survey of March 3, 1905 (House Doc. No. 440, 59th Cong., 2d sess.), and was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The work consisted of improvement of existing channels by the removal of rock reefs, scraping gravel bars, etc., by contract and hired labor, and resulted in lessening to a considerable extent the dangers to navigation that previously existed. The amount expended on original work by the United States subsequent to previous projects is $307,846.91, in addi- tion to which $25,000 was contributed by the State of Washington, a total of $332,846.91. No expenditures were made for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work consisted of a continuation of original channel improvement by blasting sub- merged reefs and bowlders and scraping gravel bars, using Govern- ment plant operated by hired labor. No maintenance work was done. Work was carried on at the principal shoals, viz, Homly Rapids, Umatilla Rapids, Owyhee Rapids, Rock Creek, and John Day Rap- ids, and resulted in improving the channels, giving a least depth of 41 feet at extreme low water. A total of 4,195 cubic yards of solid rock was blasted and 2,165 tons of rock was placed in wing dams at Homly Rapids. The total expenditure for the work was $41,753.93, all for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 85 per cent completed. The work accomplished has resulted in improving the channel through the troublesome shoals and providing a least depth of 4j feet at extreme low water, which exists at Homly Rapid only, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1505 and giving generally a least channel depth of 6 feet through the shoals, with greatly improved channels through the rock reefs. The total expenditure of United States funds under the existing project was $349,600.84 for new work. No expenditure was made for main- tenance. Local cooperation.-No conditions regarding local cooperation were imposed by law, but the State of Washington in 1907 appro- priated $25,000 for expenditure by the Federal Government on this improvement. The money was expended in the construction of a drill scow and in removing rock ledges and raking gravel bars at Umatilla and Homly Rapids by use of the dredge Wallowa and drill scow No. 1, operated by hired labor. Effect of improvement.-A substantial reduction of freight rates has been made since the beginning of operations, and it is reported that a reduction of 14 per cent in rail rates was made upon the com- pletion of the Oregon State Portage Road from Big Eddy to the head of Celilo Falls, which permitted the through transportation of river freight. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to continue the work of im- provement of existing channels through the principal shoals and rapids, using Government plant operated by hired labor. It is esti- mated that the available funds will be exhausted June 30, 1916, and to carry on the work until June 30, 1917, the following estimate is submitted: Steamers Umatilla and Asotin------------------------------------ $18, 000 Three-drill scows_ ---------- -------------------------------- 15, 000 Engineering and contingencies---- ------------------------------ 5, 000 38,000 The Asotin and drill scow No. 2 will be used on Snake River when the river stage is favorable. It is proposed to expend of the above amount $8,000 for improvement and $30,000 for maintenance of improvement. Commercial statistics.-On the opening of the Dalles-Celilo Canal, May 5, 1915, a regular line of boats began through service from Port- land, Oreg., to Pasco, Wash., on the Columbia, and to Lewiston, Idaho, on the Snake River. This is the first boat service on the Columbia River above Celilo, Oreg., since the Open River Transpor- tation Co. suspended operations October 31, 1912. The amount of tonnage passing through the canal from May 5 to June 30, 1915, is 2,364 short tons, valued at approximately $214,304, indicating the probable increase of traffic for the river above Celilo, Oreg. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work (including $25,000 contributed by the State of Washington) ------- ---------------------------- 494, 600. 84 Maintenance ------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................. 48,688.01 $54,353.10 $41,753.93 Maintenance.... ...................................................... ........... 0 8373 -ENG 1915--95 1506 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $25,000.00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 50, 000.00 Mar. 4,Mar. 1913- , 191----- - __- --------------------------------------- 60, 000. 00 60000 Oct. 2, 1914 ------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915_ -------- ----- --------- 37, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --- -------- ___-___ - -___ 37, 153. 09 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914 ____ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 37, 000. 00 Receipts from sales -------------------- 11.00 84, 164. 09 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ----------------------------------------- 41, 753. 93 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 42, 410. 16 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------- _______________1, 300. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------- _ 41, 110. 16 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project --------------- ------------------------- 1 8, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-------. 38, 000. 00 10. COLUMBIA RIVER BETWEEN THE FOOT OF THE DALLES RAPIDS AND THE HEAD OF CELILO FALLS, OREG. AND WASH. Location.-The Columbia River rises in the southeastern part of British Columbia, flows in a northwesterly direction for about 150 miles; thence in a general southerly direction for about 600 miles, until it reaches the northern boundary of Oregon; thence in a west- erly direction for about 350 miles between the States of Oregon and Washington, until it empties into the Pacific Ocean. (See U. S. Geo- logical Survey map of Oregon.) The section included in the im- provement is 12 miles in length and is situated in Wasco County, Oreg., between Threemile Rapids and Celilo Falls. Its lower end is 192 miles above the mouth of the river and 92 miles above the mouth of the Willamette River. Original condition.-The Columbia River was navigable for river steamers from its mouth to the foot of The Dalles Rapids, a distance of about 192 miles, with a least depth of 8 feet (except for the ob- structions at the Cascades, which is surmounted by a canal with locks built by the United States), and from the head of Celilo Falls to the foot of Priest Rapids, 195 miles, with a least channel depth of 3 feet, and to Pittsburg Landing, on Snake River, a distance of 341 miles, with a least channel depth of 1.5 feet. Between the foot of The Dalles Rapids and the head of Celilo Falls, a distance of 12 miles, there is a total fall of 81 feet at low-water stages and 60 feet at high- water stage, and the stream is not navigable at any stage. Previous projects.-The first project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894. There were no modifications. The amount expended was $27,112.83. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 1993. Present project.-The existing project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905. It is based on report of a board of 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1(507 Engineer officers. (See Annual Report for 1904, p. 3475.) The proj- ect was modified in certain details by the Chief of Engineers May 8, 1905, and May 15, 1908. As modified, the project includes open- river improvement at Threemile Rapids and a continuous canal on the Oregon shore between the pool above Celilo and the pool below The Dalles or Fivemile Rapids; the canal to have a depth of 8 feet, width of 65 feet at the bottom, and length of 81 miles, with five locks 300 feet by 45 feet (50 feet for Tenmile Lock) by 7 feet over miter sills; two of which will be located at the lower end of the canal, one at Fivemile Rapids, one at Tenmile Rapids, and one at Celilo Falls; at an estimated cost of $4,845,000. No estimate was made for main- tenance during or after construction. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-Operations prior to July 1, 1914, embraced the completion of the open-river improvement at Threemile Rapids at a cost of $167,726.25, the excavation for locks and canal prism, the placing of concrete rubble masonry in canal lining walls, construction of locks, and the placing of lock gates; the project as a whole being 84 per cent completed. The total ex- penditure for original work was $4,057,050.51. No expenditure was made for maintenance. The only improvement to navigation was the increase of open-channel depth at Threemile Rapids to 10 feet at extreme low water. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The excavation, masonry, and metal work for the entire project was completed, and the section under improvement was opened to navigation on April 28, 1915, the formal opening taking place May 5, 1915. The expendi- tures were $601,692.45, all for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project was completed with the exception of a small amount of excavation in canal en- trances, which work was suspended by the June freshet; a small amount of work at the locks; erection of lockmaster's quarters, tele- phone lines, fences, and final cleaning up and grading of grounds. Owing to very favorable conditions during the last fiscal year the project will be completed at a considerable saving over the esti- mated cost. The $80,000 estimate, included in financial summary of Annual Report for 1914, will not be required. The canal as constructed is 8.5 miles in length, has a bottom width of 65 feet and a depth of 8 feet, and its lower entrance is about, 4 miles above The Dalles, Oreg. There are five locks, with a total lift of 81 feet at extreme low water, as follows: TANDEM LOCKS (2 LOCKS, IN FLIGHT). Location: At canal entrance. Dimensions: 45 by 270 feet. Lift: Each lock has a lift of 35 feet at low water. At high water the lower lock is not used. Date of completion: April, 1915. FIVEMILE LOCK. Location: 1J miles above the canal entrance. Dimensions: 45 by 270 feet. Lift: 11 feet at low water; 16 feet at high water. Date of completion: April, 1915. 1508 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. TENMILE LOCK. Location: 51 miles above the canal entrance. Dimensions: 50 by 270 feet. Lift: 5 feet at high water; not used at low water. Date of completion: April, 1915. CELILO LOCK. Location: 8 miles above lower entrance. Dimensions: 45 by 270 feet. Lift: Open at low water; 9 feet at high water. Date of completion: April, 1915. Continuous navigation is now possible throughout the 8 miles of canal and locks, with a depth of 8 feet in canal trunk and 7 feet on the miter sills of the locks. Threemile Rapids has been improved to a least channel depth of 10 feet at extreme low water. The total expenditure is $4,658,742.96, all for new work. Local cooperation.--The project was approved by the Secretary of War November 6, 1903, with a proviso that "no work shall be begun until the right of way and release from damages have been conveyed to the United States free of cost." At the close of the year 1905 the title to right of way had been vested in the United States by deeds from the State of Oregon. This constitutes the only local cooperation. Effect of improvement.-Based on the reduction in railroad freight rates that occurred between The Dalles and Portland, Oreg., as a result of the opening of the Cascade Locks to navigation, it is be- lieved that a similar reduction in railroad freight rates will take place to all competitive points on the upper Columbia and Snake Rivers that are served by boats passing through the canal. Proposed operations.-Operationsduring the next fiscal year will consist of the excavation of canal entrances to project depths, final cleaning up of grounds, etc., the erection of necessary quarters, the storage and disposal of construction plant, the construction of tele- phone and signal lines, fencing right of way, etc. No estimate of funds is submitted for completion of project, as sufficient funds are in hand. Commercial statistics.-The only steamboat company operating on the Columbia River above Celilo prior to the opening of the canal suspended operations October 31, 1912, owing to lack of patronage, and from that date until April 28, 1915, no river freight was trans- ferred around the obstructions in the river between The Dalles and Celilo, Oreg. The steamboats operating on the upper river suspended operations on October 31, 1912, and since that date the Oregon State Portage Railway has been engaged in handling only freight consigned to The Dalles-Celilo Canal, transporting canal employees and handling a very small amount of local freight. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.............................. .......................... 47,208 $1,073,619 1913.......................................... -. --.. ..-................ 682,527 1543,780 1914. ............................................... ................. 99,199 1,551,502 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1509 The increase in tonnage in 1913 is due to large quantities of con- crete material for canal-construction work, for which shipments materially decreased in 1914. Since the opening of the canal, May 5, 1915, a through service from Portland, Oreg., to Lewiston, Idaho, has been established by one line of steamboats making a round trip every five days. The amount of tonnage passing through the canal from May 5 to June 30, 1915, was 2,364 short tons, valued at $214,304, indicating the probable increase of traffic for the river above Celilo, Oreg. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--------------------------------------------- $4, 685, 855. 79 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...........................................$558, 661. 14 $1,106, 353.69 $601,692.45 Maintenance.................................... ................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------- ----------------------- $600, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ 700, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------- 1, 200, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914-------------------------------------------------- 525, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________________________ 266, 865. 39 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 525, 000. 00 Receipts from sales------------------------------------------- 50. 95 791, 916. 34 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ----------------------------------------------- 601, 692. 45 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------190, 223. 89 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_________________ $50, 500.00 July 1,1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 4, 500. 00 55, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------ 135, 223. 89 11. OPERATING AND CARE OF THE CANAL AND LOCKS BETWEEN THE DALLES AND CELILO FALLS, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREG. AND WASH. The canal and locks around the obstructions in the Columbia River between the foot of The Dalles Rapids and the head of Celilo Falls, Oreg. and Wash., were so far completed that they were opened to navigation on April 28, 1915. The formal opening of the canal occurred on May 5, 1915. A general description of the location, dimensions, etc., is given in the preceding report for improvement of Columbia River between the foot of The Dalles Rapids and the head of Celilo Falls, Oreg. and Wash. Since the day of the opening to the close of the fiscal year the canal has been available for navigation. Dredging of river deposit and 1510 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. sand, which accumulated in the canal during the construction period, has been in progress, and at the close of the fiscal year this work was nearing completion. The total cost for operating, maintenance, and repairs, etc., to the close of the fiscal year 1915 was $8,810.33. The commerce through the canal from the opening day to the end of the fiscal year amounted to 2,364 short tons, valued at approximately $214,304. This commerce consisted principally of wheat, flour, miscellaneous grain, live stock, general merchandise, etc. Proposed operations.-The canal and locks will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 12. CANAL AT THE CASCADES, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREG. Location.--This improvement embraces about 44 miles of the Columbia River where it passes through the Cascade Mountains and is contracted into a narrow gorge with steep slopes and swift cur- rent. (See U. S. Geological Survey, Mount Hood quadrangle.) The lower end of the improvement is about 155 miles from the mouth of the river. Original condition.--A fall of 24 feet at low water in the upper 2,500 feet of the gorge created a turbulent rapid which effectually barred navigation. The current in the lower 4 miles of the gorge was swift and the channel was unsafe owing to obstructing ledges and bowlders. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 14, 1876, and modified in 1880 and 1888. The amount expended was $3,593,900. For scope of previous project and modifications, see Appendix, page 1994. Present project.-This is a modification of the original project, and provides for utilizing the upper 462 feet of the uncompleted canal above the lock gates as a second lock, and also for raising the pro- tection work of the canal walls as a safeguard against flood waters. The estimated cost is $413,360. No provision was made for main- tenance. The project is based on a report of a board of engineers (see Annual Report for 1895, p. 3571) and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Operationswere commenced in October, 1878. Excavation and lock work were car- ried on under contract and hired labor until the locks were finally so far completed that they were opened to navigation November 5, 1896. The river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, appropriated $100,000 for completing the south wall of the upper lock chamber, contract for which was entered into September 25, 1913, and at the close of the fiscal year 1914 the work was 98 per cent complete. The amount ex- pended under the existing project, prior to the beginning of the fiscal year 1915, was $297,636.83, all for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Work under con- tract for construction of the south wall was continued, and consisted of the completion of the south wall, the lower section of concrete and RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1511 the upper section of concrete faced with cut stone, the building of a stone stairway at the upper lock gate, and the back filling of the wall, and was finished July 22, 1914. The construction of the south wall has decreased the time of lockage, which was usually about 18 minutes, to about 9 minutes, and has greatly improved the appearance of the upper lock and grounds. The amount expended for this work during this fiscal year was $20,936.50. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The canal construction work under the project was completed July 22, 1914. The open river work below the canal is only partly completed and requires the removal of dangerous submerged reefs and bowlders in the channel imme- diately below the locks. As constructed, the canal is 3,000 feet long and has a clear width of 90 feet; the locks are 521 and 514 feet long, respectively, between hollow quoins, 90 feet wide, with 8 feet depth of water on miter sills. The lower lock has a lift of 24 feet and can operate to a 20-foot stage above extreme low water at lower entrance of canal. The upper lock is formed by the upper gates of the lower lock and a pair of guard gates, so that the canal is available for all stages up to a 42-foot stage at the lower entrance. Detailed information follows: Location: 45 miles by rail from Portland, Oreg.; 56 miles from confluence of Willamette and Columbia Rivers; 155 miles from the mouth of Columbia River. Dimensions: Upper lock chamber 521 feet long (between quoins), 90 feet wide, 40 feet deep (floor to coping) ; lower lock chamber 514 feet long (between quoins), 90 feet wide, 46 feet deep (floor to coping). Lift: 24 feet at low water; 8-foot depth of water on miter sills. Date of completion: The locks were'so far completed as to be opened to navigation November 5, 1896. Cost : $3,793,496.94. The maximum draft that can be carried through the canal at low water is 8 feet. The total expenditure to the end of the fiscal year 1915, under the existing modified project, is $318,573.33, all for im- provement. Local cooperation.-None. Effect of the improvement.-No reduction in freight rates has been reported, but the improvement is known to be a factor in regulating rates to all points reached by steamers using the canal and to the tributary country, as boats passing through these locks and The Dalles-Celilo Canal (opened to navigation May 5, 1915) can now ascend to Priest Rapids on the Columbia River, and to Pittsburgh Landing on the Snake River, 397 and 540 miles, respectively, above the mouth of the Columbia River. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to remove obstructing bowl- ders and submerged reefs from the channel in the rapids imme- diately below the locks. No estimate of funds is submitted for com- pletion of project, as sufficient funds are available. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists of wheat, flour, mis- cellaneous grain and live stock, wool, country produce, agricultural implements, mill machinery, and general merchandise, which, dur- ing the calendar year 1914, amounted to 43,904 short tons, valued at $3,098,715. One steamboat line resumed operations on the comple- tion of The Dalles-Celilo Canal May 5, 1915. 1512 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 (fiscal year) ..................... ............................... 41,778 $3,034.315 1913.............. ................................................ 28,465 2, 755. 811 1914........................................................... 43,904 3,098.715 The marked decrease in commerce for 1913 is due to suspension of navigation on the river above Celilo, Oreg., and the increase for 1914 is due to increased shipments of wheat in 1914. Finacwial summarry. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------- $3, 912, 473 .33 Maintenance-------- ----------------------- ------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................................ ..... ....... $66,749.76$20,936.50 Maintenance....................................................... $793.38 ........ ........... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------- $100,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___----------------------------- 34, 147. 18 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ------------------------------------------ 20, 936. 50 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 13, 210. 68 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities 0. 00 6---------------------- July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------- 13,150. 68 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ------------------------------------ 10, 000. 00 13. OPERATING AND CARE OF CANAL AND LOCKS AT THE CASCADES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER, OREG. The canal and locks around the obstructions in the Columbia River 7 at Cascades, Oreg. were so far completed that they were opened to navigation November 5, 1896, and fully completed in August, 1914. A general description of the location, dimensions, etc., is given in the preceding report for canal at Cascades, Columbia River, Oreg. The canal was in commission during the entire year with the excep- tion of 14 days in December and January when river navigation was suspended on account of ice. Since the opening of the canal more or less dredging has been required at the entrances. Dredging operations were commenced September 2 and finished December 1, 1914. The Government dredge Cascades was operated by hired labor 721 days dredging the entrances, and removed 25,649.6 cubic yards of river deposit. The operating machinery was overhauled, 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1513 and 3 operating cables were replaced by new cables; the upper lock gates and valve engine pits were cleaned and painted; the per- manent buildings were repaired and painted; and the water system was overhauled. The total amount expended from the indefinite appropriation on account of operating, maintenance, repairs, etc., to the close of the fiscal year 1915 was $192,734.18, of which $12,863.06 was expended during the year. The commerce through the locks during the calendar year amounted to 43,904 short tons, valued at $3,098,715. This commerce consisted principally of wheat, flour, miscellaneous grain, live stock, wool, general merchandise, etc., a detailed statement of which is given in the district officer's report. Proposed operations.-The locks and canal will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 14. COLUMBIA RIVER BETWEEN VANCOUVER, WASH., AND THE MOUTH OF WILLAMETTE RIVER. Location.-Columbia River rises in the southeastern part of British Columbia, flows in a northwesterly direction for about 150 miles, thence in a general southerly direction for about 600 miles, thence in a general westerly direction for about 350 miles between the States of Oregon and Washington until it empties into the Pacific Ocean (see U. S. Geological Survey, Portland Quadrangle). The section included in this project is 5 miles long and its lower end is about 100 miles from the mouth of the river. Original condition.-Vancouver was cut off from the channel leading from Portland, Oreg., on Willamette River to the Pacific Ocean by a wide sand bar which extended diagonally across the river a short distance below the town. The controlling depth over this bar was about 9 feet at extreme low water. The head of navigation for steamers was the cascades of the Columbia River, about 50 miles above Vancouver. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, and modified by the river and har- bor act of June 3, 1896. The amount expended on the original and modified projects was $109,440.99. For scope of previous project and modifications see Appendix, page 1995. Present project.-This project, which has not been modified, pro- vides for the maintenance of a channel 20 feet deep at low water and 150 feet wide, by dredging, over a section about 5 miles long in front of and below Vancouver, Wash., at an estimated cost of $60,000 for original work and $10,000 annually for maintenance of the channel and dike at the head of Hayden Island. It is printed (see H. Doc. No. 56, 58th Cong., 2d sess.) and was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905. A preliminary examination and survey of the locality with a view to improvement in cooperation with the port of Vancouver has been made. (See H. Doc. No. 879, 63d Cong., 2d sess.) Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dike construction commenced in 1892 and was carried on intermittently until 1903. During this period a dike was constructed from the Oregon shore to 1514 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. the head of Hayden Island, and the head of the island was revetted to prevent erosion. Under the existing project the channel was dredged to the project depth and width in 1905, redredged in the fall of 1906, and again in 1909. A survey made in March, 1913, shows a controlling depth of 9 feet at extreme low water in the proj- ect channel and about 12 feet along Hayden Island shore. The total amount expended under this project to the end of the fiscal year 1914 was $46,689.96, of which $12,000 was for original work, $8,500 for maintenance of dike at head of Hayden Island, and $26,189.96 for maintenance of dredged channel. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No operations have been carried on during the fiscal year as there was no suitable dredge available for the work. Between January 2 and May 1, 1915, the port of Vancouver, at its own expense, under permit approved January 14, 1914, constructed two wooden pile dikes, revetted with stone (one 2,000 feet long and one 400 feet long) in order to fix and possibly deepen the channel across the shoal below Vancouver. The amount expended by the port for this work was approximately $15,000. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is complete. The controlling depth in the channel is 15 feet at extreme low'water. The maximum draft that could safely be carried June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the locality under improvement at low water is 14 feet. The expenditure under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year 1915 was $46,689.96, of which $12,000 was for original work, $8,500 for maintenance of dike at the head of Hayden Island, and $26,189.96 for maintenance of dredged channel. In addition to the foregoing expenditures from Federal funds, the port of Van- couver expended approximately $15,000 for the construction of dikes. The project was completed at a total cost of $12,000, or 20 per cent of the original estimate, the saving of $48,000 having been effected by using the Government and Port of Portland dredges at much less cost than the estimate, which was based on contract work. Local cooperation.-No cooperation was required by law; local interests, however, in 1903 dredged a channel over the shoal at a point about 21 miles below Vancouver under permit from the Sec- retary of War dated October 3, 1903. The cut was 3,600 feet long and from 75 to 100 feet wide, with a depth of about 15 feet at low water. The actual cost of the work was not reported, but it is esti- mated at $5,000. The port has also recently constructed the two dikes described at an expense of about $15,000. Effect of improvement.-The effect on freight rates has not been reported, but it is believed the improvement will prove beneficial, as this stretch of river is important, as it will enable deep-sea vessels to reach Vancouver from the channel leading from Portland to the ocean. Proposed operations.-No operations are contemplated by the United States, as no funds are available. The port of Vancouver, however, has arranged for use of the United States dredge Oregon for redredging the channel to the project depth, all expense in con- nection with this work to be paid by the port. Commercial statistics.-The commerce is local and consists of gen- eral merchandise, agricultural products, logs, paper, and pulp, etc., RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1515 which during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 216,383 short tons, valued at $6,239,103. The deep-sea commerce is principally lumber, but no shipments have been made since the destruction of the saw- mills in Vancouver in 1907. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912 (figures not available)......................... ......... 1913.................. ......................... ....... . .......................... 90,408 $233, 428 1914 ...................................................... ................... 216,383 6, 239,103 The considerable difference between the commerce for 1913 and 1914 is due to increased logging on the upper river and to large ship- ments of crude oil to Camas, Wash. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------$97, 532. 16 Maintenance --------------- -------------------------- 58, 598. 79 Total-------------------------------------------- 156, 130. 95 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ....... ...................................... ................... Maintenance .......... .................................. .... ............ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------- $3, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 13, 000. 00 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915 ----------------------------------------------- 13, 000.00 15. OREGON SLOUGH (NORTH PORTLAND HARBOR), OREG. Location.--Oregon Slough is that part of the former channel of Columbia River which separates Hayden Island from the Oregon mainland and extends about 44 miles from the head to the foot of Hayden Island, emptying back into Columbia River about 1 mile above the mouth of Willamette River and about 103 miles above the mouth of Columbia River. (See U. S. Geological Survey, Portland quadrangle.) It is within the limits of the port of Portland and is known as North Portland Harbor. Originalcondition.-Originally the slough carried about one-third of the low-water flow of the Columbia River and had a navigable depth of 12 feet, but was closed at the head by a dam 4 feet above low water to divert the low-water flow into the main channel. The low-water period is from September until March, and at this stage the tidal range is about 1 foot. The summer freshet season is from May until August, with an extreme height of 20 feet. After the construction of the dike some shoaling took place below it. 1516 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, which has not been modi- fied, provides for dredging a channel 200 feet wide and 20 feet deep at extreme low water from deep water in the Columbia River to a point above the Portland Union Stock Yards, on the slough, about 4 miles in length, at a total cost of $100,000 for original work and $5,000 annually for maintenance, local interests to cooperate to the extent of paying one-half the first cost. The project is printed (see H. Doc. No. 712, 62d Cong., 2d sess.), and was adopted by the act of July 25, 1912. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dredging was commenced March 1, 1913, and the project completed March 17, 1914. The work accomplished resulted in a waterway 200 feet wide and 20 feet deep at extreme low water from deep water in the Columbia River to a point above the Union Stock Yards, about 4 miles. The expenditures prior to the beginning of the fiscal year were $49,112.60, of which $16,881.30 was for new work and $7,675 for maintenance, from United States funds, and $17,556.30 was for new work and $7,000 for maintenance, from contributed funds. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no operations, as the project was completed March 17, 1914, and the unexpended balance on hand was returned to the Treasury April 21, 1915. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--The project was finished March 17, 1914. The total expenditures under the existing project were $49,112.60, of which $16,881.30 was for original work and $7,675 for maintenance, from United States funds, and $17,556.30 was for original work and $7,000 for maintenance, from contributed funds. The project was completed at a saving of $50,886.40 under the esti- mated cost by the employment of the Port of Portland 30-inch suc- tion dredge Willamette, which was leased by the United States for this work. Surveys made by the Port of Portland in May, 1915, indicate that the channel has shoaled and that a maximum draft of 12 feet can be carried at extreme low water. It is understood that the Port of Portland will redredge the channel to the project depth. Local cooperation.-The condition that local interests should co- operate to the extent of paying one-half the first cost was imposed by the act adopting the project. The requirements were satisfac- torily fulfilled and the project completed on this basis. Effect of improvement.-The water-borne commerce has not in- creased, owing mainly to the depression of business conditions, which have affected all of the manufacturing plants on the slough. Proposed operations.-No operations are contemplated. No esti- mate for maintenance is submitted, as it is understood that this work is to be undertaken by the Port of Portland. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists principally of lum- ber, salt, packing-house products, live stock, etc., and during the calendar year 1914 amounted to 38,075 short tons, valued at $169,849. No transportation lines have been established or abandoned during the year. The difference between the commerce for 1912, 1913, and 1914 is due to the present business conditions, which caused the sus- pension of operations of the large lumber manufacturing plant and affects the other manufacturing interests on the slough. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1517 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short Value. 1912 ............ ......................... ........... 8....6..1..2 $924,840 186,125 1913............................. ........................................ ........... 83,560 263,677 1914 .................................................. ......... 38,075 169,849 Financialsummary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $16, 881. 30 Maintenance----- ------------------------------------- 7, 675.00 Total ----- --------------------------------------- 24, 556. 30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .......................................................... $13,625.20 $3,256.10 .......... Maintenance...................................................... ............. .. 7,675.00 Total................. ............................. 13,625.20 10,931.00.. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------------- $50, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---- __--------------------- 25, 443. 70 Deduction on account of transfer under river and harbor act of March 4, 1915- ---- -------- -------------------- 25, 443. 70 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS. Amount expended on the project to June 30, 1915: New work------- ----------------------------------- 17, 556. 30 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 7,000. 00 Total ------------------- --- ----------- -- 24, 556. 30 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................ $13,870.31 $3,685.99 .... Maintenance................................................................7,000.00.......... Total.................................. ........... .. 13,870.31 .......... 10,685.99 ......... Amount pledged by local interests_-------------------- -- ---- $50, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__------------------------- 25, 443. 70 Deduction on account of completion of project --- ---- _---- 125, 443. 70 1 Balance on hand, $443.70, was returned to Peninsula Industrial Co., and $25,000, balance on bond, released by the Secretary of War as authorized by river and harbor act dated Mar. 4, 1915. 1518 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. V CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------------------------$34, 437. 60 Maintenance ---------------------------------------- 14, 675. 00 Total ------------------------------------------ 49, 112. 60 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............ . ................................ $27, 495.51 $6,942.09 .......... Maintenance................... ........... ............ ....... .. 14,675.00 .......... Total............................................... 27,495.51 21,616.99 .......... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-- - -------------------------------- $50, 000. 00 Amount pledged by local interests--------- ---- __--------- -50, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- --------- ___ -_ 50, 887. 40 Deduction on account of: Transfer under river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915 ------------------------------------ $25,443. 70 Completion of project_.--- -- ------- . -__ _125, 443. 70 50, 887. 40 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1913. Reports on preliminary examinations and surveys required by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, of the following localities within this district were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were transmitted to Congress and printed in documents as indicated: 1. Preliminary examination and survey of Nehalem Bay and River, Oreg., including any plan for cooperation on the part of local interests.-Reports dated November 10, 1913, and April 25, 1914, with map, are printed in House Document No. 1455, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of the locality by the United States to a greater extent than is contemplated by the existing project is not deemed advisable at the present time. 2. Preliminary examination and survey of Alsea Bay and Bar, Oreg.-Reports dated October 18, 1913, and December 26, 1914, with map, are printed in House Document No. 1593, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and re- ports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Coos Bay and Bar entrance, Oreg., including consideration of any proposition for cooperation on the part of local interests. 1 Balance on hand, $443.70, was returned to Peninsula Industrial Co., and $25,000 balance on bond, released by Secretary of War as authorized by river and harbor act of Mar. 4, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1519 2. Umpqua River, Oreg., bar and entrance. 3. Coos Bay Harbor, Oreg., from the entrance to Smiths Mill. 4. Coquille Bar and Harbor, Oreg., to the city of Bandon. 5, Coquille River, Oreg., from Coquille City to the entrance. 64.Nehalem Bay and Nehalem River, Oreg., from the entrance of Nehalem Bay to the city of Nehalem, with the view of the improve- ment of the same in cooperation with local interests. 7. Port Orford Harbor, Oreg. 8. Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg. 9. Rogue River, Oreg., bar and entrance. 10. Columbia River at the town of Hood River, Oreg. 11, Columbia Slough, Oreg., with the view of the improvement of the same in cooperation with local interests. 12. Columbia River at Kennewick, Wash. 13. Snake River, Wash. and Idaho, from the mouth to Asotin. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE SECOND PORT- LAND, OREG., DISTRICT. This district includes those portions of the northern part of the State of Oregon and the southern part of the State of Washington whose waters are tributary to the Willamette River, Oreg., and to the Columbia River, Oreg. and Wash., below the mouth of the Willamette River. District officer: Lieut. Col. C. H. McKinstry, Corps of Engineers, July 1, 1914, to January 10, 1915; Maj. Amos A. Fries, Corps of Engineers, January 11, 1915, to February 10, 1915; and Lieut. Col. C. 11. McKinstry, February 11, 1915, to June 30, 1915. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. C. H. McKinstry. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Willamette River above Port- 6. Mouth of Columbia River, land, and Yamhill River, Oreg. and Wash.......... . 1533 Oreg ................... 1519 7. Clatskanie River, Oreg ....... 1538 2. Operating and care of lock and 8. Cowlitz and Lewis Rivers, dam in Yamhill River, Oreg. 1524 Wash....................... 1540 3, Willamette River at Willam- 9. Cowlitz and Lewis Rivers, ette Falls, Oreg........... 1524 Wash., and Clatskanie River, 4. Operating and care of locks Oreg.--dredge and snagboat. 1546 and canal at Willamette 10. Grays River, Wash............ 1547 Falls, Oreg................. 1527 5. Columbia and Lower Willam- ette Rivers below Portland, Oreg..................... 1527 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3391 TO 3420. 1. WILLAMETTE RIVER ABOVE PORTLAND AND YAMHILL RIVER, OREG. Location.--The Willamette River rises in the Cascade Range in southwestern Oregon, flows northerly, generally parallel to the coast line of the Pacific Ocean, and empties into the Columbia River about 100 miles from the sea. Its length from the source (middle fork) is about 294 miles, of which the stretch included in the present project 1520 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. is from Portland, 12 miles above the mouth, to Harrisburg, a distance of about 152 miles. The Yamhill River, a tributary of the Willamette River, has its source in the Coast Range, flows easterly, and enters the Willamette about 42 miles above Portland. Its length from the source of the south fork is about 52 miles, of which the stretch included in the present project is from its mouth to McMinnville, a distance of 18 miles. For improvement of Willamette River at Willamette Falls, Oreg., see page 1524. Original condition.--The mouth of the Yamhill River, 42 miles above Portland, was formerly the head of low-water navigation on the Willamette River, with a minimum usable depth of 21 feet at low water. Above this point the controlling depth was but 1 foot. The least depth at low water between Portland and Oregon City was 3 feet. Dayton, 5 miles above the mouth, was the head of low-water navigation on the Yamhill. For logging purposes the Willamette River was used for a distance of 209 miles above its mouth and the Yamhill River about 50 miles above its mouth. Prior to improve- ment the Willamette River was obstructed by drift, snags, rock ledges, rapids, and gravel shoals, which hindered navigation during low-water stages. Similar conditions existed on the Yamhill River. Previous projects.-The original appropriation for the Willamette River was made in the river and harbor act of March 3, 1871, and was expended in accordance with a project dated December 23, 1870. (Annual Report for 1871, p. 905.) This project was modified in 1892, so as to include the improvement of the Yamhill River. The amount expended on the original project and its modification was $247,747.51. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 1997. Present project.-The present project provided for the removal of obstructions and the construction of controlling works with a view to obtaining a depth of 12 feet or more at low water from Portland to Oswego (7 miles); 3 to 31 feet thence to Corvallis (112 miles) ; and 2 to 21 feet from Corvallis to Eugene (53 miles), at an estimated cost of $131,697; and for the construction of a lock and dam in the Yamhill River near Lafayette (Annual Report for 1895, p. 3602), at an estimated cost of $69,000. This project (H. Doc. No. 260, 54th Cong., 1st sess.; and Annual Report for 1896, p. 3309) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. In 1904 (Annual Report for 1904, p. 3529) this project was modified so as to abandon the 20- mile stretch between Eugene and Harrisburg as not susceptible of improvement at reasonable cost and to provide for snagging be- tween Harrisburg and Corvallis (33 miles) to facilitate high-water navigation and for obtaining a low-water depth of from 21 to 31 feet between Corvallis and Oswego (112 miles) by dredging, snag- ging and dam and revetment work and a low-water depth of 12 feet from Oswego to Portland (7 miles). The estimated cost of the work under this modification was $213,500, with $36,300 annually for maintenance. For the stretch between Portland and Oregon City this project was modified by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912 (H. Doc. No. 438, 62d Cong., 2d sess.) to provide for securing by dredging and the removal of Copeleys Rock a channel 6 feet deep at low water between Portland and Oregon City, 150 to 200 feet RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1521 wide below the foot of Clackamas Rapids and 100 feet wide above, at an estimated cost of $24,000 for new work and $2,500 annually for maintenance. This modification involved no change in the estimated cost of the improvement. The project channel between Portland and Oregon City was obtained as the result of work carried on in the fiscal years 1913 and 1914, at a cost of $24,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Operations under the original project and its modification were carried on between 1871 and 1896. They consisted largely in removing obstructions as re- quired by the immediate necessities of commerce and resulted in an increase of navigability at all stages. Under the present project operations on the Willamette have consisted in removing shoal bars by dredging, in snagging, cutting overhanging trees, and in con- structing dams and training dikes. The work accomplished has re- sulted in continuous improvement of the channel and on June 30, 1914, there was an available depth of 6 feet at low water between Portland and Oregon City (13 miles), 2 feet at low water between Oregon City and Salem (59 miles), and 1, feet at low water be- tween Salem and Corvallis (47 miles). Harrisburg (33 miles above Corvallis) could be reached at higher stages of water. Operations on the Yamhill consisted in snagging, cutting over- hanging trees, and constructing lock and dam near Lafayette, 8 miles above the mouth. The lock and dam were cofnpleted in 1900 at a cost of $72,164. On June 30, 1914, there was an available chan- nel of 2 feet at low water between the mouth and the lock (8 miles) and 12 feet from the lock to McMinnville (10 miles). Under the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, $3,000 from funds available for the Willamette was expended in the removal of snags and other obstructions from the Long Tom River, a tributary of the Willamette. The total amount expended on the present project to June 30, 1914, was $575,305, of which $250,938.80 was for new work and $324,366.20 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations above Oregon City consisted in completing the construction of two pile dikes (610 linear feet) at Wheatland, at a cost of $3,355; in dredg- ing 52,885 cubic yards of sand and gravel from shoal bars in the Willamette between the mouth of the Yamhill River and Murphys Bar (444 miles) at a cost of $6,438.30; and in snagging and removing overhanging trees between Ash Island and Peoria (93 miles) on the Willamette and between the mouth and Dayton (5 miles), on the Yamhill, at a cost of $4,563. All of this work was for maintenance. Operations between Portland and Oregon City (13 miles) consisted in dredging 19,567 cubic yards of gravel for the maintenance of the project channel, at a cost of $3,707.79. All of the above work was done by hired labor with Government plant. A new hull was built for the Mathloma and machinery and upper works transferred thereto, un- der contract, at a cost of $8,870. Above Oregon City the results obtained have been the maintenance of a navigable channel of 21 feet at low water from Oregon City to Corvallis, and between Port- land and Oregon City the maintenance of a channel having a depth of 6 feet at low water and a minimum width of 100 feet. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $34,619.41 for mainte- nance. 8373 0 -ENG 1915-----96 1522 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMIIY. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-About 75 per cent of the proj- ect has been completed. The work on the Willamette has resulted in obtaining and maintaining the project channel to Oregon City, and above Oregon City has furnished a channel reasonably free from snags and other obstructions and has lengthened the period of low- water navigation. During the year the privately owned canal and locks at Willamette Falls were purchased by the United States. (See p. 1524.) In the Yamhill the work done has been the construction of the lock and dam near Lafayette and clearing the channel of obstruc- tions. At the end of the fiscal year a maximum draft of 6 feet at low water could be carried to Oregon City, 21 feet thence to Corvallis, on the Willamette, and 1 feet on the Yamhill to McMinnville. The governing depth on the lower miter sill of the locks at Oregon City is 2 feet at low water. Locks and dams on upper Willamette and Yamhill Rivers. Yamhill Lock (single lock). Oregon City Locks (flight of 4 locks). Location........................ Near.Lafayette, Oreg., 8 miles At Willamette Falls, near Oregon above mouth of Yamhill. City, Oreg., 13 miles above Port- land. Dimensions of locks (in the clear). 190 by 40 feet................190 by 40 feet. Governing depth ............. 3 feet............. .... .. 2 feet.' Lift................ ....... 16 feet. .......................... 10 feet each; total, 41 feet. Date of completion............. 1900......... ............... 1873 (purchased Apr. 26, 1915). Cost.. ....................... $72,164.83............. ...... Unknown (purchase price $375,000) 1The governing depth in the Oregon City Locks can be increased to 6 feet by deepening the lowest lock. The total amount expended on the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $609,924.41, of which $250,938.80 was for new work and $358,985.61 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-No local cooperation is required by law and none has been rendered. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been to render possible regular light-draft steamboat traffic between Port- land and Corvallis on the Willamette River during the entire year and up to McMinnville on the Yamhill River during about nine months of the year. This has resulted in controlling railroad freight rates. At points where rail and water transportation meet the rates are practically the same; for points where there is no water trans- portation the rail rates are greater than the mileage would indicate. Thus on first-class freight from Portland to Corvallis (97 miles by rail and 119 miles by water) the rail rate per hundred is 28 cents and the water rate 25 cents. Between Portland and Eugene, where there is no water the rail distance is 124 miles. 'competition, the rail rate is 46 cents per hundred; Proposed operations.-The funds available July 1, 1915, will be exhausted April 30, 1916. The funds for which estimate is sub- mitted are for maintenance for the period May 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917, and will be expended as follows: Operation of dredges Mathloma and Champoeg, 14 months 24, 000 $__________ Repairs to training dikes, dams, etc---- - ------- - 5, 000 Construction of training dikes------ _,_-- 12, 000 Engineering, contingencies, etc---- ------ ---- - - -- - 6, 000 Total-_ -- --- 47, 000 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1523 Commercialstatistics.-The commerce handled during the calendar year 1914 consisted principally of flour, grain, hops, logs, lumber, fuel oil, paper and pulp, piling, sand, gravel, stone, wood, farm products, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated 1912 ................ .................................. ....... ............... .. 986,509 $10,233,461 1913 ........................................................................ 764,862 8,534,689 1914.................................. ................................... ... 516,552 8,978,320 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------- --------------------------- $498, 686. 31 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 358, 985. 61 Total ---------------------- ---------------------- 857, 671.92 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...... .. ................................ $13,678.47 $10,321.53 ... Maintenance......... .......................... ......... 16, 028.50 35,005. 81 $34, 619. 41 Total .................................................. 29,706.97 45,327.34 34,619.41 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $20, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- 32, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913-------------------------------------------------52, 00000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------ 2, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 --------------------------------------------------- 25, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 12, 187. 39 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 25, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915 25, 000. 00 Receipts from sales-------------- -------------------------- 27. 00 62, 714. 39 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------- 34, 619. 41 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------28, 094.98 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ -------------------- 2, 920. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------25, 174. 98 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project_ -------- -------------------- ----- 52, 300. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-1- 47, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1524 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 2. OPERATING AND CARE OF LOCK AND DAM IN YAMHILL RIVER, OREG. The lock and dam are situated 8 miles above the mouth of the Yamhill River and 10 miles below McMinnville, the head of naviga- tion. For description of Yamhill River, see page 1519. The lock was opened to navigation in 1900. During the past winter the lock has been closed to navigation (drowned out) 24 days. Steamer traffic above Dayton, 5 miles above the mouth of the Yam- hill River, has been practically abandoned since 1902. The total traffic for the year amounted to 244 short tons of freight and 109 passengers. The traffic has consisted mainly of hardwood logs floated downstream. Commerce for the last three calendar years was as follows: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimatlue. 1912...... ............ .............................. ........................ 388 $1,554 1913.......................................... .............................. 432 1,728 1914...................... .. ............................. ....................... 1,314 5,777 During the year there was expended in operiting, care, and mainte- nance the sum of $966.29, and the total expended for the same pur- pose to the end of the fiscal year was $43,426.95. Proposed operations.-The lock and dam will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909. 3. WILLAMETTE RIVER AT WILLAMETTE FALLS, OREG. Location.-The Falls of the Willamette are situated near Oregon City, Oreg., about 13 miles above Portland. For description of the Willamette River, see page 1519. Original condition.-The falls pour over a horseshoe-shaped rocky reef, the vertical distance between low-water levels above and below being about 41 feet. This obstruction to navigation was overcome by a canal and locks on the west side of the falls, completed in 1873, and owned and operated by private interests. The locks and canal consist of a flight of four locks, each 210 feet long and 40 feet wide, and having a lift of about 104 feet each; a canal basin above the flight of locks 1,250 feet in length; a guard lock at the upper end of the basin 210 feet long and 40 feet wide; and the upper entrance 1,000 feet in length, making the total length, including the locks and entrance about 3,500 feet. The governing depth through canal and locks was 3 feet at low water, subsequently reduced to 2 feet by the drop of low-water plane below the falls due to the improvement of Clackamas Rapids by the United States. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The existing project (H. Doe. No. 202, 56th Cong., 1st sess., and Annual Report for 1900, p. 4374) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The act provides for the purchase of the existing canal and locks, or for the purchase of RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1525 the necessary lands and the construction of a new canal and locks, in the discretion of the Secretary of War. The purchase of the existing canal and locks for $375,000 was authorized by the Secretary of War on February 15, 1912. The project therefore provides for the pur- chase of the existing canal and locks, the rehabilitation of the same, and the separation of the canal from the water-power intake, at an estimated cost of $600,000 for new work. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year. Operations con- sisted in surveying, in preparing plans and estimates, and in nego- tiating for the purchase of the existing locks and canal. The total amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $6,992.48 for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The purchase price of the existing canal and locks ($375,000) was paid, and the transfer of the property to the United States took effect April 26, 1915. Since that date operations have consisted in the purchase and instal- lation of necessary machinery and plant, the remodeling of existing building for lock keepers' quarters, and dredging over the site of the proposed concrete dividing wall. Plans and estimates were pre- pared for building additional lockmen's quarters, and for the con- struction of three scows to be used .in the work. During the year 3,710 cubic yards of material were removed from the lock canal at a cost of $2,418.97. All this work was new work and was done by hired labor with Government plant. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $376,449.23 for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the end of the fiscal year about 5 per cent of the project had been accomplished. The work is in its initial stage and no increase. in ease of navigation has been obtained. About 2 feet at low water is the maximum draft that. could be carried through the locks at the end of the fiscal year. Total expenditures under existing project to the end of the fiscal year were $383,441.71 for new work. The dimensions and other information concerning these locks are given in table on page 1522. Local cooperation.-In appropriating $300,000 for the project Congress provided that, except for the acquisition of lands and right of way and for surveys, etc., no part of this money should be ex- pended until the State of Oregon appropriated a like amount for the same purpose. The Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon passed an act in February, 1909, appropriating the sum of $300,000, provided the United States appropriated a like sum on or before March 1, 1912. The treasurer of the State of Oregon on May 6, 1912, deposited $200,000 and on November 19, 1913, $100,000 to the credit of the Treasurer of the United States. Effect of improvement.-The toll of 50 cents for each ton of freight and 10 cents for each passenger formerly levied by the canal owners on the steamboat companies has been removed. The steamboat companies, however, have not made an equal reduction in their freight and passenger rates. Passenger rates are unchanged; a new freight schedule is in effect, the decrease in rates on different classes of freight varying from 20 cents to $2.40 a ton. Based on commercial statistics for the calendar year 1914, the decrease in freight rates would average about 36 cents per ton. Proposed operations.--The funds available are believed to be suffi- cient to complete the project. 1526 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Commercial statistics.-For statement of commerce through the locks, see page 1523. Financialsummary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $83, 441.71 Maintenance _ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................... $1,186.00 ............ $76,449.23 Maintenance...... ................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___--------------------------- $293, 007. 52 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement 6, 449. 23 7----------------------------- July 1, 1915, balance unexpended---------------------------- 216, 558.29 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 4, 180.00 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 212,378.29 STATE APPROPRIATION. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work - $300,000.00 Maintenance , ------ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________________________ $300, 000.00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ..... 300, 000.00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------------- $383, 441. 71 Maintenance.... Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30- 1913 1914 1915 New work.. ............................................. $1,186 ........... $376,449.23 Maintenance....................................................... RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1527 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ____________________________ $593, 007. 52 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement ---------------------------------------- 376, 449. 23 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 216, 558. 29 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------------------- 4, 180. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available___------------------ -- 212, 378. 29 4. OPERATING AND CARE OF CANAL AND LOCKS IN WILLAMETTE RIVER, NEAR OREGON CITY, OREG. The canal and locks are situated at Willamette Falls, 13 miles above Portland, Oreg. For description of Willamette River at Wil- lamette Falls, see page 1519. They were built by private parties and opened for traffic in 1873. On April 26, 1915, they became, by purchase at a price of $375,000, the property of the United States. Since that date they have been continuously available for naviga- tion. The traffic from April 26 to June 30, 1915, amounted to 22,963 short tons of freight and 2,987 passengers. The commerce through the locks consists of country produce, farm and mill ma- chinery, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated value. 1912.................. ..... .. ............................................... .... 10,751 $751,829 1913 ....................................................... 6,527 675,916 1914............................................................................. 5,523 208,375 From April 26 to June 30, 1915, there was expended in operation, care, and maintenance the sum of $344.22. Proposed operations.-The canal and locks will be operated and maintained, the cost being paid by allotments from the permanent indefinite appropriation provided by section 6 of the river and har- bor act of March 3, 1909. 5. COLUMBIA AND LOWER WILLAMETTE RIVERS BELOW PORTLAND, OREG. Location.--The Columbia River rises in British Columbia, flows northerly, then southerly through the State of Washington, and westerly' between Washington and Oregon, and empties into the Pacific Ocean about 610 miles north of the harbor of San Francisco and about 160 miles south of the Straits of Juan de Fuca. For de- scription of the Willamette River, see page 1519. The portions of these rivers covered by this improvement are the Willamette between Portland and the mouth (12 miles), and the Columbia from the mouth of the Willamette to the mouth of the Columbia (98 miles). (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 6100, 6151, 6152, 6153, and 6154.) 1528 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Original condition.-Originallythe channel between Portland and the sea was obstructed by numerous sand bars, in which were com- paratively narrow channels with depths varying from 10 to 15 feet at low water. The city of Portland, on the Willamette River, 110 miles above the mouth of the Columbia River, is the head of deep- water navigation. Previous projects.-The original project was approved May 21, 1877. (Annual Report for 1877, p. 1019.) This project was modi- fied by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892. (H. Doc. No. 38, 52d Cong., 1st sess., and Annual Report for 1892, p. 2850.) The project was further modified by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902 (H. Doc. No. 673, 56th Cong., 1st sess., and Annual Report for 1900, p. 4418), and by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The amount expended on original project and its modifications, including $221,780.46 for relief dredging between 1866 and 1876, was $2,639,- 606.97. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 1998. Present project.-The present project provides for a channel 300 feet wide and 30 feet deep at low water from Portland to the head of the estuary (Brookfield) and not less than 300 feet wide and 26 feet deep at mean lower low water, thence to the mouth of the river, with an auxiliary channel 8 feet deep and 300 feet wide on the west side of Swan Island, in the Willamette River, near Portland; estimated cost, $3,770,000, with $350,000 annually for maintenance; the following specific division of the work to be made as the result of cooperation offered by the port of Portland and accepted by the United States, namely, that the port of Portland shall assist in the work of improv- ing and maintaining the channel in the Columbia River and shall be solely responsible for obtaining and maintaining the project channel in the Willamette River, not including the west channel at Swan Island; the effect of this cooperation being to make the first cost of the work to the United States not to exceed $3,000,000 and the cost of maintenance by the United States not to exceed $300,000 annually. This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. (H. Doc. No. 1278, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) The river and harbor act of February 27, 1911, contained an appropriation and a continu- ing-contract authorization for the construction of two suitable dredg- ing plants. Expenditures under this authorization have been consid- ered as expenditures on the present project. The plane of reference in the estuary is mean lower low water at Astoria. The tidal range is 7 feet at the mouth of the Columbia and about 7 feet at the head of the estuary, and diminishes to about 2 feet at Portland at low stages of the river. Above the estuary soundings are referred to a low-water slope determined by local observations. The ordinary period of low fresh-water flow and minimum navigable depths is from September 1 to November 15, sometimes to January 31. During the rest of the year the Willamette and the Columbia at the mouth of the Willamette average 8 feet in heighth above datum, being highest during the freshet period, May to July, inclusive. The increase in depth due to fresh-water flow diminishes to zero at As- toria. During the latter part of the freshet season and before the river reaches the low-flow stage relief dredging is done yearly on the various bars where needed. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-Operationson original project and its modifications consisted in the construction of dams, RIVER ATtI lARI3OR IMPROVEMENT 15 1529 dikes, and bank protection, and in dredging. Operations under the present project prior to the- fiscal year consisted in the construction of dredging plant and in dredging. Dredging was done at Flavel, Taylor Sands, No. 2 Beacon, Harrington Point and Pillar Rock Bars, in the estuary (1,685,444 cubic yards), and at Skamokawa, Puget Island, Pancake Point, Eureka, Dobelbowers, and Martin Island Bars, above the estuary (2,198,939 cubic yards). Of the total excavation (3,884,383 cubic yards), 2,008,498 cubic yards was new work and 1,875,885 cubic yards was maintenance. The total amount expended on existing project to June 30, 1914, was $637,551.24, of which $572,512.27 was for new work and $65,038.97 for maintenance. Besides the work done by the United States, the port of Portland with their three dredges removed in the estuary 178,000 cubic yards, in the Columbia above the estuary 4,348,243 cubic yards, and in the Willamette River 333,100 cubic yards, a total for both rivers of 4,859,343 cubic yards. These operations resulted in a channel with least depth at low water of 24 feet in the Willamette and 26 feet in the Columbia River. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--During the year dredging was done by hopper dredge Chinook at Desdemona, Flavel, Upper Sands, and Tongue Point (1,741,585 cubic yards); by hop- per dredge Clatsop at Tongue Point, Taylor Sands, Harrington Point, Walker Island, and Morgans (1,954,009 cubic yards); and by the pipe-line dredges Multnomah and Wahkiakunm at Tongue Point, Pillar Rock, Skamokawa, Puget Island, Pancake Point, Eureka, Walker Island, La Du, Slaughters, Dobelbowers, Morgans Bars, and United States moorings (3,235,792 cubic yards). Total for all dredges was 6,931,386 cubic yards, of which 3,397,940 cubic yards was new work and 3,533,446 cubic yards maintenance. The port of Portland, using its own funds and dredges (three), dredged 2,210,921 cubic yards from Swan Island and Postoffice Bars in the Willamette River and assisted in the work of maintaining the channel in the Columbia River by dredging 1,984,041 cubic yards from Willow, Henrici, St. Helens, Hunters, and Tongue Point Bars; total dredged by the port of Portland, 4,194,962 cubic yards. The result on June 30, 1915, was a channel with a governing depth of 24 feet at low water in the Willamette and 26 feet in the Columbia. Other work done during the year consisted in repairs to plant, con- struction of new hulls for two quarter boats, surveys, and filling grounds at United States moorings. All United States work has been done with Government plant and hired labor. Certain mate- rials and supplies were obtained under contract. The amount ex- pended by the United States during the fiscal year was $300,800.14, of which $140,307.47 was for new work and $160,492.67 for main- tenance. In addition to this amount the sum of $16,834.32, con- tributed by the port of Portland, was expended for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-At the end of the fiscal year about 53 per cent of the estimated quantity of dredging in the Columbia River under the present project had been done, and dredg- ing plant had been completed. None of the projected dikes had been constructed. It is estimated that on June 30, 1915, the project as a whole was 36 per cent completed. Project depth of 26 feet at mean lower low water in the estuary has been obtained and project depth of 30 feet at low water between 1530 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Brookfield and the mouth of the Willamette has been obtained, ex- cept at Coffee Island, Slaughters, Dobelbowers, and Morgans Bars, where the governing depth was 26 feet at low water. In the Willamette River the governing depth at low water was 24 feet. The maxium draft that could be carried June 30, 1915, over the shoalest part of the channel between Portland and the mouth of the Columbia was 24 feet at the datum stage. (But see above under Present project for increase in depth due to tidal and fresh-water flow and for relief dredging done prior to season of low fresh-water flow.) The total amount expended on the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $938,351.38, of which $712,819.74 was for new work and $226,531.64 for maintenance. In addition to this amount the sum of $16,834.32 contributed by the Port of Portland was ex- pended for maintenance. Local cooperation.--In 1883 the city of Portland built a dredge to assist the United States in the work of improving the channel be- tween Portland and the sea. This dredge was operated up to 1898. In 1891 the legislature of the State of Oregon passed an act authoriz- ing the incorporation of the port of Portland commission for the general purpose of improving the Willamette and Columbia Rivers from Portland to the sea. The port of Portland took over and operated the dredge above mentioned and also constructed various dikes along the rivers under the direction of the engineer depart- ment. In 1902 they constructed a more powerful dredge and rebuilt the original one. In 1912 a third dredge was constructed. These dredges have been employed more or less continuously on the work of improving the channels of the two rivers. The formal permission of the Secretary of War to the port of Portland to assist in the im- provement of these rivers is dated October 19, 1891. The adoption by Congress of the present project in the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, was conditioned upon the following-described cooperation by the port of Portland: That the port of Portland shall assist in the work of improving and main- taining the channel in the Columbia River and shall be solely responsible for obtaining and maintaining the project channel in the Willamette River, not in- cluding the west channel at Swan Island. (Approved by the Secretary of War, June 29, 1915.) Up to December 31, 1914, about 30,000,000 cubic yards of material had been. removed from various bars by the port of Portland dredges at an approximate cost of $1,285,000 and about $368,000 had been ex- pended by the port in the construction of dikes for the improvement of the channel. There are two wharves and one small landing at Portland built with city funds. Municipal Dock No. 1, on the west side of the river, has a frontage of 955 feet and a slip 486 feet long by 120 feet wide. Municipal Dock No. 2, on the east side of the river, has a frontage of 526 feet. A depth of 30 feet has been provided at both. These wharves are modern in every way and cost about $2,500,000. At St. Johns, about 6 miles below Portland, is a public wharf with 500 feet frontage, cost about $60,000. At Astoria, Oreg., work is almost completed on a large municipal wharf to cost about $1,000,000. Effect of improvement.--It is impossible to estimate the effect of this improvement on freight rates. The deepening of the river chan- nel simultaneously with the deepening of the channel across the bar RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1531 has greatly increased the draft of vessels that can ascend to Port- land .and has enabled steamship lines to operate on regular schedules. Portland has the same terminal rates that apply to other Pacific coast ports. Proposed operations.-The funds available July 1, 1915, will be exhausted July 1, 1916. Period covered by the estimate below is from July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917. For new work: Operation and reliair, two pipe-line dredges, 6 months, at $7,500 each per month------------------ ------- $90, 000 Engineering and contingencies, about 10 per cent------- 10, 000 $100, 000 For maintenance: Operation and repair, dredge Clatsop, 12 months, at $8,000 ----------------- ----------------------- 96, 000 Operation and repair, two pipe-line dredges, 6 months, at $7,500 each per month___-- --------- -- - ___90, 000 Maintenance of existing dikes, etc__ ______ _______ 20, 000 Operation of tug and survey boat, 12 months, at $1,500__ 18, 000 Work at United States moorings, 12 months, at $1,000 per month----------------------------------- 12, 000 Engineering and contingencies about 10 per cent------- 24, 000 260, 000 Total ---- -- - -- --- 360, 000 Commercial statistics.-Foreignexports were mainly wheat, lum- ber, barley, flour, and merchandise; foreign imports were principally bags and burlap, coal, sulphur, fire brick and clay, and oriental goods. The domestic deep-sea tonnage was made up mainly of fuel oil, lumber, wheat, barley, cement flour, sugar, logs, and general merchandise. The commerce handled by light-draft river vessels consisted of dairy products, flour, fruit, grain, live stock, logs, lumber, fuel oil, paper and pulp, piling, sand and gravel, stone, wood, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated 1912.. ........................................................ 1913---. ... ... .. .......... 6,840,659 $85,961745 ....... ........... .........-.... . . . 1913 ------------------------------------------------------------ . .. 7,923,902 7, 2 2 $102,058,764 5 6 1914.............................................................8,043,263 100,018,293 Within the past five years the following lines of steamers have been established: Royal Mail Steamship Line, American-Hawaiian Steamship Line, Atlantic & Pacific Steamship Line, the Boston Pacific Steamship Line, Hamburg-American Line (suspended due to war), East Asiatic Line, Maple Leaf Line, Cosmos Line (sus- pended due to war), China Import & Export Lumber Co., and Mitsui & Co. Line. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------- ----------------------------- $2, 161, 471. 19 Maintenance ---------------------------------- 1, 416, 487. 16 Total_ ---------------- --- --- ------------- - 3, 577, 958. 35 1582 REPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ................. ................. ......... $127, 653. 48 $442, 858.79 $140,307.47 Maintenance.--.... .........................- . .... -.. - ... ... 132, 284.24 65, 038. 97 160, 492.67 Total------..........----.............----------------------------------.....259,937.72 507,897.76 300,800.14 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $350, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 ------------------------------------------- 180, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 ----- 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913_ . .-- - 160, 000. 00 June 23, 1913 ------------------------------------------- 120, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 _ ----------------------------------------- 200, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 450, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________________________ 108, 561. 89 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 200, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 450, 000. 00 Receipts from sales _---___-----------------------_ 223. 75 758, 785. 64 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement_______ $140, 307. 47 -______ For maintenance of improvement 1-------- -160, 492. 67 300, 800. 14 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_----- --------- ___ 457, 985. 50 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ____- - - - -- ________ 48, 502. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available________ _ ________________ 409, 483. 50 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----------------------------------- 2, 060, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_ 1360, 000. 00 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS-PORT OF PORTLAND. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------------------- Maintenance ---------------------------------------- $16, 834. 32 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .............. ................................................... Maintenance ......................................................... .................. $16, 834. 32 Contributed, August and September, 1914__________-...----- $16, 834. 32 August and September, 1914, contributed by the port of Portland_ $16, 834. 32 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for main- tenance of improvement_____________---___------- 16, 834. 32 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1533 6. MOUTH OF COLUMBIA RIVER, OREG. AND WASH. Location.-The mouth of the Columbia River is about 610 miles north of the entrance to San Francisco Harbor and 160 miles south of the Straits of Juan de Fuca. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey charts Nos. 5052, 6100, and 6151.) For description of Columbia River see report of Columbia and Lower Willamette Rivers, page 1527, Originalcondition.-Priorto improvement there were from one to three channels across the bar, and these channels varied from time to time both in location and depth. The depths were from 19 to 21 feet at mean lower low water, while the outer end of the channel shifted along the bar between Cape Disappointment and Point Adams for a distance of about 6 miles. Previous projects.-The original project (S. Doc. No. 13, 47th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1883, p. 2011) was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 5, 1884. The amount expended under this project was $1,968,753.14, not including $17,500 previously expended for survey, etc. For scope of original project see Appen- dix, page 1999. Present project.-The present project provides for obtaining a channel across the bar 40 feet deep at mean lower low water and of practicable width by extending the south jetty as completed in 1895 a farther distance of about 2 miles, constructing on the north side of the entrance a jetty about 2 miles in length, terminating 2 miles north of the end of the south jetty extension, and dredging, should experience show dredging to be productive of good results. The north jetty was not to be built unless found to be necessary. This project (H. Doc. No. 94, 56th Cong., 1st sess., and Annual Report for 1903, p. 2275) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905. The estimated cost of the south jetty extension was $2,260,000, of the north jetty $1,205,000, and of remodeling and oper- ating dredge $250,000. A revised estimate of $3,529,300 as the cost of completing the south jetty extension was approved April 17, 1909. A revised estimate of $5,966,573 as the cost of constructing the north jetty was approved July 18, 1913. This estimate covers a jetty 12,300 feet long measured from the first bent driven, which is 464 feet east of the high-water line of February, 1914, on the west side of Cape Disappointment, and estimated to contain about 3,000,000 tons of stone. The tidal range on the bar is about 7 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The south jetty, constructed under the original project, was 4- miles in length and contained (including groins and shore protection) 945,923 tons of stone. The heighth of this jetty was from 10 to 12 feet above mean lower low water for a distance of 1.8 miles from shore, thence it sloped to 4 feet above datum at the outer end. Under the present project, between 1902 and August 7, 1913, the south jetty was ex- tended 2.39 miles. The extension contains 4,427,311 tons of stone. Incidental to the extension of the jetty 410,000 tons of stone was used to rebuild the outer end of the original south jetty. The total length of the south jetty is 6.64 miles, measured from a point about 450 feet north of the northerly salient of old Fort Stevens. It con- tains 5,783,234 tons of stone and cost $9,594,150.84, not including $17,500 expended for surveying prior to actual construction. The removal of plant from Fort Stevens to Fort Canby, construction of 1534 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. receiving wharf, quarters, shops, etc., setting up of machinery, lay- ing of railroad tracks and other work preliminary to beginning the actual construction of the north jetty was accomplished between May, 1912, and February, 1914. A channel 11 feet deep in Baker Bay to accommodate barges carrying stone for the jetty was dredged be- tween March 5, 1913, and July 25, 1913, and October 18, 1913, and May 1, 1914; 2,100,610 cubic yards of material were removed. Dredg- ing at the receiving wharf was begun June 22, 1914, and was in prog- ress at the beginning of the fiscal year. Placing of stone in the north jetty began in February, 1914. Up to June 30, 1914, 422,783 tons of stone had been placed over a length of 5,626 feet. The U. S. dredge Chinook, formerly the commercial steamer Mohawk, later the Army transport Grant, was turned over to the Engineer Department and converted into a dredge in 1903. The dredging equipment first installed was two 20-inch pumps. In the spring of 1914 two 30-inch pumps were added. Her dredging record on the bar prior to this fiscal year is as follows: Days or Cubic yards parts of dredged days on (bin meas- bar. urement). May to November, 1904.. ...... .................... ...... ............... 111 386, 684 September to December, 1910, May to June, 1911............. ............... . 62 212, 080 July, 1911, to July 2, 1912........................................................ 117 449, 539 June 16, 1913, to October 15, 1913............ -----.................... ........... 69 489, 670 Total...................----- .................................. 1,537,973 The total amount expended by the United States on the existing project to June 30, 1914, is $9,852,128.21, in addition to which $246,703.21 and $7,894.74 was contributed by the port of Portland and port of Astoria, respectively, a total of $10,106,726.16. Of this total, $8,493,485.84 has been spent for new work ($7,625,397.70 for construction of south jetty extension and $868,088.14 for construc- tion of north jetty) and $1,613,240.32 for maintenance ($692,277.92 for maintenance of south jetty and $920,962.40 for alterations, re- pairs, and operation of the dredge Chinook). In 1904 the governing depth in the bar channel was 22 feet at mean lower low water, and the crossing was due west of the middle of the gorge. In 1905 and 1906 the governing depth was 244 feet and the crossing unchanged in position. By 1907 the crossing had shifted to the southwesterly quarter of the bar, and the governing depth was 24 feet. In 1908 the crossing was in the same position, and the depth was 251 feet; in 1909 and 1910 the depth was 26J feet. In 1911 and 1912 the bar channel was not well defined; the governing depth on the bar range was 26 feet. In 1913 the governing depth on the bar range was 251 feet. On June 30, 1914, the depth on the bar range was 271 feet, while just off the end of the south jetty there was a channel 30 feet deep and about 1,000 feet wide. Operations and results durig the fiscal year.-Dredging by the U. S. dredge Wahkiakum at the receiving wharves at Fort Canby and in the approach thereto was completed, 109,892 cubic yards of sand being removed at a cost of $7,679.15. The construction of the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1535 north jetty was continued during the year, the trestle being extended 5,051 feet at a cost of $63,128.66, and 1,003,622 tons of rock being placed in the jetty at a cost of $1,346,080.64. All of this was new work. During the year 1,188,650 cubic yards of sand were dredged from the bar at a cost of $146,294.77 for maintenance. Except for supplying and delivering a part of the rock, coal, fuel oil, etc., all work has been carried on by hired labor with Government plant. Four surveys of the bar were made during the fiscal year. They indicate a progressive seaward advance of the crest of the bar, greater in the westerly than in the southerly quarter, and a marked deepen- ing in the southerly quarter. The total scour for the year from the southerly and southwesterly parts of the bar amounts to nearly 4,000,000 cubic yards. The amount expended by the United States during the year was $1,317,781.17, of which $1,171,486.40 was for new work (north jetty) and $146,294.77 for maintenance (alterations, operations, and repairs, U. S. dredge Chinook). In addition to these amounts $245,402.05, contributed by the ports of Portland and Asto- ria, were also expended for new work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The south jetty is completed, and 49 per cent of the total estimated quantity of stone required for the north jetty has been placed. For the first 8,000 feet of its length the north jetty stands at or above 10 feet above datum, except for a short length where the height is about 5 feet above datum; for the next 2,700 feet the crest is uneven, its average height being about 5 feet below datum. The total length of the trestle June 30, 1915, is 11,177 feet, leaving about 1,225 feet to be built. Comparing the aggregate quantity of stone placed in the south and north jetties with the sum of the quantity in the south jetty plus the total estimated quantity required to build the north jetty the project is 82 per cent completed. The project calls for a depth of 40 feet at mean lower low water. The available depth when this project was adopted was about 22 feet. The present governing depth on the northerly entrance range is 27 feet, on the southerly entrance range 30 feet, and in the area now being dredged 301 feet. In the south channel there is a narrow chan- nel 32 feet deep. The maximum draft that could be carried across the bar June 30, 1915, at mean lower low water and with smooth bar is 28 feet. There has been expended by the United States on the ex- isting project to the end of the fiscal year $11,169,909.38, in addition to which $475,000 and $25,000 was contributed by the ports of Portland and Astoria, respectively. Of this amount, $9,910,374.29 was applied to new work ($7,625,397.70 to construction of south jetty extension and $2,284,976.59 to construction of north jetty) and $1,759,535.09 was applied to maintenance ($692,277.92 to maintenance of south jetty and $1,067,257.17 to alterations, repairs, and operations of dredge Chinook). Local cooperation.-The existing project contains no conditions requiring local cooperation. However, during 1914 the port of Port- land contributed $475,000 and the port of Astoria $25,000 to this im- provement. These amounts have been expended, the greater part having been applied to the purchase of rock for the north jetty. For work on terminals, etc., done with local funds, see report on Colum- bia and lower Willamette Rivers. 1536 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Effect of improvement.-Deepening of the bar channel has been followed by the use of ships of greater draft and carrying capacity. Proposed operations.-The funds available July 1, 1915, for con- tinuing the work will be exhausted April 30, 1916. With the funds for which estimate is submitted it is proposed to continue the con- struction of the north jetty and to dredge the bar. The period cov- ered by the estimate is from May 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917. New work, viz, continuing construction of north jetty: 1,200,000 tons of stone in place, at $1.50--_ -------- $1, 800, 000 Engineering and contingencies, 10 per cent--------_ 180, 000 $1, 980, 000 Maintenance: Operation of dredge Chinook 7 months, at $15,000_ 112, 500 Engineering and contingencies, about 10 per cent___ 11, 500 124, 000 Total---------------------------------------- -- 2, 104,000 Commercial statistics.-Foreign exports during 1914 were mainly wheat, lumber, barley, and flour; foreign imports principally bags and burlap, coal, sulphur, fire brick and clay, and oriental goods. The domestic deep-sea commerce consisted mainly of fuel oil, lum- ber, wheat, logs, cement, flour, sugar, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated value. 1912............................................ ....................... ....... 2,697,987 $56,800,756 1913................ ........ .................. ................................ 3,089,218 66,599,192 1914.................................... .................................. 2,719,080 68,042,038 The decrease in tonnage is due to a falling off in domestic imports. The increase in value of commerce is due to an increase in the volume and unit value of such articles as coffee, cheese, powder, tobacco, canned salmon, etc. Within the past five years the following lines of steamers have been established: Royal Mail Steamship Line, Ameri- can-Hawaiian Steamship Line, Atlantic & Pacific Steamship Line, the Boston-Pacific Steamship Line, Great Northern Pacific Steam- ship Co., Hamburg-American Line (suspended due to war), East Asiatic Co., Maple Leaf Line, Cosmos Line (suspended due to war), China Import & Export Lumber Co., and Mitsui & Co. Line. Financialsummary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------------------------------- $11, 396, 627. 43 Maintenance- ____-__-_____-____ -- - - - 1, 759, 535. 09 Total ------------------------------------------ 13, 156, 162. 52 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.... ....................................... $678,429.35 $442,910. 48 $1, 171,486.40 Maintenance ............ ....... ... .............. 418,409.72 447,266.50 146, 294.77 Total ........................................... 1,096,839.07 890,176.98 1,317,781.17 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTs. 1537 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------$950, 000. 00 July 25, 1912-- -------------------------------------------- 1,000, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1913------------------------------------------------1, 000, 000.00 Oct. 2, 1914_------ ____________________-__ 1, 000, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------- -- 1, 500, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- ---- _------_- ------ 309,115.29 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 1, 000, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4,1915_ 1, 500, 000. 00 Receipts from sales _._ _------------------------- _ 369. 35 2, 809, 484. 64 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of ifmprovement _____-________ $1, 171,486.40 For maintenance of improvement-___--___ 146, 294. 77 - 1, 317, 781. 17 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------------1, 491, 703. 47 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities 182, 110. 00 --------------- July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts__----------------- ----------------------- 588, 310. 00 770, 420. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available -------------------------------- 721, 283.47 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ___________________- -'2, ____- 340, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending - June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance_ 2, 104, 000. 00 CONTRIBUTED FUNDS, PORT OF PORTLAND. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------------- $475, 000. 00 Maintenance ___ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................................................... $246,703.21 $228,296.79 Maintenance... ..................................................... ....... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Fiscal year 1914_________---------------------------------- $350, 000. 00 Fiscal year 1915---------------------------------------------- 125, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------ 103, 296. 79 Contributed during fiscal year 1915_----____-------------__- 125, 000.00 228, 296. 79 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement------------- ---------------------------------- 228, 296. 79 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8373 0 --ENG 1915-- 97 1538 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. CONTRIBUTED FUNDS, PORT OF ASTORIA. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------------------------------$25, 000 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 nancew Mainte New work ............. ------------------------------------------------------- ................................. ... ........... ...--....$7,894.74 . $17,105.26 Maintenance.... APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Fiscal year 1914----------------------------------------- $13, 157. 90 Fiscal year 1915__________------------_____ 11, 842. 10 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _____--- __________-- --- _ 5, 263. 16 Contributed during fiscal year _________ __________ ____ 11, 842. 10 17, 105. 26 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement------------------------------------------ 17, 105. 26 7. CLATSKANIE RIVER, OREG. Location.-The Clatskanie River rises in the Coast Range in the State of Oregon, flows northwesterly about 28 miles, and empties into the Columbia River, through Beaver and Wallace Sloughs, 65 miles below Portland. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart 6152.) The stretch included in the present project extends from the town of Clatskanie downstream to the crossing of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railroad, a distance of about three-fourths of a mile. Original condition.-Priorto improvement the river was winding, with numerous sharp bends and a minimum usable depth ranging from about 2 feet to 5 feet at low water. Clatskanie, about 14 miles above the mouth, was the head of navigation. The stream was used for logging for a farther distance of about 12 miles. Previous projects.-The original project (H. Doc. No. 218, 55th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1898, p. 3049) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899. The amount expended under this project was $12,675.47. For scope of original project, see Appendix, page 2000. Present project.-The present project provides for dredging a channel 6 feet deep at low water, with a bottom width of 40 feet from the town of Clatskanie to the railroad bridge (about .three- fourths of a mile) at a cost of $4,200 and approximately $1,000 an- nually for maintenance. The variation of water level due to tides is about 4 feet at Clatskanie. This project (H. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel 5 feet deep was obtained under the original project. In November and December, 1910, 27,261 cubic yards of material was dredged under the present project, and resulted in a channel of project depth and width. This channel was redredged to project dimensions in Feb- RIVER AND HARBOR IlMIPROVEMENTS. 1539 ruary and March, 1913, 17,675 cubic yards being removed. The gov- erning depth June 30, 1914, was about 21 feet, no money being avail- able for maintenance after the redredging above referred to: The total amount expended on the present project to June 30, 1914, was $6,190.50, of which $4,299.93 was for original work and $1,890.57 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the fiscal year, as the dredging plant being constructed for this river was not completed until the close of the fiscal year. Ex- penditures were for printing specifications for delivery of fuel oil for dredging plant. The total amount expended during the fiscal year was $1.37 for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. A maximum draft at low water of about 24 feet could be carried to Clatskanie at the end of the fiscal year. The total amount expended on the existing project to the end of the fiscal year was $6,191.87, of which $4,299.93 was for new work and $1,891.94 for maintenance. Local cooperation.--The existing project contains no conditions requiring local cooperation. The Columbia Agricultural Co. and the citizens of Clatskanie, however, subscribed funds which were expended in dredging a cut-off of project width and depth and approximately 1,000 feet long across a bend near the mouth of the river and in other dredging in Clatskanie River and Beaver Slough. Effect of improvement.-The improvement provides a cheaper and more direct means of transportation to the country about Clatskanie than does the railroad. Proposed operations.-Thefunds available July 1, 1915, for mainte- nance will be exhausted by August, 1915. For the period August 1, 1915-June 30, 1917, it is estimated that $1,000 will be required for maintenance dredging, as follows: Operation of dredge Monticello and tender__------------------------- $800 Engineering, contingencies, etc------ ----------------------------- 200 Total -------------------- ---------------------------- 1, 000 Commercial statistics.-The principal commerce on the river dur- ing the calendar year 1914 was in agricultural and dairy products, general merchandise, building materials, iron and steel, live stock, lumber, meats, mill feed, and shingles. Comparative statement. Fstimated Calendar year. Short tons. Evalue. 1912........ ...................................................... 33,694 $615,938 1913. ................................... .....................-- 25,404 742,729 1914................. .................................................. 8,565 478,633 While there is a decrease in the total tonnage carried on the river, due to slackness in the logging industry, the amount of merchandise and other commodities carried by boat shows an increase of about 1,000 tons over the year 1913. 1540 REPORT OF THE (CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------------ $16, 107. 30 Maintenance - - -------------------------------------- 2, 760. 04 Total -- --------------------------------------- 18, 867. 34 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ......................... ....................................... Maintenance .............................................................. $1, 890. 57 ............ $1.37 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------------- $1, 000.00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------------------------------1,000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_ __---_----------- 9. 50 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915.... 1, 000. 00 Receipts from sales- ---- _ _---_____----- - - - 250. 23 1, 259. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------------------------------- . 37 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__ ____------------------ ---- 1, 258. 36 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement______-______--------- 11, 000. 00 8. COWLITZ AND LEWIS RIVERS, WASH. (A) COWLITZ RIVER. Location.-The Cowlitz River rises in the Cascade Range, in the State of Washington, flows westerly and southerly about 100 miles and empties into the Columbia River about 45 miles below Portland. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6153.) The stretch included in the project extends from Toledo to the mouth (37 miles). Original condition.-Prior to improvement the river was ob- structed by snags, drifts, and shoals, and had a minimum usable low- water depth of about 14 inches. Toledo was the head of regular steamboat navigation. When the river was high, light-draft boats proceeded about 10 miles above Toledo. Logging operations were carried on about 50 miles farther upstream. Previous projects.-The original propect (S. Doc. No. 34, 46th Cong., 2d sess., and Annual Report for 1880, p. 2331) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 14, 1880. The amount expended under this project was $53,182.93. For scope of original project, see Appendix, page 2000. Present project.-The present project contemplates obtaining by dredging a channel 50 feet wide and 4 feet deep from the mouth to Ostrander (9 miles), and 50 feet wide and 2 feet deep thence to Castle Rock (10 miles above Ostrander) ; thence by dredging, snag- ging, and the construction of a number of regulating works, a chan- nel not less than 40 feet wide and 24 feet deep at low water, to To- 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1541 ledo (37 miles above the mouth). The estimated cost was $31,600 for new work and $6,000 annually for maintenance. On account of the cost of repairs and alterations of the old United States dredge' employed on the work and of the cost of raising and repairing the dredge after she had sunk, a revised estimate of $39,100 as the cost of completing the project was approved June 28, 1912. The varia- tion of water level due to tides is from 4 feet at the mouth to zero at Ostrander. This project (H. Doc. No. 1167, 60th Cong., 2d sess., and H. Doc. No. 404, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under the original project a channel 14 inches deep at low water was obtained and was maintained between 1880 and 1910. Operations under the present project consisted in dredging, construction of, and repairs to regulat- ing works, and removal of snags and other obstructions, and resulted in a channel about 22 feet deep at low water between the mouth and Toledo. The total amount expended on the present project to June 30, 1914, was $47,268.96, of which $34,394.29 was for new work and $12,874.67 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year 412 cubic yards of rock were placed in making minor repairs to five jetties at Monticello Bar, about 3 miles above the mouth, at a cost of $412, and 50 cubic yards of material were removed from a ledge at the lower end of Pumphreys Bar, about 27. miles above the mouth, at a cost of $62. All this work was for maintenance, and was done by hired labor with Government plant. The total amount ex- pended during the fiscal year was $1,756.74 for maintenance. For dredge for Cowlitz and other rivers, see page 1546. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. At the end of the fiscal year a maximum draft of about 24 inches, an increase in depth of about 10 inches, could be carried at low water to Toledo. The total amount expended on the existing project to the end of the fiscal year was $49,025.70, of which $34,- 394.29 was for new work and $14,631.41 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The existing project contains no conditions requiring local cooperation. Since 1898 persons interested in the improvement of the river have furnished the funds for and built a total of approximately 1,900 linear feet of pile, brush, and rock jetties at Monticello, Clarks, Ostrander, Old Lexington, and Big Sandy Bars, at an estimated cost of $8,400. Effect of improvement.-The channel to Toledo is navigable at a lower stage of water than formerly, and the period during which navigation is not possible and during which freight for Toledo must be brought in by rail to Winlock and by wagon thence to Toledo is thus reduced. The wagon haulage is $2.50 per ton. Proposed operations.--The funds available July 1, 1915, for con- tinuing the work will be exhausted by June 30, 1916. The funds for which estimate is submitted are for maintenance for the period July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917, inclusive, and will be expended as follows: Operation of dredge Monticello and tender_______________________ $3, 000 Construction of and repairs to auxiliary works 2, 400 Engineering, contingencies, etc _________________________________ 600 Total - 0-----------------0 6,000 1542 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Maintenance is necessary on account of the shoaling, due to sedi- ment and other obstructions deposited in the channel, and the dam- age to auxiliary works during freshets. Commercial statistics.-The commerce carried on the river during the calendar year 1914 consisted of agricultural implements, build- ing materials, household goods, live stock, general merchandise, flour, mill feed, potatoes, shingles, lumber, and logs. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated value. 1912..............------------------------------------------------------------- 385,702 $3,572,663 1913---------........------...---------------------------------...................................................----------.......... 399,079 3,962, 35 1914....------------------................--.....---...----..------------.............----------------------........................... 221,936 1,997,322 The decrease in commerce in 1914 is due principally to the closing down of the logging industry and to a period of unusually low water during the fall of 1914. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------- $39, 393. 29 Maintenance------------------------------------------ 62, 815. 34 Total --------------------------------------------- 102, 208. 63 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......------------------- .- ..-------------------------- $8,347.55 $4,512.31..... Maintenance .... ....... ............... .. ....... ............... 5,234.67 6,000. 00 $1,756.74 Total............................. .............. 13,582.22 10,512.31 1,756.74 APPROPRIATIONS. [Fowlast five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------------- $3, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------------13, 500. 00 Oct. 2. 1914 ----------------------------------------------- 4, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915--------- ------------------------------------- 4, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended _._________________-_________ 298. 11 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 4, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 4, 500. 00 Receipts from sales -------------------------- ---- 850. 22 9, 648. 33 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement_ __1, 756. 74 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 7, 891. 59 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _______ ____ 141. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available---_________- -- __-----7_______ , 750. 59 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement-- _.......-() ' See consolidated Financialsummary, p. 1546. IIVER AND IARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1543 (B) LEWIS RIVER. Location.-The Lewis River rises in the Cascade Range in the State of Washington, flows westerly, and empties into the Columbia River about 26 miles below Portland. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 6153 and 6154.) About 31 miles above its mouth the river separates into two branches-the North Fork, about 85 miles, and the East Fork, about 36 miles in length. The stretches included in the present project extend from La Center, about 3 miles up the East Fork, and from Runyon, about 261 miles up the North Fork, to the mouth of the river. Original condition.-Prior to improvement the river was ob- structed by snags, overhanging trees and shoals and was navigable for small light-draft boats only. La Center, on the East Fork, and Woodland, on the North Fork, were the heads of navigation, respec- tively. Logging operations on the North Fork were carried on for about 45 miles above the mouth. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and was modified by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. The amount expended under the origi- nal project and its modification was $30,350. For scope of original project see Appendix, page 2001. Present project.-The present project provides for obtaining by dredging and by the construction of regulating works a low-water channel 6 feet deep and 50 feet wide to the forks (3- miles), 4 feet deep and 50 feet wide on the East Fork from its mouth to La Center (3 miles), 4 feet deep and 50 feet wide on the North Fork from its mouth to Woodland (31 miles), and for clearing the channel to Run- yon (23 miles above Woodland), at an estimated cost of $61,500 for new work and $6,000 annually for maintenance. Variation of water level, due to tides, ranges from about 2 feet at the mouth to 1l feet at La Center and zero at Woodland. This project (H. Doc. No. 28, 62d Cong., 1st sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Operations under the original project resulted in a channel about 4 feet deep at low water to the forks, thence, on the East Fork, about 18 inches deep to La Center, and on the North Fork 21 feet deep to Woodland and 1 foot deep to Runyon. Operations under the present project con- sisted in dredging on the East Fork from La Center downstream about 2 miles, over which portion of the river a depth of 4 feet at low water was obtained. The total amount expended on the present project to June 30, 1914, was $4,623.41 on new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During July and August 18,744 cubic yards of material were removed by dre': :n! Shuttie, Jennie Creek, and Kinder Rock Bars, on the East Forkani ! Brattons Bend Bar, on the North Fork about 1 miles below Wood land, at a cost of $1,831.17. On August 11 the plant was transferred to the moorings at Portland and was laid up on account of lack of funds. During December snagging was carried on between the forks and Woodland (3 miles), at a cost of $40.85. All this was new work and was done by hired labor with Government plant. The total amount expended during the fiscal year was $4,613.78 for new work. 1544 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. For dredge for Lewis and other rivers, see page 1546. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The present project is about 28 per cent completed. The improvement has extended the period of low-water navigation, and at the end of the fiscal year a maximum draft of about 2 feet at low water could be carried to La Center, on the East Fork, and about 3 feet to Woodland, on the North Fork. The total amount expended on the existing project to the end of the fiscal year was $9,237.19 for new work. Local cooperation.-The improvement of the North Fork under the existing project is contingent upon a suitable dock and ware- house being provided' at Woodland by the local authorities. This requirement has not yet been explicitly met, but the wharfage formerly charged on freight transshipped at Woodland for points on the North Fork and on freight passing over the present private dock is no longer charged. At La Center on the East Fork the dock and warehouse are owned by the municipal authorities and were built by public subscription at a cost of about $1,500. On the North Fork, about one-half mile below Woodland, the county authori- ties have expended approximately $10,000 on bank revetment, and the Lewis River Boom & Logging Co. has built three pile and brush jetties about 1 mile above the mouth at an estimated cost of $1,500. Effect of improvement.-Freight rates to La Center have been reduced by at least $1 per ton, the transfer and rehandling of freight formerly necessary during the low-water period of the East Fork having been eliminated. The improvement of the North Fork has extended the period of low-water navigation, thus absorbing the transfer charge of $1 per ton at Pekin Landing below Woodland. Proposed operations.-The funds available July 1, 1915, for con- tinuing the work will be exhausted about February, 1916. The funds for which estimate is submitted are $12,000 for improvement and $4,500 for maintenance for the period July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917, inclusive, and it is proposed to expend them as follows: Operation of dredge Monticello and tender, 3 months,- at $1,500 -------- $4, 500 Construction of wing dams, 1,500 linear feet, at $3------------------ 4, 500 Bank revetment, 600 linear feet, at $10 ---------------------------- 6, 000 Engineering, contingencies, etc---------------------------------- 1, 500 Total--------------- 16, 500 Commercial statistics.-The principal articles of commerce during the calendar year 1914 were agricultural implements, building mate- rials, dairy and agricultural products, flour, fruit, grain, gasoline, live stock, mill feed, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated 1912------..-----...---.---.........-.................................................--------------------------------------------..... 57,244 $1,111,916 1913.......... .................... ....... ....................... 187,416 2,279,711 1914....... ........... ... .............................. .................... 46,211 1,399,557 The decrease in the total tonnage is principally in logs and lumber, due to the closing down of the logging and lumber industry along the river. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1545 In addition to the present triweekly steamboat service by the Lewis River Navigation Co. between Portland and Woodland, the steamer Metlako, owned by a company recently organized, has been placed on the Lewis River route, and makes daily round trips, carrying freight and passengers between Woodland and Portland. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $31, 488. 81 Maintenance 8, 098. 38 Total-------- ------------------------------------ 39, 587. 19 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....---------------------------------------------...-------...... .....--.... $4,623.41 $4,613.78 Maintenance -------------------------------------------- Maintenance......... ........ .......... ......... ......... ........... $1,381.07 1,381.07 1,263.59 ........... 5,887.00 4,613.78.. Total-.. ...-- --.....................- 1,381.07 5,887.00 4,613.78 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------------------$2, 500. 00 July 25, 1912 ---------------------------------------------2, 500. 00 .Mar.4, 1913 - -------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ---------------------------------------------- 2, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 .... 1110,.500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --____________________ 5, 376. 59 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 2, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 10, 500. 00 Receipts from sales __-___-----------__------------ 262. 22 18, 138. 81 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement -------------------------------------------- 4, 613. 78 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended- - -__-____------_ 13, 525. 03 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_......------------------- 153. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available--- --------- ----- __ 13, 372.03 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project___ ---------------------------------------- 39, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance--------- (1) CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ----------------------------------------- $70, 882.10 Maintenance ____________------------------------------------- 70, 913. 72 Total-------------------------- --------- 141, 795. 82 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ......................................................... .... 8,347.55 $9,135.72 4, 613.78 Maintenance............ ........................................... 6,615.74 7,263.59 1, 756.74 Total.............. ..... .................... 14,963.29 16,399.31 6,370.52 1 See consolidated Financial sumrmary, p. 1546. 1546 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------- $2, 500. 00 July 25, 1912--------------------------------------------------- 5, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 23, 500. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 , 000. 00 6---------------------------- Mar. 4, 1915 --------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 5, 674. 70 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 6, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 15, 000. 00 Receipts from sales ---------------------- - - 1, 112. 44 27, 787. 14 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement _.________-___-- $4, 613. 78 For maintenance of improvement ---------------- 1, 756. 74 6, 370. 52 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------___ 21, 416. 62 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_ __ _ -__- - -______294. 00 -____ July 1, 1915, balance available__________________- 21, 122. 62 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project___________ ---------------------------------------- 39, 000. 0 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance _____ 122, 500. 00 9. COWLITZ AND LEWIS RIVERS, WASH., AND CLATSKANIE RIVER, OREG., DREDGE AND SNAG BOAT. Location.-For location, description, etc., of the Cowlitz, Lewis, and Clatskanie Rivers, see page 1540. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for the construc- tion of a combined dredge and snag boat, with tender, etc., at an estimated cost of $55,000. This project (H. Doc. No. 28, 62d Cong., 1st sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Preliminaryplans and specifications for the dredge and snag boat were prepared in the office of the Chief of Engineers. The total amount expended on the present project to June 30, 1914, was $200 for new work. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Final plans and specifications for the dredge and snag boat were completed and plans and specifications for the tender and accessory plant were prepared in the district office. The dredge and snag boat (to be called the Monticello) was constructed under contract at a cost of $27,830, and was delivered to the United States June 19 for final trial. Construc- tion of the tender (to be called the Woodland) was begun under con- tract (contract price $16,978). Twenty pontons for the dredge pipe line were constructed by hired labor at a cost of $1,000. The total amount expended during the fiscal year was $35,938.04 for new work. Condition at the end of the fiscal year.-The Monticello was under final trial. The Woodland was about 95 per cent completed. The 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AlTD HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1547 total amount expended on the existing project to the end of the fiscal year was $36,138.04 for new work. Local cooperation.-The project contains no conditions requiring local cooperation, and none has been rendered. Proposed operations.-The funds available July 1, 1915, will be expended in making final payments for the vessels and for accessories. These funds are sufficient to complete the project. The vessels will be operated with funds appropriated for the improvement of Cowlitz, Lewis, and Clatskanie Rivers. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ ------------------------------------------ $36,138. 04 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ----------------------------------------------- $200.00 ------------ .......... $35,938.04 Maintenance..................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912---- ---------------------------------- $55, 000. 00 July 1, 1914. balance unexpended-------------------------------54, 800. 00 June 30. 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement ------------------------------------------- 35, 938. 04 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------------ _ _ 18, 861. 96 ________-__ $3,335.00 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------ July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts__ 12, 314. 00 15, 649.00 July 1, 1915, balance available------------ ------ _---- 3, 212. 96 10. GRAYS RIVER, WASH. Location.-Grays River rises in the coast range in the State of Washington, flows southwesterly about 30 miles and empties into Grays Bay, in the estuary of the Columbia River nearly opposite the city of Astoria. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6141.) The stretch included in the project extends from the mouth to the town of Grays River, about 8 miles. Originai condition.-Priorto improvement, the channel was nar- row and winding, obstructed by snags, logs, overhanging trees, and shoals. The town of Grays River, about 8 miles above the mouth, was the head of steamboat navigation, to which point there was a minimum usable depth of about 3 feet at mean low water. Logging was carried on for some distance above the town. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project provides for the removal of snags and other obstructions from the channel and overhanging 1548- REPORT OF-THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. trees from the banks between the mouth and the town of Grays River, at a cost of $2,500. No estimate for maintenance is given. The variation of water level due to tides is from 5 to 8 feet. This project (River and Harbor Committee, Doc. No. 1, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Snags and over- hanging trees were removed and some of the shoals scraped, resulting in a safer and easier channel. The total amount expended on the present project to June 30, 1914, was $3,418.45, of which $2,500 was for new work and $918.45 for maintenance. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations con- sisted in the removal of snags and overhanging trees between the mouth and the town of Grays River (8 miles) at a cost of $380. This work was for maintenance and was done by hired labor with Govern- ment plant. The total amount expended during the fiscal year was $438.78 for maintenance. Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-The project has been completed at the estimated cost of $2,500. At the end of the fiscal year there was a good navigable channel to the town of Grays River, over which a maximum draft of about 3 feet could be carried at mean low water. The total amount expended on the present project to the end of the fiscal year was $3,857.23, of which $2,500 was for new work and $1,357.23 for maintenance. Local cooperation.-The existing project contains no conditions requiring local cooperation, and none has been rendered. Effect of improvement.-Freightrates are not materially affected, but the channel is safe and easy of navigation at a lower stage of water than prior to the improvement. Proposed operations.-The funds available July 1, 1915 ($142.77), will be held until a further appropriation for maintenance is made. For snagging and removing overhanging trees from banks, Jan. 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917---------------------------------------------------- $500 Commercial statistics.-The commerce carried on the river during the calendar year 1914 was principally agricultural and dairy prod- ucts, general merchandise, building materials, iron and steel, fuel oil, live stock, shingles, lumber, and logs. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Estimated 1912... .. .......................................................... 166,126 $592,819 1913. .... ................................................... 194, 264 1,123,795 1914. .................................................... 143,337 1,034,536 The decrease in the total tonnage carried on the river is due to slackness in the logging industry, but the volume of commerce in other articles shows a material increase over 1913. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1549 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------- ----------------------------- $2, 500. 00 Maintenance ------------------------------------------ 1, 357. 23 Total----------------------------------------- ------ 3, 857. 23 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................... -.................. Maintenance............... .................................. $466. i 18 ........ .... 438.78 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------------------------------- $500.00 Mar. 4, 1913--------- --------------------------------- 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 581. 55 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---- ---------------------------------------- 438. 78 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------- --- -____-142. 77 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement_--__-__- -_________1500. 00 EXAMINATION AND SURVEY MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1913. Reports dated November 22, 1913, and May 26, 1914, with map, on preliminary examination and survey, respectively, of Lake River, including Bachelors Slough, Wash., required by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers, pursuant to law, and were transmitted to Congress and printed in House Document No. 1176, Sixty-third Congress, second session. A plan for improvement of Lake River, Wash., at an estimate of $1,600 for first construction and $500 annually for maintenance, is presented. The improvement of Bachelors Slough, Wash., by the United" States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received: 1. Willamette River, Oreg., with a view to providing a channel 6 feet deep between Oregon City and Corvallis and between Cor- vallis and Eugene by means of locks and dams, including considera- tion of any proposition for cooperation on the part of local interests. 2. Clatskanie River, Oreg., from Clatskanie City to the Columbia River. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1550 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE SEATTLE, WASH., DISTRICT. This district includes the States of Washington and Idaho, except the basins of the Snake and lower Columbia Rivers, Montana west of the Rocky Mountains, and Alaska. District officer: Lieut. Col. J. B. Cavanaugh, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. C. H. McKinstry, Corps of En- gineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Willapa River and Harbor, 10. Skagit River, Wash.......... 1572 Wash ...................... 1550 11. Swinomish Slough, Wash..... 1573 2. Grays Harbor and bar entrance, 12. Bellingham Harbor, Wash.... 1575 Wash...................... 1552 13. Waterway connecting Port 3. Grays Harbor, inner portion, Townsend Bay and Oak Bay, between Aberdeen and the Wash.................. 1577 entrance to said harbor, and 14. Columbia River between We- Chehalis River Wash....... 1555 natchee and Bridgeport, 4. Hoquiam River, Wash........ 1558 Wash....... ............... 1578 5. Puget Sound and its tributary 15. Columbia River, Bridgeport to waters, Wash............... 1559 Kettle Falls, Wash ........ 1580 6. Harbor at Olympia, Wash.... 1561 16. Polson Bay, Flathead Lake, 7. Tacoma Harbor, Wash....... 1563 Mont ...................... 1582 8. Waterway connecting Puget 17. St. Michael Canal, Alaska.... 1583 Sound with Lakes Union and 18. Apoon Mouth of Yukon River, Washington, Wash.......... 1566 Alaska................... 1585 9. Snohomish River, Wash...... 1569 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT SEE PAGES 3421 TO 3443. 1. WILLAPA RIVER AND HARBOR, WASH. Location.-Willapa Harbor connects with the Pacific Ocean in the extreme southwestern part of the State of Washington, 30 miles north of the entrance to the Columbia River. Willapa River has its source 30 miles east of Willapa Harbor, flows in a westerly direc- tion, and empties into the eastern part of the harbor, about 10 miles from the sea. The improvement includes 14 miles of the lower sec- tion of the Willapa River, with its branch, the South Fork, the North and Nasel Rivers. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6185.) Original condition.-Willapa Harbor is about 20 miles long from north to south and 10 miles wide from east to west. Originally the available depth over the bar was 23 feet at low water. From the bar to South Bend (about 181 miles) the width varied from 2 miles in the bay to 1,000 feet in the river, with a controlling depth of 30 feet to the mouth of Mailboat Slough where the depth was limited to 12 feet by a shoal. The river from South Bend to Willapa City was 300 to 800 feet wide, and the available depth was limited by four shoals to 7 feet at low water. Above Willapa City the river was used for floating saw logs, but was obstructed by snags. The head of navigation for steamboats and floating saw logs on Willapa River was Willapa City, 24 miles from the mouth. North and Nasel Rivers were navigable for launches and rowboats for varying distances up- stream, dependent on the stages of the tide, and were used for float- ing saw logs. North River was obstructed by a log jam about 6 miles RIVER AND HIARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1551 from its mouth. The South Fork of the Willapa River was used by harbor steamers. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, and modified by the river and harbor acts of August 18, 1894, March 3, 1899, and June 13, 1902. The amount expended on the original and modified projects prior to commencement of operations under the existing project was $61,114.46. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 2001. Presentproject.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, in accordance with plans printed in House Document No. 524, Sixty-first Congress, second session, and provides for a channel 200 feet wide and 18 feet deep at mean lower low water from deep water in Willapa Bay to the Junction of the North and South Forks of the Willapa River at Raymond, and a channel 18 feet deep at mean lower low water and 150 feet wide for a distance of 3,100 feet up the South Fork. The length of channel included in this project is 113 miles. The mean tidal variation is 6.2 feet in Willapa Harbor and 7t feet in Willapa River at Raymond. The estimated cost of the work was $218,132.20, with $5,000 per year for maintenance. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Dikes were con- structed to close Mailboat and Lauderbach Sldughs, log jam was re- moved and snagging done itn North River, snags removed from the Nasel River, and a channel 150 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean lower low water obtained from deep water in Willapa Bay to Ray- mond, and 8 feet deep from Raymond to Willapa City, under previous projects. Under the existing project a channel from 200 to 400 feet wide and 18 feet deep at mean lower low water has been obtained from Willapa Bay to the junction of the North and South Forks of the Willapa River, near Raymond, and a channel 150 feet wide and 18 feet deep for a distance of 3,100 feet up the South Fork. Work under the existing project was commenced in January, 1912, and completed in April, 1913. In completing the work, 1,281,174.5 cubic yards Qf material was dredged and deposited on adjacent lands. Of this 1,990.5 cubic yards was rock and 230,320 cubic yards was over- depth dredging. In repairs to existing dikes, $4,861.70 was expended. The amount expended on existing project was $171,353.49 for new work and $214 for maintenance and inspections, making a total of $171,567.49. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done during the fiscal year. An expenditure of $65.58 was made for in- spections. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted and a maximum draft of 18 feet at mean lower low water can be carried over the entire channel covered by the improvement. The total expenditure under the existing project was $171,353.49 for new work and $279.58 for maintenance, making a total of $171,- 633.07. The project was completed for $171,353.49, which was $47,- 778.71 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.-Underthe provisions of the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, local interests at Raymond were required to construct bulkheads, provide a place of deposit for material dredged from the South Fork, and pay one-half the cost of such dredging. 1552 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, UT. S. ARMY. These conditions were complied with to the satisfaction of the Chief of Engineers on March 16, 1911. In addition to the requirements of the act, the city of South Bend dredged about 800,000 cubic yards from in front of that city, creating two basins of 30-foot depth and 1 mile in length. The amount contributed by local interests and expended by the Engineer Department was $6,596.92. The approxi- mate cost of the work done by the city of South Bend was $125,000. Effect of improvement.-The direct effect on freight rates is not known definitely, but the increased depths now available have re- sulted in the use of larger vessels and the development of an export trade heretofore impossible. Proposed operations.-The project is completed and no operations are contemplated except maintenance, for which purpose the funds on hand are sufficient. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists mostly of the trans- portation of logs, lumber, lumber products, fish, and sea foods. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912----------------.. -- ...---.. ----..--- ----------------------------- 766,416 $5,077,565 1913------...----.....----..--------------------------------------------........... 602,883 5,705, 787 ...-....-.............. 1914._.........--.. .669,619 3,790,284 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------ _-------- $227, 854. 93 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 4,892. 60 Total--------------------------------------------------232, 747. 53 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work....---------. Maintenance..- -- ------- . .214.00 --.......... $...... .---------------------- $---- 125,933.70 . $65.58 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 __ 000. 00 $------------------------------- Aug. 24, 1912-------------------------------------------------- 75, 000. 00 June 23, 1913 -------------------------------------------------- 23, 132. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---___ ------------------------------ 26, 868. 15 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement----------------------- ------------------------ 65. 58 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 26, 802. 57 2. GRAYS HARBOR AND BAR ENTRANCE, WASH. Location.-Grays Harbor is a large bay in the southwestern part of the State of Washington, 48 miles north of the mouth of the Columbia River. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6195.) RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1553 Original condition.-An inner harbor 17 miles from east to west and having a maximum width of 14 miles is connected with the Pacific Ocean by a channel 12,500 feet wide and approximately .2 miles in length, lying between two sandy peninsulas. At the outer end this channel was obstructed by a bar convex to the sea, over which were several shifting channels, having depths of 12 and 13 feet. The average width of the bar between the 18-foot curves was one-half mile. Previous projects.-There was no project previous to the present project. Present project.-The original and existing project, as published in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1896, pages 3517- 3533, was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 3, 1896. It contemplated a channel over the bar 24 feet deep at mean lower low water, to be obtained by the construction of a single high-tide rubble stone jetty on the south side of the harbor throat, extending out to sea a distance of 18,154 feet. The estimated cost was $1,000,000. The project was modified by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, in accordance with plans published in Rivers and Harbors Com- mittee Document No. 2, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session, which provided for a mid-tide jetty 9,000 feet long on the north side of the harbor throat, at an estimated cost of $600,000. The project was again modified by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, in ac- cordance with report published in Rivers and Harbors Committee Document No. 29, Sixty-first Congress, second session, which pro- vided for continuing the improvement by extending the north jetty 7,000 feet, at an estimated cost of $1,030,000. The mean tidal varia- tion is 8 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on the south jetty, under contract, was commenced in March, 1898, and completed for a distance of 13,734 feet from the ocean high-water line on September 15, 1902. A groin 500 feet long was constructed at sta- tion 1050, a distance of about 11,000 feet from the ocean high-water line. Work on the inner 9,000 feet of the north jetty was commenced in September, 1907. Receiving wharf and trestle to ocean high- water line were constructed under contract. Stone, brush, and piling were purchased under contracts and the trestle constructed and stone placed by hired labor and Government plant. The work on this part of the north jetty was completed in 1910, and work on the 7,000-foot extension provided for under the modified project adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, was commenced. The north jetty was completed to its projected length on December 10, 1913. During the remainder of the fiscal year 1914 maintenance work on the jetty trestle was carried on as funds would permit. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $2,609,205.17 for im- provement and $38,331.93 for maintenance, making a total of $2,647,537.10. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Operations during the fiscal year consisted of restoration and maintenance of existing north jetty trestle and in raising the enrockment where settlement had occurred. The trestle was repaired by replacing 105 stringers and 27 caps, and by redriving 110 complete bents and 1,154 isolated 0 8373 -- ENG 1915---98 1554 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. piles which had been carried away by storms or destroyed by lim- noria and teredo. Under contracts, 58,086 tons of stone were de- livered and placed in the jetty, and contracts were made for an addi- tional 220,000 tons to be delivered during the present working season. A survey of the bar was made in June, 1915. The amount expended during the year was $111,642.28, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved project for which appropriations have been made is completed. The north jetty trestle has been restored and the enrockment raised to mid-tide eleva- tion for a distance of 4,480 feet. The maximum depth in the channel over the bar at mean lower low water was 19 feet on June 30, 1915. At the close of the fiscal year $2,609,205.17 had been expended for improvement and $149,974.21 for maintenance, making a total of $2,759,179.38. Local cooperation.-No local cooperation was required by law. The necessary land for trestle approach and operating plant was donated to the United States by local interests. Effect of improvement.-The effect of the improvement has been to permit the use of larger and more economical vessels suitable for export trade, and to open up better markets for export trade. No direct reduction in freight rates has been made, so far as known. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed during the fiscal year 1917, as all work thus far authorized on the project will be completed. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists mostly of the ex- portation of lumber, lumber products, and sea foods, and the im- portation of food stuffs. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..--......-------....---.. --------------------------------------------- 757,636 $6,389,186 1913...................................................... 666,593 5,890,475 1914............................................................................ 729,527 5,729,508 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work __----------------------------- $2, 609, 205. 17 Maintenance-- -------------------------------------- 149, 974. 21 Total------------------------------------------- 2, 759, 179. 38 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.------------------------------.. . - ----...... --------- . $283,341.14 $381,980.76 ..--- Maintenance................................. ...... ..... .. ......... 1,000.00 1,500.00 $111,642.28 Total....... .........-... -- ... .............- 284,341. 14 383,480. 76 111,642.28 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1555 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------- $300, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912----------------------------------------------- 655, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914------------------------------------------------- 110, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------- ------------------------ 460, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------- _ 112, 585. 15 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 110, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 460, 000. 00 582, 585. 15 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement__________------------------- 111, 642.28 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___ 470, 942. 87 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities------------ $18,102. 99 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 382, 882. 27 400, 985. 26 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------- ---- 69, 957. 61 3. GRAYS HARBOR (INNER PORTION) BETWEEN ABERDEEN AND ENTRANCE TO SAID HARBOR, AND CHEHALIS RIVER, WASH. Location.-The harbor is in the southwestern part of the State of Washington, 48 miles north of the mouth of the Columbia River. The source of the Chehalis River is about 110 miles east of the Pacific Ocean. It flows in a generally westerly direction for 93 miles and empties into the eastern part of Grays Harbor. The section covered by this improvement is about 29 miles and includes the mouth of the river. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6195.) Original condition.-The inner harbor has a total length of 17 miles from east to west and a width of 14 miles from north to south. There were two main channels from the mouth of the Chehalis River through the harbor and a middle channel connecting these two chan- nels. The south channel was shoal and little used. The north chan- nel was obstructed by two shoals, one below Hoquiam and one between Hoquiam and Aberdeen, which limited the draft to Montesano to 8 feet at mean low water. The head of navigation for light-draft steamboats was Elma, 34 miles from the mouth. The upper portion of the river for a distance of approximately 50 miles above Elma was used for floating saw logs. Previous projects.-The original project for the Chehalis River was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. The original project for the inner harbor was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892. The amount expended on both projects prior to commencement of operations under projects now existing was $150,549.83. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 2002. Present project.-The existing project for the inner harbor was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, and contem- plates a channel 200 feet wide and 18 feet deep at mean lower low water from Cosmopolis to deep water below Hoquiam, a distance of 15 1Balance not as reported in Annual Report for 1914 on account of an error of $2.08 in Treasury settlement No. 20200, Jan. 8, 1914, and the reimbursement of $4,541.39 expended for the Panama Canal between January and June, 1914. 1556 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. miles. The original estimated cost was $187,500. This estimate was increased by $75,000 in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1908. Plan and estimate are published in House Document No. 507, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session. The tidal variation over this part of the improvement is approximately 8 feet. The present project for the Chehalis River, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, is published in House Document No. 1125, Sixtieth Congress, second session, and contemplates a channel 6 feet deep at mean low water from Cosmopolis to Montesano, a distance of 81 miles. The estimated cost was $50,000. The mean tidal range varies from 8 feet in the harbor to 7 feet at Montesano. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under previous projects the Chehalis River was cleared of snags and log jams for a distance of 82 miles from the mouth, dikes were built to concentrate the flow in the main channel west of Montesano, and a channel 11 feet deep at mean lower low water was dredged through the shoals at Cow Point and below Hoquiam. Under the present project for the inner harbor a channel 200 feet wide and 18 feet deep at mean lower low water has been dredged from deep water below Hoquiam to Cosmopolis. A channel 150 feet wide and 6 feet deep at low water has been secured between Cosmopolis and Montesano. Work on the present project was commenced under contract in December, 1907, and completed in August, 1908. The completed channel was of proj- ect depth, but the width through the shoals was reduced to 175 feet on account of lack of funds. With funds provided by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1909, a channel of project width and depth was obtained by the use of the dredge Oregon, which was transferred from the Portland district. This work was commenced in December, 1909, and completed in August, 1910. The channel between Cos- mopolis and Montesano was also completed by the dredge Oregon, in accordance with the project in 1910. Subsequently the channel be- low Hoquiam shoaled to 13 feet, and this was removed by contract in 1911. Shoaling again occurred, and the channel depths were restored by the dredge Oregon in 1913. On the inner harbor and Chehalis River $238,218.31 has been ex- pended for the improvement and $64,430.68 for maintenance, making a total of $302,648.99. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The work during the year consisted in restoration of channel depths over the entire channel from deep water below Hoquiam to Montesano by the dredge Oregon, which was transferred from the first Portland district on October 21, 1914. Work was completed on June 28, 1915, 319,340 cubic yards of material having been removed. The total expenditure during the year was $29,528.58, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The approved projects have been completed. The maximum draft that can be carried to Mon- tesano, is 18 feet, and between Montesano and Cosmopolis 7 feet. The upper river is free from snags. The total expenditure on existing projects for new work was $238,218.31, and $93,959.26 for maintenance, making a total of $332,177.57. Local cooperation.-Therehas been no local cooperation. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1557 Effect of improvement.-So far as known, there has been no reduc- tion in freight rates, but a channel sufficient for present commerce has been obtained. Proposed operations.-It is anticipated that there will be some shoaling of the channels, and, based on previous experience, an esti- mate of $30,000 is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce benefited by this improve- ment consists very largely of flbating and towing logs and carrying lumber in sailing vessels and steam schooners. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.................. ....................................... 1,326,736 $5,760,407 1913. .. 1,052,301 4,275, 593 1914... 933,257 3,802,143 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---- ------------------------------------ $351,352. 69 Maintenance___-- --__--- __________---_-------- _ 131, 374.71 Total---------------------------------------------- 482, 727. 40 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................... . .... ....... Maintenance ...................................................... $32,195.17 $16,255. 87 $29,528.58 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 -------------------------------------------- $10, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------------- 30, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914--- --- -- --- - ----------- __ 1 1 1 -11 1 11_ 15, 000. 00. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------115, 331.23 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914___ 15, 000. 00 30, 331. 23 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for maintenance of improvement_-_____---________--__ 29, 528. 58 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__________________________- 802. 65 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ----- __- ______-___-_ 428. 30 July 1, 1915, balance available --------------------------------- 374. 35 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------- __ 230,000. 00 1 Does not agree with balance reported in Annual Report for 1914 on account of error of $2.08 in Treasury settlement No. 20200, Jan. 8, 1914. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1558 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 4. HOQUIAM RIVER, WASH. Location.-The Hoquiam River rises in the plateau west of Puget Sound, flows southward for about 12 miles, and empties into the Chehalis River at Hoquiam, Wash. The part included in the im- provement is from the junction of the Little Hoquiam and the East Branch to the mouth, about 2 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6195.) Original condition.-The section covered by this improvement had a depth of approximately 20 feet at mean lower low water, except at four localities where the channel was contracted and the depth reduced to 11 and 16 feet by shoals. For a distance of 8 miles from the mouth the river was used for floating and towing logs. Previous projects.-There has been no project prior to the existing project. Present-project.-The existing project, adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1910, and printed in House Document No. 268, Sixty-second Congress, second session, contemplates a channel 100 feet wide and 18 feet deep at mean lower low water from the mouth to the junction of the Little Hoquiam and the East Branch, a dis- tance of about 2 miles. The tidal variation is 9 feet. The estimated cost was $12,000, and $1,000 annually for maintenance. Operation and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel of proj- ect dimensions has been dredged, except at the upper end of the im- provement where a rock ledge was encountered which narrowed the channel at this point. The work was commenced in November and completed in December, 1912, under an emergency contract. The amount expended on the improvement was $8,620.59. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-By the use of the Government dredge Oregon a shoal was removed from the channel near the mouth of the river, by the excavation of 6,650 cubic yards of material. The total expenditure during the year was $511.27, all of which was for maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project depth of 18 feet at mean lower low water is available throughout the improvement, and the project width of 100 feet, except at the upper end where the rock ledge was encountered. The total amount expended to June 30, 1915, for improvement was $8,620.59, and for maintenance $511.27, making a total of $9,131.86. The project was completed for $3,379.41 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.-Local interests were required to provide a place of deposit for dredged material free of cost to the United States. This was provided, the material being used for filling the streets of the city of Hoquiam. Effect of improvement.-There has been no effect on freight rates, but the dredging has permitted the use of larger vessels and reduced the amount of lightering previously necessary. Proposed operations.-As the project is considered completed and shoaling of dredged channels is not anticipated, no operations are proposed for the fiscal year 1917. Commercial statistics.-The commercial statistics are included in the statement for Grays Harbor, inner portion, and Chehalis River, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1559 Wash. The commerce consists of the floating and towage of saw logs on the upper part of the Hoquiam River and tributaries and the shipment of lumber products from mills situated in the city of Hoquiam. Financialsuwmary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ---------------------------------- --------- $8,620.59 Maintenance-------------------------------------------- . 511.27 Total--- ---------------------------------------- 9, 131. 86 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............ ................................ - ... $8, 620.59...... ............ Maintenance..... ............................................................ $511.27 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------- ----------------------------------- $12, 000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------ ----------------- 3, 379. 41 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement--------------------------------------------- 511. 27 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended __ ______ _______2, 868. 14 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities____________________________ 1, 994. 92 July 1, 1915, balance available___________________________ _ 873. 22 5. PUGET SOUND AND ITS TRIBUTARY WATERS, WASH. Location.-Puget Sound is an arm of the Pacific Ocean, located in the western part of the State of Washington. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 6300, 6450, and 6460.) This improve- ment includes maintenance work on all the larger rivers emptying into Puget Sound, the principal ones being the Skagit, Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Skykomish, Stilaguamish, Nooksack, Puyallup, and Duwamish, and connecting navigable sloughs. The improvement of these channels includes such stretches as are navigable, in fact, for river steamers and for the towing and rafting of lumber products. Original condition.-The rivers tributary to Puget Sound were available for commerce, but were seriously obstructed by snags and other debris brought down by freshets. The distance to which the streams were navigable in fact depended on the stage of water and the tide. The upper stretches were used for towing log rafts and floating timber. Previous projects.-The original project was for the improvement of Skagit, Stilaguamish, Nooksack, Snohomish, and Snoqualmie Rivers, and was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 2, 1882. Under this project, to June 30, 1892, $67,495.58 was expended for Maintenance. For scope of previous projects, see Appendix, page 2003. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, and contemplates maintenance work on the rivers tributary to Puget Sound by snagging and dredging. 1560 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The snag boat Skagit was repaired and additional machinery for dredging and snagging installed. This boat has had practically continuous service in snagging on the various rivers and sloughs. The improvement work other than snagging under this appropriation consisted in removing a log jam from the Nooksack River, construction of dikes at Hat Slough and the North Fork of the Skagit River, and the removal of an obstructing rock at the entrance to Roche Harbor, Wash. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, for improvement was $43,336.92, and for maintenance, $322,934.79; a total of $366,271.71. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The snag boat Skagit was in operation to March 1, 1915, when she was tied up for condemnation and sale. The snag boat Swinomish was completed during the year and placed in commission on March 1, 1915. Snag- gng operations were carried on in the rivers tributary to Puget Sound by the snag boat, and dredging was done to restore channel depths. All the work was maintenance of existing channels, and $68,790.34 was expended, $48,225 of which was for the construction of the snag boat Swinomish, under contract. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-No permanent results are obtainable, but the maintenance of existing channels requires con- tinuous operation of the snag boat. The total expenditures, under the existing project, are $43,336.92 for new work and $391,725.13 for maintenance, making a total of $435,062.05. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation on this work. Effect of improvement.-There has been no direct effect on freight rates, but the snagging and dredging by the snag boat has kept the rivers open to navigation for steamers and for the towing and raft- ing of timber. Proposed operations.-The snag boat will be operated on the rivers as may be necessary to maintain existing channels.- Due to the low cost of the new snag boat, the available funds will be sufficient to operate the present plant to the end of the fiscal year 1917, and no estimate is therefore submitted. Commercial statistics.-The water traffic on Puget Sound and its tributary waters is very large and is rapidly growing. It includes vessels of about every type and size in use throughout the world. The foreign commerce consists mostly of the exportation of lumber, grain, fish, flour, and dairy products, and the importation of tea, silks, and hemp. Comparative statement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1561 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $43, 336. 92 Maintenance--------------------------------------------- 459, 220. 71 Total---------------------- --------------------------- 502, 557. 63 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work-.....--....- ..-............................-------............-..... .--- Maintenance...................................................... $11,299.75 $15,906.82 $68,790.34 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------------- $20,000.00 July 25, 1912-------------------------------------------------- 25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---------------------------------------- ---------- 25, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------105, 782. 21 Receipts from sales ------------------------------------ 1. 75 105, 783. 96 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ---------------------------------------------- 68, 790. 34 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_.------------------------------ 36, 993. 62 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------------------------1, 155. 17 July 1, 1915, balance available---------------------------------- 35, 838. 45 6. OLYMPIA HARBOR, WASH. Location.-Olympia Harbor is near the southern end of Puget Sound at the head of Budd Inlet, about 45 miles southwest of Tacoma. The length of the improvement from the high-water shore line to the 12-foot curve in Budd Inlet is about 1 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6462.) Original condition.-The southern end of the harbor was bare at low tide and the northern end was navigable for light-draft boats. Previous projects.-There was no project prior to the existing project. Present project.-The present project, adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, provided for a channel 250 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean lower low water on the east side of the harbor from Fourth Street Bridge in Olympia to deep water in Budd Inlet with a turning basin 500 feet wide at the inner end. The estimated cost was $275,000, and plan and estimate are published in House Document No. 32, Fifty-second Congress, first session. This project was enlarged by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, to pro- vide a channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at mean lower low water on the west side of the harbor with a turning basin 800 feet long and 400 feet wide. The estimated cost was $58,000 and $1,160 annually for maintenance. Plan and estimate are published in House Document No. 405, Fifty-ninth Congress, first session. The maxi- mum tidal variation is 20 feet. 1562 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work under the original project commenced in June, 1893, but due to lack of sufficient funds contracts were made as money was appropriated and the channel and turning basin project dimensions were not obtained until August, 1903. The total cost of the work was $138,879.23. Work under the modified project was commenced under contract in May, 1912, and channel and turning basin of project dimensions were completed in July, 1912. The channel on the east side was restored in 1912. The amount expended prior to the present fiscal year for new work was $183,256.82, for maintenance $4,898.36, and for constructing launch $8,662.50, making a total of $196,817.68. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no operations during the year. The sum of $883.67 was expended for surveys and inspections. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. The maximum draft which could be carried over the shoal- est part of the improvement at mean lower low water was 12 feet. The total expenditure to June 30, 1915, for new work was $183,- 256.82, for maintenance $5,782.03, and for construction of launch $8,662.50, making a total of $197,701.35. The project was completed for $150,743.18 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of July 25, 1910, required local interests to provide bulkheads for retention of dredged material on the west waterway, and 4,620 feet of timber and brush bulkhead was built by the city of Olympia and local in- terests. The cost of this work is not known. In addition to the above, the city of Olympia has dredged the turning basins at the inner end of the improvement to a depth of 20 feet at mean lower low water, removing over 1,000,000 cubic yards at a cost, including bulkheads, of about $200,000. Effect of improvement.-No definite information as to the effect of the work on freight rates is available. There is sufficient depth in the turning basins to accommodate all sound steamers of less than 20-foot draft, which can reach the Olympia wharves at favorable stages of the tide, and lightering of cargoes previously necessary has been eliminated. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed except such maintenance as may be necessary for which there is sufficient money on hand. Commrercial statistics.-The commerce of the harbor is of a gen- eral character and is carried on by ocean-going sailing vessels en- gaged in the lumber trade, and by a variety of the smaller classes of boats plying between the ports of Puget Sound. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............... ...... ..................................... ...... 248,384 $4, 529,073 1913.. ........................................................... 247,775 2,711,044 1914 1......................... . .......... 201,504 985,404 1Incomplete. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1563 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------ $183,256.82 Maintenance_ ------------------- ------- 14, 444. 53 Total 197, 701. 35 --------------------------------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.....................................................$15,346.50 . ........ ... .. Maintenance............. ................ .. 12,462.50 831.50 $883.67 Tota ......... . ... .. ........... .......... 27,809.00 .... 31.50 883.67 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $43, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------ 8, 182. 62 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------------------------------------- 883. 67 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------------ 7, 298. 95 7. TACOMA HARBOR, WASH. Location.-This harbor embraces all of Commencement Bay, an arm of Puget Sound, 30 miles south of Seattle. Several waterways have been constructed and numerous others projected in the tidelands at the head of the bay. Those under improvement are the city (or west) waterway and the Puyallup waterway. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6451.) Original condition.-A channel on the west side of the city water- way 200 feet wide and 25 feet deep at extreme low water had been dredged by the State of Washington and private owners of abutting lands from deep water to the Eleventh Street Bridge, a distance of approximately 4,000 feet. The remainder of the waterway was bare at extreme low tide. There was no water in the Puyallup waterway at extreme low water. Logs were towed to mills on this waterway at favorable stages of the tide. Previous projects.-There were no projects prior to the existing project. Present project.-The project for the city waterway, adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, provides for a channel 500 feet wide and 25 feet deep from deep water in Commencement Bay to the Eleventh Street Bridge, 500 feet wide and 18 feet deep to the Fourteenth Street Bridge, and varying from 500 to 250 feet wide and 15 feet deep from the Fourteenth Street Bridge to the end of the waterway. The total length of the waterway is 8,500 feet. The depths mentioned are at extreme low water. Plan and estimate are printed in House Document No. 76, Fifty-sixth Congress, second session. The estimated cost was $175,000. The project for the Puyal- lup waterway was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, and is published in House Document No. 520, Fifty-eighth Congress, second session. This project is for a channel 500 feet wide, 1564 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 3,650 feet long, and 28 feet deep at extreme low water. The estimated cost was $240,000. The mean tidal variation is 8 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The city waterway has been completed. Dredging under contract in this waterway was commenced in June, 1903, and completed in April, 1905. In the work 2,099,608 cubic yards of material was removed and deposited on adjacent tidelands. The amount expended on this waterway prior to the fiscal year was $150,018.58 for improvement and $12,673.96 for maintenance, making a total of $162,692.54. Work on the Puyallup waterway was commenced under contract in December, 1908, and suspended in April, 1910. At that time 1,811,599 cubic yards of material had been removed. In November, 1909, the channel excavated was practically obliterated by filling caused by a flood in the Puyallup River. The river and harbor act of July 25, 1910, authorized the suspension of work and directed that no further work be done on this project until local interests diverted the Puyallup River from the waterway or otherwise prevented ex- cessive deposits therein. On this work $159,584.86 was expended for improvement and $14.27 for examinations, making a total of $159,599.13. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-There were no oper- ations except a survey of the waterways during the year. On this work $2,492.43 was expended. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Except where shoaling has occurred in the upper portions of the waterway due to sluicing opera- tions and sewer deposits, the project depths were avilable throughout the city waterway at the close of the year. The Puyallup waterway has shoaled to its original condition, and no navigation except small boats and towing logs at high tide is possible on this waterway. The total expenditures for existing projects to close of fiscal year were $309,603.44 for improvement and $1.5,180.66 for maintenance, making a total of $324,784.10. The city waterway was completed for $24,981.42 less than the esti- mated cost. The Puyallup waterway has not been completed. Local cooperation.-Theact adopting the project for the improve- ment of the city waterway provided: That no part of said amount shall be expended until a release from liability for damages shall be obtained, if any liability exists, arising from a contract between the State of Washington and R. B. Lehman, which said contract is set forth in said document, and the right is obtained, free of charge, to deposit material dredged from said channel upon adjacent tidelands. These conditions were complied with and accepted as satisfactory by the Chief of Engineers on December 8, 1902. The act adopting the project for Puyallup waterway provided: That the United States shall be under no expense for the construction of bulkheads, groins, or filling; and before any portion of this appropriation shall be expended or any contract let for this improvement suitable provision shall be made, to be approved by the Secretary of War, that in the prosecution and completion of the work of dredging said channel the cost and charges for the construction of necessary bulkheads and groins, or for necessary filling, will be furnished upon the demand of the United States engineer in charge, and the design and location of said bulkheads and groins shall be subject to his super- vision, and all necessary filling shall be made in accordance with the plans and specifications furnished by said engineer: And provided further, That no ex- penditure shall be made under this appropriation unless provision satisfactory to the Secretary of War is made for the permanent maintenance of said project, when completed, without expense to the United States. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1565 These conditions were complied with and accepted by the Secretary of War as satisfactory on March 20, 1907. In addition to the above cooperation specifically required by Con- gress, several private slips have been dredged by local enterprises, the most important being those of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co., the St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Co., and the Wheeler- Osgood Co. The cost of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co.'s work was reported by the company to be approximately $300,000. Effect of the improvement.-There has been no definite effect on freight rates, so far as can be determined, but the improvement of the city waterway has provided suitable facilities for the extensive freight and passenger traffic of Tacoma Harbor. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed until measures to prevent the shoaling of Puyallup waterway have been completed by local interests. Commercial statistics.-The commerce of this harbor is of a gen- eral character and is very large, being second only to Seattle Harbor on Puget Sound. The chief commodities handled are lumber, logs, grain, raw cotton, and general merchandise. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1,070,200 $35,683,136 19121--.....--.....-......------......-............--.........--........................ 1,494,100 74,225,034 1913-----------....--...--.--............--------..-------------------------------------............. 1914. .................................. .................. 1,434,168 .................... 64,710,679 1 Incomplete on account of omission of imports. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work-------------------------- --------------- $309, 603. 44 Maintenance------------------- 15, 180. 66 Total -------------------------------------------- 324, 784. t0 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .... . ................ .. .... .............. ...................... Maintenance................ ................................. .. ......... . $213.00 $2,492.43 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------$92, 708. 73 Deduction on account of amount withdrawn for reallotment else- where----------- ------------------------------------- 75, 000.00 17, 708. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ______---------------- 2,492. 43 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-- ---------------------- 15, 216. 30 1566 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 8. WATERWAY CONNECTING PUGET SOUND WITH LAKES UNION AND WASHINGTON, WASH. Location.-This improvement lies entirely within the city of Seattle and extends from Puget Sound, through Shilshole and Sal- mon Bays and Lake Union to Union Bay on the western shore of Lake Washington. The distance by channel from deep water, Puget Sound, to deep water, Lake Washington, is approximately 8 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6446.) Original condition.-Originally there was no connection between Lakes Union and Washington. Lake Washington, through the Black and Duwamish Rivers, had a navigable connection with Puget Sound with sufficient capacity for the transportation of logs. Lake Union had no navigable connection with Salmon Bay. Salmon and Shil- shole Bays were navigable at high tide, but both bays were prac- tically dry at extreme low tide. At mean lower low tide a narrow, crooked channel approximately 21 miles long and about 3 feet deep extended from Puget Sound to near the head of Salmon Bay. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, and modified by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. The amount expended on the original and modified project prior to commencement of operations under existing project was $475,- 002.45. For scope of previous projects see Appendix, page 2003. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, was modified by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, and is printed in House Document No. 953, Sixtieth Congress, first session. It provides for the construc- tion by the United States of a double lock and dam, with necessary accessory works, at the Narrows at the entrance to Salmon Bay, and for the excavation by King County or other local agency of a chan- nel 75 feet wide and 25 feet deep at low water from the locks into Lake Washington; and the modification authorizes the use of amounts previously appropriated or authorized for the dredging of a channel of the same dimensions from the locks to deep water in Puget Sound. The large lock is 80 feet wide, 825 feet long between upper and lower miter sills, and has an intermediate gate dividing it into two chamnbers, 450 feet and 375 feet long, respectively. The depth of water on the upper miter sill is 36 feet at low water in the upper pool, and on the intermediate and lower miter sills 25 feet at extreme low tide in Puget Sound, which will afford 36 feet at low water in the upper pool and mid-tide stages in Puget Sound. The small lock, which lies south and alongside of the large lock, is 30 feet wide and 150 feet between miter sills. The depth of water on the upper sill is 16 feet at low water in the upper pool, and on the lower miter sill 12 feet at extreme low tide in Puget Sound, which will afford 16 feet at low water in the upper pool and at mean lower low tide in Puget Sound. The length of section included in this project as modified is about 8 miles and the original estimated cost was $3,334,707 and $30,000 annually for maintenance. The estimated cost of the locks, to be constructed by the United States, was $2,275,000. The extreme tidal variation in Salmon Bay is 19 feet. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1567 Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under previous projects, right of way for the entire canal had been secured free of cost to the United States, and a channel 75 feet wide and varying from 16 feet to 10 feet deep at extreme low water had been dredged from deep water in Shilshole Bay to the city wharf at Ballard, with a turning basin at the inner end. Works had been installed to regu- late the levels of Lakes Union and Washington. Under the present project a cofferdam was constructed around the lock site, excavation for lock and temporary channel, and construction of plant was com- pleted. Concrete work on the two locks was practically completed, and lock keeper's house was constructed. The erection of lock gates was commenced. The regulating dam at the foot of Lake Union was rebuilt with Federal funds. The amount expended was $1,273,974.20 for new work and $16,- 233.09 for maintenance, making a total of $1,290,213.29. The channel between the locks and Lake Washington was 55 per cent completed, and the regulating dam between Lakes Union and Washington was reconstructed. On this work $213,550.10 was ex- pended in warrants furnished by the State of Washington, and $338,970.59 in cash furnished by King County. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-All concrete work is being done by hired labor and the use of Government plant. Under contract cement is purchased f. o. b. cars at lock site, and sand and gravel f. o. b. United States barges at the pit; delivery at lock site is made by hired labor and Government plant. The construction and installation of lock gates and all operating machinery is being done under contract. The lock gates were completed and the installation of machinery was 50 per cent completed at the close of the year. Pumping plant is being purchased and installed under contract; the award was made on April 8, 1915, and the work is about 5 per cent completed. The concrete work in the guide walls, quay wall, and operating houses was completed. The power house was commenced in November, 1914, and is 40 per cent complete. The concrete trans- former house was 90 per cent completed. Plant is being erected for construction of the dam. During the year 12,000 cubic yards of concrete was placed. Backfilling behind lock walls and grading of the lock grounds is being done by hired labor and is 70 per cent com- plete. Removal of portions of cofferdam, excavation of entrances to locks, and excavation in dam site and construction of a cofferdam for dam is being done under contract, all material for the cofferdam being furnished by the United States; this work was commenced on April 16, 1915, and is 12 per cent complete. During the year $464,129.37 was expended for new work and $5,529.86 for maintenance, making a total of $469,659.23. The channel work between the locks and Lake Washington is being done under contract. On this work 520,251 cubic yards of material was removed during the year, and 7,449.4 cubic yards of concrete revetment was placed on the south bank of the Portage cut, and 700 linear feet of brush and rock revetment was placed on the slopes of the cut between Lake Union and Salmon Bay. On this work $20,597.70 was expended in warrants furnished by the State of Wash- ington, and $198,713.47 in cash furnished by King County. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The locks and controlling works are 83.5 per cent complete. The channel between the locks and 1568 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Lake Washington is 80 per cent complete. No navigable channel will connect the lakes with Puget Sound until the locks and dam are completed. The greatest draft that can be brought to the wharf at Ballard is 6 feet at extreme low tide. The total expenditures under the existing project are $1,738,109.57 for new work and $21,762.95 for maintenance, making a total of $1,759,872.52. There was expended by the State of Washington $234,147.80 and by King County $537,684.06 in the excavation of channel between the locks and Lake Washington. Local cooperation.-Right of way and flowage rights for the canal were secured for the United States by King County and were ac- cepted as satisfactory by the Secretary of War on June 22, 1900. Under the provisions of the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, local interests- were required to do the excavation in the waterway above the lock to the di- mensions recommended in said project, and will also secure the United States from liability from any claims or damages on account of the grant made to James A. Moore or his assigns by the act of Congress approved June 11, 1906, or on account of the lowering of the level of Lake Washington, raising the level of Salmon Bay, or any other alteration of the level of any part of said waterway. These conditions were complied with and accepted by the Secre- tary of War on June 30, 1911. Under the terms of the act of Con- gress, local interests were required to dredge a channel above the lock site into Lake Washington not less than 25 feet deep at low water and 75 feet wide on the bottom, but contracts by King County and the State of Washington provide for the completion of a channel from the locks into Lake Union 36 feet deep at low water and not less than 100 feet wide on the bottom. Between Lake Washington and Lake Union similar contract has been let for the major part of the excavation, and it is anticipated that the provision of funds made by local interests will be ample to secure the ultimate depth. The con- tract for excavation of the Portage, or neck of land between the lakes, provides for the full width and a minimum depth of 30 feet and for revetting with concrete about 1,000 linear feet of the south bank of the cut to prevent further caving. Brush and rock revetment was placed on the slopes of the cut between Lake Union and Salmon Bay for a distance of 2,975 linear feet. Effect of improvement.-No effect on freight rates is anticipated, but the completed work will make accessible to deep-sea vessels, both for coastwise and oversea trade, a large fresh-water basin of constant level with a shore line of about 100 miles. Proposed operations.-Sufficient funds have been provided for the completion of the project. Should any balance remain after the com- pletion of the lock and dam and accessory works, such balance will be used in the excavation of a channel below the locks as authorized by river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. Commercial statistics.-(Lake Union, Lake Washington, Ballard Harbor, and Seattle Harbor.)--The commerce for the year consisted in general of exportation of lumber and lumber products, fish, grain, coal, flour, and canned goods, and the importation of asphalt, coffee, hemp, rice, logs, silk, structural steel, machinery, and foodstuffs. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1569 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Val.e. 19121-.......-- ..-...... .. .--- 606,554 $3,516,558 1913................ 19134 .. ........................................... ---------------------------------------------------------- 23,831,225 2 3,162,625 127 489,553 157,465,293 19 14 . . . . . . ..-.. .. .-. . . ..-.- . . . . . . ..-. . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .-. -.. 2 3, 1 62 , 625 15 7 , 4 6 5, 293 1 Commercial statistics for 1912 do not include Seattle Harbor. 2 Estimated. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------ ---------------------------- $2, 213, 112.02 Maintenance_----------------------------------------- 21, 762.95 Total_______----------------------------------------------- 2, 234, 874. 97 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...................... ---...-.............- ....- 380,993.14 $743,793.68 $464,129.37 Maintenance...... ...................................... 959.38 10,194.80 5,529.86 Total................... ................................ 381,952.52 753,988.48 469,659.23 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911--------- ------------------------------ $150, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912-- --------------------------------------- 500, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 --------------------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 June 23, 1913--------- ---------------------------- 1, 100, 000.00 Aug. 1, 1914 -------------------------------------------- 375, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---------------------------------------------17, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ______________________ ___ 630, 131. 71 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914__ 375, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 17, 500. 00 Receipts from sales____________________________ ________ 162. 60 1, 022, 794. 31 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement________------------- $464, 129. 37 For maintenance of improvement--- ------ __ 5, 529. 86 469, 659. 23 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended________-_________________ 553, 135. 08 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities---------------$14, 070. 52 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted con- tracts------------- ------------ 267, 689. 73 281, 760. 25 July 1, 1915, balance available______----------------___ 271, 374. 83 9. SNOHOMISH RIVER, WASH. Location.-Snohomish River is in the northwestern part of the State of Washington. It is formed by the Snoqualmie and Sky- komish Rivers 21 miles from Puget Sound, flows northwesterly and 1 Unexpended balance 20 cents less than reported in Annual Report for 1914, account error in Treasury settlement No. 20530. 83730-ENG 1915-----99 1570 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. empties into Puget Sound through Eby Slough, Steamboat Slough, Union Slough, and Old River, the latter being a part of Everett Harbor, Wash. The section included in this improvement is from the mouth to Steamboat Slough, a distance of 3 miles. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6448.) Original condition.-The mouth of Old River Channel was practi- cally dry at low water. It was used as a storing and sorting ground for logs and was navigable for tugs and light-draft boats at favor- able stages of the tide. Steamboat Slough was used by light-draft boats and was the most important outlet of the river. The river was navigable throughout its length for light-draft steamers and for towing and floating logs. Previous projects.-The original project for the improvement of Everett Harbor was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, and modified by joint resolution of Congress approved April 23, 1902. The amount expended prior to operations under existing project was $417,577.77. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 2005. Presentproject.-This project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and is published in House Document No. 1108, Sixtieth Congress, second session. It contemplates the concentration of tidal flow and river currents by means of a training dike extending across the bar at the outlet of the Old River Channel to a connection with the existing dike or bulkhead in Everett Harbor, the reinforce- ment of parts of the old bulkhead, the construction of closing dikes and mattress sills across subsidiary sloughs of the main river, and the dredging of a channel 75 feet wide and 8 feet deep at mean lower low water from the deep channel heretofore excavated in Everett Harbor to the mouth of Steamboat Slough. The estimated cost of the work is $280,000. The tidal variation at the entrance to the channel is 15 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project has been completed by contract. Dike work was commenced in Sep- tember, 1911, and completed in September, 1912, except the closing dikes at Steamboat and Ebey Sloughs, which were omitted. Dredg- ing was commenced in February, 1912, and completed in May, 1914, by the removal of 875,400 cubic yards of material, of which 96,771 cubic yards was overdepth. To June 30, 1914, $231,830.10 had been expended for improvement and $13,711.46 for maintenance, making a total of $245,541.56. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-There were no oper- ations during the year. A survey of the improvement was made and $1,633.26 was expended for this work. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Extensive shoaling has taken place in the dredged channel, particularly in the upper river. It is estimated that not more than 50 per cent of the original dredged cuts remains. A serious result of the improvement has been the filling of the dredged basin in Everett Harbor, and this filling will be progressive as long as the present outlet for the river is maintained. The maximum draft which could be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement at mean lower low water on June 30, 1915, was 2 feet. However, the channel across the flats at the mouth of the RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1571 river, the most important part of the improvement, is not less than 4 feet at mean lower low water. The expenditures under the present project at close of fiscal year was $231,830.10 for improvement and $15,344.72 for maintenance, making a total of $247,174.82. This project was completed for $48,169.90 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation on this improvement. Effect of improvement.-The increased depths now available, par- ticularly across the flats at the mouth of the river, have greatly facili- tated the movement of log rafts, which make up the most important part of the commerce of Snohomish River, and thus has been of material benefit to the lumber industry. Proposed operations.-The funds on hand are sufficient for any work that may be necessary prior to June 30, 1917, and therefore no estimate for additional funds is submitted. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists chiefly of lumber traffic and the towing of logs and piles. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912............... .............. ............................. 1,096,731 $5,775,225 1913. 1,300,344 7,225,186 1914........ ...................................................... 834,651 4,405,380 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915. New work ------------------------------------------ $643, 539 24 Maintenance ----------- -- ------------------------- 21, 213. 35 Total__------------- --------------------------------- 664, 752. 59 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ......................................... ................ $79,801.1'5 $62,148.10 ......... Maintenance... .................. .......................... . ............... 13,711.46 $1,633.26 Total ................. ................ 79,801.15 75,859.56 1,633.26 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------ ------------- $75, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 --------------- ---------------- -- 75, 000. 00 June 23, 1913---_-------------------------------- 105, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------- ------------------- 34, 469. 94 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement --------------------------------------------- 1, 633. 26 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------- 32, 836. 68 1 Includes expenditures of former appropriations for the improvement of Everett Harbor. 1572 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARIVY. 10. SKAGIT RIVER, WASH. Location.-The Skagit River is in the northwestern part of the State of Washington. Its source is in the Cascade Mountains, in British Columbia, and it flows in a southwesterly direction and enters Puget Sound 50 miles north of seattle. The river is about 68 miles long from mouth of Sauk River, and the lower 5 miles is included in this improvement. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6300.) Originalcondition.-This river was navigable for light-draft boats at all stages of water from the bar at its mouth to Mount Vernon, 11 miles, and at all stages except extreme low water to Avon, 3 miles above Mount Vernon. During ordinary high water the river was navigable for towing and rafting logs as far as Sauk River, 68 miles from its mouth. Navigation between the deep water in the river and deep water in Saratoga Passage was impracticable except on tides, due to a bar about 3 miles wide at the mouth of the river. Previous projects.-There was no project previous to existing project except the snagging done in connection with the improve- ment of Puget Sound and its tributary waters. For scope of previ- ous project, see Appendix, page 2006. Present project.-The existing project provides for securing a low- water channel from Saratoga Passage to the river by regulation, and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, in accord- ance with plan printed in House Document No. 1188, Sixtieth Con- gress, second session. It contemplates the construction of a training dike from the mouth of the South Fork of the Skagit River across the flats to deep water in Saratoga Passage, regulating dikes and mattress sill near the head of the North Fork, and closing subsidiary channels at the delta of the river. The estimated cost of the work was $100,000 and $5,000 per year for maintenance. The mean tidal variation is 9 feet at the mouth of the river. Report of a preliminary examination of the Skagit River is published in House Document No. 935, Sixty-third Congress, second session. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The mattress sill and closing dikes in the river had been constructed and the training dike, 10,450 feet long, completed. Due to the increased cost, the training dike is 5,550 feet less than the projected length. The work, which was done by contract, commenced in November, 1910, and was completed in August, 1911. Since completion minor repairs have been made to dikes as necessary. To June 30, 1914, $99,829.80 had been expended for improvement and $1,625.74 for maintenance, making a total of $101,455.54. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no op- erations and no expenditures during the year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The dikes as constructed are in good condition, and it is not anticipated that further extension of the training dike will be necessary. The depth of water over the bar at mean lower low water was sufficient for boats drawing 3 feet of water. The expenditures to June 30, 1915, were $99,829.80 for improve- ment and $1,625.74 for maintenance, making a total of $101,455.54. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation in this work. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1573 Effect of improvement.-There has been no direct effect on freight rates so far as known, but the improvement has facilitated the pas- sage of boats over the bar at low stages of the tide. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed except mainte- nance of existing dikes as may be necessary, for which there is suffi- cient money available. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists chiefly in log tow- ing and the exportation of lumber and condensed milk. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.... ......................................-- ......................................... 263,721 $4,060,693 1913.... .......... ................................................- 420,606 5,062,919 1914... ...........................................................-- 468,887 5,597,646 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------------ $99, 829. 80 Maintenance----------------------------------------------- 1, 625. 74 Total -------------------------------------------------- 101, 455. 54 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work .......................................... . .......................... ..... ........... Maintenance........................................................ 1,478.54................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- $15, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913--------------------------------------------------- 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--------------------------------23, 544. 46 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended -------------------------------- 23, 544. 46 11. SWINOMISH SLOUGH, WASH. Location.-Swinomish Slough is an inland passage, 11 miles long, between Saratoga Passage and Padilla Bay, in the northwestern part of the State of Washington, about 60 miles north of Seattle. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6300.) Original condition.-The slough was crooked and was obstructed by shoals in the wider parts and at each end, which limited the avail- able depth to 2 feet at mean lower low water. Previous projects.-There was no project prior to the one now ex- isting. Presentproject.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 13, 1892, and is published in House Document No. 31, Fifty-second Congress, first session. It provides for a channel 100 feet wide on the bottom and 4 feet deep at mean lower low water from deep water in Saratoga Passage to deep water in Padilla Bay, a distance of 11 miles. The estimated cost was $122,000. A prelimi- 1574 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. nary examination of Swinomish Slough was made in 1914 and the report is published in House Document No. 860, Sixty-third Con- gress, second session. The mean tidal variation is 8 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work under the project was commenced under contract in 1893. To control the cur- rents in the south end of the slough, 7,100 linear feet of dike was constructed on the north side of the channel from " Hole in the Wall " to opposite the west end of Goat Island; 3,650 feet on the south side of the channel from the west end of Goat Island to deep water in Saratoga Passage; 3,500 feet from McGlinns Island to the mainland in the direction of La Conner, and 1,500 linear feet opposite La Con- ner. A single pile protection dike 4,200 feet long was constructed between Goat and Ika Islands. The work was completed, as far as funds would permit, and channel of project dimensions obtained as far as La Conner in 1897. With appropriations made by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, March 2, 1907, March 3, 1909, and June 25, 1910, dredging was done by contract and hired plant, the dikes were repaired and in some instances reconstructed by hired labor, and a channel of project dimensions obtained as far north as the Great Northern bridge over Padilla Bay. On June 30, 1914, $183,057.06 -had been expended for improvement and $31,545.30 for maintenance, making a total of $214,602.36. Operations and results during the fiscal year.--There were no op- erations during the year except a survey of the slough, for which $3,049.93 was expended. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-A channel of the required depth has been obtained from Saratoga Passage through Skagit Bay to La Conner and northward as far as the Great Northern Rail- way bridge over Padilla Bay, a distance of 9 miles. No work has been done in Padilla Bay, and over the flats there is a narrow, crooked channel with a depth of 3 feet at mean lower low water. The amount expended for improvement to close of fiscal year was $183,057.06 and $34,595.23 was expended for maintenance, making a total of $217,652.29. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation on this work. Effect of the improvement.-So far as known this improvement has had no effect on freight rates, but it has made available a shel- tered passage for light-draft boats, which has been of material bene- fit in handling log tows and in the shipment of farm products from the vicinity of La Conner. Proposed operations.-No operations are proposed for the fiscal year 1917 except such maintenance work as may be necessary, for which there is sufficient money now available. Commercial statistics.-The commerce is of a general nature and consists chiefly of transportation of grain, hay, fresh fish, logs, and lumber. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912...... .................................. .................................. 64,523 $1,369,134 1913............................. ................................... 121,674 2,212,554 1914............................. ......................... ........ 30,731 670,826 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEIrENTS. 1575 Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------ ------------- $183, 057. 06 Maintenance --------- ------------------------------- 34, 595. 23 Total--------------------------------------------- 217, 652. 29 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............... .......................................... Maintenance ..................................................... ........................ 3,049.93 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----- ------------ ---------- $10, 015. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement---------------------------3, 049. 93 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 6,965. 07 12. BELLINGHAM HARBOR, WASH. Location.-Bellingham Harbor is a part of Bellingham Bay, an arm of Puget Sound in the northwestern part of the State of Wash- ington, about 18 miles south of the international boundary line, and about 100 miles north of Seattle. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6378.) Original condition.-Bellingham Bay had an average depth of 10 fathoms, but entrance to the city of Bellingham was obstructed by tide flats extending from the meander line to low water, a distance of about 2,400 feet. A system of harbor lines provided for three water- ways over these flats. The Whatcom Creek waterway, the only one under improvement, is 363.2 feet wide, 3,500 feet long from Holly Street, New Whatcom (now Bellingham), to the 18-foot curve in Bellingham Bay. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902. The amount expended on this project was $57,673.98. For scope of previous project see Appendix, page 2006. Present project.--The present project is an enlargement of the original project as printed in House Document No. 1161, Sixtieth Congress, second session, and was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. It contemplates dredging Whatcom Creek waterway for its full width to a depth of 26 feet, for the outer 3,800 feet and 18 feet deep for the inner 1,300 feet. The plane of refer- ence is mean lower low water. The average tidal variation is 12 feet. The estimated cost was $92,250. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under previous project a channel 200 feet wide and 12 feet deep at low water was obtained for the full length of the waterway. On the present proj- ect work was commenced under contract in August, 1912, and the waterway was completed to project dimensions in February, 1913. 1576 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. To June 30, 1914, $88,557.72 had been expended for improvement and $3,042.55 for maintenance, making a total of $91,600.27. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no operations during the fiscal year except a survey of the waterway, on which $560.44 was expended. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is completed. No shoaling has occurred, and the channel of full project width and depth was available at end of year. The amount expended for improvement to close of the fiscal year was $88,557.72, and $3,602.99 was expended for maintenance, making a total of $92,160.71. The project was completed for $3,692.28 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.-The river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, required that local interests provide all necessary bulkheads and groins and pay for all necessary filling in connection with the im- provement. These conditions were complied with to the satisfaction of the Secretary of War and approved by him on November 22, 1911. In addition to the work required by the act adopting the proj- ect, the city of Bellingham has deepened a basin at the inner end of the waterway 1,000 feet long, 330 feet wide, and 35 feet deep at mean lower low water at a cost of $28,800, and the Bellingham Bay & British Columbia Railway Co. a basin 700 feet long, 200 feet wide, and approximately 30 feet deep at mean lower low water in front of its dock in the outer end of the waterway at a cost of $30,000. Effect of the improvement.-So far as known the improvement has had no direct effect on freight rates, but expensive long wharves across the tide flats are no longer necessary, and the cost of handling freight has been materially reduced. Proposed operations.-The only operations proposed for 1917 are necessary maintenance, for which there is sufficient money available. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists chiefly of canned fish, logs and poles, lumber, and dairy products. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912................ ...... .......... ... ........................... 456,776 $5,499,169 1913............................................................................ 573, 833 7,638, 792 1914 ............................................................................ 598, 945 8,671,544 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work_ ------------------- ---------- $145, 139. 65 Maintenance ----------------------------------------- 4, 695. 04 Total_----- -------------------------------------- 149, 834. 69 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........ .................................... ... $87, 370. 12 ............ Maintenance ................ ...... ................... 3,000.00 42.55 $560. 44 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1577 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911 ------------------------------------------- $25, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912__--______ ------------------- ------ 52, 250. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------- '2, 979. 05 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement------------- ---------------------------------- 560. 44 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------- -------- 2, 418. 61 13. WATERWAY CONNECTING PORT TOWNSEND BAY AND OAK BAY, WASH. Location.-The canal is to connect two bays which are arms of Admiralty Inlet on the west side of Puget Sound in the northwestern part of the State of Washington about 40 miles north of Seattle. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 6405.) Original condition.-Originally the bays were separated by a gravel spit about 150 yards wide and one-quarter of a mile long, with shoals on each side. The highest point on the spit was about 29 feet above mean lower low water. Previous projects.- There were no previous projects. Present project.-The present project, printed in House Document No. 625, Sixty-second Congress, second session, was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913. It contemplates dredging a canal 15 feet deep at mean lower low water, 75 feet wide on the bot- tom, for about 4,800 feet and the construction of jetties to protect the channel at the southern, or Oak Bay, end and a bulkhead for the retention of dredged material. The estimated cost was $62,500. The mean tidal variation is 5.1 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-There were no operations prior to the fiscal year except negotiations for right of way by local interests. No expenditures were made. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Contract was made on November 9, 1914, for the entire work. The bulkhead was com- pleted and the jetties were constructed as required by the contract, but additional stone will be required to bring the outer ends of the jetties to the height contemplated by the project. After dredging 265,138 cubic yards of material from the channel, by supplemental agreement with the contractor work was suspended to permit removal of ledge rock encountered in the channel, the removal of which was not required by the contract. This rock was removed by hired labor and plant and by use of the snag boat Swinomish, the work being completed on June 26, 1915. An additional allotment was made by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1915, for removal of rock and for raising the jetties. At the close of the year $12,336.92 had been expended for bulkhead, $22,160.52 for jetties, $23,574.74 for dredging, and $1,160.49 for rock removal, making a total of $59,232.67. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-A channel of project dimen- sions has been obtained, except at the spot where a dam had been left. 1 Does not agree with unexpended balance in Annual Report for 1914 account error of $1.10 in amount reported as received from sales. 1578 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. This dam was removed on July 4, 1915, and a maximum draft of 15 feet at mean lower low water can now be carried over the shoalest part of the improvement. Local cooperation.-The act adopting the project required local interests to furnish a right of way and provide suitable places of deposit for dredged material. These conditions were complied with and accepted by the Chief of Engineers on September 8, 1914. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had no effect on freight rates, but has provided a sheltered passage for light-draft boats plying between up-Sound ports and points on Port Townsend Bay, and the free passage of log tows under weather conditions when they would otherwise be storm bound in Port Townsend Bay from 1 to 10 days, as they could not be towed past Marrowstone Point. The dam left by the contractor to facilitate rock removal will be dredged and the canal opened. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to raise the enrockment on the outer end of the jetties by placing 4,000 tons of rock. No work is contemplated during the year 1917 except a small amount of main- tenance dredging and repair work, for which available funds are sufficient. Commercial statistics.-There was no traffic through the canal until July 3, 1915. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work -------------- --------------------------- $59, 232.67 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.............................................................$59,232.67 Maintenance..... ........................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913_----- ------------------------------------ $62, 500. 00 Mar. 4, 1915---- ---- ----------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended.------._______--___________ 62, 500. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 15, 000. 00 77, 500. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of im- provement--- ---------------------------------------- 59, 232. 67 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _________________________-_ 18, 267. 33 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities____________________ $3, 097. 54 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts___ 2, 144. 34 5, 241. 88 July 1, 1915, balance available_ ...--------- ___----_______ 13, 025. 45 14. COLUMBIA RIVER BETWEEN WENATCHEE AND BRIDGEPORT, WASH. Location.-Columbia River rises in British Columbia, flows south across eastern part of the State of Washington and west to the Pacific Ocean. It is about 800 miles in length. The part included RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1579 in this improvement is between the towns of Wenatchee and Bridge- port, Wash., about 80 miles. Original condition.-There was originally sufficient depth for light-draft boats, but navigation was dangerous at low water on ac- count of the swift current and rock obstructions in the channel. Previous projects.-The original project was adopted by the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, and $8,005.20 was expended on this work prior to commencement of work under the existing project. For scope of previous project, see Appendix, page 2006. Present project.-This project was adopted by the river and har- bor act of March 2, 1907, in accordance with plan published in House Document No. 440, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session. It con- templates the removal of rock obstructions between Wenatchee and Bridgeport, the construction of dikes and wing dams, and dredging at Entiat Rapids to provide a channel 7 feet deep at low water. The original estimated cost was $42,000. - Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Under previous project the most dangerous rocks at Rocky Reach and Methow Rapids had been removed. The present project was completed as far as justified by commerce on the river, with the exception of the dikes and wing dams, which were omitted, and a channel 5 feet deep at low water between Wenatchee and Bridgeport obtained. All work was done by hired labor and Government plant. Work com- menced in December, 1908, and was carried on during the low-water seasons of 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, and completed on April 30, 1912, as far as funds would permit. A channel 3,300 feet long, 150 feet wide, and 5 feet deep was dredged at Entiat Rapids. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $67,000.86 for im- provement and $150 for maintenance, making a total of $67,150.86. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no operations during the fiscal year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-There has been no deteriora- tion in the channel obtained. The amount expended to close of fiscal year was $67,000.86 for im- provement and $150 for maintenance, making a total of $67,150.86. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation on this part of the work. Effect of improvement.--The improvement had no effect on freight rates but made navigation on this portion of the river less danger- ous. A railroad now parallels the river, and no boats are operated at the present time. Proposed operations.-No future operations are contemplated, as the project is considered as completed and no maintenance is re- quired. Commercial statistics.-The building of a railroad paralleling this portion of the river has caused the cessation of boat traffic, which can not compete on account of the swift currents in the river. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912..... .... ................................................... 22,411 $1,103,785 1913 (not obtainable) ... .................................................. ........... 1914 (no boats operated)... 1580 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------- $75, 006.06 Maintenance -------------------------------------------- 150.00 Total ---------------------------------------------- 75, 156. 06 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................................... $606.00................... Maintenance..................................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ------------------------------ $701. 64 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------------701. 64 15. COLUMBIA RIVER BETWEEN BRIDGEPORT AND KETTLE FALLS, WASH. Location.-Columbia River rises in British Columbia, flows south across the eastern part of the State of Washington and west to the Pacific c_.a. 0 It is about 800 miles in length. The part included in this improvement is between Bridgeport and Kettle Falls, a distance of about 162 miles. Original condition.-Navigation over this portion of the river was possible with light-draft river boats, but was dangerous at low water due to numerous rapids and rock obstructions in the channel. Previous projects.-There was no previous project. Present project.-The project as printed in Rivers and Harbors Committee Document No. 16, Sixtieth Congress, second session, was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and contem- plates the removal of rocks and bowlders along the shores between low and high water, those exposed at low water, and others which are submerged at low water, to obtain a low-water channel 7 feet deep. The estimated cost was $100,000. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Three drill scows were constructed and work of rock removal, commencing at Bridge- port, has been carried on by hired labor and Government plant during the low-water stages (about 6 months of each year) since November, 1911. The amount of money provided was not sufficient to obtain the depth called for by the project, but the most serious obstructions as far as Spokane Rapids had been removed at the beginning of the fiscal year. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $156,925.17, all of which was for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The three drill scows were operated at Rogers Bar, Turtle Rapids, Gifford Rocks, and Three Rock Bend. The work at these points was completed and operations were suspended for the season on April 27, 1915. The amount expended during the year was $30,347.81, all of which was for improvement. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1581 Condition at end of fiscal year.-All work now contemplated be- tween Bridgeport and Grand (or Rickey) Rapids is completed except the removal of ledge rock at Hell Gate and 15 miles below the mouth of Spokane River. While the project depth of 7 feet has not been obtained over all parts of the improvement, the removal of obstructive rocks has made the river safely navigable at low water for river boats from Wenatchee to Grand Rapids. At the close of the fiscal year $187,272.98 had been expended, all of which was for improvement. Local cooperation.-The State of Washington provided $50,000 to be expended in the removal of obstructing rocks between Pasco and the international boundary line. A stern wheel river steamer was purchased and operated by the State, and a small amount of rock removal was done on this part of the river. After exhaustion of State funds the steamer was loaned to the United States, and was used from 1911 to 1914 as a tender for drill scows and in towing and placing scows on the river. Effect of the improvement.-There has been no direct effect on freight rates, but the improvement has made navigation over this portion of the river reasonably safe, and has furnished an outlet by water for the products of a rich and productive country, a portion of which is not reached by railro',ds. Proposed operations.-With fands now available, it is proposed to remove rocks from Hell Gate to facilitate passage through this part of the river. No operations are proposed for the fiscal year 1917, as all work contemplated on the project will be completed and no maintenance is required. Commercial statement.-Following is a comparative statement of the commerce on this section of the stream for the past three years: Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.............. ................... ............................. 22,411 $1,103,785 1913 (not obtained)................... .... ........ ............ .............. .. ........... 1914 (not obtained)... ......................................... .......... ........... Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work _----------------------------------------------$187, 272. 98 Maintenance ------------------------------------------------------ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ......................................... .... $36,879.30 $34,711.51 $30,347.81 Maintenance... ................................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912-------------- ----------------------------------- $25, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913---- ------------------------- - ---- 40, 000. 00 Oct. 2, 1914 ----------------------------------------- 35, 000. 00 1582 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended__________________________-1 $8, 081.08 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2 1914__ 35, 000. 00 43, 081. 08 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement_ _____--___-________-__ 30, 347. 81 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_--- --------------------- 12, 733. 27 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ____________-----_________ 75. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available-----------------___--_ 12, 658.27 16. POLSON BAY, FLATHEAD LAKE, MONT. Location.-Polson Bay, the extreme southern end of Flathead Lake, is in the northwestern part of the State of Montana. Original condition.-Polson Bay is the harbor of the town of Polson, and could be used at low water by boats of 6-foot draft, but entrance to the wharves was obstructed by bowlders for a distance of from one-quarter to one-half mile from shore. Previous projects.-There was no project prior to the one now existing. Present project.-The present project, printed in House Docu- ment No. 645, Sixty-first Congress, second session, was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, and provides for the removal of bowlders and other obstructions which interfere with the approach to the landing wharves and for obtaining a channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep at low water, with a turning basin near the wharves. The estimated cost was $6,000. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The work was done by hired labor and hired plant. Operations commenced in Septem- ber and were completed in November, 1910, and a channel of project dimensions obtained. The amount expended for the improvement was $4,491.14. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-There were no operations during the fiscal year. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-No shoaling has occurred and the channel at the close of the year was of project dimensions. The total expenditure on the work was $4,491.14, all of which was for im- provement. The improvement was completed for $1,508.86 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.-There has been no local cooperation on this work. * Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had no effect on freight rates, but the wharves are now accessible to boats drawing 6 feet of water. Proposed operations.-The project is completed and no mainte- nance is required. Commercial statistics.-The commerce consists principally of flour, feed, grain, and logs. Statistics for 1913 and 1914 were not obtained. 1 Does not agree with amount shown as unexpended in Annual Report for 1914 account, $1.10 error in receipts from sales. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1583 Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912.. ..... ........ ....................................... .. 254,500 (1) 1 Unknown. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------------- $4, 491. 14 Maintenance- -------- ------------- Amount expended during fiscal years ending June 30, 1913, 1914, and 1915, none. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- $1, 508. 86 Deduction on account of amounts withdrawn for reallotment else- where-1---- ---------- ------------------------------- , 250. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ----------------------------- 258. 86 17. ST. MICHAEL CANAL, ALASKA. Location.-The canal is a salt-water channel running from St. Michael Harbor to a point on Norton Sound, 38 miles northwest of the Apoon Mouth of the Yukon River, Alaska. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 9302, 9370, and 9375.) Original condition.-In its original condition the canal was navi- gable for river boats. The width varied from 250 to 750 feet, and over the greater part of its length the depth was from 10 to 18 feet. At the northeast entrance this depth was reduced by shoals to 2 feet, and for a mile outside the southwest entrance the depth was 3 and 4 feet. Several sharp bends in the canal made navigation at these parts difficult. Previous projects.-There were no projects prior to the existing project. Present project.-The original project printed in House Document No. 389, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session, was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907. The estimated cost was $248,000. This project contemplated dredging a channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low water at the entrance to the canal in St. Michael Harbor and excavating a cut of the same dimensions across the worst bends. On account of the excessive cost of the work originally planned, the project was modified by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, in accordance with report printed in House Document No. 416, Sixty-first Congress, second session. This modified project is for a channel 100 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean low water from deep water in St. Michael Bay through the canal for a distance of 61 miles, widening the channel at two sharp bends, but omitting the expensive land cuts. The estimated cost of this work was $143,000. The mean range of tide is 3 feet. 1584 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-A channel of project dimensions 61 miles long had been obtained by dredging under contract. Work was commenced in 1908 and was completed in 1911. To June 30, 1914, $377,061.95 had been expended on this work, all of which was for improvement. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-There were no oper- ations during the year. For inspection $362.33 was expended. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Soundings taken during the summer of 1914 indicate that no shoaling has occurred in the dredged channel. The maximum draft that can be carried at low water is 6 feet. To the close of the fiscal year $377,061.95 had been expended for improvement and $362.33 for maintenance, making a total of $377,- 424.28. Local cooperation.-There was no local cooperation in connection with this work. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had no effect on freight rates. It has improved the only sheltered channel for Yukon River boats, which take and transship cargoes at St. Michael Har- bor, but the channel is very crooked and is not now used by vessels, due to difficulty of handling. Proposed operations.-The project is completed and no mainte- nance is required. Commercial statistics.---Not obtained. The commerce consists principally of gold dust and bullion, fuel oil, and coal. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------- ---------------------- $377, 061.95 Maintenance-------------------------------------------- 362. 33 Total-------- ------------------------------------ 377, 424. 28 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.....-.. --...... -......................................... $17.79 .. ...... Maintenance ------------------------------------------------------..... ...... ............ $362.33 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended--- ------------------------ $13, 964. 60 Deduction on account of amount withdrawn for reallotment else- where--------------------------------------------- - 12, 500. 00 1, 464. 60 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement ------------------------------------------- 362. 33 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-----------------------1-------, 102. 27 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1585 18. APOON MOUTH OF YUKON RIVER, ALASKA. Location.-The Yukon River rises in British Columbia, flows in a generally western direction across Alaska, and empties into Norton Sound, an arm of Bering Sea. The river is about 2,000 miles long and is navigable for light-draft river boats to the international boundary, about 1,500 miles. Apoon Mouth is the most easterly of the delta outlets and empties into Norton Sound about 70 miles east of St. Michael Harbor. About 7 miles near the outlet is included in this improvement. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Nos. 9302 and 9372.) Original condition.-The general depths between Kotlik River and Pastol Bay were from 6 to 13 feet, but at two localities the channel at low water had shoaled to 2.9 feet over bars, and the width of the channel at three bends was not sufficient to accommodate the river boats. The channel varied in width from 250 to 700 feet. Previous projects.-There was no previous project. Present project.-The project printed in House Document No. 556, Sixty-second Congress, second session, was adopted by the river and harbor act of July 25, 1910. It provided for excavation of channels 150 feet wide and 6 feet deep at mean lower low water over the bars, and 200 feet wide, and the same depth at the bends. The estimate cost was $130,000. The tidal variation is 31 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Work on this r.oj- ect commenced under contract in 1912 and was completed in 1913. A total of 119,545 cubic yards of material was dredged, and a chan- nel of project dimensions obtained. The amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $106,324.44, all of which was for improvement. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The operations dur- ing the fiscal year consisted in excavating 35,030 cubic yards of mate- rial in widening to 250 feet the bend near the mouth of the Pastolik River. The work was done under an open-market agreement with the former contractor, who had a dredging plant on the river. On this work $22,571.60 was expended. Condition at end of fiscal year.-No shoaling has occurred and a channel at mean lower low water sufficient for boats drawing 6 feet still obtains. A total of $128,896.04 has been expended on this improvement, which is $1,103.96 less than the estimated cost. Local cooperation.--There has been no local cooperation. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has had no effect on freight rates, but the navigable capacity of the channel has been improved and it is no longer necessary for river boats to wait for favorable tides in navigating the river proper. Proposed operations.-The project is completed and no mainte- nance is required. Commercial statistics.-No commercial statistics were obtainable for the last three calendar years. The boats using the Apoon Mouth of the Yukon River are stern-wheel, flat-bottom river steamboats which ordinarily tow freight barges, The draft of these boats is from 5 to 9 feet. 8373o-ENG 1915----100 1586 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work 896. 04 $-------------------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work$..........................................................$56,173.19 $50,184.25 $22,571.60 Maintenance ---------------------------------------------------------------------- APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------ $130, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------------------- 23, 675. 56 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------------ 22, 571. 60 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------- 1, 103. 96 EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS MADE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACTS OF JULY 25, 1912, AND MARCH 41 1913. Reports on preliminary examinations and survey required by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, and March 4, 1913, of the following localities within this district were duly submitted by the district officer. They were reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, pursuant to law, and were transmitted to Con- gress and printed in documents as indicated: 1. Preliminary examination and survey of Kootenai River, Idaho, between Bonners Ferry and the international boundary line.--Re- ports dated October 16, 1913, and December 11, 1914, with map, are printed in House Document No. 1588, Sixty-third Congress, third session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time. 2. Preliminary examination of Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho.-Re- port dated June 30, 1914, is printed in House Document No. 1180, Sixty-third Congress, second session. The improvement of the locality by the United States in the manner proposed is not deemed advisable at the present time. The local officer was also charged with the duty of making other preliminary examinations and surveys provided for by the river and harbor acts of July 25, 1912, March 4, 1913, and March 4, 1915, as follows, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when re- ceived: 1. Seattle Harbor, Wash., with a view to the maintenance of the east and west waterways and to deepening and straightening the lower Duwamish River. 2. Anacortes Harbor, Wash., with a view to improving Cap Sante waterway. 3. Grays HarborBar, Wash. 4. Willapa Harbor and the bar entrance thereto. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1587 5. Snohomish River, Wash. 6. Flathead River, Montana. 7. Olympia Harbor, Wash. 8. Stilaguamish.River, Wash. 9. Liberty Bay, Wash. 10. Poulsbo Bay, Wash. 11. Lake Washington Ship Canal, Wash. 12. Fletcher Bay, Wash. 13. Edison Slough, Wash. 14. Sammanmwish River, Wash., from Lake Washington to Bothell, including consideration of any proposition for cooperation on the part of local interests. 15. Port Gamble Harbor, Wash., and entrance thereto. 16. Clarks Fork River between Albany Falls and Lake Pend Oreille in Idaho. 17. Dry Straits, Alaska. 18. Mouth of Snake River and Nome Harbor, Alaska. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE HONOLULU, HAWAII, DISTRICT. This district includes all islands in the Hawaiian group. District officer: Maj. W. P. Wooten, Corps of Engineers, to July 13, 1914, and Lieut. Col. Charles S. Bromwell, Corps of Engineers, since that date. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. Thomas H. Rees, Corps of Engi- neers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. Page. 1. Honolulu Harbor, Hawaii...... 1587 3. Hilo Harbor, Hawaii.......... 1593 2. Kahului Harbor, Hawaii....... 1590 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT, GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3445 TO 3451. 1. HONOLULU HARBOR, HAWAII. Location.-South coast of island of Oahu, about 2,100 miles from San Francisco. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 4116.) Original condition.-Naturalharbor in coral reef, caused by fresh- water stream restricting coral growth. Prior to July 1, 1904, the monarchial, republican, and territorial governments of Hawaii had done considerable work in the harbor and had secured a 200-foot entrance channel with a depth of 35 feet at low water, the inner harbor comprising about 64 acres, having a general width of 80 feet and a length of 3,500 feet, with a minimum depth of 27 feet. The head of navigation was the head of the harbor, about 1.4 miles from ocean entrance. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 3, 1905, in accordance with the report and surveys made by the land department of the government of the Sandwich Islands prior to annexation and the further report of 1588 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Lieut. J. R. Slattery, Corps of Engineers. (Annual Report for 1905, p. 2565.) The same act authorized a resurvey of the harbor. (H. Doc. No. 332, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) No modification was recom- mended in the previous report except a slight increase in the esti- mate. The latter project, however, was adopted by the river and harbor act of March 2, 1907, and provides for the following im- provements: (a) The entrance channel be dredged to a depth of 35 feet mean lower low water, and a width of 400 feet. (b) The inner harbor be deepened to 35 feet mean lower low water, and a general width of 1,200 feet. (c) The easing of the curve where the entrance channel joins the inner harbor. The cost of the project, estimated at $1,582,840.67 in 1914, was in- creased in 1906 to $1,628,894.60, with $5,000 a year for maintenance. The mean tidal range is 1.9 feet. The length of the channel under improvement is about 1.4 miles. Operationsand results prior to the fiscal year.-The entrance chan- nel had been dredged to the required depth of 35 feet at mean lower low water, with a width of 400 feet, the inner harbor had been dredged to the same depth over an area 700 to 1,200 feet wide, and the curve between the entrance channel and inner harbor had been considerably eased by dredging the channel at this point to a mini- mum width of 500 feet. Necessary work of maintenance where shoaling had occurred had also been done. The amount expended for original work was $1,089,229.40 and for maintenance $49,321.25, a total of $1,138,550.65. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-The redredging of the entrance channel to project dimensions was completed under con- tract October 10, 1914, at a cost of $22,286.10, and the dredging to a depth of 35 feet at mean lower low water of 14.4 acres at the north end of the inner harbor was completed under contract September 25, 1914, at a cost of $194,383. Under a new contract providing for re- dredging to project depth an area of about 5.1 acres in the north end of the harbor and for dredging to a depth of 35 feet, mean lower low water, an area of about 18.8 acres along the east side of the har- bor, work was commenced May 12, 1915, and about 2.9 acres in the southern part of the latter area have been dredged to the required depth. The expenditures during the year were $51,288.47 for new work and $3,726.10 for maintenance, a total of $55,014.57. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is 81 per cent com- pleted, at a cost of 72 per cent of the original estimate. The entrance channel has the required depth of 35 feet at mean lower low water, with a width of 400 feet; the inner harbor has a minimum width of 700 feet and a maximum width of 1,200 feet for a depth of 35 feet at mean lower low water. To complete the project there remains to be dredged an area of 22 acres along the north and east side of the harbor, now under contract, and an area of 6 acres on the west side of the harbor near the quarantine wharf. The amount expended for new work under the existing adopted project was $1,140,517.87 and the amount for maintenance was $53,047.35, making a total of $1,193,- 565.22. RIVER AND HIARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1589 Local cooperation.-The following statement was furnished by the harbor commissioners and shows work done with Territorial funds: Dredging in entrance channel and harbor prior to adoption of project by United States Government ________--- - ___-- ___-- $294, 275. 78 Buoys, wharves, etc., prior to 1900_______________________ 24, 567. 99 Dredging slips since 1900 -------------------- -------------- 375, 195. 63 Constructing wharves since 1900_____________---__---------- 761, 613. 23 Maintenance of wharves since 1900--______---- __------- 120, 253. 96 Sea walls since 1900-------------------------------------- 97, 056. 61 Fuel-supply pipes to wharves since 1900___-- _______----38, 615. 15 Total to Jan. 1, 1915 __________________________--_ 1, 711, 578. 35 Effect of improvement.-Freight rates have been reduced because all vessels are now able to enter and leave the harbor with their full-load draft and lighterage has been eliminated. Proposed operation.-It is expected that all available funds will be exhausted by the end of the fiscal year 1916. With the funds now asked for it is proposed to dredge the southern half of the area on the west side of the harbor at an estimated cost of $96,800, and to main- tain the project depth in the areas heretofore dredged, for which it is estimated $10,000 will be required, making a total of $106,800. Commercial statlstics.-The exports consist mainly of sugar and canned fruits, while the imports are varied and consist of all kinds of manufactured goods, foodstuffs, fuel, fertilizers, clothing, build- ing material, etc. The inventoried value of the commerce has in- creased from $33,781,816 in 1906 to $77,695,792 in 1914. While the number of vessels has decreased from 736 in 1906 to 435 in 1914, due to the increased depth in the harbor large vessels have been substi- tuted for the smaller ones so that the net registered tonnage for the lesser number of large vessels is much greater thani that of the greater number of small vessels. The net registered tonnage of the commerce in 1906 was 1,808,219 and had increased to 4,564,588 in 1914. Since the opening of the Panama Canal many vessels have made Honolulu a port of call for coal and fuel oil. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. 1912-------...................................----------------------------------------------------.. 1,653,037 $79,586,105 1913-----..........-----------...------------------....................-------------------------................................... 1,462,011 71,132,700 1914 ............................................--...-- -- 1,339,016 --....................... 77,695,792 Financial sum1mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work---------------- ---- ------------ $1, 140, 517. 87 Maintenance--------------------------------- 53, 047. 35 Total------------------------------------- --- 1, 193, 565. 22 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work...-....................................----...--------...........---- $158, 525.35 $---------1,500.00 851,288.47 Maintenance .....................-..--.....-----.........--....--........... 3,416.17 18,560.00 3,726.10 Total...... -- ,, -----....----.. ............. 4,916.17 177,085.35 55,014.57 1590 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. APPROPRTATTONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1913 ------------------------------------------------ $225,000.00 Oct. 2, 1914_ ---------------------------------------------- 90, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915----------------------------- ------------- 2, 500. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 61, 470. 35 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914_ 90, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 62, 500. 00 Receipts from sales_________ - - - - ____-- - - - - 5. 50 213, 975. 85 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement _________________ $51, 288. 47 For maintenance of improvement---------------3, 726. 10 55, 014. 57 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 158, 961. 28 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities _________________ 357. 55 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 56, 141. 20 56, 498. 75 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 102, 462. 53 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-__ ----------------------------------- 326, 394. 60 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement and for maintenance-____- 1106, 800.00 2. KAHULUI HARBOR, HAWAII. Location.-North coast of island of Maui, about 110 miles by water S. 180 E. from Honolulu and about 100 miles by water N. 41o W. from Hilo. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 4116.) Original condition.-Inlet in coral reef exposed to the prevailing northeast trade winds and to severe storms from the north. Vessels had no natural protection while using the harbor. Prior to the adoption of a project by the United States Government the Kahului Railway Co., at its own expense, had constructed a rubble-mound breakwater 1,800 feet in length and had dredged some 300,000 cubic yards from the natural basin in lee of the breakwater. This basin, in the lee of the breakwater and inside of a line bearing northeast through the end of the breakwater, had an area of 11- acres with a minimum depth of 35 feet mean lower low water. The head of navigation, measured from the end of the breakwater, was 1,200 feet. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, in accordance with a report which pro- vided for the following improvements: (a) Extend an existing breakwater to American Girl Rock. (b) Dredge to a depth of 35 feet, mean lower low water, the area in the eastern part of the harbor to a line about 68 feet from and parallel to the bulkhead line. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1591 (c) Dredge to a depth of 35 feet, mean lower low water, the area in the western part of the harbor so as to give the harbor an average width of about 700 feet. The cost of the project, estimated $375,000 in 1910, was increased in 1912 to $400,000; no estimate was submitted for maintenance. (See H. Doc. No. 593, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) The mean tidal range is 2.4 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The breakwater had been completed and the basin had been dredged to the required depth of 35 feet at mean lower low water. The project had been completed. The breakwater had a length of 2,200 feet and the basin, in the lee of the breakwater, had an area of 26.8 acres with a mini- mum depth of 35 feet at mean lower low water inside of a line bear- ing northeast (or the direction of the prevailing winds) through the end of the breakwater. The amount expended for original work in breakwater construction was $193,000; for dredging, $178,460.52; and for maintenance, $2,357; a total of $373,817.52. Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The end slope of the breakwater damaged during a severe storm was repaired by contract, at a cost of $2,456.43. The western boundary of the dredged basin is a steep bank of compacted sand with a small amount of dis- integrated coral. The basin silted an average of 1 foot over the entire area, and the west bank advanced about 30 feet into the dredged basin. The expenditures during the year were $18,831.38 for new work done during the previous fiscal year and $5,268.63 for maintenance, or a total of $24,100.01. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted and the breakwater is in good condition, but the shoaling in the western part of the dredged basin has reduced the available width of the basin to 600 feet and is now interfering with the maneuvering of the larger vessels using the harbor. The depth of the dredged basin is 35 feet at mean lower low water, permitting vessels requiring 33 feet to use the harbor. The total expenditures on this work to June 30, 1915, were $390,291.90 for new work and $7,625.63 for main- tenance, a total of $397,917.53. Local cooperation.--The present project was adopted subject to the following conditions, as set forth in the project document: 1. That the Kahului Railway Co. cede to the United States, free of cost, any rights it may have in the existing breakwater, and agree to make no claim for reimbursement for work done by it in constructing the breakwater or in im- proving the harbor. 2. That provision be made for a public street of proper width giving access to wharf. The above conditions have been complied with. The following statement has been furnished by the Kahului Rail- way Co. showing work done by them: Harbor improvements to June 30, 1910. Wharves and docks___---- ________------------- $47, 528. 98 Moorings and buoys------- ------------------ 28, 644. 87 Breakwater construction__ _____ - ____------ 37, 644. 65 Harbor dredging---------------- --------- 79, 222. 97 $193, 041. 47 1592 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Expenditures July 1, 1910, to Dec. 31, 1914. Wharves and docks_______--__-________ -______________ 39, 758. 60 Cost of new works ---------------------------------- 232, 800.07 Maintenance cost. January, 1902, to June, 1910: Wharves and docks___________________________ $18, 919. 21 Moorings and buoys ------ ---- __ 19, 396. -____-___ 33 July, 1910, to December, 1914: Wharves and docks _______________________ 11, 015. 09 Moorings and buoys_______________-_________ _ 22, 653. 63 Cost of maintenance _______________-_ _- -_-_____ 71, 984. 26 ____ Total amount spent by Kahului Railway Co ----------- 304, 784. 33 Effect of improvement.-The loading of vessels is no longer inter- rupted by heavy seas, except during severe storms from the north. The effect on freight rates is not known. Proposed operations.-It is proposed to expend the funds available June 30, 1915, before the end of the fiscal year 1916 in redredging, by contract, the shoals along the western part of the basin. With the funds estimated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, it is pro- posed to maintain the project depth of 35 feet at mean lower low water in the dredged basin. It is estimated that it will be necessary to redredge approximately 33,000 cubic yards, at 30 cents, or $10,000. This estimate is based on the rate of fill that has taken place during the past year. Commercial statistics.-Sugar is the principal export, while the imports are varied, consisting principally of foodstuffs, building ma- terial, fertilizers, live stock, etc. The inventoried value of the commerce has increased from $1,800,000 in 1908 to $13,255,317 in 1914. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Short tons. Value. --------------------------------- 1912.-------..--....-....................---------------................................................ 217,686 $14,960,503 1913..................----------............------------------------------------------.........------................................... 229,826 10,369,361 1914......--------------..........................................................--------------------------------------------........... 213,667 13,255,317 Financialsum'mary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work----------------------------------------------- $390, 291. 90 Maintenance------------------------------------------ 7, 625. 63 Total ---- ------------------------------------ 397, 917. 53 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work . ---------------------------------------------- $1,500.00 $44,718.93 $18,831.38 Maintenance -----....--- -- - -- --.---.. ..-....... 3,416. 17 2, 357. 00 5, 268. 63 Total-- ..............-- . ------- ------- 4,916.17 47,075.93 24,100.01 RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1593 APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------- $150, 000. 00 July 25, 1912------------------------------------------------- 100,000.00 Oct. 2. 1914---------------- ----------------------------------- 10,000.00 Mar. 4, 1915------------------------------------------------ 10, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- 26, 183. 98 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 10, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915_ 10, 000. 00 46, 183. 98 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: For works of improvement---------------------- $18, 831. 38 For maintenance of improvement ---------------- 5, 268. 63 24, 100. 01 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------22, 083. 97 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_----------------------------- 228. 25 July 1, 1915, balance available----------------------------------21, 855. 72 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement---------------------- 10, 000. 00 3. HILO HARBOR, HAWAII. Location.-East coast of island of Hawaii about 200 miles south- east from Honolulu and about 100 miles S. 410 E. from Kahului. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 4116.) Original condition.-The harbor in front of Hilo was practically an open roadstead of the Pacific Ocean, slightly protected from the Affectsof the prevailing northeast trade winds by a reef over which ther was an average depth of 22 feet. A sand bar had formed just in front of the city, over which shoal water existed to a distance of 3,000 feet to the 30-foot contour. A wharf had been constructed at the east end of the harbor near the mouth of Waiakea River for boats having a maximum draft of 20 feet. The freight of trans-Pacific boats was lightered to wharves on Waiakea River near its mouth. This stream has a controlling depth of 4 feet at mean lower low water. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-Thc improvement of this locality was authorized by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, in accordance with a report (H. Doc. No. 407, 59th Cong., 2d sess.) which contem- plated the construction, at an estimated cost of $1,700,000, of a rubble- mound breakwater starting at a point near Cocoanut Island and ex- tending along Blonde Reef for about 7,000 feet, for the purpose of protecting the harbor and anchorage at Hilo. The act provided, however, that, in the discretion of the Secretary of War, this plan might be modified as to the location and extent of the breakwater. Further modification of the improvement was authorized by the river and harbor act approved July 25, 1912, to provide for dredging to a depth of 35 feet at mean lower low water the entrance to Kuhio Bay, 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1594 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. a tributary of Hilo Bay, at an estimated cost of $76,000 (H. Doc. No. 417, 62d Cong., 2d sess.), it being understood, however, that this dredging should not increase the ultimate cost of the improvement. As finally located, the breakwater extends from a point on shore about 6,000 feet east of Cocoanut Island, so as to include Kuhio Bay in the protected area, and will be projected as far as can be done without increasing the original limit of cost of the work, an estimated distance of about 8,000 feet. The mean tidal range is 2.3 feet. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-There had been completed 2,528 feet of the breakwater and 2,486 feet of substruc- ture had been built to a height of 12 feet below mean lower low water in advance of the completed portion. The shoals at the entrance to Kuhio Bay had been dredged and the minimum depth then available in Kuhio Bay and its entrance was 33 feet at mean lower low water. The amount spent for breakwater work was $651,173.62 and for dredging $71,000, a total of $722,173.62, none of which was for maintenance. The project was 43 per cent completed. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No new work was done on the breakwater, the contractor being engaged in installing working plant and developing a quarry. Surveys were made at various times. The expenditures during the year were $12,858.19, none of which was for maintenance. Condition at end of fiscal year.-The project is 43 per cent com- pleted. Vessels requiring 33 feet can enter Kuhio Bay at mean lower low water, but the present completed portion of the breakwater does not furnish sufficient protection during storms for vessels to lay alongside of the new Territorial wharf at the head of Kuhio Bay. The total expenditures on this improvement to June 30, 1915, were $735,031.81, all for new work. Local cooperation.-Sincethe adoption of the project by the United States the Territory has constructed a wharf at the head of Kuhio Bay at the following cost: Dredging____ --- ---------------- $47, 990. 00 Filling 949. 00 6------------------------------ Wharf proper --------------------- _____________ 70, 108. 57 Maintenance and additions -------------------------------------- 1, 788. 59 184, 836. 16 Work now under contract by Territory in constructing wharf shed, approaches, etc., amounts to $150,941.15. Effect of improvement.-The improvement has not been sufficiently advanced to affect freight rates. Vessels can lay at the Territorial wharf only during favorable weather, and consequently the trans- Pacific boats prefer to lighter their freight. Proposed operations.-No estimate is submitted for the next fiscal year, as sufficient funds are available for carrying on the work. Work will be continued on the breakwater under the present contract in building the superstructure on the present completed substructure and in extending the breakwater as far as funds will permit. Commercial statistics.-Sugar is the main export, while the im- ports are varied and consist of manufactured goods, foodstuffs, fuel, RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1595 fertilizer, fodder, and building material, etc. The value of the com- merce has increased from $6,623,454 in 1906 to $24,290,536 in 1914. Comparative statement. Calendar year. Tons. Value. --------------- 1912..................--------...........-------.................--------------..-.....--....-------................. 323,249 $22,290,446 1913 ..------.--.---.. -. ------------------------------------------------- 434,102 22,263,041 1914--...--- ------...----------------------------------------------- 365,323 24,290,536 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ $735, 031. 81 Maintenance ------------------------------------ Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.-----...-..----.------.----------..----.-.-...-.---.--. $40,255. 26 $99,021.26 $12, 858.19 Maintenance.. ....................................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Feb. 27, 1911------------------------------------------- $250, 000. 00 July 25, 1912 -------------------------------------- 76, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912 000. 00 1-------------------------------- June 23, 1913------- ---------------------------------- 150, 000. 00 .July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ______________453, 832. 88 Receipts from sales --------------------- 2. 50 453, 835. 38 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement---____--- 12, 858. 19 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended_____-- __--- _____________ 440, 977. 19 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------------$214. 50 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts_ 421, 002. 50 421, 217. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available____________________________ _ 19, 760. 19 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project___________________________ - 524, 000. 00 EXAMINATION AND SURVEY REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF MARCH 4, 1913. The local officer was charged with the duty of making a preliminary examination and survey provided for in the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, of Kalihi Harbor and Channel, Honolulu, Hawaii, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when receivea. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1596 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. IMPROVEMENT OF RIVERS AND HARBORS IN THE PORTO RICO DISTRICT. This district includes the rivers and harbors of Porto Rico and adjacent islands. District officer: Col. S. W. Roessler, Corps of Engineers, until April 30, 1915, and Col. Frederic V. Abbot, Corps of Engineers, since that date. Division engineer: Col. William M. Black, Corps of Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS. Page. 1. San Juan Harbor, P. R---------------------------- -------------- 1596 FOR DISTRICT OFFICER'S REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS REGARDING WORKS IN THIS DISTRICT, SEE PAGES 3453 TO 3454. 1. SAN JUAN HARBOR, P. R. Location.-San Juan Harbor is on the north coast of Porto Rico and is the principal harbor of that island. It is 1,380 nautical miles south-southeast from New York, N. Y., and 1,000 nautical miles east- southeast from Key West, Fla. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey chart No. 908.) Original condition.-San Juan Harbor or Bay is a sheltered body of water near the middle of the north side of the island of Porto Rico, and the only sheltered harbor on that side of the island. It extends in a southeasterly direction about 4 miles from the entrance, with widths ranging between 1 and 2 miles. The city -of San Juan is on a narrow island of coral rock east of the harbor entrance. For the pur- pose of improvement, the harbor is considered to include the channel from the entrance to and along the city water front and the available part of the bay south and southeast of the city. The harbor entrance is 4,600 feet wide between headlands and the entrance is divided by Cabras Island into two channels. The channel south of Cabras Island is obstructed by shoals and rocks and is prac- tically unused even by small boats. The channel east of Cabras Island had a least width of over 800 feet for a depth of 26.2 feet (8 meters) and a width of about 600 feet for a depth of 34 feet and ex- tended southwardly to a point just inside of a line from headland to headland. From this point the channel extends in a southeasterly direction, skirting San Juan Island for a distance of about 1 mile to the inner harbor. This section of the entrance channel had a least depth of 26.2 feet (8 meters) for a least width of about 300 feet. In the inner harbor there was a considerable area having a least depth of more than 23 feet (7 meters). At the time of the American occupation the depth in the main entrance channel was 25 feet at mean low water for a minimum width of about 400 feet. In the harbor proper a depth of 24 feet or more existed in an area of about 92 acres, part of which was cut off by a shoal having a depth of 23 feet at mean low water. The head of navi- gation for steamships is in the inner harbor, about 2 miles from the ocean. Launches and light-draft scows navigate to various distances the sloughs emptying into the bay. The most distant point so reached is Lake Pinones, about 12 miles from the entrance to the harbor. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 1597 Previous projects.-The navigable capacity of the harbor at the beginning of the American administration was the result of an ex- penditure of about $647,000 under the Spanish administration. There has been no previous project under the American administra- tion. For scope of previous improvements see Appendix, page 2007. Present project.-The existing project provides for rock excavation and dredging to obtain a channel 600 feet wide and 30 feet deep at mean low water at the entrance, thence a channel of the same depth and 500 feet wide along the main fairway to a point opposite the city of San Juan, a distance of 1I miles; dredging an area of 82.4 acres to a depth of 30 feet and one of 14.5 acres to a depth of 24 feet within the harbor proper opposite the city. The mean tidal varia- tion is 1.2 feet. The report on which the project was based is pub- lished as House Document No. 914, Fifty-ninth Congress, first ses- sion. The project recommended therein was estimated to cost $850,000 and from $15,000 to $30,000 per year for maintenance. The plan, however, was slightly modified by the river and harbor act approved March 2, 1907, in adopting the project, and as thus modi- fied was estimated to cost $757,500. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The project was completed in February, 1911, 52,468 cubic yards of rock and 1,850,751 cubic yards of earth having been removed at a cost of $747,684.28. Since that date $20,000 had been spent for work of maintenance, in- cluding surveys, office expenses, etc., making the total expenditures to June 30, 1914, $767,684.28. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-No work was done on the project. An office was maintained for local administration and supervision of matters pertaining to permits, harbor lines, sur- veys, etc. The total expenditures amounted to $7,221.74, which is charged to maintenance. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project has been com- pleted. Subsequent shoaling has reduced the depth of the entrance channel from 30 feet to 28 feet, and this channel is now considered available at mean low water for vessels drawing 27 feet of water or less. Along the edges of the areas dredged in the interior harbor a slight and unimportant shoaling has occurred. The net results are that the entrance channel has been deepened from 26 to 28 feet and widened from 300 to 500 feet, and the areas in the inner harbor available for deep-draft vessels have been materially increased. The expenditures under the existing project have been: For new work, $747,684.28; for maintenance, $27,221.74; total, $774,906.02. As com- pared with the original estimate of cost, $757,500 for new work, there was a saving of $9,815.72. Local cooperation.-No local cooperation has been required by law. An organization known as the San Juan harbor board has been pro- vided by the local government. This board has undertaken the con- struction of a concrete bulkhead, 2,750 feet in length, and so built that vessels may lie alongside. This bulkhead will be provided with warehouses, railroad connections, and other facilities for handling cargoes, and will be open to all on equal terms. The total cost is estimated at $371,000, which was provided by the local government. At the close of the fiscal year this work was about 75 per cent com- pleted. Two privately owned wharves are open to all comers on equal terms. 1598 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Effect of improvement.-The movement of larger steamers, which have increased in number, has been facilitated, additional steamboat lines have been established, and a reduction in freight rates, espe- cially between the United States and the island, has been noted. Proposed operations.-No operations are contemplated other than the supervision of structures in navigable waters in Porto Rico, minor surveys, etc. For this purpose an estimate of $10,000 in addi- tion to funds already available is submitted. The entrance channel has shoaled in places from its dredged depth of 30 feet to 28 feet at mean low water. There has been a slight shoaling along the edges of the interior harbor. It is roughly estimated that to restore the projected conditions would cost $24,000. The deterioration is not at this time considered serious, and no estimate for redredging is sub- mitted. Commercial statistics.--The only commercial statistics available are compiled for the fiscal year. A careful comparison, covering several years, made between the amounts reported by the customs authorities for the whole island and those for San Juan Harbor alone indicates that the amount of commerce for San Juan Harbor averaged for the past 13 years about 55 per cent of that for the whole island. At this rate the value and tonnage of the commerce for San Juan Harbor was as follows: Comparative statement. Fiscal year. Short tons. Valuation. 1912................-----------------...-------.................................................-----------------------------------..... 531,000 $37,071,300 1913...--....------......--.............................................---------------------------------------------------...... 432,000 34,019,000 1914....----------------....--.......---......----------------------------------------........................................... 543,000 43,730,252 NOTE.-Data for 1915 are not yet available. The principal items exported were sugar, tobacco, and fruit. The principal imports were foodstuffs, cotton goods, coal, lumber, ma- chinery, etc. The changes in character and amount of freight loaded and unloaded are believed to have been largely independent of the improvement. During the year one new steamship line, the Lloyd Brazilero, selected San Juan as a coaling point for vessels operating between New York Harbor and ports in Brazil. Owing to the present un- favorable business conditions these steamers have lately suspended calling at San Juan; it is expected, however, that in September traffic will be resumed. The Bull Line and Insular Line were consolidated. It should be noted that the above statistics cover only such mer- chandise as is loaded or unloaded in San Juan Harbor. For vessels carrying merchandise from the United States to other harbors in Porto Rico, San Juan is normally a port of call on the outbound or inbound voyage, or both. San Juan is also a port of call for cer- tain vessels making regular trips between Europe and ports in Santo Domingo, Haiti, Cuba, Mexico, etc., which unload or load only small quantities of freight at San Juan. The net registered tonnage of vessels entered or cleared at San Juan for points outside of Porto Rico was 1,400,000 tons for the fiscal year 1914. The net registered tonnage of vessels entering or leaving San Juan for other ports in Porto Rico is not known; but CALIFORNIA DEBRIS COMMISSION. 1599 for the passenger boats of a single line, the New York & Porto Rico Steamship Co., it exceeds 400,000 tons per year. It is well within the facts to state that the net registered tonnage of ocean-going ves- sels passing through the entrance channel to San Juan Harbor ex- ceeds 2,000,000 tons per year. Financialsu n ary. Amount expended on all projects to June -30, 1915: New work------------------------------------ $747, 684. 28 Maintenance------------------------------------------- 27, 221. 74 To tal 774. 906 02 expended during fiscal- year -Amount ending June 30. -1915------------ 1913 --- ---. 1914 Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 - 1914 1915 New work.......................................................... . ........... ............ Maintenance....................................................... 7,575.61 $9,593.51 $7,221.74 APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------- $8,000.00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ____-------__-__-__-9, 817. 07 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915___ 8, 000. 00 17, 817. 07 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for maintenance of improvement 221. 74 7,---------------------------- July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------ - _______--- - - -_ 10, 595. 33 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -----------______ -- -__ _----217. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available__--------------- ----------- 10, 378. 33 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for maintenance of improvement lo__-___---__ _ 110, 000. 00 EXAMINATION AND SURVEY REQUIRED BY THE RIVER AND HARBOR ACT OF JULY 25, 1912. The local officer was charged with the duty of making a prelimi- nary examination and survey, provided for in the river and harbor act of July 25, 1912, of channels from Cataiio Bay to San Juan Har- bor, Porto Rico, and reports thereon will be duly submitted when received. CALIFORNIA DEBRIS COMMISSION. Jurisdiction and duties extend over the drainage area of the Sac- ramento and San Joaquin Rivers, comprising the great central valley of California and extending from the crest of the Sierra Nevada Mountains on the east to that of the Coast Range on the west; from Mount Shasta on the north to the Tehachapi on the south. These rivers empty into the head of Suisun Bay, ultimately discharging through the connecting bays and straits to the Pacific Ocean through the Golden Gate. 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 1600 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. PRELIMINARY GENERAL STATEMENT. Act of Congress approved March 1, 1893 (27 Stat. L., p. 507), created the California Debris Commission, to consist of three officers of the Corps of Engineers, and prescribes the duties of the com- mission. During the fiscal year the commission consisted of Lieut. Col. Thomas H. Rees, Corps of Engineers (senior member); Maj. R. R. Raymond, Corps of Engineers; Maj. S. A. Cheney, Corps of Engi- neers (secretary), from July 1 to August 7, 1914, and from that date Maj. L. H. Rand, Corps of Engineers (secretary), the secretary having immediate supervision of the work. The duties imposed and powers conferred upon the commission are: First. To regulate hydraulic mining in such a way as to permit its resumption and continuance as far as the same might be practicable without so unduly interfering with river conditions as to cause injury to other interests in the State. Second. To study and report upon general hydraulic and hy- draulic mining conditions and matters affecting or affected by them, for the purpose of improving the navigability, deepening the chan- nels, and protecting the banks of the rivers and affording relief from flood damages. While the commission was to "adopt" plans as a result of its study, no provision of means for permitting it directly to carry them out was made. Congress has from time to time adopted certain of the plans formulated by the commission, made appropriations therefor, and directed their execution, under the direction of the Secretary of War and the supervision of the Chief of Engineers. The present duties of the commission, therefore, fall under two heads: (a) Those directly imposed upon it by Congress under two subheads above given (pp. 1600-1603). (b) Those assigned to it by the War Department as a logical consequence of its other duties. These latter at present consist of.: 1. Treatment of the Yuba River ddbris situation (p. 1603). 2. Alleviation of d6bris conditions in the Sacramento and Feather Rivers, Cal. (p. 1606). These four are separately covered under the general arrangement of previous portions of this report. FOR THE COMMISSION'S OWN REPORT GIVING ADDITIONAL DETAILS OF ITS WORK, SEE PAGES 3455 TO 3465. 1. REGULATION OF HYDRAULIC MINING. Location.-While this is as given above, in practice the operations are largely limited to the territory on the western watershed of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, between Mount Lassen on the north and the Yosemite Valley on the south. Original condition.-Followingthe discovery of gold in California and the development of the hydraulic method of working the placer deposits in the mountains and foothills, vast quantities of the mate- rial washed out of the banks, denominated "d6bris," passed down into the lower ground, naturally depositing in the beds of the water- courses and rivers, and at high-water times being carried over the CALIFORNIA DEBRIS COMMISSION. 1601 banks of the streams to the adjacent country. The results of this' filling of navigable channels, destroying of the fertility of lands,' breaking of levees, etc., was that mining by the hydraulic process has' been effectively stopped by judicial injunction. Previous project.-None. Present project.-As adopted in the organic act above given, con- templated the resumption and continuance of hydraulic mining under the regulation of the commission. This is effected by the issuance, on application and after prescribed information has been) furnished and the matter received full consideration, of permits to' operate by the hydraulic process those mines for which satisfactory debris-restraining basins, formed by construction of suitable dams where necessary, have been provided. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The commission' had received 899 applications for permits to mine, and granted such of them as it was suitable to do. Hydraulic mining on a very limited scale has been restored without the addition in any considerable amount of new debris to that previously deposited in the rivers, creeks, and canyons of mining regions. The navigable streams below have hence been able to progressively work off their overload of debris. Navigation in the upper reaches of the rivers and flood con- ditions have in consequence been improved. Expenditures for these purposes have not been kept separate from those for studies and reports given below. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the year five applications for permits to mine were received, and one was granted. Four permits were revoked because of failure to comply with the rules adopted by the commission. Numerous inspections were made of the hydraulic mining region and of mines and their works for restraining debris. The result has been a reasonable main- tenarice of the favorable conditions existing. Expenditures have not been kept separate from those for studies and reports given below. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-Ten hydraulic mines are oper- ating under licenses and three others have been authorized to con- struct impounding works. The improved conditions of navigability which have resulted partly from the general cessation of hydraulic mining have not been impaired by such mining as has been done under permits. Local cooperation.-An antid4bris association, formed and sup- ported by local interests that would be injured by the restoration or increase of former conditions, works along lines of prevention by injunction and criminal prosecution under State laws, as do various other local officials and volunteers. They report from time to time indications of violations of the laws, and in turn seek and are fur- nished information from this office on the subject. Effect of improvement.-Can be expressed only in the general terms given above. Proposed operations.-Considerationwill be given applications for permits for hydraulic mining and regulation of those operating under permits, with necessary inspections, preparation, and approval of plans, etc., as during preceding years. Commercia, statistics.-The commercial statistics for Sacramento, Feather, Mokelumne, and San Joaquin Rivers, as separately reported 0 8373 -ENGa 1915--101 1602 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. upon elsewhere, are in a degree dependent upon this work. No others relating thereto are or can be at reasonable expense compiled. 2. STUDIES AND REPORTS UPON GENERAL HYDRAULIC AND HYDRAULIC MINING CONDITIONS AND MATTER AFFECTING OR AFFECTED BY THEM. Present project.-This consists of progressively examining, sur- veying, studying conditions, maturing plans and reporting upon same, for improving those conditions upon the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and their several tributaries affected by hydraulic mining operations. Operations and results prior t tth fiscal year.-Surveys had been made of those portions of the Feather, Yuba, Bear, and American Rivers in which there are great deposits of mining debris. Inci- dental to studies relative to the relief from injuries to navigability and from floods, surveys have also been made of portions of the Sacramento, Mokelumne, and San Joaquin Rivers and of the inter- connecting sloughs in the delta of these three streams. Plans have been prepared and adopted for restraining the debris movement in Yuba River (see No. 3 hereunder) and for alleviating debris condi- tions from the Sacramento and Feather Rivers (see No. 4 hereunder). A report upon a comprehensive flood-control scheme for the Sacra- mento River and tributaries has been submitted. (See H. Doc. No. 81, 62d Cong., 1st sess.) Expenditures from appropriations for "Expenses of California Debris Commission," including those under No. 1 and No. 2, which can not be separated, aggregate (to June 30, 1914) $234,089.46.' Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Survey of the lower Mokelumne River and of the several sloughs connecting it to the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers has been continued. Examina- tion and surveys of critical points on Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, for use in maturing plans for improving navigability and for relief from floods, have been made. There were expended from appropriations for "Expenses of California Debris Commission," in- cluding those under both No. 1 and No. 2, $14,947.42. Local cooperation.-No cooperative conditions were imposed by Congressional act. The State reclamation board act adopted, with such modifications as might be found necessary, the plan reported upon by the California Debris Commission for flood control on the Sacramento River. The commission cooperates with the State recla- mation board to the extent of reviewing all of those plans submitted to the board, which are referred to the commission. Effect of improvement.-Is as given in the general terms expressed above. Proposed operations.-Furtherstudies, examinations, and surveys will be made along same lines as during previous years. Commercial statistics.--The commercial statistics for Sacramento, Feather, Mokelumne, and San Joaquin Rivers, as separately re- ported upon elsewhere, are in a degree dependent upon this work. No others relating thereto are or can be at reasonable expense com- piled. 'Approximate; records of office prior to 1906 destroyed by fire, CALIFORNIA DEBRIS COMMISSION. 1603 Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------ ---------------------- $249,036.88 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.......................................................... $9,200.95 $14,193.93 $14,947.42 Maintenance...................................................... 1A reduction of 80 cents from figures reported in 1914 report, due to refund from overpayment made in that fiscal year. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 4, 1911------------------------------------------------- $15, 000. 00 Aug. 24, 1912-------------------------------------------------15, 000. 00 June 23, 1913------------------------------------------------- 15, 000.00 Aug. 1, 1914---------------------------------------- ----- 15, 000. 00 Mar. 3, 1915----------- ------------------------------- 15, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____-------------- -_________29, 721.20 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914____ 15, 000. 00 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Mar. 3, 1915____ 15, 000. 00 39, 721. 20 Deduction on account of reversion to United States Treasury : June 30, 1914 ________________ - __- _ $3, 187. 06 June 30, 1915_________________ __------------------- 5, 728. 07 8, 915. 13 30, 806. 07 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of im- provement--------------------------- - - 14, 947. 42 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______________________________ -15, 858. 65 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-__________--_--__------- -- 274. 88 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 15, 583. 77 Amount (estimated) required for expenses of California Debris Commission during fiscal year ending June 30, 1917____--__ _ 15, 000. 00 3. TREATMENT OF THE YUBA RIVER DEBRIS SITUATION-RESTRAINING BARRIERS. Location.-The works of this project are located on the Yuba River, Cal., between Marysville and the place where the Yuba River emerges from the foothills, near Hammonton, some 10 miles easterly from Marysville, and about 9 miles below the Narrows. Original condition.-Before this improvement was begun the mining debris that was being carried down by this stream from the old hydraulic mine workings in the Sierra Nevadas was allowed to pass on into the navigable channels of the Feather and Sacramento Rivers. This had resulted in the navigable channels of these streams 1Approximate only; records of district office prior to 1906 destroyed by fire. 28 This increased 80 cents due to refund of overpayment. Includes $571,16 available only for outstanding liabilities of previous fiscal year; none such known, 1604 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. being seriously impaired, and navigation on them was threatened with cessation. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The present project, in a rather indefinite form, was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 11, 1896, and, in its more determinate form, was adopted by the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, in accordance with report (H. Doc. No. 431, 56th Cong., 1st sess.). This report contemplated, primarily, the storage of mining debris within the bed of the Yuba River by a system of works designed to separate the coarse material from the fine; and, secondarily, the restriction of the low-water channel below these works to narrow, well-defined limits, in order to preserve in place the extensive mining debris deposits already in the river. The ob- jects sought were to be accomplished by (1) the construction of four restraining barriers in the bed of the river to hold back the coarser materials, and a settling basin nearby to catch the finer material car- ried in suspension, and (2) by the construction below the barriers of training walls to confine the river to well-defined lines. The barriers were to be built by steps, successive steps to be built when the storage basin formed by the preceding step had filled with debris. The object of storing this debris in the Yuba River-a nonnavigable stream-was to keep it from passing on into the navigable channels of the Sacramento and Feather Rivers, to the detriment of the navi- gation therein. The estitmated cost of the project was $800,000, one- half of which was to be borne by the State of California. By the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, the settling basin was elimi- nated from the project and the sale of the land acquired for its purpose authorized. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The barriers to be built were numbered, going downstream, respectively, 2, 1, 3, and 4, being serially numbered in the order that it was at first planned they should be built. The first step of barrier No. 2 was built and some material was placed in barrier No. 1, when both were carried away by floods of November, 1903. Barrier No. 2 was then aban- doned. The plans were revised to give a more stable design, and two steps of barrier No. 1, with side wall to separate the spillway from the main dam, and part of spillway were constructed, but this bar- rier was destroyed by flood in March, 1907. Then barrier No. 1 was abandoned. By this time the recently developed gold-dredging operation procedure had advanced to such a stage that it was prac- ticable in this locality to take advantage of the work the dredges were doing. The dredges in working over ground separate the fine material from the coarse rocks. This, of course, increases the volume and raises the height of the worked-over ground from 15 to 20 feet above its original level. The finer material is deposited below the original ground surface, while cobbles and coarse gravel are left above the natural surface to withstand the action of the water. In this way a training wall or levee of cobbles and coarse gravel, which obviates the need of the two lower barriers proposed, was built. The cut through Daguerre Point (a low promontory extending from the north bank well out into the stream, a cut through which was pro- posed in conjunction with the lowest restraining barrier) was made and the inlet wall, or spillway, in the same constructed. This cut was CALIFORNIA DEBRIS COMMISSION. 1605 necessary to obtain a good foundation for the spillway for the pro- posed lower barrier. Cobble training walls on each side of the river below this cut were built for some 12,000 feet. The entrance gates to the setting basin were constructed, most of its inclosing levees were built, and the outlet works were practically completed when this part of the project was found no longer necessary and was abandoned under authority of the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. The land acquired for the settling basin was then sold together with the intake and outlet works. The river channel from the lower end of the training walls to Marysville had been cleared of brush and trees at different times. This work was done to enable the high water to get away from the vicinity of the works at a fast rate and to aid the river to cut a deep permanent channel along definite lines. The result of this work has been that many million cubic yards of mining debris have been held within the bed of the Yuba River that would otherwise have passed on into the navigable channels of the Feather and Sacramento Rivers. The expenditure on this project prior to the fiscal year was $348,328.85 of United States funds, together with an expenditure of $347,678.88 by the State of California. All of this expenditure was for original improvement. Operations and results durinqq the fiscal year.-During the fiscal year the inlet wall at Daguerre Point Cut was raised about 18 inches and covered with a wooden deck, the toe of the inlet wall was protected, and the brush and trees were cut away from the river channel just above the inlet wall. Below the training walls an embankment was thrown up across the head of an old channel and two smaller chan- nels leading into it were also closed. The brush and trees were cut from the banks and channel of the 3 miles of the river immediately above Marysville and some additions were made to the training wall system below Daguerre Point. The total expenditure of the year was $19,815.48, $9,983.51 of which was expended by the United States and $9,831.97 by the State of California. All the expenditure was for original improvement. It is estimated that 3,880,000 cubic yards storage capacity was added to the storage basin above by the raising of the inlet wall, and it is thought the wooden deck will better withstand the wear of gravel passing over it than did the concrete surface heretofore afforded. The cutting away and burning of the brush and trees immediately above the inlet wall serves to distribute the attack of the water-borne gravel upon that wall. The embankment across the old channel has cut off what threatened to be a change in the main chan- nel of the river and has maintained in place the debris already stored in that old channel. The clearing away of the brush and trees over the portion of the river just above Marysville is aiding the river toward making its permanent channel. Condition at the end of fiscal year.--It is estimated that 91.5 per cent of the project was completed at the end of the fiscal year. The total expenditure up to that time was $715,823.21, all of which was for original improvement. Of the total expenditure $358,312.36 was from United States funds, and $357,510.85 was expended by the State of California. 1606 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Local cooperation.-The act approved June 13, 1902, appropriating the final $250,000 of the $400,000 the United States has appropriated for the project, provided that the State of California should also appropriate $400,000 for the project to stand half the cost. The State of California has met the conditions imposed by Congress. Two gold-dredging companies-the Yuba Consolidated Gold Fields and the Marysville Gold Dredging Co.-have built training walls on the south side of the river, below the Daguerre Point' Cut. This has been done in connection with their dredging operations. The Yuba Con- solidated Gold Fields has also built a training wall, or rock levee, which has taken the place of the two lower barriers proposed in the original project. It is estimated that it would have cost the United States $450,000 to have built the 22,500 linear feet of training walls. Effect of improvement.-The retaining of this debris in the bed of the Yuba River has facilitated continuous navigation on the Sacramento River and, during the higher stage of the water, on the Feather River. Conditions on both these rivers in regard to obstruc- tions from debris are steadily improving. Proposed operations.-As it is thought that the funds available for this improvement are sufficient to cover for several years the cost of the work that will be done, no appropriation is asked for this project. No especial deterioration, destruction, or decay has taken place to the works of this improvement during the past year. Commercial statistics.-See commercial statistics for Sacramento River. Financial summary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------- --------- $358, 312. 36 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work......................................................... :$2,014.86 $315.04 $9,983.51 Maintenance.... .................................................................. APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] None. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------------- $79, 950. 63 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year for works of improvement -------------------------------------- 9, 983. 51 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------- -- 69, 967. 12 4. ALLEVIATION OF DEBRIS CONDITIONS IN THE SACRAMENTO AND FEATHER RIVERS, CAL. Location.-The work being done is from the mouth of the Sacra- mento River, Cal., at Collinsville, to Rio Vista, 14 miles above. 1 In addition $357,510.85 has been expended by State of California. * In addition $42,000 is left of the amount appropriated by the State of California. CALIIORNIA DEBRIS COMMISSION. 1607 160, Original condition.-The valley of the Sacramento-Feather Rivers is generally alluvial formation, having the characteristic elevation of river banks, with depressed basins on each side. D4bris resulting from hydraulic mining operations and natural erosion had obstructed the channels of these rivers, had by filling materially raised their beds, and had' reduced their capacity. The streams have broken through their banks and overflowed large areas during high floods, increasing the number and extent of bars and shoals in the channels themselves. The presence of these large deposits of d6bris in the river channels and its variable movement downstream had impaired their navigability. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The construction and 56 months' operation of two hydraulic dredges for removal of deposits from the river system to prevent their impeding navigation. It is purely of a qualitative nature, no quantitative results in depth, width, or locality determina- tion having been established. It is based on matter contained (in accordance with the organic act for the California Debris Commis- sion) in the annual report of that commission for 1907, as printed on pages 2253-2269, annual report for that year. The approved- esti- mate of cost was $800,000, half of which was to be provided by local interests according to the recommendation of the commission adopted in the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910. This estimate was ex- clusive of necessary rights of way for spoil bank, levee, etc., which also were to be supplied by local interests. During the time elapsed between the proposal and the adoption of the project local conditions had so changed that it has been necessary to increase the original estimate for completion to $1,660,000. Daily tidal fluctuation at the mouth is about 6 feet and varies upstream according to distance and stage. At Sacramento City, 60 miles above the mouth, maximum daily tide of slightly over 1 foot at extreme low water has been ob- served. Annual flow variations of level at Sacramento City approxi- mate 17 feet, with occasional variations of 20 feet, and extreme cases up to 26 feet variation within a few years. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-Two 20-inch pipe- line hydraulic dredges, together with the necessary auxiliary plant, were constructed, at a cost of $444,156.47. These dredges were placed in operation in July and August, 1913, and prior to the fiscal year had excavated 3,373,045 cubic yards of material from the channel of the Sacramento River between Collinsville and Rio Vista. Of the material excavated 1,550,000 cubic yards was placed in banks which could be used as parts of levees on Sherman Island and 1,823,000 cubic yards was wasted. The total amount (none for main- tenance) expended prior to July 1, 1914, was $639,554.38.' Operationsand results during the fiscal year.-The dredging plant has been operated and maintained throughout the year and has ex- cavated 6,379,529 cubic yards of deposit, which has been placed on Sherman Island at Bakers Point or wasted elsewhere. A retaining 1Figures in report for fiscal year 1914 reduced $7.58, owing to refund of overpayment included therein. 1608 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. A1RMY. embankment for further spoil deposit for a distance of 18,842 feet upstream from Collinsville, containing 301,472 cubic yards, was con- structed by hired bucket dredge. The total amount expended on the work during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $226,288.80. Of this amount $216,268.58 was for the hydraulic excavation and $10,020.22 for construction of the retaining embankment. This has resulted in lowering the river bed and the enlargement of the channel below Rio Vista for 30,000 feet, including the removal of a portion of the old levee on the north side of the channel. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-One dredge has now been in operation for 20.4 months, the other for 22.4 months, which is 38 per cent of the 112 months' single-dredge operation contemplated. Up to June 30, 1915, there have been excavated from the Sacramento River 9,752,574 cubic yards of material. Below Rio Vista the chan- nel has been enlarged by a width of 275 feet and a depth of 27 feet :for a distance of 12,400 feet, and the old levee (13,400 linear feet), located on the north side of the channel, has been removed. Above Collinsville the channel has been enlarged by an average width of 100 feet and a depth of 27 feet for a distance of 4,800 feet; the west side of the channel has been excavated to a depth of 27 feet and width of 250 feet for a distance of 14,000 feet, and 2,598,735 cubic yards of material have been removed from the east side of the channel and placed on Sherman Island. It is not practicable to claim any definite specific results as solely consequent to this operation, but the general improvement noted in those matters which it was meant to affect is believed to follow, at least in part, therefrom. The total expenditure on the project up to June 30, 1915, has been $865,843.18, none of which is for maintenance. Local cooperation.-Requirements were set out above under Present project. The necessary approval of compliance with these conditions as a condition precedent to starting field operations was given by the Secretary of War in 1913. The $400,000 was deposited for Federal expenditure. It is understood local interests subscribed $260,000, aided by the State and the city of Sacramento, in procur- ing the land and easements for spoil banks, ets., which they have transferred to the United States. The State has further deposited $200,000 to match equivalent funds made available by the Federal Government. Effect of improvement.-Not definite; see above under results. Proposed operations.-Are to continue the dredging as outlined above under the project exposition. The estimated cost of these opera- tions is as follows: For the operation and maintenance of two hy- draulic pipe-line dredges in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 25, 1910, for a period of 34.6 months from June 30, 1915, at $23,000 per month, $795,800. The amount available on June 30, 1915, from all sources is (in round numbers) $335,000, leaving $461,000 to be provided to this end, of which it is expected one-half will be provided by the State of California or other local agency. Commercial statistics.-See commercial statistics for Sacramento River. CALIFORNIA DEBRIS COMMISSION. 1609 Financialsummary. UNITED STATES FUNDS. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work--- ------------------------------------------ $460, 000 Maintenance- -------- Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work........................................................ 268, 276.18 $1.67 $60, 000. 00 Maintenance...................................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Oct. 2,1914__--------------------------------------------------- $60, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915-------------------------------------------------- 140, 000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 60,000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 140, 000. 00 200, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ----------------------------------------- 60, 000. 00 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__________________--_______ 140, 000. 00 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project------------------------------- --------- 1230, 500. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement ______________ ______ 175, 000. 00 FUNDS CONTRIBUTED BY STATE OF CALIFORNIA. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work------------------------------------ 2 $405, 843. 18 Maintenance ---------------------------------- ---- - Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work.................................................. $17, 490.93 25222,063.45 $166,288.80 Maintenance... APPROPRIATION S. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 1, 1911------------------------------------------- $400, 000.00 May 20, 1915 -------------------------------------------------- 60,000. 00 July 24, 1915-------------------------- -------------------- 140, 000. 00 1 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. s Amount reported last year reduced $7.58, due to refund of overpayments made in that year. 1610 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended- -______---- _-_ 161, 203. 26 May 20 and July 24, 1915, amount contributed by State of California_ 200, 000. 00 361, 203. 26 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement --------------------------- --------------- 166,288. 80 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 194, 914. 46 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___________________ $20, 081.65 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts 4, 695. 00 24, 776. 65 July 1, 1915, balance available---_---____________________ 170, 137. 81 Amount (estinmated) required to be appropriated by State of Cali- fornia for completion of existing project- ___ -- _________ 2230, 500. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement_---- ............- ___ 2 75, 000. 00 CONSOLIDATED. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------------------------------ 865, 843. 18 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work..............................................$285, 767.11 a$222,065.12 $226,288.80 Maintenance..................................................... APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] July 1, 1911--------------- -------------------------- $400,000.00 Oct. 2, 1914----------------- ---------------------------- 60, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 140, 000. 00 May 20, 1915-------- --------------------------------- 0, 000. 00 July 24, 1915 -------------------------------------------- 140, 000. 00 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____________________________ 161, 203. 26 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Oct. 2, 1914__ 60,000. 00 Amount allotted from river and harbor act approved Mar. 4, 1915__ 140, 000. 00 May 20, and July 24, 1915, amount contributed by State of California- 200, 000. 00 561, 203. 26 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ------------------------------------------ 226, 288. 80 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------- ------- 334, 914. 46 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -$20, 081. 65 $----------- July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contract_ 4, 695.00 24, 776. 65 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------ 310, 137. 81 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project-------------------------------------- - 461, 000. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June __ 30, 1917, for works of improvement_ ----------------------- _ 150, 000. 00 1 This amount is increased 37 cents over that reported in 1914, due to refundment of overpayment of that amount. 2 Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. 8 Amount reported last year reduced $7.58 due to refund of overpayment made in that year. ANACOSTIA RIVER AND FLATS. 1611 RECLAMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANACOSTIA RIVER AND FLATS FROM ANACOSTIA BRIDGE NORTHEAST TO THE DISTRICT LINE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. District officer: Maj. C. W. Kutz, Corps of Engineers, to October 31, 1914; Lieut. Col. H. C. Newcomer, from that time until February 10, 1915; Col. H. F. Hodges, Corps of Engineers, from February 10, to March 12, 1915; and Lieut. Col. (now Col.) H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engineers, since that date. Division engineer: Col. William M. Black, Corps of Engineers. RECLAMATION OF ANACOSTIA RIVER FLATS, D. C. Location.-The Anacostia River rises in Prince Georges County, Md., and, flowing 20 miles in a southwesterly direction, empties into the Potomac River at Washington, D. C. The section included in the present lproject extends from Anacostia Bridge, 2 miles from the mouth, to the District line, a distance of 5 miles. For report on that portion of the river below the bridge see page 437. (See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 376.) Originalcondition.-Priorto improvement the channel was narrow and winding, and between the channel and the banks were extensive flats and marshes which were alternately exposed and flooded by tidal action. In summer the flats were covered with a rank growth of aquatic plants, which prevented a rapid cleansing movement of the tide and caused deposits of mud and filth. The meadows, which were above ordinary high-water level, were flooded at varying in- tervals, whenever the water was raised by flood or easterly winds above normal level, and every depression retained a stagnant pool, a condition most favorable for the development of malaria. The ruling depths at mean low water were 15 feet at Anacostia Bridge, 12 feet at the Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington Railroad bridge, 8 feet at Bennings Bridge, and 2 feet at the District line. Previous projects.-None. Present project.-The project was prepared in accordance with the following provision in the District of Columbia act of June 26, 1912: Toward the reclamation and development of the Anacostia River and Flats, from the Anacostia Bridge northeast to the District line, to be expended under the supervision of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, upon plans to be prepared under the direction of and to be approved by a board of engineers, to consist of the engineer commissioner of the District of Columbia, the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds, and the engineer officer in charge of the improvement of the Potomac River; said sum to be available for the preparation of plans, the prosecution of the work, the employment of personal service, and for such other purposes as may in the judgment of said board be necessary to carry out the purposes of this appropriation, $100,000. The project submitted by the board in a report dated April 29, 1912, provides for the construction of a dam, with lock and necessary appurtenances, on the line of Massachusetts Avenue, to maintain the pool above at a normal elevation of about 2 feet above mean low water; for the construction of river walls between Anacostia Bridge and the dam, with top walls at elevation 8 feet above mean low water; for dredging the section of river between Anacostia Bridge and the dam; for the construction of low walls or gravel beach 1612 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. around the basin from the dam to the District of Columbia line; for dredging the section of river between the dam and the District line, the depth of dredging to be such that the excavation and fill will approximately balance; that draw spans be required in Pennsylvania Avenue, Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington Railroad, and Ben- nings Bridges, available width in the draw to be 100 feet, the same as the width of draw in the present Anacostia Bridge; and that the har- bor lines above Anacostia Bridge be abolished and the bulkhead line just below the Anacostia Bridge be modified as indicated on map--all at the estimated cost of $2,046,100. Public Act No. 435, Sixty-second Congress, third session, authorized the acquirement, by purchase or condemnation, of such lands required for highway or park purposes on both sides of the river from the Anacostia Bridge to the District line and made available for such purchases or condemnations any or all of the money then or theretofore appropriated for the reclama- tion. The mean range of tide is about 3 feet. Operations and results prior to fiscal year.-The expenditures to June 30, 1914, amounted to $130,897.80, and resulted in building 5,435 linear feet of sea-wall foundation, in which 44,137 cubic yards of riprap were used; in building 5,823 linear feet of embankments to retain dredged material; in dredging 83,594 cubic yards of mate- rial and placing it upon the area to be reclaimed; in removing the old coal trestle which was near Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge, and some piling in the vicinity of the gas-house wharf; and in the acquirement of part of the lands necessary for the project. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-During the year work was prosecuted between the Anacostia and Pennsylvania Ave- nue Bridges, and a start on the work above the Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge was made. The results obtained between the Anacostia and Pennsylvania Avenue Bridges were as follows: 441,874 cubic yards of excavation, at a cost of $27,012.44; 16,323.5 cubic yards of riprap placed in the sea-wall foundations, at a cost of $22,852.90; 650 linear feet of grillage foundations 50 per cent completed, at a cost of $4,- 016.25; 4,000 linear feet of earthen embankment built, the cost of which is included in the item for excavation; 2,750 linear feet of masonry sea wall built, at a cost of $11,150.60; 705 piles driven, the cost of which is included in the grillage foundations; and all land re- quired for park purposes on the left side of the river purchased, at a cost of $43,003.68. The results obtained above the Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge were as follows: 7,580 cubic yards of excavation, at a cost of $454.80; 2,984.6 cubic yards of riprap placed for sea-wall foundations, at a cost of $4,178.44; and 1,640 linear feet of trenches dug, the cost of which is included in the excavation work. The amount expended during the year was $112,469.92, for new work. The District of Columbia appropriation act of March 3, 1915, also provided an authorization of a continuing contract in the sum of $100,000. Condition at the end of fiscal year.-The project is 10 per cent com- pleted and has thus far resulted in the partial improvement of the channel between Anacostia and Pennsylvania Avenue Bridges and in the partial reclamation of about 55 acres of land. The expendi- tures to June 30, 1915, were $243,367.72, all for new work. ANACOSTIA RIVER AND FLATS. 1613 Local cooperation.-The funds for this project have been appro- priated by the District of Columbia appropriation bills, and half of the expense has been borne by the District of Columbia. Effect of improvement.-Sanitary conditions in the area between the Anacostia and Pennsylvania Avenue Bridges have been somewhat improved. Proposed operations.-The following estimate is submitted, the funds to be applied to the prosecution of the project: Dredging ------------------------------------------ $60, 000 Retaining walls, including foundation for same __ __-___________ 60,000 Trench and embankment work ___.____________________-___ __ 13, 000 Extension of city sewers----------- --------------------------- 10, 000 Purchase of land for park purposes __________ ____ 30, 000 Maintenance and repairs to plant-- ____-____________________- 6, 000 Care of property---------------------------------------------2, 000 Contingencies--------------- ----------------- 10, 000 Engineering, clerical, office, and miscellaneous expenses ________- --- 9,000 Total ------------------------------ ---------------- 200, 000 Commercial statistics.-None. Financialsummary. Amount expended on all projects to June 30, 1915: New work ------------------- ---- $243, 367. 72 Maintenance Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work ................................. ...... $13,312.74 $107,469.50 $112,469.92 Maintenance................................ ......... ...... ........ APPROPRIATIONS. [For last five fiscal years only.] Mar. 2, 1911 --------------------------------------- $100,000.00 June 26, 1912 ---------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 Mar. 4, 1913 -------------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 July 21, 1914 --- ---------------------------------------- 100, 000. 00 Mar. 3, 1915 ___-__________-_____ 3,-1915 Mar. __ -------------------------------------------- 100, 000.00 100.0 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended____ - --------------- __ -__ 169, 102. 20 Amount appropriated by the District of Columbia appropriation act approved July 21, 1914----------------------------------100, 000. 00 Amount appropriated by the District of Columbia appropriation act approved Mar. 3, 1915 --- ------------------ ______-_ 100, 000. 00 369, 102. 20 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement ___ .-- ------- ________ --- ----- -_____ 112,469. 92 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ------------ __ -- -- ____ .- 256,632.28 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities___________ _ $41, 650.00 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contracts- 7, 865. 00 49, 515. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_ - 207, 117. 28 _------------------------ Amount of continuing-contract authorization, act of Mar. 3, 1915__ 100, 000. 00 Amount yet to be appropriated----------- ------ _____ 100, 000. 00 1Of this amount, $100,000 is covered by continuing-contract authorization provided by the District of Columbia appropriation act of Mar. 3,1915. 1614 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project----- -- _---------------------- 1, 546, 100. 00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement------------------ 200. 000. 00 MISSISSIPPI RIVER COMMISSION. Improvement of Mississippi River in charge of the Mississippi River Commission. Commission headquarters.-St.Louis, Mo. Commissioners.--The commissioners during the fiscal year were Col. C. McD. Townsend, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, president; J. A. Ockerson, civil engineer; Homer P. Ritter, assistant, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; Col. J. G. Warren, Corps of Engineers, United States Army; Charles H. West, civil engineer; Col. Lansing H. Beach, Corps of Engineers, United States Army; and Edward A. Glenn. Secretary and district officers.-The following officers of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, were on duty under the commis- sion during the year: Secretary, Maj. Clarke S. Smith; officer in charge of first and second districts, Maj. E. M. Markham; officer in charge of third district, Maj. John R. Slattery; fourth district offi- cer, Maj. C. O. Sherrill to August 31, 1914, and Maj. W. G. Caples, after August 31, 1914. Location.-The Mississippi River Commission, constituted by act of Congress of June 28, 1879, is in charge of the improvements of the Mississippi River from Head of Passes to the mouth of the Ohio River, including the rectification of Red and Atchafalaya Rivers at their junction with the Mississippi, the building of levees, and the improvement of the several harbors for which specific appropriations have been made. It is also charged with the survey of the Mississippi River from Head of Passes to its headwaters and with gauging the river and its tributaries. By act of Congress approved March 4, 1913, an appropriation for levees from Cape Girardeau, Mo., to Rock Island, Ill., was made for expenditure under the commission. Original condition.-The portion of the river under its juris- diction receives the drainage of about 1,240,050 square miles of country between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountain Ranges. It is subject to great variations in the amount of water flowing at differ- ent seasons, the difference between extreme high and low water at Cairo being about 55 feet and the volume of water varying firom about 85,000 to 2,000,000 second-feet. In its original condition sand bars formed across the channel which, during low water, sometimes limited the navigable depths to 41 feet. Previous projects.-The original project contained in the report of the Mississippi River Commission, dated February 17, 1880, contem- plated the permanent fixing and improvement of the channel to a depth of at least 10 feet at extreme low water by the contraction of the low-water width to about 3,000 feet, the protection of the banks against caving, and the control of the flood water by means of levees. 1Exclusive of the balance unexpended July 1, 1915. sOf this amount, $100,000 is covered by continuing contract authorization provided by the District of Columbia appropriation act of Mar 3, 1915, MISSISSIPPI RIVER COMMISSION. 1615 Present project.-The present project is to maintain a channel not less than 9 feet deep and not less than 250 feet wide from the mouth of the Ohio River to the Head of Passes near the Gulf of Mexico by open channel work and by dredging; to confine the river to a per- manent position as far as practicable by bank revetment and the con- struction of levees below Cape Girardeau, Mo., to regulate the river and to prevent overflow; and to build such levees between Rock Island, Ill., and Cape Girardeau, Mo., in aid of navigation as may be found necessary or desirable. In executing this work the commis- sion is authorized to make such surveys, examinations, and investi- gations of the Mississippi River and its tributaries as may be deemed necessary. Acts of Congress approved June 28, 1879; June 3, 1896; September 19, 1890; March 3, 1905; June 4, 1906; March 4, 1913. Operations and results prior to the fiscal year.-The general sur- vey of the Mississippi River from the Head of Passes in Louisiana to its headwaters at Lake Itasca, Minn., was completed and maps of the river published. Various discharge, gauge, and other observa- tions had been made on the Mississippi River and tributaries and the Gulf of Mexico. Works for improvement of the channel had been executed at various places below Cairo on the river, some 78 miles of river bank were revetted, and about 1,497 miles of levee had been built. Dredging has been done annually since 1895 below Cairo where necessary to maintain a navigable depth of 9 feet. The neces- sary plant for the above works has been constructed and maintained. Operations and results during the fiscal year.-Maps of the resur- vey of the river from Cairo to mouth 'of the Red River have been prepared in part and some maps of the upper river published. Gauges were maintained and discharge observations made on the Mississippi River and tributaries. Eighteen thousand four hundred and fifty linear feet of bank revetment were constructed below Cairo and 249,400 square feet of mattress constructed for repairs to old work. A total of 6,828,986 cubic yards were placed in the levees between the Head of Passes and Cape Girardeau, Mo., and 254,221 cubic yards were placed in levees between Cape Girardeau and Rock Island, Ill. Dredging was done at all obstructing bars below Cairo during the low-water season and project depth of 9 feet was maintained, except for a few days at five crossings. The plant pertaining to the above works has been maintained in good condition and necessary additions made thereto. Conditionat the end of fiscal year.-In the Mississippi River there is now, with rare exceptions, a good navigable channel at all stages of the river, with a depth of 9 feet or more over a width of at least 250 feet for a distance of 833 miles below Cairo, and a depth of not less than 30 feet over a width of several hundred feet for the remain- ing 240 miles to the Gulf of Mexico. Revetment work is now in place and in good condition on about 82 miles of the river bank at the different places below Cairo. There are now 1,513 miles of effective levees, containing about 289,240,301 cubic yards, between the Head of Passes and Cape Girardeau, Mo., and about 358 miles of levee, more or less effective, containing about 16,753,000 cubic yards, between Cape Girdardeau, Mo., and Rock Island, Ill. The levees below Cape Girardeau protect about 26,570 square miles of land, and those above Cape Girardeau protect about 676 square miles. The 1616 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. percentage of completion in yardage below Cape Girardeau is about 65 per cent. Local cooperation.-It has been almost entirely in the construction of levees and revetments that the local authorities have contributed toward the improvement of the river. The organized levee boards have constructed a large portion of the existing levee line, but it is only in recent years that local interests have contributed toward revetment construction, and these contributions have been a small proportion of the cost of these works. Effect of improvement.--In a general way it may be stated that the improvement is providing a safe and easy channel for navigation, and is now in condition to prevent the destructive effects of floods in all except the most extreme high waters. Proposed operations.--The maintenance of the project channel depths, the existing river location and present harbors, the preven- tion of caving banks, and the completion of the levee systems con- stitute the principal results for which funds are necessary. Commercial statistics.-These are appended to the commission's report. Estimate of funds required.-Amount that can be profitably ex- pended in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, exclusive of the bal- ance unexpended July 1, 1916: For continuing the general improvement of the Mississippi River from the Head of Passes to the mouth of the Ohio River, for the building of levees from the Head of Passes to Rock Island, Ill., and for surveys, including salaries, clerical, office, traveling and miscellaneous expenses of the Mississippi River Commission, $6,000,000. PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THE CONGRESSES OF NAVIGATION. By act approved June 28, 1902, Congress appropriated the sum of $3,000 per year for the support and maintenance of the Permanent International Association of the Congresses of Navigation and for the payment of the actual expenses of the properly accredited na- tional delegates of the United States to the meeting of the congresses and of the commission. At the beginning of the fiscal year the United States was repre- sented on the Permanent International Association of the Congresses of Navigation by Brig. Gen. W. H. Bixby, United States Army, retired; Col. Harry F. Hodges, Corps of Engineers, United States Army; Col. J. C. Sanford, Corps of Engineers, United States Army; Mr. Elmer L. Corthell; Mr. John Bogart; Hon. J. Hampton Moore, Member of Congress. No change in the representation has occurred during the year. On account of the conditions existing in Europe during the greater part of the fiscal year no meeting of the commission was held. A notice was received in February, 1915, to the effect that the Thir- teenth International Congress of Navigation, which was to be held in Stockholm, Sweden, in August, 1915, would be postponed until conditions became more favorable. Considerable work had been done by the section in the early part of the year in preparation for this congress. REMOVAL OF BATTLESHIP " MAINE. 1 1617 The expenditures during the year from the above appropriation amounted to $2,291.71 and have been for the maintenance of the office of the American section of the Permanent International Com- mission, and the support and maintenance of the commission, for which the United States contributes $1,000 per annum. Under the appropriation of $50,000 contained in the river and har- bor act approved June 25, 1910, for the expenses of the Twelfth Con- gress of Navigation held at Philadelphia, Pa., May 23-28, 1912, and the cost of transporting the foreign members of the Permanent Asso- ciation and authorized foreign delegates in the investigation of American waterways, certain outstanding liabilities were paid. The expenditures during the year from the above appropriation of June 25, 1910, amounted to $25.04 and have been for the payment of outstanding liabilities. REMOVAL OF WRECK OF U. S. BATTLESHIP "MAINE" FROM THE HARBOR OF HABANA. The removal of the wreck of the Maine from Habana Harbor has been carried on with appropriations aggregating $900,000, made in the acts of May 9 and June 25, 1910; March 4 and December 22, 1911, by a board of engineer officers convened by paragraph 1, Special Orders No. 36, Office Chief of Engineers, August 2, 1910, consist- ing of Col. W. M. Black, Lieut. Col. M. M. Patrick, and Maj. H. B. Ferguson. The project for removing the wreck after first exposing it within a cofferdam was approved by the President October 13, 1910. In addition to the removal of the wreck it was required: (1) That the remains of the men who went down with the vessel and which had not been recovered should be found, if possible, and removed to the Arlington National Cemetery for burial; (2) that the mainmast of the ship should be sent to the Arlington Cemetery and there re- erected; (3) that the wreck should be so exposed, without derange- ment of its parts, as to permit all information possible to be obtained as to the nature and location of the explosion or explosions which caused the disaster. Reports relative to the removal of the wreck and the progress thereof are printed in House Document No. 919, Sixty-first Congress, second session; Senate Document No. 765, Sixty-first Congress, third session; and in Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, for the fiscal year 1911, pages 1119 and 3039; for the fiscal year 1912, pages 1342 and 3565; and for the fiscal year 1913, pages 1498 and 3277. Plan of the locality and photographs of the wreck are included in the Annual Report for 1911. The final report of the board for the removal of the wreck is printed in House Document No. 480, Sixty-third Congress, second session. The report of the board appointed by the Secretary of the Navy to examine the wreck after it was unwatered is contained in House Document No. 310, Sixty-second Congress, second session. All outstanding obligations have been settled and all funds on hand deposited in the United States Treasury to the credit of the appropriation. 0 83783 -ENG 1915---- 102 1618 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------_ $100, 878. 20 Collection account of loss of property __----------------------------_ 85. 46 100, 963. 66 Deductions: Amounts allotted to Quartermaster General in 1913 for memorial, etc., at Arlington and not pre- viously charged off from this account---------$56, 248. 89 Amount allotted to Quartermaster General during current year------------------------------- 327. 15 56, 576. 04 44, 387.62 Amount expended----------------------- 172. 74 June 30, 1915, balance unexpended------------_ ------------ 44, 214. 88 WATERWAY FROM LOCKPORT, ILL., BY WAY OF THE DES PLAINES AND ILLINOIS RIVERS, TO THE MOUTH OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER, ETC. Under the provisions of section 1 of the river and harbor act of June 25, 1910, a board, consisting of Brig. Gen. William H. Bixby, Chief of Engineers, United States Army; Col. C. McD. Townsend, Corps of Engineers; Maj. Charles Keller, Corps of Engineers; Maj. J. B. Cavanaugh, Corps of Engineers; and Mr. John Bogart, civil engineer, was appointed by the Secretary of War to consider and report upon the construction of a waterway from Lockport, Ill., by way of the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers, to the mouth of the said Illinois River; the said board to report upon the feasibility of such waterway and the most advisable depth and dimensions therefor, in case the same is recommended; also upon such measures as may be required to properly preserve the levels of the Great Lakes and to compensate as far as practicable for the diminished levels in said lakes and the connecting waters thereof by reason of any diversion of water from Lake Michigan, etc. The said act made an appropria- tion of $1,000,000, subject to the provision that " until these plans and estimates have been submitted and a project for the improvement adopted by Congress the appropriation of one million dollars herein made shall not be available for expenditure." Reports dated November 1, 1910, and January 23, 1911, on the pro- posed waterway and certain related subjects called for by the said act were transmitted to Congress and printed in House Documents Nos. 1061 and 1374, Sixty-first Congress, third session, respectively. Final report on the above and all related subjects was submitted on August 15, 1913, transmitted to Congress, and printed in House Docu- ment No. 762, Sixty-third Congress, second session, which also in- cludes a reprint of the partial reports of November 1, 1910, and January 23, 1911. A project is presented by the special board which involves an original outlay by the United States of $1,050,000 for the Illinois River and $3,710,000 for the Mississippi River, or a total of $4,760,000 for a navigable channel 8 feet deep from Utica to St. Louis. By the provisions of section 12 of the river and harbor act approved March 4, 1915, the section of law appropriating the $1,000,000 above 1 In addition to this' amount there is an unexpended balance of $17.41 of the sum of $5,000 set aside in 1913 for memorial tablets. FLOOD CONTROL. 1619 reierred to was repealed and the balance of the appropriation remain- ing unexpended required to be covered back into the Treasury. No portion of the appropriation had been expended, and it will all be covered back into the Treasury in accordance with the law mentioned. EXPERIMENTAL TOWBOATS FOR MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND ITS TRIBU- TARIES. Under the provisions of section 1 of the river and harbor act ap- proved June 25, 1910, a board, consisting of Col. Lansing HI. Beach, Corps of Engineers; Lieut. Col. Henry C. Newcomer, Corps of En- gineers; Lieut. Col. Charles L. Potter, Corps of Engineers; and Maj. (now Lieut. Col.) Charles Keller, Corps of Engineers, was appointed by paragraph 2 of Special Orders, No. 38, Office, Chief of Engineers, August 2, 1910, " for the purpose of making investigations and designing and constructing two experimental towboats of mod- ern but different types for use on the Mississippi River and its tribu- taries," etc. The board has concluded its investigations and submitted its re- port under date of February 20, 1914, which was reviewed by the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, transmitted to Congress, and printed in House Document No. 857, Sixty-third Congress, sec- ond session. This report embodies the results of the investigations made by the board and recommends types of towboats and barges to be built under this item of law. The necessary steps will be taken to build the experimental towboats, barges, and handling appliances as proposed in the report. Prior to the beginning of this fiscal year there had been expended on this work the sum of $22,593.40. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended------------------ ---- _ $477, 40. 60 June 30, 1915, amount expended during the year ---------------- 460. 65 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___ -- ___ -- _ 476, 945. 95 FLOOD CONTROL. The river and harbor act approved March 4, 1915, contained a pro- vision for examinations and surveys of certain streams with a view to devising plans for flood protection, etc., in the following words: Cheat River, in Pennsylvania and West Virginia; Tygarts River, West Fork River, Kanawha River and its tributaries, all in West Virginia; Muskingum River and its tributaries, Scioto River and its tributaries, Miami River and its tributaries, all in the State of Ohio; Maumee River and its tributaries, Ohio and Indiana; Kankakee River and the Wabash River and its tributaries, Illi- nois and Indiana, with a view to devising plans for flood protection and deter- mining the extent to which the United States should cooperate with the States and other communities and interests in carrying out such plans, its share being based upon the value of protection to navigation. In accordance with this provision of law, the duty of making the necessary investigations was assigned to the officers having charge of the several districts within which these streams are located, and reports thereon will be transmitted to Congress when received. 1620 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. STATEMENT OF FLOATING PLANT, INCLUDING DREDGING OPERATIONS. For a statement of the operations of dredging plants owned by the United States for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, together with a complete list of the floating plant owned and operated by the Engineer Department, attention is invited to the separate report on this subject at the end of this report. EXAMINATIONS, SURVEYS, AND CONTINGENCIES OF RIVERS AND HARBORS. For examinations, surveys, and contingencies, and for incidental repairs for rivers and harbors, for which there may be no special appropriation, an appropriation of $400,000 should be made. STRUCTURES OTHER THAN BRIDGES IN THE NAVIGABLE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. Pursuant to the provisions of sections 9 and 10 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, and of certain special acts of Congress, numerous applications for permission to build structures of various kinds other than bridges (such as dams, wharves, dolphins, booms, weirs, etc.) in the navigable waters of the United States have been examined with a view to the protection of navigation interests. Upon the recommendation of the Chief of Engineers, permits have been granted by the Secretary of War for the erection of a number of such structures, but specific reference is not deemed necessary except in the following cases: Dam of the Twin City Power Co. in Savannah River at Prices Island, S. C.-The construction of a dam at this locality was author- ized by acts of Congress approved February 29, 1908, and June 3, 1912, and plans and specifications were approved March 24, 1914. RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE NAVIGATION OF CANALS, ETC. Section 4 of the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, as amended by section 11 of the river and harbor act of June 13, 1902, delegates to the Secretary of War the duty of prescribing such rules and regulations for the use, administration, and navigation of any or all canals and similar works of navigation that now are or that here- after may be owned, operated, or maintained by the United States as in his judgment the public necessity may require; and he is also au- thorized to prescribe regulations to govern the speed and movement of vessels and other water craft in any public navigable channel which has been improved under authority of Congress whenever in his judgment such regulations are necessary to protect such improved channels from injury or to prevent interference with the operations of the United States in improving navigable waters or injury to any plant that may be employed in such operations. Such rules and regulations have been established during the past year for the fol- lowing-named localities: REGULATIONS GOVERNING NAVIGATION AND BRIDGES. 1621 Black Rock Canal and Lock, Buffalo, N. Y., approved July 3, 1914; Galveston Channel and Harbor, Tex., approved August 3, 1914; Mississippi River at Keokuk, Iowa, use of United States dry dock, approved December 19, 1914; Dalles-Celilo Canal, Columbia River, Oreg. and Wash., approved April 30, 1915; Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tombigbee Rivers, Ala., approved May 10, 1915; and Willamette River at Willamette Falls, Oreg., approved May 11, 1915. RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE NAVIGATION OF STREAMS ON WHICH THE FLOATING OF LOOSE TIMBER AND SACK RAFTS OF TIMBER AND LOGS IS THE PRINCIPAL METHOD OF NAVI- GATION. Under the provisions of act of Congress approved May 9, 1900, "An act authorizing the Secretary of War to make regulations gov- erning the running of loose logs, steamboats, and rafts on certain rivers and streams," the Secretary of War prescribed rules and regu- lations for such navigation during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, as follows: Calcasieu River, La., August 12, 1914. Pensacola Bay and waters tributary thereto, Fla., January 9, 1915. Current River above Van Buren, Mo., February 26, 1915. Mississippi River between Winnibigoshish and Pokegama Dams, Leech River between the outlet of Leech Lake and the Mississippi River, and on the waters of Pokegama Reservoir, March 5, 1915. RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE OPENING OF DRAW. BRIDGES. Section 5 of the river and harbor act of August 18, 1894, provides that it shall be the duty of all persons owning, operating, and tending the drawbridges then built, or which might thereafter be built, across navigable rivers and other waters of the United States to open or cause to be opened the draws of such bridges, under such rules and regulations as, in the opinion of the Secretary of War, the public interests require for the passage of vessels and other water craft. Such rules and regulations have been established during the past year by the Secretary of War for certain drawbridges over the following- named waterways: The navigable rivers and other navigable waterways of the State of South Carolina, August 8, 1914. Florida East Coast Railway Co.'s drawbridges over Pablo Creek, in Duval County; Halifax River at Ormond; St. Johns River at Cooks Ferry; Channel No. 5 on Key West Extension between Long Key and Lower Matecumbe; Mosher Channel near Bahia Honda on Key West Extension; and at Key West, Fla., August 8, 1914. Trout Creek, Panama Park, Duval County, Fla., bridge of Seaboard Air Line Railway Co., September 10, 1914. Thames River at New London, Conn., bridge of New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Co., December 10, 1914. South Prong of Wicomico River at Camden Avenue and Division Street and North Prong Wicomico River at Main Street, Salisbury, Md., highway bridges, May 19, 1915. Hudson River at Troy, N. Y., June 4, 1915. Potomac River at Washington, D. C., June 7, 1915. 1622 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. BRIDGING NAVIGABLE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES, BRIDGES AUTHORIZED BY SPECIAL ACTS OF CONGRESS. Plans and maps of location submitted by the following applicants for the erection of bridges across the waterways designated, the con- struction of which was authorized by acts of Congress, approved on the dates stated, have been examined with a view to protection of the interests of navigation, and were approved by the Chief of Engineers and the Secretary of War, as provided by the acts, on the dates specified, and the local engineer officers have been furnished copies of the instruments of approval and drawings showing the plans and locations and charged with the supervision of the construction of the bridges so far as necessary to see that they are built in accord- ance with the approved plans: Applicant. Waterway and location. Act approved. Plaons Remarks. Troy & West Troy Bridge Hudson River, at Troy, Feb. 25,1914 July 17,1914 Co. N. Y. Hamilton County, Tenu.. Tennessee River at Market Oct. 6,1913 Aug. 4,1914 Modification of Street, Chattanooga, plans approved Tenn. an. 3, 1914. Government of Porto Cano de Martin Pena, San Aug. 24,1912 Aug. 12,1914 Modification of Rico. Juan Harbor, P. R. plans approved Dec. 16, 1913. Kanawha City Bridge Great Kanawha R i v e r Mar. 3,1887 Aug. 20,1914 Co., Charleston, W. Va. above Charleston, W.Va. Caddo Parish, La........ Twelve Mile Bayou, in Mar. 4,1913 Aug. 27,1914 Modification of Caddo Parish, La. plans approved Jan. 12, 1914, and Mar. 27, 1914; former instru- ments of ap- proval canceled. City of Seattle, Wash..,. Lake Washington Canal, May 2,1908 Sept. 2,1914 at Montlake Boulevard, Seattle Wash. Texarkana Board of Sulphur River at P a c e s Aug. 15,1914 Sept. 8,1915 Trade Ark.-Tex. Ferry, Tex. Cass Lake School, Minn., Mississippi River, between Aug. 1,19141 Oct. 5,1914 United States In d i an Cass Lake Minn., and Service, Interior De- Cass Lake Indian School. partment. Troy & West Troy Bridge Hudson River at Troy Feb. 25,1914 Oct. 13,1914 Modification of Co. N. Y. plans approved July 17, 1914; former instru- ment canceled. Skagit County, Wash.... Swinomish Slough, oppo- Mar. 26,1914 Oct. 17,1914 site La Conner, Wash. Arkansas & Mem p h is Mississippi River at Mem- July 20,19122 Nov. 30,1914 These plans cover Railway Bridge & Ter- phis, Tenn. entire bridge and minal Co. approaches su- perseding former instruments ap- proved Aug. 15, 1913, and Jan. 29 and Mar. 19, 1914. Multnomah County, Oregon Slough near Van- Feb. 7,1914 Dec. 5,1914 Oreg., and Clark e couver, Wash. County, Wash. Vicksburg Shreveport & Red River at Shreveport, Mar. 2,1899 Dec. 21,1914 Reconstruction. PacificPRy. Co. La. City of Lawrence, Mass... Merrimac River, near Aug. 6,1914 Dec. 23,1914 Amesbury Street, Law- rence, Mass. Great Western Land Co.. Black River in Butler Aug. 26,1914 Dec. 28,1914 County, Mo. Cheseapeake & Ohio Ohio River near Scioto- Jan. 2,1915 Jan. 7,1915 Northern Ry. Co. ville Ohio. Paducah & Illinois R. R. Ohio River at Metropolis, Jan. 11,1915 Jan. 16,1915 Co. Ill. 1 Appropriation for expenses Bureau of Indian Affairs. 'Amended by act approved Aug. 23, 1912. BRIDGING NAVIGABLE WATERS. 1623 Applicant. Waterway and location. Act approved. - ~ Plans ~ap-roved ~~~roed Remarks. Remarks.- Frost-Johnson Lumber Sabine River near Hun- July 27,1914 Jan. 27,1915 Temporary bridge. Co.. ter, La. Chicago, Milwaukee & Mississippi River at St. Oct. 7,1914 Feb. 25,1915 St. Paul Ry. Co. and Paul,Minn. Chicago, St. Paul, Min- neapolis & Omaha Ry. Co. Missouri Valley Bridge & Missouri River near Ran- June 17,1914 Feb. 27,1915 Iron Co. dolph, Mo. Bruneot Island Bridge Co. Ohio River (back channel) Feb. 15,1915 Mar. 15,1915 at Pittsburgh, Pa. W. W. Cummer & Sons Suwanee River near Fow- Mar. 3,1915 Mar. 25,1915 Co. ler's Bluff, Fla. Parkersburg-Ohio Bridge Ohio River, between .... do....... Mar. 27,1915 Co. Parkersburg, W. Va., and Belpre, Ohio. Rutland R. R. Cc........ Lake Champlain, between Feb. 4,1899 Apr. 8,1915 Reconstruction. Pelots Point and Al- burgh Tongue, Vt. Cleveland, Ohio, Yacht Rocky River, Ohio, west Mar. 4,1915 ..... do...... Club Co. arm of, between Lake- wo.d and Rocky River Village, Ohio. Metropolitan Park Com- Charles River between Feb. 27,1911 Apr. 29,1915 mission, Mass. Boston & Watertown, Mass. San Bernardino County, Colorado River, near To- Aug. 1,1914 May 29,1914 Cal. pock, Ariz. Chicago, Milwaukee & Mississippi River at St. Oct. 7,1914 June 14, 1915 In lieu of plans St. Paul Ry. Co. and Paul, Minn. approved Feb. Chicago, St. Paul, Min- 25, 1915. neapolis & Omaha Ry. Co. Multnomah County, Columbia River; Oregon Feb. 7,1914 June 16,1915 Approval includes Oreg. and Clarke and Columbia Sloughs, bridge o ver County, Wash. near Vancouver, Wash. Oregon Slough, and revokes for- mer instrument dated Dec. 5, 1914, for bridge over that slough. Northern Pacific Ry. Co.. - Red River of the North, Mar. 3,1887 June 22,1915 Reconstruction. at Grand Forks, N. Dak. Norfolk-Berkley Bridge Eastern Branch of Eliza- Jan. 2,1915 June 24,1915 Corporation, Norfolk, beth River near north Va. end of Main Street, Norfolk, Va. Davidson County, Tenn.. Cumberland River , at Mar. 3,1887 June 30,1915 Do. Hydes Ferry, be 1 o w Nashville, Tenn. BRIDGES AUTHORIZED BY STATE LAWS. Under the provisions of section 9 of the river and harbor act of March 3, 1899, bridges may be built over navigable waters entirely within the limits of any State under authority of laws of such States, provided the location and plans thereof are submitted to and ap- proved by the Chief of Engineers and the Secretary of War before construction is commenced. Plans and maps of location submitted by the following applicants for the erection of bridges across the waterways named have been examined with a view to protection of navigation interests and were approved by the Chief of Engineers and the Secretary of War on the dates specified, and the local engi- neer officers have been furnished copies of the drawings and instru- ments of approval and charged with the supervision of construction of the bridges, so far as necessary, to see that they are built in ac- cordance with the approved plans: 1624 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Applicant. Waterway and location. approved. Remarks. approved. Wyandotte County, Kans... Kansas River, at Kansas July 3,1914 Modification of plans ap- City, Kans. (Argentine proved Mar. 14, 1913. Wagon Bridge). Pennsylvania R. R. Co. for Raccoon Creek, at Bridge- .... .do....... Modification of plans ap- West Jersey & Seashore port, N. J. proved Jan. 13, 1914; for- R. R. Co. merinstrumentof approval canceled. Illinois Central R. R. Co..... Tradewater River, n e a r July 6,1914 Reconstruction. Blackford, Ky. Carolina, Atlantic &Western Goose Creek, about 6 miles July 10,1914 Ry. Co. above Charleston, S. C. Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Cedar Creek, Fla............ do....... ..... Co. Manistee County, Mich...... Manistee River............ July 13,1914 King County, Wash...... Duwamish River, near Du- do....... ..... wamish, Wash. Anne Arundel County, Md.. Stony Creek, Md............ July 16,1914 Michigan Ry. Co.... .. Grand River, at Grand Rap- July 17,1914 ids Mich. Oregon State Highway Com- Yamhill River, near Day- July 18,1914 mission, ton, Oreg. Eel Pond Channel Bridge Eel PondChannel, at Woods .....do....... Committee, Falmouth, Hole, Falmouth, Mass. Mass. A. F. Coats Lumber Co...... Hoquarten Slough, Tilla- July 20,1914 mook, Oreg. City of St. Augustine, Fla... San Sebastian River, at ..... do....... To replace an existing bridge. King Street, St. Augus- tine, Fla. State Roads Commission of Middle and South Branches July 23,1914 Maryland. of Patapsco River from Hanover Street,Baltimore, to Brooklyn, Anne Arun- del County, Md. Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co... Peace River, near Pembroke, July 25,1914 Fla. Do .................Peace River, near Bartow, ..... do...--. Fla. Atlantic County, N. J....... Patcong Creek, N. J...... July 28,1914 Randolph County, Ill..... Kaskaskia River, Ill_..... July 31,1914 Whatcom County, Wash.... Nooksack River, near Lyn- ..... do...... Reconstruction. den, Wash. San Joaquin and Contra Old River, between main- Aug. 3,1914 Costa Counties, Cal. land, Contra Costa County and Victoria Island San Joaquin County, Cal. San Joaquin County, Cal.... Middle River, between Vic- Aug. 4,1914 toria and Roberts Islands, Cal. Cumberland County, Me.... Fore River, Portland Har- ..... do....... Do. bor, Me. City of Chicago, Ill......... Chicago River, at North La do....... ..... Salle Street, Chicago, Ill. Do ................... Chicago River, at North Franklin Street, Chicago, Ill. Louisville & Nashville R. R. Kentucky River, n e a r Aug. 7,1914 Do. Co. Worthville, Ky. Muskingum County, Ohio... United States canal, at foot ..... do....... Temporary bridge. of Fifth Street,Zanesville, Ohio. Clearwater and Lewis Coun- Clearwater River, at Greer, Aug. 12,1914 ties, Idaho. Idaho. City of Chicago, Ill........... South Branch of Chicago Aug. 14,1914 River, at West Monroe Street, Chicago, Ill. City of Boston, Mass......... Mystic River, between Bos- Aug. 20,1914 Construction of a new draw ton and Everett, Mass. span. Boston Elevated Ry. Co..... .... do..................... .... do....... Sunflower County, Miss.... Big Sunflower River, at Sun- Aug. 25,1914do...... flower, Miss. .Dallas County, Tex......... Trinity River, about 4 miles Aug. 25,1914 below Dallas, Tex. Metropolitan Park Commis- Mystic River, between Som- Reconstruction of existing Aug. 27,1914 sion, Mass. erville and Medford, Mass. bridge and construction of a temporary bridge. Great Northern Ry. Co...... Kabekona Narrows, Reconstruction. do........ near ..... Walker, Minn. Do.................. Steamboat River, near Wil- ..... do........ Do. kinson, Minn. King County, Wash ......... White River, at Renton Sept. 1,1914 Junction, Wash. Edgecombe County, N. C.... Tar River, near Tarboro, N. .....do........ Do. C. Louisville & Nashville R. R. do........ Do. Pearl River, Miss., near its ..... Co. mouth. BRIDGING NAVIGABLE WATERS. 1625 Applicant. Waterway and location. approved. Remarks. City of Seattle, Wash........ Lake Washington Canal at Sept. 2,1914 Fifteenth Avenue, Seattle, Wash. Orange County, Cal.......... Entrance to Anaheim Bay, Sept. 4,1914 Modification of plans ap- Cal. proved June 9,1913. Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Co. Big Ogeechee River, on main do........Reconstruction. ..... line of railroad between Savannah and Jesup, Ga. Contra Costa County Cal..... Pacheco Creek, near Mar- Sept. 17,1914 tinez, Cal. Maine Central R. R. Co....... Arm of Machias Bay, near Sept. 18, 1914 Do. East Machias, Me. Warren County, Miss........ Big Black River, Miss....... Sept. 19,1914 Iberville Parish, La .......... Bayou Grossetete, near Mar- Sept. 23,1914 ingouin, La. Bay Shore R. R. Co ........ False (Mission) Bay, San Oct. 2,1914 Diego, Cal. Iberville Parish, La........ Bayou Grossetete, La., Oct. 3,1914 mile above mouth. Lake Shore & Michigan East End Cove, Sandusky do....... .... Do. Southern Ry. Co. Harbor, Ohio. Lee County, Fla.......... Caloosahatchee River, at Oct. 6,1914 Olga, Fla. Sunflower County, Miss ..... Big Sunflower River, near ..... do...... Blaine, Miss. Nueces County, Tex ...... Mouth of Nueces Bay, Tex.. Oct. 8,1914 Philadelphia, Baltimore & Naamans Creek, Brandy- Oct. 13,1914 Washington R. R. Co. wine Hundred, New Castle Co., Del. Baltimore & Ohio System... , Crum Creek, at Woodlyn, Pa. do........ Do. ..... Sacramento and S olan o Sacramento River, near Rio Oct. 17,1914 Counties, Cal. Vista, Cal. Curry County, Oreg ......... Chetco River............. do....... .... King County, Wash.. . Snoqualmie River, between Fall City and Snoqualmie Falls, Wash. Do .................. Commercial Waterway No.1, in sec. 32, T. 24 N., it. 4 E., Willamette Meridian, Wash. Southern Ry. Co. in Missis- Tombigbee River, near Co- Oct. 21,1914 Do. sippi. lumbus, Miss. Kansas City Viaduct & Ter- Kansas River, at Kansas Oct. 23,1914 Do. minal Rv. Co. City, Kans. Iberia Parish, City of New Bayou Teche, at Hope Plan- Oct. 28,1914 Pontoon bridge. Iberia and town of Jeaner- tation, La. ette, La. Ottawa County, Mich....... Millhouse Bayou, near Oct. 31,1914 Grand River, Mich. Boston, Revere Beach & Saugus River, at Lynn, Mass. Nov. 3,1914 Reconstruction. Lynn R. R. Co. Brazoria County, Tex ....... San Bernard River, near Nov. 4,1914 San Bernardo, Tex. Louisville & Nashville R. R. K entucky River, near Nov. 7,1914 Modification of plans ap- Co. Worthville, Ky. proved Aug. 7, 1914; former mstrument of approval can- celed. New York, New Haven & Thames River, at New Lon- Nov. 9,1914 Reconstruction. Hartford R. R. Co. doni Conn. City of Chicago, Ill ......... West Iorkof South Branch, Nov. 10,1914 Temporary. Chicago River, at South California Ave..Chicago,Ill. New York New Haven & Wipthrop Cove, New Lon- do....... Reconstruction. ..... Hartford R. R. Co. don, Conn. Jefferson County, Tex ....... Taylors Bayou, near Fan- Nov. 12,1914 nette, Tex. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Kansas River, at Bonner ..... do...... Do. Fe Ry. Co. Springs, Kans. King County, Wash........ Snoqualmie River, near Nov. 13,1914 Tolt, Wash. Southern Ry. Co., for Mem- Lookout Creek, Hamilton Nov. 18,1914 phis & Chattanooga Ry. County, Tenn. Commission of Highways, Rondout Creek, at Kingston, .... do....... New York State. N.Y. Salem County, N. J.......... Salem Canal................ do....... ..... Charleston-Isle of Palms Cove between Mount Pleas- do...... ..... Reconstruction of causeway Traction Co. and Sullivans Island, S. C. consisting of solid fill and concrete trestle work. Bradley County, Ark....... Saline River, 6 miles north Nov. 19,1914 of Warren Ark. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Mississippi Rtiver, at North Nov. 30,1914 Reconstruction. Paul Ry. Co. McGregor, Iowa. City of Seattle, Wash......... Commercial Waterway No. Dec. 3,1914 1 at EighthAvenue, South Seattle, Wash. 1626 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Applicant. Waterway and location, Plans approved. Remarks. Burlington County, N. J ..... Mullica River, near New Dec. 7,1914 Reconstruction. Gretna, N.J. City of Seattle, Wash ......... Lake Washington Canal, at De... do....... Fremont Avenue, Seattle, Wash. Pennsylvania R. R. Co..... Schuylkill River, at Mana- Dec. 8,1914 Do. yunk, Pa. Great Northern Ry. Co ...... Steamboat Slough, near Dec. 11,1914 Do. Marysville, Wash. Nassau Electric R. R. Co..... Coney Island Creek, Long do...... ..... Island, N. Y. City of Boston, Mass ......... Fort Point Channel, Boston .....do....... Do. Harbor, at Broadway, Boston, Mass. Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Co. Hillsboro River, at Tampa, Dec. 14,1914 Do. Fla. Cecil County, Md............ Long Creek, near Chesapeake Dec. 15,1914 City, Md. City of Bradentown, Fla..... Wares Creek, at Manatee Dec. 19,1914 Do. Avenue, Bradentown, Fla. International & Great North- Buffalo Bayou, at Houston, do....... ..... Do. ern Railway Co. Tex. Indian Rocks Realty Co...... The Narrows, between Boca Dec. 21,1914 Ceiga Bay and Clearwater, Fla. International & Great North- Trinity River, at Riverside, Dec. 30,1914 Do. ern Ry. Co. Tex. Do.................... Trinity River, at Long Lake, ..... do...... Do. Tex. Union County, N. J5.......... Elizabeth River, at Baltic Dec. 31,1914 Street, Elizabeth, N. J. New Castle County, Del..... Christiana River, at Third Jan. 13,1915 Modification of plans ap- Street Wilmington, Del. proved Oct. 11,1911. City of Chicago, Ill ........... North Branch of Chicago .....----- do...... Modification of plans ap- River, at Belmont Avenue, proved Oct. 28, 1912. Chicago, Ill. Aransas County, Tex........ Puerto Bay and mouth of Jan. 15,1915 Two bridges. Aransas River Tex. City of Quincy, Mass ........ Rock Island Cove, Wey- do....... .....----- mouth Fore River, at Quincy, Mass. Wilmington Railway & Cape Fear River (Northeast Jan. 25,1915 Installation of new draw Bridge Co. Branch), at Wilmington, span, as required by War N. C. Department order May 16, 1914. Gordon County, Ga......... Oostanaula River, near Cal- Jan. 29,1915 Reconstruction. houn, Ga. Lake County, Fla........... Okahumpka Run, nearLake Jan. 30,1915 Harris, Fla. Doniphan, Kensett & Searcy Little Red River, near Snell, Feb. 3,1915 Ry. Ark. State Roads Commission of Choptank River, near Feb. 10,1915 Do. Maryland. Easton Md. Burlington County, N. J. .. Lovelands Thorofare, Bass Feb. 15,1915 Do. River Township, N. J. Atlantic County, N. J....... Broad Thorofare, on line of Feb. 18,1915 Somers Point Longport Boulevard, Atlantic Coun- ty, N. J. Do................... Risleys Channel, on line of .....----- do....... Somers Point, Longport Boulevard, Atlantic Coun- ty, N. J. Santa Rosa County, Fla..... Blackwater River, at Milton, Feb. 24,1915 Fla. Commission of Highways, Rondout Creek, at Kings- Feb. 25,1915 Modification of plans ap- New York State. ton N. Y. proved Nov. 18, 1914. Willamette Pacific R. R. Co. Sloughs near confluence of Mar. 4, 1915 Three trestle bridges. Smith and Umpqua Riv- ers, Oreg. Lee County, Fla......... Imperial River, at Bonita do....1915 Ma... Springs, Fla. Towns of Brunswick and Passage connecting Long Mar. 5,1915 War Department order tDec. Harpswell, Me. Reach and New Meadows 8t 1914, required recons ruc- River between Brunswick tlon of bridge. and Harpswell, Me. Metropolitan Park Commis- Blacks Creek, at Quincy, Mar. 23,1915 sion, Massachusetts. Mass. Middlesex County, N. J..... South River on road from Mar. 26,1915 Reconstruction. South Amboy to Bruns- wick, N. J. New York City............ Westchester Creek, as East Mar. 31,1915 One hundred and seventy- seventh Street, Borough of Bronx, N. Y. BRIDGING NAVIGABLE WATERS. 1627 Applicant. Waterway and location. apPlred. Remarks. Calcasieu Parish, La......... Black Bayou La......... Mar. 31,1915 Lincoln County, Oreg....... Depot Slough, at Toledo, ..... do...... Oreg. Dade County, Fla........... New River, at Andrews and Apr. 2,1915 Bridge at Osceola Avenue to Osceola Avenues, Fort be temporary. Lauderdale, Fla. Puget Sound Electric Ry.... White River, near Kent, Apr. 5,1915 Wash. Pitt County, N. C........ Tar River at Pillsboro Apr. 8,1915 Landing, N. C. Galveston, Harrisburg & San Brays Bayou,at Harrisburg, Apr. 10,1915 Reconstruction. Antonio Ry. Co. Tex. Santa Rosa County, Fla.... Escambia River, at Chu- Apr. 16,1915 muckla Springs, Fla. City of Chicago, Ill.......... West Fork of South Branch Apr. 19,1915 Do. of Chicago River, at South Crawford Avenue, Chi- cago Ill. Natchitoches Parish, La..... Cane River, at Prudhomme Apr. 21,1915 Ferry, La. Atchison, Topeka & Santa San Joaquin River, near Apr. 22,1915 Do. Fe Ry. Co. Stockton Cal. City of Hoquiam, Wash.... Hoquiam River, at Eighth Apr. 23,1915 Do. Street, Hoquiam, Wash. St. Tammany Parish, La... Bayou La Combe, near La do.... ..... Combe, La. Harris County, Tex......... Brays Bayou, at Harrisburg, Apr. 24,1915 Tex. King County, Wash....... Black River, near Renton,_ do....... ..... Wash. Town of Boothbay, Me...... Channel of Back River, be- Apr. 28,1915 Do. tween Hodgdons and Bar- ters Islands, at Boothbay, Me. Talbot County, Md........ Leeds Creek, at Tunis Mill, Apr. 29,1915 Md. Lyon Cypress Lumber Co.. Amite River, near White- May 6,1915 hall, La. City of Winona, Minn....... Mississippi River, at Wi- May 8,1915 Do. nona, Minn. Lincoln County, W. Va...... Guyandot River, at Ranger, May 13,1915 Douglas County, Kans....... Kansas River, at Lawrence, May 15,1915 Kans. Sanitary and Drainage Com- Stono River at Johns Island May 21,1915 mission for Charleston Ferry, S. C. County, S. C. City of Philadelphia, Pa..... Frankford Creek, at Ortho- do........ ..... dox Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Muskingum County, Ohio... Muskingum River, between May 26, 1915 Reconstruction of girder ap- Duncan Falls and Taylors- proach over old United ville, Ohio. States lateral canal. Highway Commission, State Petaluma Creek, at Green June 2,1915 of California. Point, Cal. Boston & Albany R. R. Co.. Chelsea Creek, between Chel- June 4, 1915 Reconstruction. sea and East Boston Mass. I. P. Daniel................. Levisa Fork Big handy do........ ..... River, at White House, Ky. New York, New Haven & South Bay, Boston, Mass... June 5,1915 Do. Hartford R. R. Co. Great Northern Ry. Co...... Steamboat Slough, near June 11,1915 Modification of plans ap- Marysville, Wash. proved Dec. 11, 1914; for- mer instrument of approval canceled. New York City .............. Bronx River, at Westches- do........ ..... ter Avenue, Borough of Bronx. City of Green Bay, Wis...... East River, at Pleasant June 12,1915 Reconstruction. Street Green Bay, Wis. State Roads Commission of South Aranch of Patapsco do.......Modification of plans ap- ..... Maryland. River, and across a swamp proved July 23, 1914. adjacent to the South Branch of Patapsco River. Maine Central R. R. Co...... Sheepscott River, between do....... ..... towns of Wiscasset and Edgecomb, Me. City of Hoquiam, Wash..... Hoquiam River, at Simpson June 15,1915 Avenue, Hoquiam, Wash. City of Seattle, Wash....... Lake Washington Canal, at Modification of plans ap- do........ ..... Fremont Avenue, Seattle, proved Dec. 7, 1914; former Wash. instrument of approval canceled. Burlington County, N. J..... Bull Creek, at Herman, near June 16,1915 Reconstruction. Green Bank, N. J. 1628 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Applicant. Waterway and location. Plans Remarks. approved. City of Green Bay, Wis......East River, at Main Street, June 16,1915 Reconstruction. Green Bay Wis. City of Milwaukee, Wis......Milwaukee Diver, between June 18,1915 Do. State and Martin Streets, Milwaukee, Wis. Ottawa County, Mich....... Grand River, at Eastman- ..... do........ ville, Mich. Atlantic & Burlington Coun- Mullica River, at Chestnut June 19,1915 ties, N. J. Neck, near New Gretna, N. J. Cape May County, N. J...... Inland Waterway of New ..... do........ Do. Jersey, at Sea Isle City, N. J. Baltimore & Ohio System... Crum Creek, at Woodlyn, June 23,1915 Approved plans include a Pa. temporary bridge. King County, Wash......... Black River, near Renton, June 19,1915 Modification of plans ap- Wash. proved Apr. 24, 1915; for- mer instrument of approval canceled. Philadelphia, Baltimore & Lewes River, near Lewes, June 24,1915 To replace a temporary Washington R. R. Co. for Del. bridge. Delaware, Maryland & Vir- ginia R. R. Co. Do.................. Inland Waterway at Reho- June 30,1915 both, Del. Chicago, Burlington & Missouri River, at Kansas ..... do........ War Department order, May Quincy R. R. Co. City, Mo. 22,1915 required alteration of this bridge. Vicksburg, Shreveport & Red River, at Shreveport, ..... do....... Reconstruction. Pacific Ry. Co. La. Pennsylvania R. R. Co...... Neshaminy Creek near ..... do........ Do. Croydon Station, fa. BRIDGES OBSTRUCTING NAVIGATION. Under the requirements of section 18 of the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, the Secretary of War notified the persons, corporations, or associations owning or controlling certain bridges obstructing navigation, after giving them a reasonable opportunity to be heard, to so alter said bridges as to render navigation through or under them reasonably free, easy, and unobstructed, specifying in the notice the alterations required to be made and prescribing a reasonable time within which to make them, as follows: Notice served- Waterway and location. Date of no- - Work to be com- and location. Waterway tice. pleted. On. Date. Braden River (western Aug. 11,1914 Commissioners, Manatee Sept. 9,1914 Jan. 1, 1915. channel) at Bradentown, County, Fla. Fla. Eastern Branch, Elizabeth Nov. 5,1914 Norfolk & Suburban Nov. 11, 1914 July 1, 1916. River at Norfolk, Va. Turnpike Co. Bayou Manchacnear Hope Dec. 5,1914 Louisiana Railway & Dec. 21,1914 4 months from date Villa, La. Navigation Co. of service. Passage connecting Long Dec. 8,1914 Towns of Brunswick Dec. 24,1914 July 1, 1915. Reach and New Meadows and Harpswell, Me. River between Bruns- wick and Harpswell, Me. Ohio River at Louisville, Dec. 12,1914 Louisville Bridge Co.... Dec. 17,1914 3 years from date Ky of service. Okahumka Run between Feb. 25,1915 Atlantic Coast Line Ry. Mar. 8,1915 6 months from date Lake Harris and Lake of service. Dunham, Fla. Fort Point Channel, Bos- Mar. 31,1915 New York, New Haven Apr. 5,1915 3 months from date ton Harbor, Mass. & Hartford R. R. Co. of service. Ocklocknee River near May 12,1915 Georgia; Florida & Ala- June 7,1915 8 months from date McIntyre, Fla. bama R. R. Co. of service. Illinois River near La Salle, May 19,1915 Illinois Central R. R. June 1,1915 Nov. 1, 1917. Ill. Co. and Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy R. R. Co. Missouri River at Kansas May 22,1915 Chicago, Burlington & ..... do........ 2 years from date City, Mo. Quincy R. R. Co. of service. HARBOR LINE S . 1629 ESTABLISHMENT OF HARBOR LINES. Under authority given to the Secretary of War in section 11 of the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, harbor lines have been established or modified during the past fiscal year at the following localities under dates indicated: Locality. Description. Date of approval. Mississippi River at Moline, Ill........ Extension of harbor lines from Thirty-fourth July 17,1914 Street upstream to Fifty-fifth Street. Flushing River, L. I., N. Y......... Modifications of bulkhead lines at Livingston Do. Street and at south end MorrisAvenue. Mamaroneck Harbor, N. Y............. Pierhead and bulkhead lines................ Aug. 3,1914 Potomac River at head of Washington Tentative modification of harbor line ........... Oct. 20,1914 Channel Washington, D. C. Dutch Kills, N. Y. (Branch of New- Pierhead and bulkhead lines ............... Oct. 29,1914 town Creek.) English Kills in Borough of Brooklyn, Extension of pierhead and bulkhead lines above Jan. 8,1915 Metropolitan Avenue Bridge. Ballard Harbor on Salmon Bay, Wash. Revocation of certain pierhead lines ............... Do. (Puget Sound - Lake Washington Waterway.) Hudson River Fort Washington Point Revised pierhead and bulkhead lines (to super- Jan. 22,1915 to Spuyten Duyvil Creek, New York sede previous lines). City, and Fort Lee to Bloomers, N. J. Jamaica Bay, N. Y.................... Modification of pierhead and bulkhead lines in Apr. 6,1915 head of Mill Basin. Monongahela River, Pittsburgh, Pa., Modification of harbor line.................... Apr. 14,1915 near lower end of Lock No. 1. Dutch Kills, N. Y. between Hunters Modification of pierhead line; new map supersed- Apr. 16,1915 Point and North Avenues. ing the map previously approved. Greenwich Harbor, Conn.............. Revision of harbor lines (superseding previous Apr. 22,1915 lines). .Catano Bay, P. R., at Catano .......... Bulkhead lines.................................. Apr. 29,1915 Newark Bay, including mouths of Pa- Revised pierhead and bulkhead lines (superseding May 10,1915 saic and iHackensack Rivers and previous lines). Shooters Island N. Y. and N. J. Hudson River, kew York City, be- Modification of bulkhead line.................. June 7,1915 tween West Seventy-seventh and West Eighty-first Streets, Borough of Manhattan. Norwalk Harbor, Conn., at South Nor- Harbor lines ...... ..... ................ I June 8,1915 walk up to New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad bridge. Monongahela River from near the Mo- New harbor line maps from late surveys, locating June 29,1915 nongahela Connecting Railroad bridge additional references, etc. (To supersede pre- at Pittsburgh, Pa., to the Youghio- vious maps.) gheny River at McKeesport, Pa. REMOVING SUNKEN VESSELS OR CRAFT OBSTRUCTING OR ENDAN- GERING NAVIGATION. Sections 19 and 20 of the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, authorize the Secretary of War to remove any sunken vessel, boat, water craft, raft, or other similar obstruction obstructing or endangering the navigation of navigable waters of the United States. By order of the Secretary of War dated January 20, 1905, the district officers of the Corps of Engineers were charged with local responsi- bility for such work as agents of the Secretary of War. Under a plan approved by the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Treasury in March, 1913, provision is made for cooperation of the Coast Guard with district engineer officers and assistance to them in the execution of that duty. The operations during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, are de- scribed in the following statement. An asterisk indicates that the work was done in whole or in part by the Coast Guard. 1630 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Wrecks removed or investigated. Name. Class. Tonnage. Locality. removal. Remarks. reovl BOSTON, MASS., DISTRICT. Tons. Alma E. A. Schooner.. 1,208 Massachusetts Bay, off $600.00 Removed to depth of 57 Holmes. Swampscott, Mass. feet by written pro- posal and acceptance. Annie Perry.... ... do..... 116 Boston Harbor, Mass., 1,500. 00 Open-market agreement. entrance to lower ship channel. NEWPORT, R. I., DISTRICT. Bombay....... Barge..._ 1,295 Nantucket Sound, Mass.. 10,137.65 Contract. Yankee........ U.S.trans- 6, 225 Buzzards Bay, Mass..... Investigated; awaiting port. . removal by owners. *George P. Hud- Schooner.. 2,258 Atlantic Ocean.......... Masts removed by Coast son. Guard Service. Harry B. Fiske. ... do........I Unknown. Centerville, Cape Cod, 6.11 Examination; removal Mass. unnecessary. *Unknown..... Barge..... ... do...... Block Island Sound...... 6.27 Masts removed by Coast Guard Service. Luella Nicker- Schooner.. 26 Point Judith harbor of Removed by owners. son. refuge. Fred Snow..... ... do....... 105 Western Passage, Narra- 50.00 Examination; removal gansett Bay. unnecessary. NEW LONDON, CONN., DISTRICT. Emmet Lowe. .1 Barge.....I Unknown. Long Island Sound, near 200.00 Hired tug and Govern- New London, Conn. I ment lighter. NEW YORK, FIRST DIS- TRICT. Active........ Sloop ..... ...do.......Hudson River, Albany, 300.00 Written proposal and N.Y. t acceptance. Unknown...... Barge ..... ...do....... Eas River N. Y., South 525.00 Do. Brother Island. Do......... Canal boat ... do....... Off Ellis Island, N. Y.... 200.00 Do. P. F. Quinn.... ... do..... do....... ... Hudson River, N. Y., 75.00 Government-owlied Van Wies Dike. plant and hired labor. Needle......... Sloop..... ... do....... East Chester Bay, N. Y., 250.00 Written proposal and ao- near City Island. ceptance. George Starr.... Steamboat 168 Hudson River, Athens, 1,500.00 Do. N.Y. Ella Jefferson... Canal boat 104 Hudson River,Roa Hrook, 415.00 Do. N. Y. Oakland........ ... do....... Unknown. East River, Pier 9, New 1,085.00 Do. York. A. J. McCullom. Barge..... ... do....... Hudson River, Pier 37, 600.00 Do. New York. Unknown...... Canal boat ... do....... Hudson River, Pier A, 115.00 Do. New York. P. J. Fermoil... ..do...... ...do....... Hudson River, near Hud- 800.00 Do. son, N. Y. NEW YORK, SECOND DIS- TRICT. Unknown...... Schooner.....do.... Bay Channel off Linden- 500.00 Public notice. Sealed hurst, N. Y. proposals. Chief No. 2..... Barge.....do....... New York Harbor, Tomp- 400.00 Do. kinsville. Santee No. 12... Scow.........do....... New York Harbor, off 200.00 Do. Tompkinsville. L. Herbert Taft. Schooner.....do...... New York Harbor, 2 5,000.00 Emergency contract. miles east from Romer Lighthouse. Ariosa.......... Tug......l....do....... Romer Shoal, New York 850.00 Public notice. Sealed Harbor. proposals. Engine frame only. Congress........ Lighter... Sheepshead Bay, N. Y... ..do....... 600.00 Public notice. Sealed proposals. New Jersey...... Steam pi- 478 Entrance to New York 5,636.35 Emergency contract. lot boat. Harbor. Emily McCar- Canal boat Unknown. Gowanus Creek, N. Y.... 75.00 Removed by steamer thy. Manisees. Luther C. Ward Tug...... 106 New York Harbor; outer 5,150.00 Emergency contract. end of Gedney Channel. 3. 3. McAllister. .}Barges.... Unknown. Mamie Aldrich. (Bay Ridge Chann el, }1,200.00 SBrooklyn, N. Y. Publicnotice; posals. sealedpro- REMOVAL OF WRECKS. 1631 IWrecks removed or investigated-Continued. Name. Class. Tonnage. Locality. rCemoval. Remarks. Tons.- -raw SRND YoRK IS NEW YORK, SECOND DIS- TRRT-concluded. Tons. Unknown ...... Scow...... Unknown. Gowanus Bay, N. Y.... $100.00 Removed by steamer Manisees. Grand Knight.. Canalboat ...do....... New York Bay, off coal 200.00 Publicnotice; sealed pro- pier at St. George. posals. Unknown ...... Sloop..... ... do....... Lower Bay, New York 100.00 Removed by steamer Harbor, off New Dorp. Manisees. Ferry Hempstead Harbor, N.Y. 150.00 Public notice; sealed pro- bridge. posals. Do....... Canal boat Unknown. Bay Ridge Channel, 748. 00 Public notice; sealed pro- Brooklyn, N. Y. posals; paid from ap- propriation improving Gowanus Bay. NEW YORK, THIRD DIS- TRICT. Charles......... Sloop..... Unknown. Newark Bay, near bell 450.00 Contract. buoy. Unknown...... Canal boat ... do......_. Newark Bay, Elizabeth- 450.00 Do. port, N. J. Do........ Scow..... do...... Passaic River, Kearny, ... 750.00 Do. N. J. Dover.......... Canal boat ..do.......Arthur Kill, at Maurer, 450.00 Do. N. J. Volunteer..... do....... ...do.......Killvon Kull off Consta- ... 400.00 Do. ble Hook, N. J. Unknown...... Scow...... ...do.......Arthur Kill, at Maurer, 400.00 Do. N. J. Philena Miner..j Canalboat 104 Arthur Kill, Milliken's 600.00 Do. dock Howland Hood, N. Y. Large spud ... Raritan River, N. J., near 35.00 Tug chartered for the or timber. mouth of South River. purpose. PHILADELPHIA, PA., DIS- TRICT. Dunlo.......... Barge..... Unknown. Harbor of Refuge, Dela- 3,300.00 Under contract; dyna- ware Bay Del. mite. Henrietta "C ". Schooner.. 25 Delaware aiver, below 495.11 Government plant; dy- New Castle, Del. namite. Emma B. Shaw .do..... Delaware River, near Edna Earl..... Schooner; }900.00 Do. piles. Port Penn, Del. WILMINGTON, DEL., DIS- TRICT. Charlemagne Steamer... 1,825 Atlantic Ocean, off Sea- 1, 605.32 Contract. Tower, jr. side Park, N. J. Examination; schooner Two Sisters.....Schooner.. 32 }Maurice River Cove, N. J. 50.00 buoyed by Lighthouse R. E. English.. Sloop..... Bureau; no trace of sloop found. Enos Soule.... Schooner 1,386 Atlantic Ocean, off Brig- 3, 815.53 Examination; removed barge. antine Lightship Sta- by hired labor. tion, N. J. Teaser......... Tug....... 216 Atlantic Ocean, off Lud- 577.03 Do. lam Beach Light, N. J. Unknown...... Barge ..... Unknown. St. Jones River, Del ..... 283.38 Contract. Examination; removal Washingtonian. Steamer... 6,649 Atlantic Ocean, nearFen- assigned to Norfolk, *Elizabeth Pal- Schooner.. 3, 065 wick Island Lightship, 40.85 Va., office: schooner mer. Del. destroyed by Coast Guard. Viola.......... do.... Unknown. ..... }Absecon Inlet, N.J..... 271.89 JExamination; barge dis- Barge.... ... do.. l masted. Lizzie Godfrey.. Schooner.. 77 Chincoteague Inlet, Va.. - 415.00 Removed by hired labor. Floating Atlantic Ocean, off 19.82 Examination; C o as t mast. Forked River Life- Guard notified. saving Station, N. J. Flora Van Gil- Sloop..... 13 Maurice River Cove, N. J. 382.53 Examination; removed der. by hired labor. BALTIMORE, MD., DISTRICT. Stella I. Lewis.. Schooner.. 12 Entrance to Bodkin 332.39 Written notice and Creek, Md. acceptance. Starlight....... Steamer... 335 Mouth of Rock Creek Md. 836.14 Do. Clinton L. Guir- Schooner.. 31 Eastport, Annapolis har- 287.79 Do. kin. bor, Md. 1632 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Wrecks removed or investigated-Continued. Name. Class. Tonnage. Locality. removal.st Remarks. WASHINGTON, D. C., DIS- TRICT. Tons. Golden Rule.... 81oop..... 14. Chesapeake Bay, near $895.44 Government plant. Wolf Trap Lighthouse. Mary S. Ewing. Schooner.. 45 Potomac River near its 437.51 Government plant; mast entrance. and rigging removed with dynamite. NORFOLK, VA., DISTRICT. Unknown.... ... do.... Unknown. Near mouth of Hampton 317.04 Creek, Va. William Don- .... do... 98 Lower end of Chesapeake 325.22 nelly. Bay. CHARLESTON, S. C., DIS- TRICT. Caisson- Beaufort River, S. C..... ....... I Examination. gate (steel). JACKSONVILLE, FLA., DIS- TRICT. Kennedy....... Steamer... 140 Pablo Creek, Fla......... 395. 95 Unknown...... Lighter... Unknown. St. Johns River, Fla., at 40.00 Dames Point. Planter......... Steamer... 499 Caloosahatchee River op- Do. posite Fort Myers, Fla. Perry........... Dredge- Unknown. Sisters Creek at St. Johns 50.00 tender. River. MONTGOMERY, ALA., DIS- TRICT. Ruth........... Schooner.. 18 Blackwater River, Fla... 391.42 Government plant. Sun............ Steamer... 84 Flint River, Ga......... 300.00 Do. DALLAS, TEX., DISTRICT. Andrews ....... Barge ..... Unknown. Sabine River below Or- 1,300.00 Contract. ange, Tex. VICKSBURG, MISS., DIS- TRICT. Popular Bluff.. Steamer... ... Red River La. near do....... 5.00 Removed by snag boat. mouth of Black River. ST. LOUIS, MO., DISTRICT. Zara........... Ferryboat Mississippi . do....... River, Trot- Removed by United ters Point, Ark. States snagboat in con- nection with usual work of clearing chan. nels. Wm. Edenborn Steamboat 267 Mississippi River, Angola, ...... Do. La. J. B. Williams.. .do..... Unknown. Mississippi River, Cairo, Do. Ill. ...... Do. No name....... R.R.car. Mississippi River, Ches- Do. ter Incline Ill. Do......... Barge.... Unknown. Mississippi RiEver Non- ...... Do. connah Creek, Ienn. Do......... .do....... --.do.......Mississippi River, Ma- Do. lone Landing, Ark. Do........ ... do....... ...do.......Mississippi River, Vicks- Do. burg Canal. Do ........ ... do....... ...do.......Mississippi River, Cow Do. Island. Unknown ...... Transfer- ... Mississippi River, Vicks- do........ ...... Do. boat. ... burgMiss. do......Mississippi No name....... Cribbing. River, Mouth Do. St. Catherine Creek, Miss. R. E. Watkins.. Steamboat 23 Mississippi River, Cape Do. Girardeau, Mo. Beaver......... Steam ten- Unknown. Mississippi River, New ...... Do. der. Madrid, Mo. No name....... Coal flat... ..do...... Mississippi River, Cairo, ...... Do. Ill. REMOVAL OF WRECKS. 1633 Wrecks removed or investigated-Continued. Cost of Name. Class. Tonnage. Locality. removal. Remarks. ST. LOUIS, MO., DISTRICT. -continued. Barge Tons. Noname No name .... j Barge...... Unknown. Mississippi River, Big ....... Removed by United Muddy River, Ill. States snagboat in con- nection with usual work of clearing chan- nels. Do..... 2 barges... ..do..... Mississippi River, St. Do. Louis, Mo. Do.......---Barge..... ..do..... Mississippi River, Nat- Do. chez, Miss. Do.... do..... -.. ..do..... Mississippi River, Old Do. Town Bend. WHEELING, W. VA., DIS- TRICT. 6 flats and ... do..... Kanawha River.......... .......... Removed by Un ited barges. States snagboat. CINCINNATI, OHIO, FIRST DISTRICT. Lizzie Bay... Ohio River, Madison, Ind. Steamboat ... do...... $109.60 Do. No name ...... Coalbarge....do......Ohio River, Rising Sun, 38.36 Do. Ind. Do........ ...do...... ... do...... Ohio River, near Woolper 43.84 Do. Creek. Do......... .do...... --.. do...... Ohio River, Dam No. 35.. 21.92 Do. 3 coal ... Ohio River, Portland 105.21 Do. do......-- Dike. barges and one coal boat. Do........ Pump ...do...... Ohio River, Sand Island. 26.30 Do. boat. Do........ Coal barge. ... do..---- Ohio River, New Albany, 43.84 Do. Ind. Do........ ...do..... -... do...... Ohio River, near Mos- 43.84 Do. quito Creek. Do......... .. do...... ...do...... Ohio River, Evansville, 43.84 Do. Ind. Do........ Sand barge ...do...... Ohio River, Green River 43.84 Do. Island. Do...... Coal boat. ......do...... ..... do.............. do...... 65.76 Do. Do........ Barge... Ohio River, Smithland, 43.84 Do. ...do...... Ky. Do...---... ... do...... Ohio River, Sisters Is- 43.84 Do. lands. 2 barges...j...do .... Ohio R iv er, Dekoven, 87.68 Do. Ky. H. K. Bedford.. Stea m- ...Ohio River, Carpenters do...... 101.01 Do. boat. Bar. Storm....... do...... ...do...... Ohio River, Ashland, Ky. ... 108.22 Do. Bob Ballard.... ...do...... Ohio River, Ironton, 101.01 Do. Ohio. No name..... Barge.... ...do..... Ohio River H anging 10.82 Do. Rock, Ohio. Do......... ...do...... ...do..... Ohio River, Catlettsburg, 14.43 Do. Ky. Do......... Sand flat.. do...... ... Ohio River, near mouth 36.08 Do. Big Scioto River. Do.......... Coal barge. ... do....... Ohio River, Cox Ripple.. 43.29 Do. Do.......... ...do....... ...do....... Ohio River, Dam No. 12.. 16.83 Do. Do.......... ...do....... ...do....... Ohio River, Parkersburg, 21.65 Do. W. Va. Do.......... Coal boat. ...do....... Ohio River, below Big 28.86 Do. Hocking River. Do.......... Pleas u r e ...do.......Ohio River, Weavers Bar. 14.43 Do. boat. CINCINNATI, OHIO, SEC- OND DISTRICT. Sonoma......... Packet.... 139 Kentucky River, Pool 300.00 Government plant. No. 1. No name........ Derrick Unknown. Kentucky River, en- 100.00 Do. boat. trance of Lock 13. CHICAGO, ILL., DISTRICT. Iowa............. Steamer... 1,157 LakeMichigan off Chicago Work in progress under Harbor, Ill. contract. 8373"-ENG 1915-103 1634 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Wrecks removed or investigated-Continued. Name. Class. Tonnage. Locality. removal. Remarks. CLEVELAND, OHIO, DIS- TRICT. Tons. Donaldson...... Schooner.. 420 Cleveland Harbor, Ohio $1,500.00 (West Basin). BUFFALO, N. Y., DISTRICT. W. C. Richard- Steamer... Unknown. Lake Erie outside Buf- 32,243.26 Under contract. son. falo Harbor. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., FIRST DISTRICT. Balboa.......... Sailing.... 777 Oakland Harbor, Cal-... 136. 57 Government plant. Bridgit.... .. Steamer 594 Suisun Bay, Cal................ Work in progress under (ferr y- contract. boat). Rival............ S t ea m 266 Oakland Harbor, Cal..... 433.00 Under contract. schooner. STRUCTURES IN NAVIGABLE WATERS OF PORTO RICO. An act of Congress approved June 11, 1906, (34 Stat. L., p. 234), empowered the Secretary of War, under certain restrictions, to authorize the construction, extension, and maintenance of wharves, piers, and other structures on lands underlying harbor areas and navigable streams and bodies of water in or surrounding Porto Rico and the islands adjacent thereto. As a result of a conference between the district officer and the Governor and other officials of Porto Rico, a course of procedure for applications for privileges under this law was approved by the Sec- retary of War on November 16, 1906. Experience showed that some revisions were desirable and a revised procedure was, therefore, ap- proved by the Secretary of War on June 10, 1914. A number of applications were acted upon during the year. CHICAGO RIVER AND BRANCHES, AND CHICAGO LAKE FRONT BETWEEN LINCOLN PARK AND THE INDIANA STATE LINE- ENCROACHMENTS AND OBSTRUCTIONS. The local officer was charged with the duty of making a report provided for by the river and harbor act of March 4, 1913, upon all encroachments and obstructions in the Chicago River and all its branches, together with such encroachments as have been made in and along the lake front between Lincoln Park and the Indiana State line. The preparation of maps upon which to base this report has been in progress during the year. The work involved is exten- sive and difficult. The time of completion of this report can not yet be stated. SUPERVISION OF THE HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 1. JURISDICTION. The territory to be supervised comprises Long Island Sound, Fishers Island Sound, the Hudson River as far as Troy, Staten Island Sound, Newark Bay, New York Bay and Harbor, together with the tributary waters. SUPERVISOR NEW YORK HARBOR. 1635 Under the provisions of section 5 of the act of June 29, 1888, a line officer of the Navy is designated to discharge the duties created by the act, under the direction of the Secretary of War. On May 23, 1889, the Secretary of War directed that all communications in con- nection with these duties should be addressed to him through the office of the Chief of Engineers, and on February 1, 1890, he further directed that the powers conferred upon him by the act should be exercised through the Chief of Engineers. OFFICERS IN CHARGE. From July 1, 1914, to January 5, 1915, the duties of supervisor of the harbor were performed by Capt. H. O. Dunn, United States Navy; from January 6, 1915, to January 28, 1915, by Commander R. K. Crank, United States Navy; and from January 29 to June 30, 1915, by Capt. A. S. Halstead, United States Navy. 2. HISTORY. (A.) LEGISLATIVE. The office of the supervisor of the harbor of New York was created by act of Congress approved June 29, 1888, entitled " An act to pre- vent obstructive and injurious deposits within the harbor and ad- jacent waters of New York City, by dumping or otherwise, and to punish and prevent such offenses." Additional powers and duties were conferred on the supervisor by section 2 of the act of August 18, 1894, entitled, "An act making appropriations for the construction, repair, and preservation of cer- tain public works on rivers and harbors, and for other purposes," which section prescribes that it shall be unlawful to engage in fish- ing or dredging for shellfish in any of the channels leading to or from the harbor of New York, or to interfere in any way with the safe navigation of such channels by ocean steamships and ships of deep draft. The functions and powers of the supervisor were further extended by amendments to the act of June 29, 1888, made by section 3 of the act of August 18, 1894, giving power to arrest and take into custody any persons violating the law in the presence of the supervisor or his inspectors; to arrest witnesses to unlawful dumping; to go on board any scows loaded with prohibited matter and accompany same to place of dumping when such action seems necessary; to enter oil and gas works or other manufacturing works for the purpose of dis- covering the disposition made of sludge acid or other injurious ma- terial; and by section 8 of the act of May 28, 1908, entitled "An act to amend the laws relating to navigation, and for other purposes," and by the amendment to the latter act approved February 16, 1909, which requires the marking of scows or boats engaged in the trans- portation of dredgings, etc., with name or number, the providing of an equipment of life lines, life preservers and buoys, anchor and cable, and the keeping by the owner or master of a list open to the inspection of all parties of names of all men employed on such scows or boats. It authorizes the supervisor to adopt such measures and publish such regulations as are deemed best to carry out the inten- 1636 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. tions of the acts above stated and to regulate and operate patrol fleet, investigate all cases of violation and take such action thereon as may best concern the interests of the United States Government. (B) APPROPRIATIONS. Dates and amounts of appropriations for prevention of deposits, harbor of New York. June 29, 1888-------------$30, 000 Mar. 3, 1903 (deficiency)____ $10, 000 Mar. 2, 1889 --------------- 94, 070 Mar. 3, 1903________________ 120, 260 Aug. 30, 1890------------- 33, 000 Apr. 28, 1904________________ 73, 260 Mar. 3, 1891--------------- 33, 000 Mar. 3, 1905___ __________85, 260 Aug. 5, 1892_----_ --------- 33, 000 June 30, 1906_______________ 80, 260 Mar. 10, 1893---------------- 31,000 Mar. 4, 1907________________ 90, 260 Apr. 24, 1893 (deficiency) 2, 000 May 27, 1908_______________ 85, 260 Aug. 18, 1894-------------- 76,000 Mar. 4, 1909__-_____________ 85, 260 Mar. 2, 1895--------------96,000 June 25, 1910 __________ 100, 260 June 11, 1896--------------59, 000 Mar. 4, 1911_______________ 85, 260 June 4, 1897--------------59, 000 Aug. 24, 1912_______________ 85, 260 July 1, 1898--------------- 59, 000 June 23, 1913_______________ 85, 260 Mar. 3, 1899---- --------- 110, 500 Oct. 22, 1913 (deficiency)____ 5, 000 June 6, 1900 100 Aug. 1, 1914________________ 94,260 7---------------6, Mar. 3, 1901 800 Mar. 3, 1915 ________________ 85, 260 7---------------2, June 28, 1902--------------70, 260 (c) TOTAL EXPENDITURES. The total expended to the end of the fiscal year 1915 is $1,961,492.59. 3. DESIGNATED DUMPING GROUNDS NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE HARBOR. 1888. Mud buoy, 21 miles south of Coney Island, for the deposit of all refuse, including garbage and city refuse. September 1, 1900. A point half a mile southward and eastward of Sandy Hook Lightship. December 1, 1903. A point 1 miles to the eastward of Scotland Lightship, in 12 fathoms of water. January 1, 1906. A point 2 miles southeast of Scotland Lightship, in 14 fathoms of water. April 17, 1908. For cellar dirt and floatable material, a point 3 miles southeast of Scotland Lightship. September 1, 1913. Limit of water for deposits, 15 fathoms. May 1, 1914. For material containing floatable matter, not less than 4 nauti- cal miles east-southeast of Scotland Lightship, in not less than 17 fathoms of water. Owing to the large amount of material mixed with stone being transported to sea for final disposition it became necessary to issue some definite regulations to govern the deposit of such material at the mouth of the harbor. Accordingly the following circular letter was issued: [Circular letter.] WAR DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE SUPERVISOR OF THE HARBOR OF NEW YORK, New York, January 9, 1914. To contractors, towing and dredging companies. On and after this date permits for the deposit of material mixed with stone at the mouth of the harbor will be issued only under the following conditions, namely : All material mixed with stone up to size commonly known as "one-man stones " must be deposited at a point not less than 3 miles southeast of Scot- land Lightship. SUPERVISOR NEW YORK HARBOR. 1637 In cases where the stones are of larger dimensions, or what is commonly known as " derrick stones," the permits will specify the deposit to be at a point not less than 4 miles southeast of Scotland Lightship. H. O. DUNN, Captain, United States Navy, Supervisor. Owing to a slight shoaling in the vicinity of the dumping grounds outside Scotland Lightship, the point for deposits was changed to not less than 3 nautical miles to southward and eastward from that vessel and in not less than 15 fathoms of water, the following circular being posted and mailed to all interested parties: [Circular notice.] WAR DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE SUPERVISOR OF THE HARBOR OF NEW YORK, New York, February 6, 1914. To contractors, towing and dredging companies, and to all whom it may concern: On and after May 1, 1914, the deposit of any material in the waters of the mouth of the harbor at any point less than 3 nautical miles southward from Scotland Lightship is prohibited. On and after that date permits issued by this office will designate the area included in the compass points S. by E. to E. by S. magnetic from Scotland Lightship, beyond the limit above stated, for the final disposition of material at the mouth of the harbor. H. O. DUNN, Captain, United States Navy, Supervisor. Soundings are made by the patrol vessels from time to time, and care is taken to preserve plenty of water in the vicinity of the dump- ing grounds. Material dredged from the Ambrose and other channels by the United States operating dredges under United States Army Engineer officers is deposited under their supervision in an average depth of 80 feet in the neighborhood of Scotland Lightship, or such other point near the mouth of the harbor as they may deem to the best interests of the United States. 4. GENERAL METHODS. (A) NOTICES. Notices containing the law relating to the dumping of material in the harbor and adjacent waters of New York City have been dis- tributed from time to time, as necessity suggested, to various steam- ship companies, dredging contractors, and others engaged in han- dling material in the harbor. Such notices have also been posted in public places. Attention of parties concerned is thus brought to the rules adopted for the protection of the harbor of New York from injury by unlawful dumping. (B) PATROL. Four vessels are employed in maintaining a constant patrol at the mouth of the harbor day and night, Sundays, and holidays. Two of these vessels are on duty at all times and in all conditions of weather. One vessel stationed at the Narrows collects all permits from tows passing to sea, stamping same with time and point of collection, and notes thereon the condition of loading of the scows or dumpers com- 1638 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. prising the tow and their time passing a given point bound out. That vessel keeps the tows under observation as far seaward as prac- ticable or until they come under the surveillance of the outside patrol vessel, which is stationed in the vicinity of the designated dumping ground, outside Scotland Light Vessel, and which patrols 3 to 5 miles outside that vessel to insure the deposit of material well outside the harbor and to prevent the deposit of stone and other ballast from any incoming vessels at any place north of that point. The outside patrol vessel also notes the condition of the loads of the scows com- prising each tow as it passes out, and keeps the tows under observa- tion until the material is discharged at the prescribed point. Daily reports are made by the patrol vessels and these are checked up with permits issued and collected. Any discrepancy between the condition of the loads comprising the tow as it reaches the dumping ground and the condition of the loads of the scows as shown by the permits collected by the inside vessel is noted, and the owner of the tug or applicant for the permit is given an opportunity for explana- tion. If the explanation is unsatisfactory, such further action is taken by the supervisor as circumstances may warrant. Through the courtesy of the Lighthouse Department a daily report is made to the office by the master of Scotland Lightship, giving the time and, where practicable, the names of all tows passing his vessel. This forms a valuable check on the reports of the patrol vessels. The outside patrol vessel also sees to the enforcement of the law requiring the main channels to be kept free from small craft en- gaged in fishing or dredging for shellfish, or in any way interfering with the safe navigation of these channels by ocean steamships or other vessels of deep draft. A fifth boat is employed daily inspecting along the water front, making reports of all scows and barges loaded or light coming under observation. These reports are of importance in connection with the proper checking up of waste material moved on the waters of the harbor for final disposition. This vessel is also used for extended runs on inspection as necessity may require, and patrols Hudson River, East River, and Long Island Sound when operations in that direction are necessary. A naphtha launch is used in patrolling Staten Island Kills, Newark Bay, Passaic River, and various shallow tributaries, and in investi- gating points alongshore where pier building or excavating opera- tions are under way, or in special investigations where the water is insufficient for navigating the larger boats. (c) SYSTEM OF CHECKING. Blank forms, "Reports of loading," with return franked en- velopes, are -furnished by the supervisor gratis to all municipal, State, and Federal departments, and also to corporations and private parties for whom dredging work is being done. These reports show the number of pockets loaded or partly loaded at the close of each day's work, and on their receipt are checked off with the permits collected by the patrol vessels. The number of private concerns ac- cepting and furnishing the information called for is gradually in- creasing. Discrepancies are readily noted and proper action taken SUPERVISOR NEW YORK HARBOR. 1639 when the loss of material in transit from leakage or other cause is evidenced. When work is done for the Government or the city, or private cor- porations who are cooperating with the supervisor, it has been found that it is possible to consider that the contractor, in so far as the illegal deposit is concerned, has failed to carry out his contract. Such contracts generally stipulate that material not deposited in accordance with law will not be paid for. There are, however, occasionally contracts of considerable extent under operation for private concerns who fail to appreciate the ad- vantages in furnishing the supervisor with the information called for on the blank forms referred to, claiming that the final disposition of the material does not concern them. Such cases necessitate frequent inspections of the dredging operations and the filing of reports show- ing light and loaded dumpers. Where discrepancies.are noted, fur- ther special efforts are directed to obtain sufficient evidence of ir- regularity in the 'final disposition of the material to warrant refer- ence to the courts. It will therefore be seen that the final disposition of dredging spoils is well covered and that violations of law from this source can not well take place without the supervisor's knowl- edge. This work could be materially aided and any evasion of the law rendered proportionately difficult if the filing of these reports of loading were made compulsory on all parties engaged in the loading of waste material for transportation on the waters of the harbor instead of, as now, being left to the discretion of the parties concerned. There is a large class of material most injurious to the channels, termed " cellar dirt," which can not be so successfully reached by this system of checking, due to the fact that contractors excavating for or razing buildings are largely dependent upon the lessees of the water-front dumps and of the scows to dispose of their debris and excavated material at so much per cartload. No method has thus far been found for obtaining from these lessees reports of loading, and such operations, consequently, necessitate frequent inspections along the water front to keep track of the conditions of the loads of the dumpers at the various dumping boards. Otherwise the dumpers might easily be hauled out in the stream during a fog or at night, the loads discharged, and the dumpers returned to the dumping boards empty, ready for reloading. It is believed that the practice was of common occurrence previous to the inauguration of strict water-front inspection. This duty devolves upon the patrol vessel Vigilant. In all cases where the checking system of loaded and empty dump- ers is inapplicable or can not be fully enforced, special efforts are made to the extent of the available force at the disposal of the supervisor, by frequent inspections, to insure an enforcement of the law. As might be expected in cases where the checking system is not complete, quite a number of technical or minor violations can not well be referred to the courts because of lack of the conclusive evi- dence necessary in criminal proceedings. Where persistent or willful disregard for law and regulations is evident, the facts, as far as in- spections and investigations could elicit, have, however, been sub- mitted to the United States district attorneys for such action as they may deem proper. 1640 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. (For information conceriing material improperly disposed of see sec. 4 (c) of the report of the supervisor.) (D) DISPOSAL OF STREET SWEEPINGS. The transportation of that part of the city's waste termed street sweepings has been a cause of trouble and complaint. Street sweep- ings consist of rubbish and very light stuff which, when loaded into dumpers, frequently fail to clear at sea. The material is apt to bridge when the dumper doors are opened, and as it is impracticable to wind the doors up tightly in this condition more or less material escapes on the way into the harbor. Efforts have been persistently directed by the supervisor toward securing the adoption of some more sanitary and satisfactory method of disposition. From correspondence with the commissioner of street cleaning it seems to be the policy of that department to improve existing conditions as speedily as practicable. Disposing of this material on shore for filling and reclaiming land is being done to a considerable extent, but it seems that the contract for the disposition of this class of matter is slightly ambiguous on that point. So long as the contractor finds he can fulfill the legal obliga- tions of his contract more cheaply by depositing this matter at sea rather than on shore, he will do so regardless of the ultimate welfare of the harbor. The contract will not expire until January, 1917, and until then the city can not radically change matters. During the winter months ice along the water front interferes with using the material for reclaiming and filling-in purposes. (E) FLOATING DEBRIS AND LOGS. A large amount of floating debris is found in the harbor and in the channels to the open sea. Much of it is boxes, crates, boards, and other light material, which would be valuable as firewood. Through carelessness and neglect, logs and large timbers which often cause injury to the propellers of small steamers are also permitted to get adrift from operations of bulkhead and pier extensions or are washed offshore by freshets or tides and find their way to the upper and lower bays, floating out and in with each tide. Effort is made to trace their source, but it is difficult to secure sufficient evidence of violation of law to warrant legal action. In all cases where wharves or docks are under construction or where the removal of old cribwork or spiles is involved, the super- visor's office keeps as strict a supervision over the work as its facilities will allow, requiring all contractors engaged on such work to remove such timbers to shore or to raft them. As they are chiefly worthless foundation spiles and crib logs, great difficulty is experienced by the contractors in disposing of them. The deposit of such material at the mouth of the harbor is absolutely forbidden by the regulations of this office. The available force is insufficient for an efficient night patrol of the water front. It is probable that some of the rafted tim- bers part their lines and get adrift, and violations of law are doubt- less committed at night. All the patrol vessels have instructions to secure any logs or float- ing derelicts coming under their observation and to tow them to some point out of the fairways. A difficulty is experienced in this SUPERVISOR NEW YORK HARBOR. 1641 practice, however, in the fact that the owners or lessees of water- front property, decline to permit that such debris be tied up to their docks or pushed upon the flats of their property. It is hoped that the provision found in the river and harbor act approved March 4, 1915, authorizing allotments for the maintenance of the waterways of the harbor at New York, by the collection and removal of drift will prove effective in eliminating the difficulties described above. (s) ASHES AND RUBBISH FROM SMALL CRAFT PLYING THE HARBOR. During the past year attention has been directed to the dumping of ashes and rubbish from numerous small craft plying the waters of the harbor. Such violations of law are difficult to detect. The city authorities cooperate with the supervisor by the maintenance at locations designated by him of eight deck scows for the special use of vessels wishing to discharge ashes or rubbish. As the scows are furnished to the city under contract at so much per day, it is evident that the interests of the contractor are best served by the fewest removals and by retaining the scows on station even when fully loaded. This, of course, would defeat the object for which they are intended. The patrol vessels keep them under supervision in order that loaded scows may be promptly replaced by empty ones. 5. FLOATING PLANT. (a) Description.-The floating plant consists of five steam tugs, the Cerberus, Lamont, Scout, Nimrod, and Vigilant, and one naph- tha launch, the Lookout. The Nimrod and Lookout are wooden ves- sels. The others are of steel construction. The Cerberus, built in 1905, is the only one of the fleet really effi- cient for outside duty and capable of staying at sea for any extended interval. The Lamont, built in 1895, has been in continuous service for 20 years and is reaching the point where it must be utilized only in smooth waters. The Scout, built in 1896, is of a type unfitted for rough weather. It has been continuously employed, and was kept in service during the past year by much patching. With the new boiler recently in- stalled and ordinary repairs it may be kept in serviceable condition for inside duty for some years. The Nimrod, built and purchased in 1890, is serviceable as far as boiler is concerned. The deterioration of the hull and the worn condition of machinery, however, restricts the radius of the useful- ness of this boat to the inner harbor or the smooth waters of the bay and sound. The Vigilant, built in 1900, is in good serviceable condition and is employed daily for inspection along the water front. This boat is also used for extended runs on inspections as occasion may require. The Lookout, built in 1896, has since been kept running regularly except during the winter months, during which period the mate in charge of that vessel is employed on shore inspection. The vessel is now kept in commission by constant patching, the machinery being worn almost beyond repair. It is contemplated to install a new en- gine as soon as funds for the purpose are available. 1642 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. All of the vessels should be kept in good condition at all times. As the facilities of the supervisor's office have increased, so has the field expanded; and to maintain the standard accomplished and to meet the great amount of work to be done the available force must be taxed to its utmost limit in order that the channels may be protected and effectively patrolled. It is therefore a matter of economy to keep the patrol vessels in the highest state of efficiency, and as the allot- ments assigned for the operation and maintenance of these vessels are so closely drawn, permitting but a small margin for incidental and unforeseen repairs, the result has been a running down of the vessels, detracting from their efficiency. Experience has shown that any relaxation of a strict patrol at the mouth of the harbor is sure to result in injury to the channels by illegal dumping. It must be borne in mind that these vessels have to remain on duty at sea during severe weather conditions, such occa- sions being the most likely to result in the illegal deposit of material comprising a tow. Masters of tows keep themselves well informed of the seaworthiness of the patrol fleet and govern themselves accord- ingly. In many instances these tows venture to sea when weather conditions are such that to reach the point of deposit with their tows intact is merely a chance; but they take it, and in the event of a mishap, must also take the consequences. It is found, however, that such towboat masters are not always wholly to be blamed when it is taken into consideration that the importance of getting the empty dumpers back to the dredge for reloading in time to catch the next tide has a vital effect on their employment and that an idle dredge is a prominent factor in the profit or loss to the contractor. It is there- fore of the utmost importance that the patrol vessels employed on outside duty be in every way seaworthy and able to perform duty outside the lightship. The laying up of one vessel for temporary repairs merely throws additional work on the other available vessels, keeping them so con- tinuously employed under steam that their maintenance in fair, serviceable condition within the limited funds allotted for their op- eration and maintenance is becoming yearly more difficult owing to the age and the severe service of these vessels. Owing to the general deterioration, due to age and continued long service, of the patrol vessels, as above stated, a considerably larger amount is necessary for their general annual overhauling than can be assigned for that purpose from the funds allotted for their mainte- nance. As a matter of fact, there were certain urgent repairs that had to be abandoned at the close of this fiscal year because of insuffi- cient funds, resulting in carrying from one appropriation to another a constantly accumulating number of items needed to keep these vessels available for duty. A balance of $601.24 reverted to the Treasury at the close of the fiscal year, but it would not have been sufficient for any of the more important urgent repairs that might have been undertaken. There is little or no economy in trying to patch and keep up these old boats. It would be much cheaper in the end to buy two new boats and sell the old ones. The necessity for the purchase or construction of an additional patrol vessel is presented at length in the annual report of the super- visor of New York Harbor for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911 SUPERVISOR NEW YORK HARBOR. 1643 (p. 2919 of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1911), and also in a note printed on page 396 of the Digest of Estimates of Appropriation, 1913. An estimate for the purchase or construction of a new vessel is given under the heading herein, " Estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917." (b) Cost of operating patrol vessels fiscal year ending June 30, 1915. Vigilant. Lamont. Cerberus. Scout. Nimrod. Lookout. Total. Salaries... ......... 156,962.00 $7,784.83 $7,806.84 $7,720.00 291.00 $27, (3) $37, 564.67 Coal....................... 4,024.64 3,305.42 3, 734.22 3,323.72 2,919.78 --...-- . 17,307.78 Oil.... ........ .......... 121.77 138.76 176.90 98.64 149.29 .......... 685.36 Water-- . -..---...............- 132.00 84.00 96.00 88.00 92.00 - -........492.00 Subsistence, crew ...- .. 2, 007. 05 1, 635.73 1, 638. 52 1, 642. 15 1, 641.84 $182. 29 8, 747. 58 Docking, repairs --..-----. -983. 08 1, 788. 47 796. 02 1,319. 00 1,281.85 142.00 6,310. 42 Supplies- --..-.--.--------. 885. 19 706.50 552. 17 484. 28 467. 22 7.59 3, 102. 95 Gasoline...... ......... ....... .... ........ ............... ...................... 188.00 188.00 Total................ 15,115.73 15,443.71 14,800.67 14,675.79 13,842.98 519.88 74,398.76 1Deputy inspector and master of Vigilant salary charged to "Office expenses," 12 months at $150. $1,800 2Deputy inspector and master of Nimrod salary charged to "Office expenses," 4 months at $140. 560 aDeputy inspector and mate of Lookout salary charged to "Office expenses," 12 months at $100.. 1, 200 3,560 6. OFFICE. (a) Methods and force.-The force issues permits upon applica- tions duly filed, and keeps a record of all such applications and permits issued. It records all reports of loading and disposition of material; issues proposals for supplies and repairs; attends to and files correspondence; keeps property records; regulates tours of duty' of the patrol vessels; prepares vouchers, and disburses funds. When violations of law are discovered through the checking system em- ployed, the results of the investigation if so warranting are referred to the United States district attorney of the district wherein such violation occurs for his action. The force consists of chief clerk, clerk, chief deputy inspector, and messenger. (b) Cost of operation under " Ofice expenses," fiscal year ending June 30, 1915. Salaries _---------------------------------- 1$9, 535. 00 Stationery and printing ---------------------------------------- 341. 01 Traveling expenses--------------------------------------- 43. 58 Incidentals, including telephone, telegrams, etc ---------------- 160. 50 Total------------------------- --------------------------- 10, 080. 09 7. FIELD OPERATIONS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR. A constant patrol was maintained, night and day, of New York Bay and Harbor as far at sea as 5 miles outside Scotland Light- ship; Hudson River and East River were also patrolled, and Long Island Sound when operations in that direction were absolutely 1Includes salary deputy inspector and master patrol vessel Vigilant for 1 year, $1,800; salary deputy inspector and master patrol vessel Nimrod for 4 months, $560; salary deputy inspector and mate Lookout for 1 year, $1,200; total, $3,560. 1644 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. necessary; the launch watched the waters around Staten Island, Newark Bay, and Passaic, Hackensack, and Raritan Rivers. Constant patrol was maintained with difficulty on account of the fact that two of the fleet, the Nimrod and the Scout, are unfit for further service outside of the Narrows except under favorable weather con- ditions. Both of these vessels were acquired before the extension of the dumping limits so far seaward. 8. AMOUNT OF MATERIAL DEPOSITED. MATERIAL DEPOSITED AT MOUTH OF THE HARBOR, UNDER SUPERVISION. Cubic yards. From 1890 to 1914-- ---------------------------------------- 277, 092, 169 Fiscal year 1915: Dredgings from Ambrose Channel deposited under supervision of United States Army engineers in an average depth of 80 feet of water in the neigh- borhood of Scotland Lightship, or such other point near the mouth of the harbor as they may deem to the best interests of the United States----------_ 2, 668, 448 Other United States Government work------------- 4, 737, 772 Total resulting from Government work --___ 7, 406, 220 Other material ---------------------------------- 8, 906, 363 Total for fiscal year 1915 --------------------------------- 16, 312, 583 Total from 1890 to 1915--------------------------------- 293, 404, 752 MATERIAL DEPOSITED BEHIND BULKHEADS, UNDER SUPERVISION. From 1890 to 1914 ___________________________________ 106, 421, 306 Fiscal.year 1915 Fisalear191-----------------------------------------------6,36 6, 396, 784 8 Total Tota-------------------------------------------------11 1,9 090 112, 818, DEPOSITED UNDER SUPERVISION, CITY GARBAGE, AT BARREN ISLAND, FOR REDUCTION. From date of operation of garbage-reduction plant in 1897 to June 30, 1914----------------------------------------------------- 4, 387, 174 Fiscal year 1915----------------------------------------------- 239, 760 Total -------------------- 4, 6------------------------ 426, 934 DEPOSITED IN HUDSON RIVER AT SUCH POINTS AS AGREED TO AFTER CON- SULTATION WITH THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT ENGINEER OFFICER. From 1907 to June 30, 1914_________________________________ 1, 794, 121 Fiscal year 1915_----------------------_-- 39, 411 Total _--------------------------------------------------- 1, 833, 532 Of this total amount 858,930 cubic yards resulted from operations by the United States, 14,175 cubic yards of which was deposited during the past fiscal year. DEPOSITED IN LONG ISLAND SOUND AND FISHERS ISLAND SOUND. From 1.896 to June 30, 1914------------------------------------- 26, 030, 749 Fiscal year 1915------------------------------------------------ 839, 241 Total-------------------- 26, 869, 990 SUPERVISOR NEW YORK HARBOR. 1645 DEPOSITED IN EAST RIVER, N. Y. From 1896 to June 30, 1911, stone resulting from operations of the Cubic yards. United States -------------------------------------------- 197,991 Total amount deposited under supervision at sea, Long Island and Fishers Island Sounds, Hudson River, and behind bulkheads, since establishment of office of supervisor to June 30, 1914 --------- 415, 923, 510 Total amount deposited during fiscal year ending June 30, 1915____ 23, 588, 019 Total ---------- -------------------------------- 439, 511, 529 The records show that the amount of material moved upon the waters of the harbor of New York under the jurisdiction of the super- visor has increased from 9,711,141 cubic yards during the fiscal year 1890 to 23,588,019 cubic yards moved during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915. During the fiscal year 1890, 6,535,175 cubic yards of waste material was deposited near the mouth of the harbor, 2,822,548 cubic yards was used for filling behind bulkheads, and 353,418 cubic yards was deposited in Long Island Sound. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, 16,312,583 cubic yards was deposited at the mouth of the harbor; 6,157,024 cubic yards was utilized for filling behind bulk- heads; 878,652 cubic yards was deposited in Hudson River, Long Island and Fishers Island Sounds; and 239,760 cubic yards of city garbage, dead animals, etc., was deposited on shore at Barren Island for reduction. (See detailed statement included in the report of the supervisor.) The number of permits issued during the past fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was 12,900; the average number of tows daily to sea was 25, and the average number of scows daily to sea was 49. As shown by the foregoing statements, the total amount of material deposited at the mouth of the harborand in Long Island Sound com- bined since 1890 is 320,274,742 cubic-yards, an amount more than the total excavations of the Panama Canal. The transportation of the large amount of waste material over the waters of the harbor to the point of final disposition involves a tow- age varying from 25 to 40 miles. The very nature of the material comprising the tows is a powerful incentive to get rid of it at as little cost as possible and emphasizes the necessity for the drastic measures as passed by Congress for the protection of the channels. Any modi- fication of existing laws by which owners or contractors may evade responsibility would be inimical to the best interests of the Govern- ment and commercial interests of the port. Although stringent, they are not unjust and are now so fully established by numerous trials and decisions of cases in the United States courts that the expendi- tures of the Government in their enforcement are reduced to the maintenance of a competent checking and patrol system. The increasingly large amount of material disposed of in the waters at the mouth of the harbor requires the utmost vigilance and care. Soundings have to be taken frequently by the patrol vessels in order to preserve plenty of water in the vicinity of the designated dumping grounds. The amount of material towed to sea for final disposition during the next few years will be largely increased from the building of the 1646 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. two subway tunnels under the East River, active operations on which have already started. Although such material would prove excellent filling, the greater part will probably be disposed of at sea since the cost of handling in the process of reclaiming land or filling in behind bulkheads is much more costly. It is no exaggeration to say that the channels leading to the city of New York would be blocked in a few months and the work of years undone should the patrol fleet be withdrawn. The resulting loss of trade could be easily imagined. DEPOSITS OF MATERIAL IN HUDSON RIVER, LONG ISLAND SOUND, AND IN KILLS AND BAYS AROUND STATEN ISLAND. During the summer months a great deal of dredging goes on up the Hudson, Long Island Sound, and in the kills and bays around Staten Island, and in many small inlets and creeks. This work is carried on to maintain channels to brickyards and ice houses, small manufactories, and other plants. Permits are issued for the final disposition of such dredging spoils either on shore, above high-water marks, behind bulkheads, or at such points in the deep waters of the locality as may prove least injurious and may meet with the ap- proval of the United States Engineer officer in charge of the district. NEW YORK CITY GARBAGE. No permits have been issued for the dumping of garbage at the mouth of the harbor during the past fiscal year. The entire garbage from the city is disposed of by cremation at Barren Island, 239,760 cubic yards being thus disposed of during the past fiscal year, trans- ported over the waters of the harbor under permits issued by the supervisor. (For further information see section 8 of the supervisor's report.) 9. VIOLATIONS OF LAW. Numerous violations of law were detected during the fiscal year and reported to the proper United States district attorneys for prose- cution. Notwithstanding the constant vigilance kept up by the day and night patrol at the Narrows, and at sea in the vicinity of the lightship, there is reason to think that petty violations are daily and nightly occurring at other places in the harbor because the super- visor's force is insufficient to cover the territory under his juris- -diction. The harbor of New York is one of the finest in the world, and its importance and the large sums of money spent on its improvement warrant the utmost care in its preservation. The question of employ- ing a force sufficient to detect violators of the law and bring them to punishment is a serious one, considering the immense interests at stake. Enormous amounts of material are daily carried to sea by people who have little hesitation in dumping anywhere if they are not watched. The evidence against them must usually be furnished by the crews of the patrol vessels. Private individuals are reluctant to appear as witnesses, on account of business or other considerations. SUPERVISOR NEW YORK HARBOR. 1647 ACTIONS TO END OF FISCAL YEAR 1915 FOR VIOLATIONS OF ACT OF JUNE 29, 1888, ANY. ITS AMENDMENTS. Number of cases reported to United States attorneys for prosecution: Prior to fiscal year 1915_-...... ----- __ __---__ _ 200 During fiscal year 1915---- ----------------------- -____60 Total -------------------------------------------------- 260 Number of convictions obtained or cases settled by compromise: Prior to fiscal year 1915____----- -------------------- _ 142 During fiscal year 1915---------------------------- ---------- 25 Total ------------------------------------------------ 167 Number of cases nolle prossed or discontinued: Prior to fiscal year 1915----------------------------------- 34 During fiscal year 1915__-------------------------------- 6 Total------------------------------------------------- 40 Number of cases dismissed after trial during fiscal year 1915---___-- 4 Number of cases appealed by the United States during fiscal year 1915__ 2 Total number dismissed by trial__----___------------------ 2 Number of cases pending June 30, 1915, including cases appealed----------51 Total------------------- ---------------------------- 260 (A synopsis of the cases pending or reported during the fiscal year 1915 is filed in the office of the Chief of Engineers, 7525/159.) ACTIONS TO END OF FISCAL YEAR 1915 FOR VIOLATIONS OF ACT OF MAY 28, 1908. None. 10. ESTIMATES FOR THIE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1917. The estimates of funds required for this service for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, are as follows: Estimated Amount amount appropri- that ated for Detailed objects of expenditure. will be fiscal year required ending for each June 30, object. 1916. For pay of inspectors, deputy inspectors, crews, and the office force, and for maintenance of patrol fleet and expenses of office, including printing, binding, and blank books .. ...................... .... ................. .... $92, 760 $85, 260 For purchase or construction of 1 patrol vessel, including printing, binding, and blank books..... ......... ............... ....................... 75,000.......... Total.......... ............ ................. ..................... . 167, 760 85,260 NOTE.-The appropriation for this work made by the sundry civil act approved March 3, 1915, was in two items, one of which provided for the pay of inspectors, deputy inspectors, office force, and ex- penses of office, and the other for the pay of crews and maintenance of patrol fleet. This use of two items to provide for one and the same work appears to have originated in this particular instance with the appropriation made by the act approved August 30, 1890, which introduced a specific provision for the pay of crews and main- tenance of the one patrol boat which had been obtained up to the 1648 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. time when the estimate was submitted on which that appropriation was based. Subsequent appropriations introduced items providing by the name of the boat for the pay of the crew and for the mainte- nance of other boats as they were added to the patrol fleet. That practice continued until the act approved June 11, 1896, when the different items were consolidated in two items similar in form to those found in the act approved March 3, 1915. The practice in- creases bookkeeping work. The money is all expended under one direction for one purpose. Some of the inspectors also serve as mas- ters or mates of the patrol boats, and no reason is perceived for pro- viding for their pay in one item and for that of the other members of the crew in another. It is therefore recommended that the appro- priation be made in one item, as proposed above. 11. MONEY STATEMENT. The following is a statement of the appropriation for " Prevention of deposits, harbor of New York, 1915 ": For pay of inspectors, deputy inspectors, office force, and expenses of office ----------------------------------- $10, 260. 00 Expended to June 30, 1915-------------- $10, 043. 61 Outstanding liabilities ------------------ 36. 48 10, 080. 09 $179. 91 For pay of crews and maintenance of 6 steam tugs and 1 launch---------------- ---------------------------- 75,000.00 Expended to June 30, 1915--------------$71, 090. 83 Outstanding liabilities ------------------- 3, 307. 93 74, 398. 76 601. 24 For purchase and installation of new boiler, patrol vessel Scout ----------------- ------------------------ 9, 000. 00 Expended to June 30, 1915 --------- -- __--5, 536. 00 3, 464. 00 Balance ------------ _-----__ 4, 245. 15 (For district officer's report giving additional details see pp. 3690 to 3689.) REPAIRS TO AQUEDUCT BRIDGE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. OFFICERS IN CHARGE. Col. H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engineers, since March 12, 1915, and Maj. C. W. Kutz, Corps of Engineers, Lieut Col. (now Col.) H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engineers, and Col. H. F. Hodges, Corps of Engineers, prior to that date. HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION. The piers of the Aqueduct Bridge were originally constructed (between 1835 and 1840) to carry a canal across the Potomac at WTashington, D. C. They were built of Potomac River gneiss laid in the form of rough rubble masonry. except the ice breakers, which are of cut granite. In 1868 a floor system and approaches were added and the structure was used as a highway toll bridge until 1886. The wooden structure and piers were purchased under act REPAIRS TO AQUEDUCT BRIDGE. 1649 of Congress (Public, No. 89) approved June 21, 1886. This act appropriated the sum of $240,000 and provided for the purchase, at a cost not to exceed the sum of $125,000, and for removing the old wooden structure and erecting a new iron bridge in place thereof. The 10 iron spans were constructed in place under the direction of the Secretary of War, and the new bridge was completed on March 3, 1888. Complete description of this work is given in the Annual Reports of the Chief of Engineers for 1887, pages 899 to 910, which contains a map; for 1888, pages 789 to 795; and for 1889, pages 989 to 990. The custody and control of the bridge was turned over to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia on September 15, 1888. Shortly after the great freshet of June 2, 1889, pier No. 1 was observed to have moved several inches, and lesser injuries were noticed in some of the other piers. The commissioners repaired these injuries and also made subsequent repairs up to 1893. DESCRIPTION OF BRIDGE. The bridge is supported by two abutments and eight piers spaced about 114 feet apart, center to center. The piers have a batter of 1 inch to the foot; their ends are semicircular in plan, and the up- stream ends are provided with cut granite ice breakers projecting about 15 feet beyond the upper part of the pier. According to the report on the original construction, hydraulic cement was used in the mortar; but from the more recent examination and from the observations made during reconstruction of three piers, it was ascer- tained that the original mortar was of very inferior quality and poorly distributed. The mortar joints in the abutments and piers above the water have been cleaned out and pointed up with Port- land cement mortar, and consequently these upper portions are in fair condition. For convenience in designating them, the piers are numbered 1 to 8, beginning the count from the Virginia end. Piers Nos. 3 and 6 are about 16 feet wide and 50 feet long at the top, and the other piers are about 8 feet wide and 42 feet long at the top. The top of copings is 30 feet above mean low water. The rock bot- tom of the river is from 24 to 35 feet below mean low water, and will average about 28 feet below mean low water. The 10 iron spans are of light construction, 114 feet long, having two trusses 23 feet 7 inches apart. Each truss is 19 feet deep and is divided into six panels of 19 feet each. The width of roadway is 24 feet, with two sidewalks of 6-foot width. REPAIR WORK PRIOR TO FISCAL YEAR, 1914-15. A resolution of Congress dated January 21, 1893, directed that an examination and report on abutments and piers be made. The re- port with estimate of $51,070, was made July 17, 1893 (Annual Report 1895, pp. 4085-4099). The District of Columbia act ap- proved August 7, 1894, for the fiscal year 1895, appropriated $51,070 for the repairs which were made by contract and completed in July, 1896. Piers 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were repaired with bags of Portland cement placed by a diver; Pier No. 4 was coffered and defective masonry replaced (Annual Report 1896, pp. 3883-3889). The total 8373"-ENo 1915----104 1650 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. expenditure was $46,379.70, and the balance of the appropriation reverted to the Treasury. The repairs to Pier No. 4 proved unsatisfactory and in the District of Columbia act approved June 8, 1896, for the fiscal year 1897, $65,000 was appropriated for its renewal. The old pier was removed and a new one built on a solid rock bed at a total cost of $49,614.09. The work was completed December 30, 1900, and the balance of the appropriation was made available by subsequent acts of Congress for repairs to abutments and piers (Annual Report for 1900, p. 5124, and for 1901, pp. 3638-3640). Repairs to Piers 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were made in 1901 (Annual Report for 1901, pp. 3639-3640). The District of Columbia appropriation act approved July 1, 1902, appropriated $65,000 for the reconstruction of Pier No. 5. The work was completed October 22, 1904, at a cost of $63,439.11 and the balance of the appropriation was made available, by later act of Congress, for periodical examinations and repairs. Repairs to Piers 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8 were made in May and June, 1904 (Annual Report for 1904, pp. 3877-3879, and for 1905, pp. 2603-2605); and other repairs to piers were made in April and May, 1907 (Annual Report for 1907, pp. 2271-2273). The District of Columbia act approved March 2, 1907, appro- priated $80,000 for the reconstruction of Pier No. 1. The work was completed June 30, 1908, at a cost of $65,322.22, and the balance reverted to the appropriation. (Annual Report for 1908, pp. 2345- 2347.) Examination and repairs to old piers were again made during September and October, 1908 (Annual Report for 1909, p. 2302); during April and May, 1910 (Annual Report for 1910, pp. 2623- 2625) ; during October and November, 1911 (Annual Report for 1912, pp. 3455-3456); during November, 1912 (Annual Report for 1913, pp. 3177-3178); and during April and May, 1914 (Annual Report for 1914, pp. 3319-3322). METHOD OF MAKING REPAIRS. The cavities which are found by the diver during his examination are repaired by filling them with Portland cement concrete placed in burlap bags and lowered to the diver, who builds them into the masonry. The diver thus carefully fills all cavities and crevices found. TOTAL EXPENDITURES FOR REPAIRS. The total expenditure for the fiscal year was $125.52 for clerical and office expenses. The total expenditure for all repairs and the reconstruction of Piers Nos. 1, 4, and 5 to June 30, 1915, was $236,083.49. OPERATIONS DURING FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1915. No work other than clerical was done. OPERATIONS PROPOSED. It is contemplated to make an examination in the near future and do such repair work as may be found necessary. REPAIRS TO AQUEDUCT BRIDGE. 1651 ESTIMATE. It is recommended that the unexpended balance of $14,677.78 from the act of March 2, 1907 (34 Stats., 1130), appropriating $80,000 for the reconstruction of Pier No. 1 of the Aqueduct Bridge across the Potomac River at Georgetown, D. C., be reappropriated and made available for the periodical examination of the piers of said bridge and making of such repairs as may be found necessary. While this method may prolong the life of the piers to a certain extent, it is believed to be only a question of time when all of the old piers will have reached a stage when this method will be im- practicable even for temporary repairs. It has been evident for a number of years that this method is unsat- isfactory and that sooner or later serious injury may occur to the old piers, necessitating the stoppage of traffic over the bridge. No mat- ter how carefully the diver may work, his inability to see the pier always leaves a feeling of uncertainty as to whether all defects have been discovered. The five old piers should either be rebuilt or the bridge should be entirely replaced by a wider and stronger structure, adequate to accommodate the increasing traffic. To rebuild the piers would render the substructure safe, but would not provide additional facilities. A new bridge is needed and the necessary preliminary steps should be taken. STATEMENT OF APPROPRIATIONS, EXPENDITURES, ETC. PURCHASE AND RECONSTRUCTION OF AQUEDUCT BRIDGE. Appropriated by act approved June 21, 1886_-------___- $240,000.00 Expended: For purchase of bridge, acquirement of title, etc__ -$125, 000. 00 For acquirement of rights of canal company at north abutment_ ___ ________--- --------- 10, 000. 00 For reconstruction of bridge__--- ------- 104, 992. 67 239, 992. 67 Balance unexpended (carried to surplus fund June 30, 1891) _ 7. 33 STATEMENTS COVERING APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES, ETC., FOR RECONSTRUC- TION AND REPAIRS TO PIERS. Appropriated Aug. 7, 1894, for repairs to piers--- $51, 070. 00 Expended -- --------------------------------------------- 46, 379. 70 Balance unexpended (carried to surplus fund June 30, 1897)__ 4, 690. 30 Appropriated June 8, 1896, for reconstruction of Pier No. 4-------- 5, 000. 00 Expended -------------------------------------------- 49, 614. 09 Balance ----------- ----------------------------- 15, 385.91 Withdrawn by joint resolution approved July 1, 1902, and made available for repairs to other piers------------------ ----- 3, 000. 00 Balance ------------------ ---- -------------------- 12, 385. 91 Reappropriated for "Examination and repair of piers, ete," by act approved March 2, 1907-.----------------------------- 12, 385. 91 1452 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Appropriated by joint resolution approved July 1, 1902__---- - $3, 000. 00 Expended ------------------------------------------------ 1, 206. 03 Balance ------------------------------------------- 1, 793. 97 Reappropriated for "Examination and repair of piers, etc.," by act approved Mar. 2, 1907---- ------ 1, 793. 97 Appropriated by act approved July 1, 1902, for reconstruction of Pier No. 5- 65, 000.00 Expended ----------- 63, 439. 11 Balance. 1, 560. 89 Reappropriated for "Examination and repair of piers, etc.," by act approved Mar. 2, 1907----------------------------- 1, 560. 89 Appropriated by act approved Mar. 2, 1907, for reconstruction of Pier No. 1 - ---- ---- -- --------- 80, 000. 00 Expended ------------- ------------ ---------------- 65,322.22 Balance (reverted to appropriation) --------------------- 14, 677. 78 Appropriated for " Examination and repair of piers, etc.," by act ap- proved Mar. 2, 1907, unexpended balances of appropriations: Reconstruction of Pier No. 4, act of June 8, 1896------------- 12, 385. 91 Examination and repair of remaining piers, joint resolution approved July 1, 1902--------------------------------- 1, 793. 97 Reconstruction of Pier No. 5, act of July 1, 1902-------___ 1, 560. 89 Total --------------------------------------------- 15, 740. 77 MONEY STATEMENT. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --------------------------------- $5, 743. 95 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year ----------------- 125. 52 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended--------------------------------- 5 618. 43 July 1, 1915, balance available------------------------------------ 5, 618. 43 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF THE WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT AND WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT FILTRATION PLANT. LOCATION. The Washington Aqueduct is situated partly in Montgomery County, Md., and partly in the District of Columbia. It extends from Great Falls on the Potomac River, about 14 miles above the city of Washington, to the filtration plant situated in the northern part of the District of Columbia and at the southwest boundary of the grounds of the Soldiers' Home. The distance between the ex- treme elements of the system is 17 miles by road. OFFICERS IN CHARGE. District officer: Col. H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engineers, since March 12, 1915, and Maj. C. W. Kutz, Corps of Engineers; Lieut Col. (now Col.) H. C. Newcomer, Corps of Engineers; and Col. H. F. Hodges, Corps of Engineers, prior to that date. Division engineer: Col. Wm. M. Black, Corps of Engineers. WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT. 1653 HISTORY. The original project for the construction of the Washington Aqueduct was prepared in accordance with the acts of Congress of September 30, 1850, and August 31, 1852, and adopted by the act of March 3, 1853. It is contained in Senate Executive Document No. 48, Thirty-second Congress, second session. It provided for a dam at Great Falls, a circular conduit 9 feet in diameter and 9 miles long to Dalecarlia Reservoir, and another conduit of the same size, 2 miles long, to Georgetown Reservoir, which was the city distributing reser- voir. Mains were laid thence to the Government buildings, and the cities of Washington and Georgetown were permitted to tap these mains. Water from Little Falls Branch was admitted in 1859 and from the Potomac in 1863. Money for the construction of the Conduit Road, built to afford ready access to all parts of the aqueduct, was first appropriated by the act of July 15, 1870. The work was completed in 1875. The dam at Great Falls was extended to the Virginia shore in 1886 in compliance with the act of July 15, 1882, and it was raised in 1896 in compliance with the act of March 2, 1895. The water from Little Falls Branch became polluted and was excluded from the system in 1895, in accordance with the act of March 2, 1895. Commencing with funds appropriated by the act of July 15, 1882, a tunnel about 10 feet in diameter and 4 miles long was gradually built from the Georgetown Reservoir to McMillan Park, near the Howard University grounds, where a new distributing reservoir was built. This work was completed in 1902. In 1905 the entire distribution system was turned over to the gov- ernment of the District of Columbia, subject to certain restrictions. Under the authority of the act of March 3, 1899, an investigation was made into the subject of filtering the water supply. Commenc- ing with the appropriation made by the act of June 6, 1900, the con- struction of a slow sand filtration plant was prosecuted, and this plant was put in operation in 1905. With a view to providing clear water at times of high turbidity in the supply a coagulating plant was built, as authorized by the act of May 18, 1910. Georgetown Reservoir was also remodeled as a set- tling basin, as authorized by the act of March 2, 1911, and again put in operation in 1913. Commencing with the act of May 18, 1910, appropriations were made for metering various Government buildings. These meters are to be cared for by the officer in charge of the aqueduct. The total expenditures on the entire system to June 30, 1914, was $16,413.17. PRESENT SYSTEM. At the present time water from the Potomac River is admitted into the aqueduct at Great Falls, Md., through adjustable gates and passes through a conduit partly in lined rock, partly in unlined rock, partly a brick tunnel built in soil, to Dalecarlia Reservoir, a distance of 9 miles. This reservoir is 46 acres in extent and has a total capacity of 210,000,000 gallons. In this reservoir sedimentation takes place 1654 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. and the turbidity is thereby reduced. From Dalecarlia the water passes through a brick-lined conduit 2 miles in length to Georgetown Reservoir. On the way the conduit passes by the coagulating plant, where at times of high turbidity alum is mixed with the water. At Georgetown Reservoir, which is 42 acres in extent and has a total capacity of 174,000,000 gallons, the water again settles. From Georgetown the water flows through a lined tunnel of inverted-siphon profile to the McMillan Park Reservoir, a distance of 4 miles. This reservoir is 38 acres in extent and has a capacity of 265,000,000 gal- lons. Thence the water is pumped to the covered filter beds and filtered by the slow-sand method. The beds are 29 in number and each 1 acre in extent. The filtered effluent, now clear and safe, enters a concrete-lined, covered, filtered-water reservoir, whence it is drawn either through mains to the gravity service of the District of Colum- bia, or to the District's pumping station for distribution to the high- service area. The safe daily capacity of the system is considered to be 65,000,000 gallons. The maximum capacity of the conduit is estimated at 75,000,000 gallons, and of the filtration plant at 90,000,000 gallons. In addition to the maintenance of this extensive system, with the public buildings, engines, and pumps naturally pertinent thereto, the aqueduct office is charged with the maintenance of the following ac- cessories: The Conduit Road, a greatly used metaled thoroughfare, 13 miles in length; McMillan Park, 80 acres in extent (exclusive of the reservoir area, which contains 38 acres); and the meters on Federal buildings in the city of Washington. The control of the system was vested in the Chief of Engineers by the act of March 2, 1867, and section 1800, Revised Statutes. OPERATIONS DURING FISCAL YEAR. Operations during the year were carried on under the following heads: 1., WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT, MAINTENANCE. Usual routine operations were carried on and grounds and build- ings were kept in good condition. The Conduit Road was patrolled from Foxhall Road to Great Falls. The work was done by hired labor and the expenditures for the year were $28,346.76. 2, SURFACING AND IMPROVEMENT OF CONDUIT ROAD, FROM FOXHALL ROAD TO GREAT FALLS. This work was carried on by hired labor. In all, 8,548 linear feet were completed during the year. The expenditures for the year were $15,000. 3. FILTRATION PLANT, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION. The usual routine work was carried on throughout the year. The purification system was very satisfactory, the average bacterial count in the filtered effluent being 12 per cubic centimeter, and the cost of operation $4.53 per million gallons of water filtered. The average daily consumption was 54.54 million gallons and the per capita daily consumption was 154 gallons. Meters on Federal services were kept in good condition. WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT. 1655 4. EMERGENCY FUND. On September 17 a crack was discovered in the bedplate of one of the main pumping engines at the filtration plant. It was so lo- cated that a very serious accident might occur if the engine was continued in service. As it was deemed impossible to make the re- pairs by welding, an order was placed on September 26 for a new bedplate, a new cap for main bearing, and a new crank disk. These were secured and installed in October and November, 1914. The expenditures under this appropriation was $1,059.08. 5. PARKING GROUNDS, M'MILLAN PARK. Work was continued on the parking of the grounds at McMillan Park in accordance with the plans of Frederick Law Olmsted. Work was done by hired labor. The expenditures amounted to $3,000. 6. LINING TUNNELS. Work was continued on lining the dangerous portions of unlined sections of the Washington Aqueduct. In all 254 linear feet of 15-inch drain, 282 linear feet of invert, and 443 linear feet of arch were built. The work was done by hired labor and the expenditures amounted to $10,000. 7. METERING GOVERNMENT SERVICES. As authorized by the act of July 21, 1914, water meters were pur- chased for and installed at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the buildings of the Department of Agriculture. The work was done by hired labor and the expenditures amounted to $2,310.83. 8. ERECTION OF A DWELLING HOUSE FOR THE ASSISTANT TO THE OVERSEER AT GREAT FALLS, MD. A small house was erected by hired labor as a dwelling for the assistant to the overseer at Great Falls, Md. The expenditure amounted to $1,000. The total expenditures under all of the above appropriations for the fiscal year were $133,625.49, making the total expenditures to date $13,490,866.95. INCREASING WATER SUPPLY. Previous reports have contained estimates for increasing the water supply of the District of Columbia. The metering of the city services is now 70 per cent completed, and has resulted in a reduction of the total average daily consumption from about 67,000,000 gallons in 1907 to about 54,500,000 gallons in 1915, notwithstanding an esti- mated increase in population of 24,000. In view of this showing and of the further reduction which the water department of the Dis- trict of Columbia confidently expects will follow further metering of private services, it is not considered necessary for the present to bring the project for the increase of the water supply to the attention of Congress. It is now estimated that the safe capacity of the present system will not be exceeded before 1925. 1656 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. METERING GOVERNMENT SERVICES. No appropriation under this head was made for the fiscal year 1916. The district officer points out the impossibility of determining in advance the needs of the District without records as to the con- sumption in Federal buildings, and also the difficulty of fixing the responsibility for the waste of water where large consumers have a wholly unmeasured supply. The estimated cost of completely meter- ing all Government services is $24,000, and the district officer earnestly recommends the appropriation of this entire amount at one time, to be made immediately available and remain available till expended. In this recommendation the Chief of Engineers concurs. CONSUMPTION OF WATER AT GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. The district officer invites attention to the consumption of water at the Government Printing Office. The quantity used for the fiscal year 1914 was an average of 1,750,800 gallons per day. In 1915 it was an average of 3,382,000 gallons per day, and during one month- November-it reached the alarming total of 4,652,900 gallons per day. This latter figure is greater than the average daily consumption of the combined populations of Quincy, Ill., Superior, Wis., and Green Bay, Wis., three cities whose total population is 95,000. The reason for this large figure is that the engines in use at the Government Printing Office use filtered water for condensing pur- poses. This condition can be remedied in several ways. (1) By furnishing the Government Printing Office with power from the new central power plant, which will use river water for condensing. (2) By furnishing the Government Printing Office with power from the Capitol power plant, which uses Anacostia River water for condensing. (3) By the installation of a suitable system of cooling towers in the building. This method is not always entirely satisfactory in operation. Either of these measures would apparently reduce the consumption to a maximum of about 550,000 gallons per day. The cost of the first is estimated at $49,230 and of the second at $46,010. The cost of the third is not definitely known, but would probably not be more than $23,500. The cost of the water saved at 2.45 cents per 1,000 gallons would be $69.38 per day, or $25,324 per year, and in addition the District of Columbia would be saved its present heavy expense for pumping condensing water through the sewers. PROPOSED OPERATIONS. During the ensuing fiscal year the appropriations made by the act of March 3, 1915, will be principally devoted to the routine operation and maintenance of the system along the lines of previous years. A separate appropriation has been made this year for the maintenance of the Conduit Road, and the aqueduct and filtration plant appropria- tions have been combined. The important items of new work are WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT. 1657 the construction of a new storehouse, the widening and improving of the Conduit Road, and the continuance of the lining of the dangerous sections of the unlined portions of the aqueduct tunnels. It is expected to finish all of this work during the year. MONEY STATEMENT. WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT, D. C., 1914, MAINTENANCE. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --- ___-_________________ $2, 360. 26 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year _________...- 2, 360. 26 WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT,, D. C., 1915, MAINTENANCE. Amount appropriated July 21, 1914_ ........ _____________----- 34, 500. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year--_______--- 28, 346. 76 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended______________- 6, 153. 24 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities __._________________---- 5, 903. 24 July 1, 1915, balance available--------- 250. 00 WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT, D. C., 1915, SURFACING AND IMPROVEMENT OF CONDUIT ROAD. Amount appropriated by act approved July 21, 1914____ -------- $15, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year__________.--- - 14, 666. 29 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --------- 333. 71 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ------------------------------- 333. 71 MAINTENANCE, WASHINGTON AQUEDTJCT, D. C., FILTRATION PLANT, 1914, GENERAL. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended___________________________ _ $15, 217. 28 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year_______________ 15, 217. 28 MAINTENANCE, WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT, D. C., FILTRATION PLANT, 1915, GENERAL. Amount appropriated by act of July 21, 1914__________---------- $91, 000. 00 - June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year___________-- - 75, 042. 70 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended --- ___- - ______-------- - 15, 957. 30 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -- _____--______-__----- 15, 757. 30 July 1, 1915, balance available--- ----------- 200. 00 EMERGENCY FUND. Amount appropriated by act approved July 21, 1914___ ______ -- 5, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year---------------- 1, 059. 08 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended _-------- -- _________-______ 3, 940. 92 July 1, 1915, balance available ______- ________________ -- _- 3, 940. 92 (Reverted and dropped.) WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT, D. C., 1914, PARKING GROUNDS, M'MILLAN PARK RESERVOIR. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended --- --------------- -------- $18. 06 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year- _________ -- 18. 06 WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT, D. C., 1915, PARKING GROUNDS, M'MILLAN PARK RESERVOIR. Amount appropriated by act of July 21, 1914 ------------- $3, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amofint expended during fiscal year__-- --------- 3, 000. 00 1658 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT, D. C., 1914, LINING TUNNELS. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended_____________________________ $1, 201.41 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year______________ 1, 201. 41 WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT, D. C., 1915, LINING TUNNELS. Amount appropriated by act approved July 21, 1914 _____________ 10, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year-_____________ 8, 199. 83 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended____________________________ 1, 800. 17 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities__________________________ 1, 800.17 WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT, D. C., 1915, METERING GOVERNMENT SERVICES. Amount appropriated by act approved July 21, 1914---------------$4, 300. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year ______________ 2, 310. 83 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended__------ - -____________-___ 1, 989. 17 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities ______-__ __-__-________ 750. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available----_---.... _____________.. 1, 239. 17 (Reverted and dropped.) WASHINGTON AQUEDUCT, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1915, ERECTION OF A DWELLING HOUSE FOR THE ASSISTANT TO THE OVERSEER AT GREAT FALLS, MARYLAND. Amount appropriated by act approved July 21, 1914___.. ------------- $1, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year ______________ 1, 000, 00 ESTIMATES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1917. For operation, including salaries of all necessary employees, maintenance, and repair of Washington Aqueduct and its accessories, McMillan Park Reservoir, Washington Aqueduct Tunnel, the filtration plant, the plant for the prelimi- nary treatment of the water supply, authorized water meters on Federal serv- ices, motor vehicles, and for each and every purpose connected therewith, in- cluding the purchase of two new motor vehicles, one of which is passenger- carrying, $124,000. NoTE.-This estimate is increased $5,000 over the last appropriation for the purpose of purchasing two new motor vehicles. Two motor vehicles are now maintained which are used partly for carrying light freight and partly for carrying passengers. One of these motor vehicles was purchased November 1, 1910. It is nearly worn out and will doubtless be condemned and sold before the appropriation requested herein is available. One of the proposed new vehi- cles is to be used for carrying heavy materials, such as coal, alum, and broken stone, and will prove more economical than having this work done by hired teams. Its estimated cost is $4,000. The other proposed new motor vehicle, estimated at $500 for original purchase and $250 for one year's operation and maintenance, is to be used for transportation of the superintending force over the work, covering a distance of 17 miles by the ordinary route. The operation and maintenance of the existing motor vohicle that is expected to be in service in the fiscal year 1917 is estimated to cost $1,400. The officials whom it is expected to transport in the passenger-carrying vehicles are the Engineer officer in charge, his military assistant, the superintendent of the Washington Aqueduct and Filtration Plant, the assistant superintendent of the Washington Aqueduct, the official charged with the collecting of water samples from the Potomac River at Great Falls, from the various reservoirs, and from taps in the District of Columbia, and the official charged with reading and repairing Federal meters. For ordinary repairs, grading, opening ditches, and other maintenance of Conduit Road, $5,000. For emergency fund, to be used only in case of a serious break requiring immediate repair in one of the important aqueduct or filtration plant struc- tures, such as a dam, conduit, tunnel, bridge, building, or important piece of PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1659 machinery, $5,000; all expenditures from this appropriation shall be reported in detail to Congress. For continuation of parking grounds around McMillan Park Reservoir, $3,000. For completing the purchase, installation, and maintenance of water meters, to be placed on the water services to the United States buildings, reservations, or grounds in the District of Columbia and for each and every purpose con- nected therewith, said meters to be purchased, installed, and maintained by and remain under the observation of the officer in charge of the Washington Aque- duct, to be immediately available and to remain available until expended, $24,000. NOTE.-It is proposed to apply this sum to completing the metering of Gov- ernment services in the District of Columbia. The District of Columbia water department is rapidly metering all private services and is thus securing an important reduction in the consumption of water. In the interest of economy and with a view to applying good business management in the administration of the Government, it is highly desirable that the metering of Government water services shall be pushed toward completion, and that the particular serv- ices which are to be first metered should be selected by the proper administra- tive officers. (For district officer's report giving additional details, see pages 3691 to 3706.) IMPROVEMENT AND CARE OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS; CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF THE WASHINGTON NATIONAL MON- UMENT; CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF THE HIGHWAY BRIDGE ACROSS THE POTOMAC RIVER, D. C.; AND THE ERECTION OF MONUMENTS, MEMORIALS, ETC., WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICER IN CHARGE. Col. William W. Harts, United States Army, lieutenant colonel, Corps of Engineers. CREATION OF OFFICE AND DUTIES OF OFFICER IN CHARGE. The creation of the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds resulted from the following legislation: By the act of July 16, 1790, section 2 (1 Stats., p. 130), a commission of three members was created to lay out the District of Columbia and the city of Washington. By the act of May 1, 1802 (2 Stats., p. 175), the commission was abolished and their duties devolved upon a superintendent appointed by the President of the United States. Section 5 of the act of April 29, 1816 (3 Stats., p. 324), abolished the office of superintendent and devolved his duties upon a commissioner of public buildings. Section 2 of the act of March 2, 1867 (14 Stats., p. 466), abolished the office of commissioner of public buildings and devolved his duties upon the Chief of Engineers, as follows: " That the office of commissioner of public buildings is hereby abolished, and the Chief Engineer of the Army shall perform all the duties now required by law of said commissioner, and shall also have the superintendence of the Washington Aqueduct and all the public works and improvements of the Gov- ernment of the United States in the District of Columbia, unless otherwise pro- vided by law." The transfer of duties provided by this legislation was made under orders of the Chief of Engineers dated March 13, 1867. The duties assigned to the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds are as follows: 1. Maintenance, care, and repair of the Executive Mansion, grounds, and greenhouses (pp. 3709 and 3710). 1660 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 2. Improvements, policing, care, and maintenance of various parks and reser- vations in the District of Columbia (pp. 3711 to 3724). 3. Improvement, care, and maintenance of Potomac Park (pp. 3724 to 3725). 4. Executive and disbursing officer, Rock Creek Parkway Commission (p. 3726). 5. Care and maintenance of the Washington National Monument (pp. 3727 and 3728). 6. Monuments and memorials (p. 3728). 7. Care and maintenance of the propagating gardens (pp. 3729 and 3730). 8. Care of the building No. 516 Tenth Street NW., where Abraham Lincoln died (pp. 3730 and 3731). 9. The inspection of buildings occupied by the War Department in the Dis- trict of Columbia, except State, War, and Navy Departments Building (p. 3731). 10. Superintendent State, War, and Navy Departments Building (p. 3731). 11. Care and repair of the Government telegraph line connecting various Government buildings (p. 3731). 12. Care and maintenance of the Highway Bridge across the Potomac River, D. C. (pp. 3731 and 3732). 13. Furnishing and planting trees, shrubs, etc., in the grounds of the Library of Congress, of the Capitol, and of executive departments (pp. 3732 and 3733). 14. Supervision of the Government wharf property on the Potomac River (p. 3733). 15. Care of the monument and wharf at Wakefield, Va., the birthplace of Washington (p. 3733). Executive and disbursing officer of the following commissions: 16. Grant Memorial Commission (p. 3733). 17. Barry Statue Commission (p. 3733). 18. John Paul Jones Statue Commission (p. 3733). 19. Lincoln Memorial Commission (p. 3734). 20. Member of the National Guard, District of Columbia, Armory Commission (p. 3734). 21. Secretary, executive, and disbursing officer of the National Commission of Fine Arts (p. 3734). 22. Executive disbursing officer of Commission on Memorial to Women of the Civil War (pp. 3734 and 3735). 23. Executive and disbursing officer, Arlington Memorial Amphitheater Com- mission (pp. 3735 and 3736). 24. Erection of the monument to Francis Scott Key and others (p. 3736). 25. Preparation of maps of United States lands in the District of Columbia (p. 3736). 26. Military aid to the President. 1. MAINTENANCE , CARE, AND REPAIR OF THE EXECUTIVE MANSION, GROUNDS, AND GREENHOUSES. la. The Executive Mansion.-The maintenance, care, and repair of the Executive Mansion were assigned to the officer in charge of pub- lic buildings and grounds by the act of March 2, 1867, cited above. This office is charged with the care of the physical condition of the building and its furniture and equipment, and they are maintained in the best possible condition. The mansion was remodeled 'in 1902 at a cost of $475,445, as authorized by act of June 28, 1902 (36 Stats., p. 460). A report of this work is published as Senate Document No. 197, Fifty-seventh Congress, second session. The mansion is heated by hot water and steam, furnished by boilers in the basement of the building. The lighting system is entirely electrical, the current be- ing provided from the electric plant in the State, War, and Navy Departments Building. In accordance with the requirements of the act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stats., p. 775), an inventory is made annually of all public prop- erty in, on, and belonging to the mansion. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1661 The work of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was as follows: Miscellaneous repairs were made in and about the mansion, and the building and its furniture were cared for in the most thorough man- ner to the extent that the appropriations available would permit. The exterior was repainted, and miscellaneous painting was done on the interior. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $44,050.30. The total expenditures to that date can not be stated, as the early records are not available. lb. Executive office building.-This building is the extreme west- ern portion of the west wing of the Executive Mansion. It was con- structed in 1902 under authority of the act of Congress approved June 28, 1902, at a cost of $65,196. Subsequent additions were made under authority of the sundry civil appropriation act approved March 4, 1909, and urgent deficiency appropriation act approved August 5, 1905, at a total cost of $53,500. A description and views of the building are published in the Annual Report of the Chief of En- gineers, 1903, page 2253, and Annual Report of the Chief of Engi- neers, 1910, page 2657. The care, maintenance, and repairs of this building were assigned to the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds under the terms of the act of March 2, 1867, cited above. The work of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, included repaint- ing the exterior of the building, miscellaneous painting upon the in- terior, storing awnings and window screens, and replacing them in the spring, and installation of illuminated map racks. The expenditures during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, are included with those made on the Executive Mansion reported under paragraph la above. The total expenditures to that date can not be stated, as the records do not state them separately. lc. Grounds of the Executive Mansion.-These grounds comprise the park of 18.5 acres surrounding the mansion. A general descrip- tion of the grounds, fountains, etc., is published in the Annual Re- port, Chief of Engineers, 1903, pages 2525 and 2526, and Annual Re- port for 1905, pages 2757 to 2761. The care and maintenance of these grounds were assigned to the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds by the act of March 2, 1867, cited above. They are lighted by current furnished from the electric plant in the State, War, and Navy Departments Building. The work of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, included mowing and raking of lawns, cleaning roads, walks, sidewalks, pavements, gutters, and drain traps, planting the flower beds with plants and bulbs, removing snow from the walks in winter, resurfacing the tennis court, resurfacing the macadam roadway at the north front of the mansion, caring for the bay trees and evergreens on the terrace, and supervising the band concerts and the Easter festivities in the south grounds. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $4,952.07. The total expenditures to that date can not be stated, as the early records are not available. 1662 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Id. Greenhouses, Executive Mansion.-These houses are situated in the propagating gardens in the grounds south of the Washington Monument. They were originally located on the west side of the man- sion whence they were removed to their present location in 1902. They comprise 16 separate houses and the necessary mechanical equipment for heating and ventilating them. The work of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, included neces- sary attention to the large collection of plants, the raising and fur- nishing of flowers for decorating the White House, the care of the boilers and heating pipes, the removal of two old boilers and the installation of one large boiler in their stead, the repair of broken glass, and the repainting of the exterior of five of the houses. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $15,000. The total expenditures to that date can not be stated, as the early records are not available. 2. PARKS AND PUBLIC RESERVATIONS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. At the beginning of the fiscal year the total number of parks and park reservations under the jurisdiction of the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds was 354, having an area of about 1,170.35 acres. During the year 48 reservations were added, making the total number in his charge at the da&o of this report 392, having a total area of about 1,189.12 acres. The area of the different reserva- tions varies from 250 square feet to 723 acres. General descriptions and the latest data concerning the area of the different reservations are published in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1894, pages 3295-3314. The latest published map showing the location of the reservations is found in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1894, page 3314. Jurisdiction over the public parks of the District of Columbia was committed to the Chief of Engineers by act of Congress approved July 1, 1898 (30 Stats., p. 570). Data concerning the more important parks and references to pub- lished descriptions are found in the following table: Area. Special legislation. Descriptions published in Reser- Annual Reports Name. vation Stat. L. of Chief of No. Acres. Square feet. Date of act. Vol. Page. Year. Page. Dupont Circle................. 60 2 12,461 Feb. 25,1882 22 4 1869 497 1872 8 1905 2766 Farragut Park ................ 12 1 26, 288 Apr. 16,1872 17 395 1869 497 1872 6, 7 1905 2766 Folger Park ....... .......... 16 1 41,943 ............................... 1905 2772 Franklin Park............... . 9 4 37,894 .......................... 1858 8 1905 2765 Garfield Park ................ 17 9 13, 835 ............ ................ 1885 2507 1886 2110 Henry Park .................. 4 18 9, 483 .................. ......... 1886 2102 1887 2573 Iowa Circle................... 153 2 9, 418 .............. ............. 1905878 1342768 1905 2768 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1663 Area. Special legislation. Descriptions published in Reser- Annual Reports Name. vation Stat. L. Chief of of Chief of No. Acres. Square Date of act. Vol Page. Year. Pageet. Vol. Page. Year. Page. Judiciary Park................ 7 19 36,125 Mar. 3,1882 | 22 1883 627 2097 Lafayette Park ................ 10 6 42, 090 .......................... 1877 .... 7 1890 3543 Lincoln Park............ 14 7 173 1 July 25,1866 14 251 1905 1865 1866 2761 17 18 1876 10 1905 2771 Marion Park................. 18 1 27, 256 1905 2773 Meridian Hill................ 327 11 30,580 June 25,1910 36 700 1913 3212 1914 3357 McPherson Park.............. 11 1 28,502 Mar. 3,1875 18 ........ 1867 16 Pt. 3 391 1872 7 1877 5 1905 2766 Montrose Park............... 324 15 30, 057 Mar. 2,1911 36 1005 1911 2968 1913 3212 Mount Vernon ................ 8 2 33, 990 Mar. 3,1899 30 1372 1867 16 1886 2106 Potomac Park. .............. 332 723. 4 Mar. 3,1897 29 624 1902 2739 333 Aug. 1,1914 38 634 1903 2552 Rawlins Park........... 13 1 31,138 May 17,1886 24 51 1873 4 1886 2106 1887 2581 Scott Circle .................. 63 7,898 Mar. 2,1867 14 571 1868 11 1872 7 1873 12 1886 2103 Seaton Park. ....... .... 5, 6 19 24,687 1885 2504 -................ Smithsonian Grounds....... 3 58 6,493 XAug. 10,1846 9 104 1886 2100 1896 3989 Stanton Park................ 15 4 28,110............ 1886 2108 1905 2772 Thomas Circle................. 66 28,176 July 31,1876 .19 114 1870 520 1872 7 1886 2103 Washington Circle............ 26 1 42, 554 Mar. 3,1853 10 153 1886 2107 1905 2770 Washington Monument-...... 2 106.01 ........ Aug. 2,1876 19 123 1886 2100 White Lot .............. 1 70. 5 1905 2757 Willow Tree Park............ 201A 2 16,610 Mar. 2,1911 36 981 1914 3347 1 Report of Commissioner of Public Buildings. CANAL SPACES. The spaces were assigned to this office by the terms of the sundry civil appropriation act approved August 1, 1914 (38 Stats., p. 633). They are 21 in number, and have a total area of 777,750 square feet. During the fiscal year the boundaries of all but one of these spaces were marked by iron posts set in the ground, 150 posts being used. REMOVAL OF BOTANIC GARDENS. The question of removing the Botanic Gardens to some other site has been the subject of much consideration, in view of the fact that the Grant Memorial occupies the eastern end of the garden grounds, and the proposed treatment of the site requires the removal of the buildings composing the garden. It has been suggested that the buildings might be taken down and reerected in Potomac Park for the purpose of temporarily housing and protecting the valuable col- lection of plants now in the gardens, leaving the question of the establishment of a suitable botanical garden commensurate with the 1664 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. other activities of the Government to be taken up at another time, this being a subject of such magnitude as to require careful study of all the areas available. Several years ago, at the request of the chairman of the Joint Committee on the Library, proposals were invited for the removal of the high iron fence inclosing the garden grounds, for which an ap- propriation had been made by Congress. A number of bids were received and submitted to the committee, but it was decided that no action for the removal of the fence should be taken until after the completion of the Grant Memorial. CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUNDS. The act of Congress approved March 3, 1903 (32 Stats., pt. 1, p. 1122), provided: The officer in charge of public buildings and grounds may hereafter authorize the temporary use of the Monument Grounds, or grounds south of the Executive Mansion, or other reservations in the District of Columbia for playgrounds for children and adults under regulations to be prescribed by him. During the fiscal year the department of playgrounds of the District of Columbia was authorized to use the following reservations for playground purposes: Reservation No. 126. The southwest corner of Garfield Park (Reservation No. 17). The western end of Reservation No. 19. Willow Tree Park (Reservation No. 201A). GROUNDS FOR OUTDOOR SPORTS. The sundry civil appropriation act approved August 1, 1914 (38 Stats., p. 634), authorized the Placing and maintaining special portions of the parks in condition for outdoor sports. There are now provided in the public grounds under the charge of this office the following facilities for outdoor sports: Baseball diamonds----------------------------------------------------15 Tennis courts-------------------------------------------------------22 3-hole practice golf course----------------------------------------- Cricket field------------ -------------------------------------- 1 Polo field ------------------------------------------------------ 1 Broad jump 1----------------- High jump 1 Pole vault----------------------------------------------------- 1 Croquet court 1----------------- During the winter skating upon the tidal basin is also permitted under regulation. Permits are issued from this office for the use of all of these facili- ties except skating. During the fiscal year 8 new baseball diamonds, 19 tennis courts, 1 cricket field, 1 polo field, 1 broad jump, 1 high jump, 1 pole vault were laid out, and these, as well as all other playing grounds, were maintained in good condition. All of these facilities were used by very large numbers of people. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1665 ADMINISTRATION. For purposes of administration all the parks under this office are divided into four divisions, viz: (1) Northwest division: All west of North Capitol Street and north of B Street N. (2) Southwest division: All west of North and South Capitol Streets and south of B Street N., except Potomac Park and the Monument Grounds. (3) East division: All east of North and South Capitol Streets. (4) Potomac Park division, including also the monument grounds. PARK WATCHMEN. Prior to 1867 the commissioner of public buildings was charged with the care, maintenance and improvement of the Capitol, the President's House, and the public grounds. He then had the ap- pointment of all watchmen for these properties. By section 2 of the act of March 2, 1867 (14 Stats. p. 466), which abolished his office and devolved his duties upon the Chief of Engineers, it was pro- vided "and the Sergeant at Arms of the Senate and the Ser- geant at Arms of the House of Representatives shall hereafter ap- point the members of the Capitol police." At this date the only watchmen provided seem to have been two for the Monument Grounds at $720 each, per annum. This force has been increased by legislative action from time to time to its present complement of 1 first sergeant, 1 second sergeant, and 40 privates. Two privates have been appointed acting sergeants. This force patrols, main- tains order, and protects life and property in all of the public grounds under the charge of this office. The members of the force were first uniformed in 1900, and since 1912 the uniforms and revolvers have been provided by the Government. The sergeants, acting sergeants, and 14 of the privates are mounted upon bicycles. During the fiscal year they made 623 arrests, resulting in the imposition of fines and the forfeiture of collateral amounting to $3,510. They also sent 22 children to their parents and sent 4 to the police stations, rescued 8 persons from drowning and sent 6 dead bodies to the morgue, 4 of these being cases of suicide. They performed, in many other ways, also, the general duties of members of the Metropolitan police force. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915 (not including pay), was $1,468.90. The total expenditures to that date can not be stated, as the early records are not available. BAND CONCERTS. By authority of the Secretary of War dated November 20, 1903. (E. D. 49225), arrangements were inaugurated in 1904 for concerts during the summer in various public parks throughout the city by the United States Cavalry Band from Fort Myer, Va., and by the Engineer Band from Washington Barracks, from June 1 to Sep- tember 30. Schedules for these two bands and for the concerts in the White House grounds by the Marine Band, which has also played at the Capitol Grounds for many years, provide a concert in some park for every day in the week except Sunday. To accom- 8373o-ENG 1915---105 1666 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. modate the bands a portable band stand and camp stools are pro- vided for the musicians, together with a portable lighting system where the concerts are given at night. About 100 concerts were scheduled during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915. LIGHTING THE PUBLIC-GROUNDS. This office is charged with supervision of the lighting of all public grounds in the park system of the District of Columbia. The price to be paid for this service is regulated by section 7 of the District of Columbia appropriation act, approved June 26, 1912 (37 Stats. p. 181). The lights now maintained are as follows: Cost, each Description. Number. per annum. Gas mantle, 60-candlepower......................................................... 404 $18.40 Electric arc................ ........................................... 10 72. 50 Electric incandescent: 100-candlepower........................................................... ................ 411 23.45 60-candlepower....... ...................................................... 2 19.50 56-candlepower.................... ........... .... ............................ 10 19.50 The posts of 333 of the lights are owned by the United States, in which cases the rate per annum is $1.65 less. No formal contract is entered into for these lights. They are ordered in conformity to the legislation cited above. Inspection of these lights is made by the members of the park watch force, who report all outages and other failures of service. During the fiscal year all 40-candlepower electric lights were changed to 60-candlepower, and the 60-candlepower electric lights were changed to 100 candlepower. Two additional 60-candlepower electric lights were erected at the circle in Potomac Drive in Potomac Park. The roadway around East Potomac Park was also lighted. A red light was placed at the east end of Reservation No. 110, Eight- eenth and B Streets. An additional gas lamp was erected in the Monument Grounds. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $20,221.90. The total expenditures can not be stated, as the early records are not available. IMPROVEMENT. Willow Tree Park (Reservation 201-A) was completed in accord- ance with the approved design, the funds being supplied by the Com- missioners of the District of Columbia. DuPont Circle was exten- sively improved. Work was commenced upon the erection of a lower retaining wall on the Sixteenth Street side of Meridian Hill Park. Improvements were made in the retaining wall at Reservation No. 36, in which is located the statue of Gen. Hancock. A number of smaller reservations were improved by grading, planting, cement copings, etc. Over 9,000 trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants were planted. Two thousand one hundred and seventeen feet of galvan- PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1667 ized-iron water pipe, 1,329 feet of drain pipe, and 2,556 feet of drain tile were laid. Two thousand seven hundred and fifty-one square yards of cement walks, 2,052 square yards of gravel walk, 441 linear feet of cement coping, and 197 square yards of bituminous-bound macadam road were constructed, and 7,480 square yards of similar roadway was surface treated. MAINTENANCE OF IMPROVED PARKS. The improved parks and park spaces were maintained in good condition during the year. The work consisted generally in re- pairing work places in the oiled and tarred roads, sweeping paved roads and walks, repairing and raking gravel walks and keeping them free of weed growth, cleaning gutters and drain traps, mow- ing and raking lawns, edging their borders, sodding or seeding bare places, removing dead trees, pruning trees and shrubs, trimming hedges, and planting and caring for flower beds. WALKS, ROADS, COPING. In the parks and reservations under the charge of the office of public buildings4 and grounds there are approximately 4 miles of cement walk, 1 mile of concrete walk with tarred surface, 7 miles of asphalt walk, 14 miles of gravel walk, one-fourth mile of flagstone walk, and one-tenth mile of board walk. All of these walks have an average width of about 6 feet. The best results in walk construction have been obtained from the concrete walk having a tar and sand surface, with minimum width of 6 feet and maximum width of 10 feet. The cost per square yard of different types of walks is approxi- mately as follows: Cement walk----------- --------------------------------- 1.00 Concrete walk with tarred surface- ---------- ------- ------- 1. 00 Asphalt walk-------------------- ---------------------------- 1. 85 Gravel walk ----------------------------------- .50 The roadways in the public parks are as follows: Feet. 6.8 miles bituminous-bound macadam, average width-.--__ - ____,.___ 30 5.7 miles water-bound macadam, surface treated with oil or bitumen, aver- age width------------------------------- --------- -- 42 1 mile asphalt, average width__- _------- _____ _______ 38 The best results in road construction have been obtained from the bituminous-bound macadam roadway, with a minimum width not less than 27 feet, exclusive of gutters. The cost per square yard of different types of roadway are prac- tically as follows: Bituminous-bound macadam_---------------- ------------ $1.00 Water-bound macadam, surface treated-----------------------------90 Asphalt ------------ _-------- ------------------- 1. 85 About 10 miles of cement coping has been made around a large number of the public reservations about which the Commissioners of the District of Columbia have constructed the permanent sidewalks and curb. The best results have been obtained with a coping having 1668 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. a cross section of a quadrant of a circle. The cost of this coping is about 35 cents per linear foot. OCCUPATION OF PUBLIC GROUNDS BY PRIVATE PARTIES. Authorized by act of July 1, 1898 (30 Stats, p. 570). See map in Annual Report, Chief of Engineers, 1894, page 3314. By authority of this act, and under permits granted by the Chief of Engineers, the following reservations are now cared for by owners of the adjacent properties: Nos. 61, 67, 141, 142, 152, 164, and 282. In addition to the foregoing, there is a valuable piece of United States ground, known as Reservation No. 94a, lying between Rock Creek and Twenty-eighth Street W., between I and K Streets N., of which certain persons are now in unlawful occupation. This office has for several years been making efforts to secure possession of the property, which have so far proved unsuccessful. In December, 1909, this matter was again brought to the attention of the United States attorney for the District of Columbia, and from information received from the Department of Justice it is hoped that it will soon be decided in the courts. The following leases and licenses granting the use of portions of the public grounds to private parties are now in force, having been executed by the Chief of Engineers on the dates specified: May 22, 1911.-License to George A. Norris for the use as a truck garden of United States Reservation 243, at Potomac Avenue, .Second and R Streets SW., Washington, D. C. Consideration, $10 per annum, payable semiannually in advance. June 9, 1911.--Lease to vestry of Washington Parish for the use for storage purposes of a portion of square 1152, Washington, D. C. Consideration, $20 per annum, payable in advance. November 10, 1911.-License to the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church to continue to use the buiding known as Bethany Chapel, located on Reservation No. 186, at the intersection of Ohio Avenue and C Street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth Streets NW. The chapel was erected by that church many years ago for mission purposes. Consideration, $10 per annum, payable semi- annually in advance. December 12, 1912.-License to W .G. Dungan for the use as a truck garden of United States Reservation 244, at Potomac Avenue, One-half and R Streets SW., Washington, D. C. Consideration, $10 per annum, payable in advance. July 8, 1912.-This office, by authority of the Chief of Engineers, granted per- mission to C. D. Colvin to continue the occupancy as a tenant by sufferance of the house and grounds at 1503 Belmont Street which were occupied by him when Meridian Hill Park, in which the premises are located, came into the possession of the United States. For the use of this property Mr. Colvin pays the United States $12.50 per month in advance. During the fiscal year three permits were revoked. The amount received from this source during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $160. The total amount received to that date was $3,183.50. EXTENSION OF BUILDINGS BEYOND THE BUILDING LINES IN THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. The act of Congress approved March 3, 1891, as amended by the act approved June 21, 1906 (34 Stats., p. 385), requires the approval of the Secretary of War on applications for extensions upon build- ings that are to be erected on lands adjoining United States public reservations. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1669 By direction of the Secretary of War this office is charged with the duty of investigating and reporting upon these cases. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, no applications of that character were referred to this office by the War Department. EXPENDITURES. The cost of the improvement, care, and maintenance of the parks, including the propagating gardens, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $230,864.35. The total expenditures to that date can not be stated, as the early records are not available. 3. POTOMAC PARK. Potomac Park was created by the act of March 3, 1897 (29 Stats., p. 624), which provided: That the entire area formerly known as the Potomac Flats and now being reclaimed, together with the tidal reservoirs, be, and the same are hereby, made and declared a public park, under the name of the Potomac Park, and to be forever held and used as a park for the recreation and pleasure of the people. The act of August 1, 1914 (38 Stats., 634), provided: Potomac Park is made a part of the park system of the District of Columbia under the exclusive charge and control of the Chief of Engineers of the United States Army, and subject to the provisions of section six of the act approved July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight. (Stat. L., vol. 30, p. 570.) By the sundry civil act approved May 27, 1908 (35 Stats., p. 356), it was provided: The jurisdiction over that portion of B Street west of Virginia Avenue, now under the control of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, is hereby transferred to the Chief of Engineers, United States Army. The Commissioners of the District of Columbia, by letter dated November 29, 1909, transferred to the jurisdiction of the Chief of Engineers "the south half of B Street from Virginia Avenue to Fifteenth Street," this transfer being accepted by the Chief of En- gineers by letter of December 6, 1909 (E. D. 43098/119). By letter of February 24, 1912 (E. D. 43098/264), the Chief of Engineers accepted by transfer from the Commissioners of the Dis- trict of Columbia jurisdiction over "additional area of Water Street projected from Twenty-third to Twenty-fifth Streets." By authority contained in the act of May 27, 1908 (35 Stats., p. 355), there were acquired by condemnation (see E. D. 68340/14), at a total cost of $55,231.23, all of the land in squares 63 and 89 in the city of Washington. Potomac Park comprises all the area bounded by Seventeenth Street W., B Street N., Water Street, and the Potomac River, in- cluding the tidal basin, and has an aggregate area of 723.4 acres. That portion west of the railroad embankment is known as " West Potomac Park "; the portion east of the embankment is known as "East Potomac Park." All improvements in the park are being made along the lines suggested by the park commission of the Dis- trict of Columbia, created under authority contained in Senate reso- 1670 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. lution adopted March 8, 1901, and whose report is published as Senate Report No. 166, Fifty-seventh Congress, first session. After the creation of Potomac Park by the act of March 3, 1897, cited above, it was transferred from the jurisdiction of the District Engineer's office to the office of public buildings and grounds, as follows: In 1902, 33 acres west of the Monument Grounds, and east of Seventeenth Street and the tidal basin. In 1903, 50 acres, between the tidal basin, the railroad embankment, and the Virginia Channel. In 1909, the remainder of West Potomac Park. The final transfer of East Potomac Park to the jurisdiction of the office of public buildings and grounds was completed by the approval of the Secretary of War of this transfer on July 7, 1913 (2d Ind. E. D. 56041/26). A bituminous-bound macadam road, about 3J miles in length and 30 feet in width, is being constructed along ,the river front on both sides of East Potomac Park. The area between the roadway and the sea wall has been partially developed by planting trees, shrubs, and perennial plants. The main roads of the park were opened to the public as follows: 1903-4. Seventeenth Street extended to tidal basin and road carried east of tidal basin. 1907. Road on north and west sides of tidal basin. 1908. Road along river, west side of park. 1909. B Street extended to river as a boulevard. 1913. Portion of road around East Potomac Park. There are in the park approximately 8 miles of macadam road, 8 miles of cinder footpaths, and 5 miles of bridle paths. In 1907 the boat landing on the north shore of the Tidal Basin was completed. The polo field along Potomac Drive was graded in 1908. The band stand on the polo field was erected in 1909. The inlet bridge and its approaches were completed in 1910. The interior of West Potomac Park was graded and drained in 1911 and 1912. The park lodge on Potomac Drive was erected in 1913. The plant nursery of the office of public buildings and grounds is located in the area between the railroad bridge and the Washington approach to the Highway Bridge. Since 1910 recreation facilities have been developed in the park for horseback riding, polo, baseball, tennis, and golf. By joint resolution approved February 1, 1913, Congress approved of the selection of Potomac Park as the site of the Lincoln Memorial. During the fiscal year the following operations were carried on in the park: The roadway around East Potomac Park was almost completed. 6,430 linear feet being constructed during the year, making a total of 14,750 feet constructed to date, and leaving 2,810 feet to be con- structed. One hundred and seventy electric lights were installed along this roadway. There were planted during the year over 61,000 trees and shrubs. There were laid 17,355 feet of cast-iron water pipe, 3,576 feet of galvanized-iron water pipe, 3,656 feet of drain pipe, and 4,719 feet of unglazed drain tile. Eleven thousand seven hundred and sixty-three square yards of bituminous-bound macadam road was reconstructed, and 8,011 square yards of similar roadway was surface treated. There were also constructed 1,741 square yards of cement walk, 12,860 linear feet of brick gutter, and 66 catch basins. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1671 The total amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $89,000. The total expenditures to that date were $805,684.09. 4. CONNECTING PARKWAY BETWEEN POTOMAC PARK, THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK, AND ROCK CREEK PARK. The first steps toward this improvement were taken under author- ity contained in the sundry civil appropriation act approved June 6, 1900 (31 Stats., p. 622), which provided: The Chief of Engineers of the United States Army is authorized to make an examination and to report to Congress on the first Monday in December, nine- teen hundred, plans for the treatment of that section of the District of Columbia situated south of Pennsylpania Avenue and north of B Street Southwest, and for a suitable connection between the Potomac and the Zoological Parks, and in making such examinations and plans he is authorized to employ a landscape architect of conspicuous ability in his profession; for services and expenses inci- dent to said examination and report the sum of four thousand dollars is hereby appropriated. the duty thus imposed was assigned to this office by the Chief of Engineers by letter of June 20, 1900 (E. D. 7499). Report of the plans and estimates, prepared at a cost of $3.115.02, was forwarded from this office to the Chief of Engineers, with letter of November 15, 1900, and was printed in House Document No. 135, Fifty-sixth Congress, second session. (See also An. Rept., C. of E., 1901, p. 3719.) The act of Congress approved March 4, 1913 (37 Stats., 885), authorized the acquirement by purchase, condemnation, or other- wise, of lands and premises lying on both sides of Rock Creek, includ- ing such portion of the creek bed as might be in private ownership, and created a commission consisting of the Secretary of the Treas- ury, the Secretary of War, and the Secretary of Agriculture to con- duct the preparations incident to the acquisition. The purpose of the act was to provide for a parkway connecting Potomac Park with the Zoological Park and Rock Creek Park. The act required that the limits of this parkway shall be within the taking lines shown on the map dated May 17, 1911, on file in the office of the Engineer Commissioner of the District of Columbia. This map was found to be incorrect, and a resurvey was made and an accurate map prepared. By direction of the President this map was submitted to the Commission of Fine Arts for such suggestion as they might see fit to make in regard to the development of the pro- posed parkway. On November 26, 1915, the Commission of Fine Arts made a report to the parkway commission, suggesting that studies be prepared without delay covering the landscape features of the work for the proper artistic development of the entire territory involved. On December 29, 1913, the chairman of the parkway com- mission requested the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds to have such studies prepared in this office, together with such suggestions as to changes in the taking lines, as might be found necessary to produce the best results in accordance with the intent of the law. On March 5, 1914, the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds presented to the parkway commission preliminary plans for the work, together with photographs showing filling then in 1672 REPORT OF- THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. progress along the banks of Rock Creek. He recommended to the commission certain changes from the taking lines prescribed, in order to secure better boundaries for the parkway and to save the Govern- ment much unnecessary' expense. The commission thereupon re- quested him to prepare a report, to be submitted to Congress by the commission, together with a substitute bill embodying these sugges- tions. On May 2, 1914, this report and substitute bill were submitted by this office to the parkway commission. On May 23, 1914, they were transmitted by the chairman of the commission to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and were printed as House Docu- ment No. 999, Sixty-third Congress, second session. No action was taken by Congress upon this substitute bill, but by the sundry civil appropriation act approved March 3, 1915 (38 Stat., p. 829), the sum of $5,000 was appropriated to enable the commission- to survey the exact boundaries of the land now desired to be embraced in a con- necting parkway between Potomac Park and Zoological Park, and to submit a map showing such survey and indicating the changes proposed thereby, as com- pared with the map now on file in the office of the Engineer Commissioner of the District of Columbia, dated May 17, 1911. On May 19, 1915, the parkway commission appointed the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds as the executive and disburs- ing officer of the commission. In view of the recommendation of the parkway commission made in the substitute bill mentioned, that the parkway when acquired shall be placed under the jurisdiction of the Chief of Engineers, it appears logical that Rock Creek Park should also become a part of the park system of the District of Columbia and be placed under his exclusive jurisdiction. This would be in accordance with the recom- mendation made by President Taft in his message of December 6, 1910, to Congress that the many jurisdictions over the park areas of Washington be centralized in the office of public buildings and grounds under the Chief of Engineers. During the fiscal year some preliminary office work was done by the regular force of this office in collecting data for making the sur- vey and preparing the map required, which will be started on July 1. No funds were expended on this work during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915. 5. CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF THE WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT. The corner stone of the Monument was laid July 4, 1848; the cap- stone was set December 6, 1884; the dedicatory ceremonies were held February 21, 1885; and the Monument was opened to the public Octo- ber 9, 1888. The cost of construction was $1,187,710.31, of which amount $300,000 was contributed by private subscription. The special acts of Congress relating to work are as follows: Date. Stat. L. Page. Date. Stat. L. Page. Jan. 31, 1848 ............... .. . 9 333 Mar. 3 1885 ................... 23 344 Feb. 26, 1859................. 11 386 Dec. 18, 1884.-,............... 23 515 Aug. 2, 1876...... ............ 19 123 Feb. 28 1887.................. 24 424 June 14 1878................. . 20 254 Oct. 2, 1888...... ..... 25 533 June 27, 1879.............. . 21 54 Feb. 9, 1909 .................. 35 615 May 13, 1884............. ..... 23 272 Aug. 1, 1914............. .... 38 633 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUN1b, ITS'RIT O COLUtMBIA. 1673 Special descriptions of the work of construction were published in Annual Reports, Chief of Engineers, 1889, page 2828; 1898, pages 3667-3719; and Senate Document No. 224, Fifty-seventh Congress, second session. General information is given in the following table: Data relative to Washington Monument. Height of cap above mean low water------------------- 596 feet 41 inches. Height above doorsill ------------------------------- 555 feet 5k inches. Side of base: Outside --------------------------------------- 55 feet 1 inches. Inside ------------------------------------------------ 25 feet. Depth of foundation below doorsill (sand and clay) --------------- 38 feet. Side of foundation - -_ 1-----_________ 126 feet 6 inches. Area of foundation------------------------------- 16,002.25 square feet. Side of top: Outside ---------------------------------------- 34 feet 6 inches. Inside ---------------- ------------------------- 31 feet 6 inches. Walls, thickness: Base------------------------------------------ 15 feet I inch. Top --------------------------- _ 18 inches. Weight of capstone ___________ ____________ _ 3,300 pounds. Weight of whole Monument ------------------------------- 81,120 tons. Mean pressure at base---------------------------5 tons per square foot. Pressure on foundation nowhere greater per square foot than---------_ 9 tons. Near edges, less than--______________________________ -- -- 3 tons. Taper of Monument______--- __________________ jinch to 1 foot. Memorial stones (beginning at 30 feet, stopping at 290 feet)------------180 Steps ---------------------------------------- 898 Landings-------------------------- ------- 50 Windows (at top only) 8------ Elevator (electric), time of travel_ 5 minutes. Elevator, maximum load_ 35 persons. Weight of car, empty_-- ________________-__________ 5,670 pounds. Weight of counterweight------------_ 8,040 pounds. Speed of elevator, 100 feet per minute. Engine governor throws off current at 105 feet speed per minute. Car safety stops car at 150 feet speed per minute. Elevator tested at 6 tons. The Monument Grounds (Reservation No. 2) comprise 106.01 acres. (See table under heading No. 2 hereof.) They are located between B Street N., Seventeenth Street W., Fourteenth Street W., and the tidal basin. The Monument is open free to the public every week day from 9 a. m. to 4.30 p. m., and on Sundays and holidays from 12.30 to 4.30 p. m. The Sunday and holiday opening was inaugurated on August 1, 1914, under authority contained in the sundry civil appropriation act approved that date. The total number of persons who ascended the Monument during the fiscal year was 182,008, of whom 156,640 ascended in the elevator and 25,368 by the stairway. On the 48 Sundays and 7 holidays from August 1 to June 30, there were 30,610 visitors, of whom 22,944 ascended in the elevator and 7,666 by the stairway. The total number of persons who have ascended to the top since the opening of the Monument on October 9, 1888, was 4,277,096. During the fiscal year the usual care was extended to the shaft, its furnishings, and its mechanical equipment. Both boilers in the power house and the one in the lodge were inspected in February by 1674 REPORT OF T HE CHIEF OF ENGINEEBRS, U. S. ARMY. United States boiler inspectors. The elevator and all ironwork were painted. Necessary repairs were made. On February 23 a woman committed suicide by throwing herself down the elevator shaft. The new stones presented by the States of Colorado and Washing- ton were dedicated. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $13,357.85. The total amount expended to that date was $1,526,764.76. 6. MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS. There are now 35 statues in the public grounds under the charge of the office of public buildings and grounds, and one in course of con- struction, that of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. Information concerning the statues completed is found in the following table: References to published descriptions Year (Annual Report Name of statue. com- Name of sculptor. Legislative authority. Cost. Chief of pleted. Engineers). Year. Page. Gen. Andrew Jackson. 1853 Clark Mills......... Act Aug. 31, 1852, $32, 000 1903 2560 and Mar. 3, 1853. George Washington... 1860 do .... ..... ..... Mar. 3, 1853....... 50,000 1903 2560 Gen. John A. Rawlins. 1874 J. Bailey........... Act June 10, 1872... 13,000 1903 2560 Gen. Winfield Scott. . 1874 Henry K. Brown.... Mar. 2, 1867....... 77, 000 1903 2560 President Lincoln..... 11869 Lot Flannery..... . Erected by popular 1903 2560 subscription, citi- zens District of Columbia. Presented. Do................ 1876 Thos. Ball.......... June 23, 1874........ 23,000 1903 2560 Maj. Gen. Jas. B. 1876 Louis T. Rebisso.... Mar. 3, 1875......... 48,500 1903 2560 McPherson. Gen. Nathaniel Greene 1877 Henry K. Brown.... Act June 23, 1874.... 50,000 1903 2560 Maj. Gen. Geo. H. 1879 J. Q. A. Ward...... Act July 31, 1876.... 60,000 1903 2560 Thomas. Admiral Farragut..... 1881 Mrs. Vinnie Ream Act Apr. 16, 1872 .... 20,000 1903 2560 Hoxie. Prof. Joseph Henry... 1882 W. W. Story........ June 1, 1880......... 15,000 1 1903 1883 2095 2560 Admiral DuPont..... 1884 Launt Thompson... Act Mar. 3, 1884..... 20,500 1903 2560 President Garfield..... 1887 J. Q. A. Ward ...... Act July 7, 1884..... 62,539 2561 Gen. Lafayette and } 1891 compatriots. Alexandre Falquiere and Antonin Mer- cie. IAct Mar. 3, 1885.... 50, 000 1891 3913 2561 Gen. infield Scott } 1896 Hancock. Henry Ellicott...... Mar. 2, 1889......... 50,000 1894 1903 3273 1903 2561 L. J. M. Daguerre.... 1897 Jonathan Scott Hart- Presented to Gov- 2561 ley. ernment by Photo- graphers Associa- tion of America. Dr. Samuel D. Gross.. 1897 A. Sterling Calder... Act Mar. 2, 1895..... Presented. 1897 4061 Daniel Webster ...... 1900 G. Trentanovd...... Act July 1, 1898..... Presented. 1903 2561 Gen. John A. Logan... 1901 Franklin Simmons.. Act Mar. 2 and 3,1889 Dr. Samuel Hahne- } Charles Henry Nieu- (Presented. mann. 1900 haus. SAct Jan. 31, 1901.... S31,240 Gen. Albert Pike..... 1901 G. Trentanov...... Act Apr. 9, 1898..... Presented. Gen. Rochambeau.... 1902 M. Hamar, ol Paris.. Act Mar. 3, 1901..... 22, 500 1902 2741 Gen. Wm. T. Sherman 1903 Carl Rohl-Smith.... July 5, 1892......... 131,055 1904 3948 Gen. Philip H. Sheri- 1908 Gutzon Borglum.... Mar. 2, 1889........ 50,000 1909 2359 dan. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. 1908 Henry Merwin Feb. 23, 1901........ 250, 000 1909 2360 Shrady. Gen. Geo. B. McClel- 1906 Frederick MacMon- Mar. 3,1901..;..... 50, 000 1907 2338 lan. nies. 1About. s For pedestal. s For foundation. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRIC T OP COLUMBIA. 1675 References to published descriptions Year (Annual Report Name of statue. cor- Name of sculptor. Legislative authority. Cost. Chief of pleted. Engineers). Year. Page. Baron von Steuben... 1910 Albert Jaegers...... Feb. 27, 1903........ $50,000 1911 2990 Count Pulaski........ 1910 Casimir Chodzinski.. Feb. 27, 1903; Feb. 55,000 1910 2688 25, 1910. Peace or "Naval" ........ Franklin Simmons.. July 31, 1876........ ...... .. 1904 3946 Monument. Gen. Thaddeus Kos- 1910 Antoni Popiel....... Apr. 18, 1904........ Presented. 1910 2689 ciuszko. Commodore John Bar- 1914 John J. Boyle....... June 8, 1906........... 50,000 1914 3368 John Paul Jones...... 1912 Charles H. Nieuhaus ..... do.......... . 50,000 1912 3513 ChristopherColumbus 1912 Lorado Taft......... Mar. 4,1907......... 100,000 1912 3514 Henry W. Longfellow. 1909 ..................... June 8, 1906......... Presented. Pr4,00 11907 2364 Stephenson G. A. R. 1908 J. Massey Rhind..... Mar. 4,1907.........Presented. 1909 2365 Memorial 10,000 John Witherspoon.... 1909 William Couper..... May 29,1908........re s 1909 2366 ' For pedestal. Attention has been given to all of the completed statues during the year, and the pedestals and bronze figures have been maintained in a cleanly condition as far as possible. 7. CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF THE PROPAGATING GARDENS. These gardens are located in the grounds south of the Washington Monument and east of the tidal basin. They include also the plant nurseries located between the railroad embankment and the Wash- ington approach to the Highway Bridge. There are 17 greenhouses, with the necessary heating and ventilating equipment and potting sheds, and 5 pits, and outdoor beds for propagating perennial plants and shrubs. Requests are frequently received for the loan or gift of plants for the use of churches, fairs, festivals, etc., and for private purposes. All such requests have to be declined, as either the loan or gift of any plants would be in violation of the following extract from the act of Congress approved June 30, 1878 (20 Stats., p. 220) : Provided, That hereafter only such trees, shrubs, and plants shall be propa- gated at the greenhouses and nursery as are suitable for planting in the public reservations, to which purpose only the said productions of the green- houses and nursery shall be applied. The total number of plants propagated at the gardens was 706,300. Of these, 672,900 were used for the parks and reservations and the greenhouses, and the nursery under the charge of this office, 11,500 for the Capitol, and about 14,600 for other departments of the Gov- ernment. The surplus remaining (about 7,300) were distributed to Government and municipal offices, hospitals, public institutions, etc. 8. HOUSE WHERE ABRAHAM LINCOLN DIED The act of Congress approved June 11, 1896 (29 Stats., p. 439), authorized the purchase of this property at a cost not to exceed 1676 REPORT OF THE CHIE OP ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. $30,000. The property was purchased in November of that year for the sum appropriated, and the United States assumed charge of the premises on November 10. Since that date it has been in the charge of Mr. O. H. Oldroyd, who occupies it free of rent and acts as custodian without pay. By authority of the Secretary of War, dated October 9, 1899, Mr. Oldroyd is permitted to exhibit his Lincoln museum and to charge a small entrance fee thereto. During the fiscal year miscellaneous repairs were made to the building, including the painting of the interior woodwork and brick- work in the front of the building. The expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $189.14. The total expenditures to that date were $31,581.85. 9. BUILDINGS OCCUPIED AS OFFICES BY THE WAR DEPARTMENT EXCEPT THE STATE, WAR, AND NAVY DEPARTMENTS BUILDING. By order of the War Department dated June 30, 1893, all buildings occupied as offices by the War Department, except the State, War, and Navy Departments Building, were placed under the charge of this office, so far as their preservation, care, and safety are con- cerned. During the year the buildings thus occupied were nine in number, as follows: Army Medical Museum and Library, Seventh and B Streets SW. Ford's Theater Building, 509-511 Tenth Street NW., Adjutant General's Office. No. 610 Seventeenth Street NW., Adjutant General's Office. No. 532 Seventeenth Street NW., office.depot quartermaster. No. 1725 F Street NW., Insular Bureau, War Department, since March 19, 1914. No. 1720 H Street NW., medical dispensary. Annex to Winder Building, Ordnance Department. War Department stables, G Street between Seventeenth and Eighteenth Streets NW. Lemon Building, No. 1729 New York Avenue NW., occupied by Supply Division, War Department, Office Public Buildings and Grounds, Signal Office, post paymaster, drafting division of the Quartermaster General's Office, etc. During the fiscal year these buildings were inspected each month as to their preservation, care, and safety. 10. STATE, WAR, AND NAVY DEPARTMENTS BUILDING. On February 2, 1915, by Special Order, No. 27, War Department, paragraph 17, the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds was detailed to act as superintendent of the State, War, and Navy Departments Building from March 1, 1915, including the Navy Building, a rented property, on New York Avenue near Eighteenth Street. 11. DEPARTMENTAL TELEGRAPH LINE. This line was established under authority of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1873 (17 Stats., p. 519), which provided: For connecting the Capitol by telegraph, to be used solely for public business, with all the departments of Government and the Government Printing Office in the city of Washington, $8,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1677 expended under the direction of the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds: Provided, That the immediate connection of the wire with any of the public buildings shall be made underground or in such manner as not to injure the appearance of the Capitol or other public buildings. By the act of February 4, 1874 (18 Stats., p. 14), this line was placed under the supervision of the officer in charge of public build- ings and grounds, who was authorized to make rules and regulations for the working of said lines. This act also authorized the heads of executive departments and the Congressional Printer each to detail one person from their present force to operate said lines. This is now, except for three short overhead connections, an under- ground line, with about 18,950 feet of cable which is run in conduits owned by the Western Union Telegraph Co., the free use of which is given the United States by law. (Sec. 5, act of Mar. 3, 1905, 33 Stats., p. 986.) The line starts from the Lemon Building, 1729 New York Avenue NW., where the main storage operating battery is located, and runs to the United States Capitol Building, connecting en route with the State, War, and Navy Departments Building, the White House, the Treasury Department, the Department of Justice, the Department of Agriculture, Department of Labor, Post Office Department, Interior Department, and Government Printing Office. The location of the line is described in detail in the annual report of this office for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, on pages 3231 and 3232 of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for that year. There are 14 local offices on the line, each having two circuits and two sets of instruments. Each office has a local battery, except the Interior Department, which has box instruments. The main bat- tery in the Lemon Building consists of two sets of storage batteries of 50 cells each. During the fiscal year the entire system was maintained in good order. A branch was established in the Department of Labor in August. In September the overhead line from the roof of the Winder Building to the pole at Seventeenth and G Streets was placed under ground. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $499.87. The total expenditures to that date were $53,283.09. 12. HIGHWAY BRIDGE ACROSS THE POTOMAC RIVER, D. C. This bridge was constructed by the United States Engineer Office for the district of Washington, D. C., under authority of section 11 of the act of February 12, 1901 (31 Stats., p. 772), and was completed in 1906, the total cost being $1,195,875.50. On September 12, 1908, by authority of the Secretary of War, the bridge, including the ap- proaches on the Washington and Virginia shores and the bridge over Washington Channel in the Washington approach, were transferred to the jurisdiction of this office. Since September 5, 1912, the electric-power company has fur- nished without cost the current for operating the draw, for the lights in the draw house, and for 3 arc lights on draw span, in consideration of a permit granted them to install a commercial cable across the bridge into Virginia. Thirty-seven arc lights are maintained on the bridge, and 10 arc lights and 3 incandescent lights on Washington 1678 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. approach, and 8 incandescent lights on the Washington Channel bridge. During the fiscal year considerable painting was done to the iron- work, and repairs were made to the asphalt roadway on the bridge. An appropriation was made in the District of Columbia appropria- tion act for paving the approaches to the bridge. The Treasury Department placed these funds under the jurisdiction of the Com- missioner of the District of Columbia, who entered into contract for the work. On June 30, 1915, the greater portion of the Washington approach had been repaved, but no work had been done on the Virginia approach. The average daily travel over the bridge for seven consecutive days in June was as follows: Single cars---------- ------------------------------- 104. 4 Trains of two cars each___ 136. 4 1_______________ Automobiles 015. 1 1-------------------------- Double teams -- -------------------------------- 817.1 Single teams ---------------------------------------- 407. 1 Pedestrians----------------------------------------------- 545. 1 Equestrians ---- ----------- ------------------------- 21. 7 Bicycles----------------------------------19. 1 The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $15,880.94. The total expenditures to that date were $1,321,176.46. 13. TREES, SHRUBS, ETC., FOR THE GROUNDS OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS AND CAPITOL AND EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. These items are provided for by annual appropriations in the sun- dry civil appropriation acts. The first of these was the act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stats., p. 622), which provided for the improvement, care, and maintenance of the grounds of the executive departments. The first provision of this character for the grounds of the Library of Congress and of the Capitol was obtained in the sundry civil act of March 3, 1903 (32 Stats., p. 1123). These appropriations have been repeated each year since these dates. Careful attention is given to the maintenance of the trees, shrubs, plants, and flower beds in all of these grounds. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $5,998.52. The total expenditures to that date were $65,000. 14. UNITED STATES WHARF PROPERTY, WASHINGTON, D. C. By act of Congress approved March 3, 1899, the following-de- scribed property is placed under the immediate jurisdiction and con- trol of the Chief of Engineers: The banks of the Potomac River from the north line of the arsenal grounds to the southern curb line of N Street south. * * * By letter of March 11, 1899, from the Chief of Engineers this office was directed, as his representative, to assume control of this wharf property, which since that date has been in charge of this office. No work on the wharves has been done by this office during the year, as there are no funds available for either the improvement or care of the property. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1679 Most of this wharf property is now leased to private parties by the Chief of Engineers under authority contained in the act quoted. Of the leases thus executed the following are now in force: February 26, 1903, with Brig. Gen. George H. Harries, commanding the District of Columbia National Guard, to erect and maintain a wharf opposite the foot of 0 Street SW. for the use of the Naval Reserve of the District of Columbia Militia. February 11, 1909, with the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, to use and control an area at the intersection of O Street and Water Street SW., and to build and maintain thereon a wharf for the use of the United States Lighthouse Establishment. June 10, 1911, with Thomas Banks, for dock, wharf, building, and grounds, foot of Sixth Street, opposite lot 14 in square 503. Consideration, $25 per month, payable in advance. July 19, 1911, with Edward Whyte, for land-and-water area opposite lots 9 and 10, square 504, near the foot of P Street SW., with the right to maintain a building thereon and to use the same for building, repairing, hiring, and storing boats. Consideration, 7 per month, payable in advance. November 20, 1911, with George A. Tasker, for land-and-water area at the foot of P Street SW., with right to erect and maintain thereon a building and wharf for use for building, repairing, hiring, and storing boats. Consideration, $10 per month, payable in advance. February 7, 1912, with William W. Riley, for wharf and building thereon at foot of Sixth Street, opposite lot 13, square 503. Consideration, $100 per month, payable in advance. February 27, 1914, with William J. Wells, for the use of the boathouse owned by the United States at the foot of Seventeenth Street NW., on the shore at the northeast corner of the tidal basin, with the right to rent boats, sell bait, refreshments, etc. Consideration, $500 per annum, payable quarterly in ad- vance, beginning March 15, 1914. November 11, 1914, with Alexander H. Gregory, for unexpired portion of lease to the Corinthian Yacht Club to use a land-and-water area opposite lots 16, 17, and 18, square 503, to terminate May 31, 1916. Consideration, $272 per annum, payable quarterly in advance. March 29, 1915, with George W. Webber, for dock, building, and ground, foot of Sixth Street, opposite lot 14, square 503, with the right to carry on business of boilermaking and repairing and blacksmithing. Date of expiration, July 1, 1916. Consideration, $280 per annum, payable quarterly in advance. Receipts from leases of this property are deposited in the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts. The amount received from this source during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $2,796. The total amount received since the property was placed under the jurisdiction of the Chief of Engineers to that date was $17,251. 15. MONUMENT AND WHARF, WAKEFIELD VA., THE BIRTHPLACE OF WASH- INGTON. This monument was erected by authority of the act of June 14, 1879 (21 Stats., p. 50), as amended by the act of February 26, 1881 (21 Stats., p. 519). The wharf was built under authority obtained in the act of February 25, 1893 (27 Stats., p. 756). The wharf was built in 1894, and was provided as a means for visitors to reach the monument. The monument was completed in 1896. The legislative appropriation act approved May 28, 1896 (29 Stats., p. 164), pro- vided a watchman for the monument and wharf, with compensation at the rate of $300 per annum, and this appropriation has since been provided yearly. The area occupied by the monument and owned by the United States is inclosed with an iron railing fence, and the 1680 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. road from the wharf to the monument is also fenced. The grounds about the monument are kept in good condition by the watchman. During the fiscal year commencing July 1, 1907, an appropriation of $500 was made for improvements about the monument, and since July 1, 1909, an annual appropriation of $100 has been made for maintaining the monument and grounds. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $300. The total expenditures to that date were $35,857.35. Of this, $29,608.88 was on account of the construction of the monument and wharf, $5,700 on account of the salary of the watchman, and $548.47 on account of the maintenance of the monument, the grounds, and the roadway leading from the wharf thereto. 16. MEMORIAL TO GEN. ULYSSES S. GRANT. The act of Congress approved February 23, 1901 (31 Stats., p. 803), created a commission composed of the president of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee, the chairman of the Joint Committee on the Library, and the Secretary of War to select a site and secure plans and designs for a statue or memorial of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, not to exceed in cost the sum of $250,000. The act appropriated $10,000 to defray the expenses of securing plans, specifications, and models. Competition among sculptors was had, a design selected, and a con- tract entered into on August 10, 1903, with the successful competitors, Henry Merwin Shrady, sculptor, and Edward Pierce Casey, architect. The contract provided that the work should be completed in five years, but the contractors have asked and been granted several exten- sions, the last on August 5, 1914, when the time was extended to August 10, 1915. A detailed report of operations to June 30, 1913, was made in annual report for that year and will be found on pages 3235 to 3237 of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers. On June 30, 1913, the work remaining to be done was as follows: Erect- ing upon the center pedestal the equestrian statue of Gen. Grant, placing the two bas-reliefs on that pedestal, and erecting the bronze Cavalry group on one of the two end pedestals, the Artillery group being already erected upon the other. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, the sculptor has completed the quarter-size models of the Cavalry group, which have been approved by the commission and paid for. The sculptor expects to have this group completed in bronze by the summer of 1915. The amount expended on the memorial during the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1914, exclusive of the $10,000 appropriated for procuring designs, was $8,801.44. The total amount expended to that date, ex- clusive of the $10,000 appropriated for procuring designs, was $154,784.82. 17. BARRY STATUE COMMISSION. By the act of Congress approved June 8, 1906 (34 Stats., p. 223), $50,000 was appropriated for the erection of a statue to the memory of Commodore John Barry, to be erected on ground belonging to the United States in this city, and under the direction of a commission composed of the Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, the chair- ynan of the Committee on the Library of the Senate, and the chairman PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1681 of the Committee on the Library of the House of Representatives. This commission selected the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds to be its executive and disbursing officer. In 1909 the com- mission invited Mr. John J. Boyle, of New York, to submit a model for the monument. On November 6, 1911, a contract was entered into between the commission and Mr. Boyle for the construction of the monument, which was completed and unveiled on May 16, 1914. It is located in the center of the west side of Franklin Park. More de- tailed description of the monument and statement of the work of erecting it will be found in the report of this office at page 3368 of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1914. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $799.70. The total amount expended to that date was $49,796.62. 18. JOHN PAUL JONES STATUE COMMISSION. By the act of Congress approved June 8, 1906 (34 Stats., p. 224), $50,000 was appropriated for the erection in the city of Washington and on ground belonging to the United States of a statue to the memory of John Paul Jones, under the direction of a commission composed of the Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, chairman of the Committee on the Library of the Senate, and chairman of the Committee on the Library of the House of Representatives. This commission appointed the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds to be its executive and disbursing officer. In June, 1908, the commission selected Mr. Charles H. Niehaus as sculptor of the monu- ment. On December 16, 1908, contract was entered into with him for the execution of the statue, which was completed and unveiled on April 17, 1912. It is located in Potomac Park on the bank of the tidal basin, at the foot of Seventeenth Street. A more detailed de- scription of the monument and statement of the work of erecting it will be found in the report of this office at page 3513 of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1912. During the fiscal year the work remaining to be done to complete the grounds about the statue was finished. This included the con- struction of cement walks and two flights of concrete steps, as well as the planting of trees, shrubs, evergreens, flowers, and grass. The total amount expended for the erection of this statue was $49,822. 19. MEMORIAL TO ABRAHAM LINCOLN. This memorial was provided for by the act of Congress approved February 9, 1911 (36 Stats., p. 898), which created a commission to procure and determine upon a location, plan, and design for the memorial and appropriated $50,000 to defray the necessary expenses of the commission and the cost of procuring the plans and designs. At one of the earlier meetings of the commission the Engineer officer in charge of public buildings and grounds was appointed its executive and disbursing officer. His annual report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, contains a statement of the results accomplished by the commission to that date. It will be found printed on pages 3239 and 3240 of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for that 8 373 0 -ENG 1915--106 1682 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. year. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, the following was accomplished: The act cited provides that the construction of the memorial shall be prosecuted to completion under the direction of the commission and the supervision of the Secretary of War under a contract or con- tracts to be entered into by the Secretary. In accordance with this authorization the Secretary entered into two contracts in February, 1914-one on February 11 for the superstructure and one on Febru- ary 28 for the foundation. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, the following work was accomplished: The foundations, which were commenced on March 27, 1914, were completed in May of this year. Work upon the superstructure was begun in February, 1915, and on June 30 there had been placed in this portion of the work 41,778 cubic feet of exterior marble, 6,810 cubic feet of interior limestone, 295,600 red brick, 2,979 square feet prepared to receive the marble floor of the colonnade. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $389,521.91. The total amount expended to that date was $494,575.80. 20. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ARMORY COMMISSION. Section 17 of the public buildings act approved May 30, 1908 (35 Stats., p. 540), created a commission, consisting of the Assistant Sec- retary of War, the general commanding the Militia of the District of Columbia, the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds at Washington, D. C., and the superintendent of the United States Capi- tol Building and Grounds, "which shall cause plans and estimates to be prepared for a suitable armory for the National Guard of the District of Columbia and report the estimated cost thereof to the Congress." The act provided that the plans and estimates be pre- pared under the supervision of the Secretary of the Treasury and appropriated $2,500 for the expenses of the commission. The commission selected the firm of Tracy, Swartwout & Litch- field, of New York, to prepare the plans and estimates. These were approved by the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, who was designated by the Secretary of the Treasury to supervise their prepa- ration, as required by the act, and were then submitted by the com- mission, with its report, to Congress on April 13, 1910. 21. COMMISSION OF FINE ARTS. By the act approved May 17, 1910 (36 Stats., p. 371), Congress created a permanent Commission of Fine Arts, the constitution and duties of which were defined by the act. Pursuant to the authority conveyed by the act the President, on June 15, 1910, appointed the first seven members of the commission, and on June 17, 1910, appointed the officer in charge of public build- ings and grounds secretary of the commission. All subsequent sun- dry civil acts have provided that the officer in charge of public build- ings and grounds shall disburse the funds of the commission, shall be its secretary, and act as its executive officer. Since the organization of the commission two of the original mem- bers have died, and their successors have been appointed by the Presi- PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: 1683 dent. The commission makes its annual report direct to the Presi- dent who transmits it to Congress. During the fiscal year one mem- ber resigned and his successor was appointed by the President. The work of the commission was more than doubled during the year. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $4,993.64. The total expenditures to that date were $31,225.19. 22. MEMORIAL TO WOMEN OF THE CIVIL WAR. This memorial is authorized by the act of Congress approved Octo- ber 22, 1913 (38 Stats., p. 233), which provides that the memorial shall be a building monumental in design and character, that it shall be used as the permanent headquarters of the American Red Cross, and shall cost, with the site, not less than $700,000. Of this amount $400,000 was appropriated by the act cited, and $416,795.42 has been furnished by private subscriptions, making a total of $816,795.42, over $100,000 more than the minimum amount called for by the act. The commission under whose direction the memorial is being erected consists of the Secretary of War, the chairman of the Senate Com- mittee on the Library, the chairman of the House Committee on the Library, and the president of the American Red Cross. The act cited also provides that the memorial shall be constructed under the supervision of an officer of the Corps of Engineers appointed by the Secretary of War, who shall act as the executive disbursing officer of the commission. Under this authority, the Secretary of War designated the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds to act in this capacity. A report of operations to June 30, 1914, is con- tained in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for that year on pages 3372 and 3373. On March 23, 1914, a contract was entered into between the commission and the firm of Trowbridge & Livings- ton, New York City, for their professional services as architects of the building. The consideration of this contract is 6 per cent of all amounts paid for labor and materials. On October 20, 1914, a con- tract was entered into with the Boyle-Robertson Construction Co. in acceptance of their proposal to erect the building for the sum of $351,359. Work at the site was begun by the contractors immediately. The cornerstone of the building was laid by the President of the United States on March 27, 1915. On June 30, the foundations had been completed, considerable structural steel had been erected, and the two boilers of the heating plant were in place. The amount expended during the fiscal year was $406,446.13. The total expenditures to that date were $406,446.13. 23. ARLINGTON MEMORIAL AMPHITHEATER AND CHAPEL. This memorial was authorized by the public buildings act, approved March 4, 1913 (Public No. 432), which limits the cost of the build- ing, including heating and ventilating apparatus and approaches, to $750,000. The act names the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Superintendent of the United States Capitol Building and Grounds, Ivory G. Kimball, representing the Grand Army of the Republic, and Charles W. Newton, representing the United Spanish War Veterans, as a commission under whose direction the memorial shall be erected. By the sundry civil appropriation act approved 1684 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. March 3, 1915, this commission was increased by the addition of the commander of Camp 171, United Confederate Veterans of the Dis- trict of Columbia. On August 12, 1914, the commission appointed Col. William W. Harts its executive and disbursing officer. On October 12, 1914, a contract was entered into between the com- mission and the firm of Carrere & Hastings, New York City, for their professional services as architects of the building. The consideration of this contract is 6 per cent of all amounts paid for labor and ma- terials. On February 11, 1915, a contract was entered into with the George A. Fuller Co., in acceptance of their proposal to erect the building for the sum of $529,400, with an option for certain addi- tional work for a sum not to exceed $41,837. The building will consist of an elliptical structure inclosing an open-air amphitheater with a seating capacity of about 5,000 persons. The exterior of the building will be in the form of a marble colonnade with entrances at the ends of the principal axes. The main entrance of the building will be from the east, and this section will contain a reception hall and stage on the main floor, a museum room on the second floor, and a chapel in the basement. The main entrance to the amphitheater will be on the west side. The building will be con- structed of Danby Vermont white marble. Ground was broken at the site on March 1, 1915, and active opera- tions by the contractors were begun immediately thereafter. On the 30th of June all necessary excavation had been completed, and the concrete footings and a large portion of the brick foundations had been erected. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $27,635.80. The total expenditures to that date were $27,635.80. 24. MONUMENT IN MEMORY OF FRANCIS SCOTT KEY AND OTHERS. This is authorized in deficiency appropriation act approved July 29, 1914, which provides as follows: To erect at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Maryland, under the direction of the Secretary of War, a monument in memory of Francis Scott Key, author of the Star-Spangled Banner, and the soldiers and sailors who participated in the Battle of North Point and the attack on Fort McHenry in the War of Eighteen hundred and twelve, $75,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary. In the preparation of the plans and selection of a site for said monument, and the exe- cution of all work in connection therewith, the Secretary of War shall form a committee, composed of the mayor of Baltimore, the chairman of the National Star-Spangled Banner Centennial, the president of the board of park commis- sioners of Baltimore, and two other persons, to be designated by the Secretary of War, whose suggestion he shall invite and with whom he may confer and consult : Provided, however, That the decision of the Secretary of War shall be final in all matters: Provided, That the money herein appropriated may be drawn from time to time, as required in the progress of the work, upon requisi- tion of the Secretary of War. In accordance with the terms of the act the Secretary of War formed the following advisory committee: Hon. James H. Preston, mayor of Baltimore (chairman). Mr. A. Barneveld Bibbins, chairman of the National Star-Spangled Ban- ner Centennial. Mr. George Weems Williams, president of the board of park commis- sioners. Hon. John Walter Smith, Senator from Maryland. Hon. J. Charles Linthicum, Representative in Congress from the fourth congressional district of Maryland. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1685 The Secretary of War also appointed Joseph Evans Sperry, archi- tect; Ephraim Keyser, sculptor; and Douglas H. Thomas, jr., archi- tect, all of Baltimore, Md., to act as expert advisers to the committee. A meeting of the advisory committee was held in the office of the Secretary of War on September 16, and on September 19 it was ordered by the Secretary that Col. William W. Harts, the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds, should act as the personal representative of the Secretary of War in the supervision of the con- struction of the monument and be the disbursing officer of the funds appropriated. In June the Secretary of War approved a program of competition for designs for the monument. This will be printed and distributed to those desiring to compete. The amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, was $7.85. The total expenditures to that date were $7.85. 25. MAPS OF UNITED STATES LANDS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. By section 26 of the act of May 30, 1908 (35 Stats., p. 543), a com- mission was created " for the purpose of investigating the title of the United States in and to all lands in the District of Columbia, with a view to protecting such title, filing a map of said lands," etc. By act of July 29, 1914 (38 Stats., p. 567), the sum of $1,201 was appropriated to enable this commission to procure lithographic copies of the map prepared by them. By letter from the Chief of Engi- neers, on October 13, 1914 (E. D. 69758), the duty of procuring these copies was placed upon this office. During the year the maps were completed and verified and a con- tract entered into for furnishing 50 copies thereof. No funds have been expended to June 30, 1915. ESTIMATES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1917. LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIAL ACT. For 1 superintendent, $3,000; 1 assistant and chief clerk, $2,400; 1 clerk of class 4, $1,800; 1 clerk of class 3, $1,600; 1 clerk and stenog- rapher, $1,400; 1 clerk of class 1, $1,200; 1 messenger, $840; 1 land- scape architect, $3,000 (increase of $600 submitted) ; 1 surveyor and draftsman, $1,500; in all__----------------------------------- $16, 740 For foremen, gardeners, mechanics, and laborers employed in the public grounds ------------ ----------------------------------- 31, 200 For 1 sergeant of park police (increase of $50 submitted; see explana- tion below) ---------------------------------------- 1, 000 For 2 second sergeants of park police at $900 each (increase of one sub- mitted; see explanation below) , 800 1----------------------- For day privates of park police (see explanation below) as follows: 1 in Franklin Park and adjacent reservations on New York Avenue; 1 in Lafayette Park; 2 in Smithsonian Grounds and neighboring res- ervations; 1 in Judiciary Park; 1 in Lincoln Park and adjacent reser- vations; 1 in Iowa Circle and reservations to the northeast; 1 in Thomas and Scott Circles and neighboring reservations; 1 in Wash- ington Circle and neighboring reservations; 1 in Dupont Circle and neighboring reservations; 1 in McPherson Park and Farragut Square; 1 in Stanton Park and neighboring reservations; 2 in Henry and Seaton Parks and neighboring reservations; 1 in Mount Vernon Park and reservations to the northeast; 1 in grounds south of the Executive Mansion; 1 in Garfield and Marion Parks and reservations to the east; 1 in Monument Park; 4 in Potomac Park; and 1 in Mont- rose Park; 23 in all, at $840 each (increase of two submitted) ----. 19, 320 1686 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGOINEERS, U. S. ARMY. For night privates of park police (see explanation below) as follows: 3 in Smithsonian grounds and neighboring reservations; 1 in Judi- ciary Park; 2 in Henry and Seaton Parks and adjacent reservations; 1 in grounds south of the Executive Mansion; 1 in Monument Park; 1 in Garfield Park and neighboring reservations; 1 in Iowa, Scott, and Thomas Circles and neighboring reservations; 2 in Stanton and Lincoln Parks and neighboring reservations; 2 in Lafayette and McPherson Squares and Franklin and Farragut Parks; 1 in Wash- ington and Dupont Circles and neighboring reservations; 1 in Mount Vernon Park and neighboring reservations; 2 for greenhouses and nursery; and 4 in Potomac Park; 22 in all, at $840 each (increase of 3 submitted) ----------------------------------------- $18, 480 For watchman for the care of the monument and dock at Wakefield, Va., the birthplace of Washington .. _________ 300 For contingent and inlidental expenses, including printing and binding, purchase of professional and scientific books and periodicals, books of reference, blank books, photographs, and maps___ ___ 700 For purchase and repair of bicycles and revolvers for park police (see explanation below) and for purchase of ammunition ..... ____... 1, 000 For purchase of two motor cycles at $250 each and for the upkeep of same at $240 each (submitted; see explanation below)- 980 For purchasing and supplying uniforms to park police (see explanation below) and to Monument and bridge watchmen (increase of $345 submitted) ------------------------------------------------ 3, 145 Total under legislative act ------------------------------- 94, 665 NOTE.-It is recommended that the designation " park watchmen'" be changed to " park police," in order that it may conform to the duties actually performed by the members of the force. When it was first organized and named the men's duties were purely those of watchmen, as they took care of the parks, watered the plants, etc., and performed no police duties, those being in the hands of the Metropolitan police of the city. Later the park watchmen were, by act of Congress, given the same powers and duties as the Metropolitan police. They are now clad in police uniforms, make frequent arrests, quell disturb- ances, and patrol some of the worst districts in the city. They are no longer watchmen, but policemen in every sense of the word. If their designation is changed accordingly, it is believed it will result in an increased authority in their dealings with the public and will facilitate the securing of a better class of men from the civil service, as many of the eligibles on the civil-service lists for watchmen are utterly unfitted to perform the duties of policemen. An estimate is submitted for the purchase and maintenance of two motor cycles. These are urgently needed to control and regulate the constantly in- creasing traffic over the driveways in Potomac Park. Two men on motor cycles would be more efficient on this particular duty than double that number mounted on self-propelled bicycles. SUNDRY CIVIL ACT. Buildings and grounds in and around Washington. For improvement and care of public grounds, District of Columbia: For improvement and maintenance of grounds south of Executive Mansion $4,000 For ordinary care of greenhouses and nursery 2, 000 For repair and reconstruction of the greenhouses at the nursery__ 3, 000 For ordinary care of Lafayette Park ____ 2, 000 For ordinary care of Franklin Park ...- __ 1, 500 For improvement and ordinary care of Lincoln Park ... ______ 2, 000 For care and improvement of Monument Grounds and annex ___ 7, 000 For improvement, care, and maintenance of Garfield Park ....... 2, 500 For construction and repair of post-and-chain fences; repair of high iron fences; constructing stone coping about reservations; paint- ing watchmen's lodges, iron fences, vases, lamps, and lamp-posts; repairing and extending water pipes and purchase of apparatus for cleaning them; hose; manure, and hauling the same; remov- ing snow and ice; purchase and repair of seats and tools; trees, tree and plant stakes, labels, lime, whitewashing, and stock for PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1687 nursery, flowerpots, twine, baskets, wire, splints, and moss, to be purchased by contract or otherwise, as the Secretary of War may determine; care, construction, and repair of fountains; abating nuisances; cleaning statues and repairing pedestals___ $18,550 For improvement, care, and maintenance of various reservations, including maintenance, repair, exchange, and operation of one horse-drawn and two motor-propelled passenger-carrying vehicles to be used only for official purposes 1 (increase of $5,000 sub- mitted) ---------------------------------------------- 35,000 For improvement, care, and maintenance of Smithsonian Grounds_ 3, 000 For improvement and maintenance of Judiciary Park------------2, 500 For laying cement and other walks in various reservations---.--- 2, 000 For broken-stone road covering for parks (increase of $3,500 sub- mitted) ------- --------------------------------------- 7, 000 For curbing, coping, and flagging for park roads and walks------- 2, 000 For care and maintenance of West Potomac Park- __ _____- 15, 000 For grading, soiling, seeding, and planting that portion of Potomac Park west of the railroad embankment and constructing paths (increase of $10,000) ----------------------------------- 35, 000 For oiling or otherwise treating macadam roads (increase of $2,000 submitted) 6, 000 For continuing the improvement of Montrose Park and for its care and maintenance (increase of $5,000 submitted) _____________ 10, 000 For care and improvement of the portion of Potomac Park east of the railroad embankment (increase of $15,000 submitted)------ 25, 000 For placing and maintaining special portions of the parks in condi- tion for outdoor sports_______________________________ _ 10,000 To continue construction of necessary retaining walls in Meridian Hill Park, and grading incident thereto (increase of $25,000 submitted) _ ------------------------------------------- 50, 000 For care and maintenance of Willow Tree Park ____ -____-___ 1, 500 For new road pavements, curbs, gutters, and sidewalks on the E Sand F Street roadways through Judiciary Park ___________ 15, 000 For constructing a large fountain at Eighth Street and Pennsyl- vania Avenue NW -------------------------------------- 5,000 For improving the site of the old high-service reservoir at the southeast corner of Wisconsin Avenue and R Street NW, which is hereby made a part of the park system of the District of Columbia, under the Chief of Engineers, United States Army_ 5,000 For replacing the post-and-chain fence around Rawlins Park with a cement coping, and for rearranging the walks and improving the planting_------------------------------------------- 3, 000 For improving seven small triangles ________________________ 5, 000 For moving out the sea wall on the river side of West Potomac Park ------------------------------------------------ 25, 000 For extending Easby Point sewer in west Potomac Park---------- 12, 000 For rebuilding the sea wall on the river side of Potomac Park be- tween the railroad bridge and the inlet to tidal basin ________ - 6, 000 For planting the center parking in Pennsylvania Avenue between Second and Seventeenth Streets SE _-__-____________---5, 000 For changing and reconstructing the walks in Lafayette Park For care and maintenance of Mount Vernon Park____________- -- 8, 000 1, 000 For constructing and erecting a wagon shed at the propagating gardens ---------- ----------------------- 7,000 For care of the center parking on Maryland Avenue NE _------ __ 1, 000 For one double park lodge in Montrose Park-- .... .__________ 3, 500 For a field house in East Potomac Park, east of the railroad em- bankment, and the Chief of Engineers is hereby authorized to grant permits for the extension of street car lines into the park for the convenience of the public, said permits to be granted only when the Chief of Engineers is convinced that the exten- sions will conduce to the public good: Provided, however, That the said extensions shall be located, constructed, and altered only in accordance with such plans and specifications as may be 1The Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, shall submit annually to Congress a recom- mendation with estimate for the acquisition of additional lands required for the park system of the District of Columbia. 1688 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. approved by the Chief of Engineers and that the said Chief of Engineers may make and enforce such regulations for the loca- tion, construction, maintenance, operation, and use of said ex- tensions as he may deem proper __ __---------- __ --- -- -__$50, 000 For operation, care, repair, and maintenance of the pumps which operate the three fountains on the Union Station Plaza .-- ___ 4, 000 For commencing the planting in Meridian Hill Park__---------- - 5, 000 For the improvement of unimproved reservations ------------------ 10, 000 IF'or improvement and care of public grounds: For improvement, care, and maintenance of grounds of executive departments ------------------- ------------------------- 1, 000 For such trees, shrubs, plants, fertilizers, and skilled labor for the grounds of the Library of Congress as may be requested by the Superintendent of the Library Building___________-__ ____- 1, 000 For such trees, shrubs, plants, fertilizers, and skilled labor for the grounds of the Capitol and the Senate and House Office build- ings as may be requested by the Superintendent of the Capitol Building --------------------------------------------- 4, 000 For improvement and maintenance of Executive Mansion grounds (within iron fence) ----------------.------------- -__-_ 5, 000 For reconstructing a portion of the sewer in West Executive Avenue ----------- ----------- 5, 000 For the employment of an engineer by the officer in charge of public buildings and grounds--------------------------- 2,400 For purchase and repair of machinery and tools for shops at nursery, and for the repair of shops and storehouses----------- 1, 000 Executive Mansion : For ordinary care, repair, and refurnishing of Executive Mansion, and for purchase, maintenance, and driving of horses and ve- hicles for official purposes, to be expended by contract or other- wise, as the President may determine_____------------- 35, 000 For fuel for the Executive Mansion and greenhouses-............ 6, 000 For care and maintenance of greenhouses, Executive Mansion... 9, 000 For repairs to greenhouses, Executive Mansion___-__----..----. 3, 000 For reconstructing one greenhouse, Executive Mansion--- 4, 000 For lighting the Executive Mansion, grounds, and greenhouses, including all necessary expenses of installation, maintenance, and repair, $8,600, or so much thereof as may be necessary---------- 8,600 Lighting and heating for the public grounds: For lighting the public grounds, watchmen's lodges, offices, and greenhouses at the propagating gardens, including all necessary expenses of installation, maintenance, and repair (increase of $2,500) ----------------------------------- ---- - 21, 000 For heating offices, watchmen's lodges, and greenhouses at the propagating gardens ------------------------------------- 3, 820 Telegraph to connect the Capitol with the departments and Gov- ernment Printing Office: For care and repair of existing lines, including printing, binding, and blank books ------ _------ 500 Washington Monument: For the care and maintenance of the Washington Monument, namely: For custodian, $1,200; steam engineer, $960; assistant steam engineer, $840; fireman, $660; assistant fireman, $660; conductor of elevator car, $900; attendant on floor, $720; attend- ant on top floor, $720; three night and day watchmen, at $720 each; in all-- 820 8----------------------- For fuel, lights, oil, waste, packing, tools, matches, paints, brushes, brooms, lanterns, rope, nails, screws, lead, electric lights, heating apparatus, oil stoves, for elevator car and upper and lower floors; repairs to engines, boilers, dynamos, elevator, and repairs of all kinds connected with the Monument and machinery; and purchase of all necessary articles for keeping the Monument, machinery, elevator, and electric plant in good order, and for printing, binding, and blank books __--------------------------3, 000 For extra services of employees and for additional supplies and materials, to provide for the opening of the Monument to the public on Sundays and legal holidays ___________________ - 2, 000 Repairs of building where Abraham Lincoln died: For painting and mis- cellaneous repairs and for printing, binding, and blank books --- __- - 200 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1689 Improvements, birthplace of Washington, Wakefield, Va.: For repairs to fences and cleaning up and maintaining grounds about the monu- ment----------------- ----------------------------------- $100 Provided, That all appropriations for "buildings and grounds in and around Washington," "Executive Mansion," "lighting and heat- ing for the public grounds," "telegraph to connect the Capitol with- the departments and Government Printing Office," "Washington Monument," "repairs of building where Abraham Lincoln died," and " improvements, birthplace of Washington, Wakefield, Va.," shall be available for printing, binding, and blank books needed in con- nection with the work contemplated by said appropriation. (See explanation below.) Total under sundry civil act_--------------------------- 541,490 NoTE.-Senate bill 4239, Sixty-second Congress, which passed the Senate, contained a provision that no appropriations other than those made specifically for printing and binding shall be used for such purposes. If such a provision should be enacted into law, it would apparently prevent paying for printing and binding from any appro- priation which does not specifically provide for such expenditure. For that reason "printing, binding, and blank books" has been included in this estimate. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ACT. Highway Bridge across Potomac River: 2 draw operators, at $1,020 each__ __________________ __ 2, 040 2 draw operators, at $720 each------------------------------ 1, 440 4 watchmen, at $720 each ____________.__._______--_______ 2, 880 Labor -------------------------------------------------- , 500 Lighting, power, and miscellaneous supplies, and expenses of every kind necessarily incident to the operation and maintenance of the bridge and approaches, including printing, binding, and blank books (see explanation below) ----------------------- 8, 620 Painting the ironwork and repairing the fenders of the bridge.... 10, 000 NOTE.-Senate bill 4239, Sixty-second Congress, which passed the Senate, contained a provision that no appropriations other than those made specifically for printing and binding shall be used for such purposes. If such a provision should be enacted into law, it would apparently prevent paying for printing and binding from any appro- priation which does not specifically provide for such expenditure. For that reason "printing, binding, and blank books" has been included in this estimate. Statement concerning employees and other objects and classes of expenditures for the fiscal years 1917 and 1915. Estimated, Expended, 1917. 1915. Maintenance of Highway Bridge across Potomac River, D. C.: 2 draw operators, at $1,020 each . . ................................... $2,040.00 $2,040.00 2 draw operators, at $720 each............................................... 1, 440. 00 1,380.00 4 watchmen, at $7290each....................... 2,880.00 2,308.33 Regular labor ............................. ....... ........................ 1, 500. 00 1, 499.20 Lighting, power, and miscellaneous supplies, and expenses of every kind necessa- 7,860.00 7,227. 53 rily incident to the operation and maintenance of the bridge and ap- proaches, including printing, binding, and blank books: Labor.40.0............4 00 4,037.37 Eq p ment... ............. ............. ................ 4,00.00 531.63 Lig ..... t .................................................. 3,500.00 3,518.52 Telephone service . .................. ............................. 60.00 3 40.80 Supplies................................................ .................... ....... 400.00 416.51 Fuel.............. ......................................................... 60.00 62. 00 Painting the ironwork and repairing the fenders of the bridge: 8, 620.00 8,606. 83 Materials ................................................... 3000.00 ......... Labor....................................................... , 000.00.. 10,000. 00 ...... (For district officer's report giving additional details, see pp. 3707 to 3738.) 1690 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. SURVEY OF NORTHERN AND NORTHWESTERN LAKES. Conducted by the United States Lake Survey office, Detroit, Mich. GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS OF DISTRICT. The American waters of the Great Lakes and their connecting and outflow rivers from St. Regis, on the St. Lawrence River, to the heads of Lakes Michigan and Superior; the natural navigable waters of the New York State canals; Lake Champlain; and Lake of the Woods and other boundary and connecting waters between said lake and Lake Superior. AREAS OF WATERWAYS AND LENGTHS OF SHORE LINES. Great Lakes.-Area, about 95,000 square miles, of which about two-thirds is on the American side of the boundary. Length of shore line, about 8,345 miles, and of this the American line is about 4,700 miles. As a basis of comparison, the total length of shore line of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Mexican seaboards of the United States, excluding Alaska and the islands, is given in Senate Document No. 74, Fifty-third Congress, second session, as 5,705 miles. These figures are somewhat elastic, as the measurement varies according to the closeness with which the sinuous shore line is followed. Lake of the Woods and the chain of lakes extending easterly therefrom to Lake Superior.-Area of navigable waters, about 1,700 square miles. Lineal distance along the Minnesota frontier, about 350 miles. Natural navigable waters of the New York State canals.-Length, about 390 miles, including Oneida, Onondaga, Cross, Cayuga, and Seneca Lakes. Lake Champlain.-Area, about 425 square miles. Lineal length, about 107 miles. Length of shore line, about 480 miles. (Area and lengths given are within American boundary.) OFFICERS IN CHARGE. District officer: Col. J. C. Sanford, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. J. G. Warren, Corps of Engineers. ORGANIZATION. The function of the Lake Survey is to collect and publish for the aid and protection of navigation and commerce accurate information concerning the sailing routes, channels, harbors, magnetic variations, and other data needed both to safeguard and expedite the operations of mariners on the waters described above. From a public viewpoint it is a requisite governmental agency, imparting directly to mariners accurate knowledge concerning the Lakes considered as a unit water- way system. The service afforded is indispensable in the navigation of vessels with assurance and safety. The work is organized under the following divisions: (1) Surveys for charting purposes. (2) Preparing, correcting, printing, and issuing the charts. (3) Publishing and distributing descriptive annual bulletins, with monthly supplements and special notices to mariners, supplementing the charts. (4) Investigation of Lake levels with a view to their regulation, including observations and studies of hydraulic conditions in the outlets. INORTHERIN AND NORTHWESTERN LAI{ES. 1691 The charts are based mainly upon the surveys made by this organi- zation, but they also incorporate data received from all authentic sources, notably from the several United States engineer offices dis- tributed about the Lakes, supervising works of river and harbor improvement. COMMERCE BENEFITED. The commerce affected by the operations of the Lake Survey and depending upon the publication and constant revision of charts and bulletins is practically the entire commerce of the Great Lakes. The private investment in American vessels on the Great Lakes was esti- mated in 1907 as upward of $125,000,000, and in terminal docks and facilities many millions more. The Lake waterway permitted the movement during 1914 of freight estimated as aggregating over 70,000,000 tons. HISTORY. General.-As early as 1816 local surveys of the Great Lakes for special purposes were made by Engineer officers. The Lake Survey as a systematic and comprehensive work was commenced in 1841. It was prosecuted thereafter until 1882, when for a time extended field operations were suspended. The correction, printing, sale, and issue of charts continued without cessation, however, the additions and corrections being based largely upon local surveys and reports by Engineer officers in charge of the river and-harbor improvements on the Lakes, and being consequently fragmentary in scope. Systematic field work was resumed in 1889. The survey has from the beginning been carried on under the War Department, being at first conducted by the Chief of Topographical Engineers, and by the Chief of Engineers after the consolidation of the Topographical Engineers with the Corps of Engineers. A full account of the operations from May, 1841, to July 1, 1881, is contained in Professional Papers, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, No. 24. An extract from this publication, describing the condition of lake navigation in 1841, is printed in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1910, page 1043. A description of the methods employed in field operations in the more recent work and in the preparation of charts is found in Occasional Papers No. 40, Engineer School, United States Army. The sundry civil act of March 4, 1911, provided that the survey be extended to include the lakes and other natural navigable waters embraced in the navigation system of the "New York canals." The act of June 23, 1913, provided for including Lake Champlain, and the act of August 1, 1914, added the Lake of the Woods and other boundary and connecting waters between said lake and Lake Superior. Appropriations.-The first regular appropriation for the Lake Survey was made in 1841, and annual appropriations of varying amounts followed with the single exception of 1847. The appropria- tions applied to the present general project, formulated in 1907, are considered to date from the act of March 4, 1907. The following is a summary of appropriations and expenditures: 1692 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Appropriations 1841-1906, prior to present project : Expenditures--------------------------- $3, 984, 467. 19 Reverted to Treasury---------------------- 2, 411. 81 $3, 986, 879. 00 Appropriations 1907-1914 under present project : Expenditures to June 30, 1915-------------- 938, 085. 85 Balance for outstanding liabilities or to re- vert to Treasury------------------------ 11, 914. 15 950, 000. 00 Appropriated by act of Mar. 3, 1915-------------------------- 125, 000. 00 Aggregate appropriations for 75 years, 1841-1915--------- 5, 061, 879. 00 A list of the appropriation acts to and including June 23, 1913, is printed at pages 3390 and 3391 of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1914. The following should be added to that state- ment to complete it to date: Aug. 1, 1914---------------------------------------------- $125,000 Mar. 3, 1915---------------------------------------------125, 000 Amount expended on the work.-The cost of the work since its inception may be taken as the expenditures therefor, less the amount received from the sale of charts. The statement of cost to June 30, 1915, is as follows: Expenditures (including outstanding liabilities). For surveying and charting the Great Lakes and connecting waters ----- ---- - --------- $4, 895, 979. 09 For surveying and charting the lakes and other natural navigable waters embraced in the navigation system of the New York canals --------------------- 37, 963. 15 Total----------------- -------------------------- 4, 933, 942. 24 Receipts from the sale of charts----------------------------- 51, 541. 13 Total cost of work --------------------------------- 4, 882, 401. 11 Surveys-Great Lakes.-The highest attainable standards of ac- curacy and excellence have characterized the work from the be- ginning. The early operations seem to have been conducted with a view to meeting the demands of a limited navigation where the greatest draft was 12 feet. With the expansion of lake commerce, the increase in vessel dimensions, and the creation of channels and harbors with progressively increasing depths, the increasing demands have been met by a corresponding extension of the scope of operations to the limits which present and prospective navigation requires. The survey has not been limited by the national boundary, as the predominance of the navigation interests of the United States, amounting until recently to 95 per cent of the commerce of the Lakes, has required surveys extending to those parts of the main traveled vessel tracks passing through Canadian waters. The Canadian shore line has also been surveyed where its delineation is necessary, as along rivers and where vessel courses are close to Canadian territory. New York State canals.-A part of this route was surveyed under direction of the Board of Engineers on Deep Waterways, in 1897- 1899, and the results are available for use, but the construction of the barge canal, and many other artificial changes, necessitate sup- plemental field work to procure the data required for charting pur- NORTHERN AND NORTHWESTERN LAKES. 1693 poses. New and complete surveys are necessary on all lakes and rivers of the canal system west of the Oswego River. Lake Champlain.-Jurisdictionof the surveying and charting was transferred from the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1913, and the engraved copperplates for the charts then in issue were turned over to the Lake Survey. These plates were prepared for the most part from surveys of 1870-1874, although they have been revised from time to time in accordance with minor local surveys under the Engineer Corps. The extent of additional surveys needed on that lake has not yet been ascertained. The Lake of the Woods and the chain of lakes and rivers extending easterly therefrom to Lake Superior.-Surveys of these waters by the International Boundary Commissions are now in progress for the purpose of marking and mapping the boundary line between the United States and Canada. The preparation of navigation charts will require additional surveys (principally hydrographic) not in- cluded in the scope of the boundary commissions' work, but their triangulation, levels, and topographic surveys can all be utilized. A portion of the data pertaining to the Lake of the Woods has been received from the boundary commissions. The supplemental surveys have not yet been undertaken. Charts.-The execution of the survey which terminated in 1882 resulted in the preparation of a series of reliable charts for lake ves- sels and the furnishing of a basis for works of channel improvement upon the Lakes themselves and their connecting waters. This orig- inal series consisted of 76 charts, all of which were printed in black from copperplates. In 1895 the chart of Lake Superior was photolithographed in colors. This may be considered the inauguration of the present series of colored charts, although but six charts had been so published prior to 1901, when the production of colored charts by lithography was actively undertaken. The replacing of the copperplate black prints was steadily con- tinued after 1901, and at the close of 1909 the entire series of 123 charts then current had been printed in colors with the exception of a small black print of Niagara Falls; the latter was dropped from the series in 1913. Until 1911 this chart series covered only waters of the Great Lakes. The extension of the work to include the natural navi- gable waters of the New York State canals involves the preparation of 8 additional charts, of which 2 have been completed. The in- clusion of Lake Champlain added the 5 charts of that lake formerly published in black by the Coast and Geodetic Survey; 4 of these have now been reproduced in colors by the Lake Survey. In 1910 the copper plates of five general charts of the Great Lakes, constructed on the Mercator projection and formerly pub- lished by the Hydrographic Office, United States Navy, were trans- ferred to the Lake Survey, and these charts have since been printed and sold by this organization. The chart work for the Lake of the Woods has not yet been laid out, and therefore the scale and number of charts that will be re- quired for these waters can not be stated at the present time. The number of charts current in the different years since inaugu- ration of the colored series has fluctuated. The maximum number 1694 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, V. S. ARMY. in force at the close of any fiscal year was 126 charts, on June 30, 1911, inclusive of the 5 Hydrographic Office Charts. The present policy is to print harbor charts as insets on coast charts to which they geographically pertain in cases where the consolidation is prac- ticable. An important feature of the color scheme is that all water areas up to depths of 18 or 21 feet on the Great Lakes and to 12 feet on the New York waterways are shaded in blue, showing plainly where vessels may proceed with safety. Also to meet a demand for charts better adapted for the use of motor boats and small pleasure craft, a plan was adopted during the fiscal year 1915 whereby the areas with less than 6 feet depth on certain harbor and river charts are given a flat or darker shade of blue, to show clearly and conspicuously the waters dangerous to such craft. Seven charts of the series have been printed in this manner. In contrast with the old-style black prints, the present series marks a decided advance in chart construction, which has met with high favor among the navigation and related interests. On June 30, 1915, there were in force 118 charts, comprising (with a temporarily separate chart of the lower Detroit River) 107 Lake Survey charts of the Great Lakes, 4 of Lake Champlain, 2 of New York canals, and 5 Hydrographic Office charts of the Great Lakes. Up to February 20, 1890, one full set of charts was issued free to each United States registered vessel. Any additional charts fur- nished such vessels and all furnished for other unofficial use were sold at the uniform price of 30 cents each. On that date free issue, except for official purposes of the Government, was discontinued, pur- suant to law, and since then the charts have been sold for all private and unofficial use at prices ranging from 5 cents to 30 cents each. The price is intended to cover only the cost of paper and printing. Charts may be purchased at the Lake Survey office at Detroit, at the canal office at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., and at the United States engineer offices in Buffalo, Albany, and New York City. Complete sample sets may be seen at the United States engineer offices at Duluth, Milwaukee, Chicago, Grand Rapids, Cleveland, and Oswego, enabling purchasers to select exactly the charts they wish to order. From 1882 to June 30, 1915, a total sum of $51,541.13 was derived from the sale of charts and deposited in the United States Treasury. In all, 509,695 of these charts have been sold and issued for actual service. Bulletins.-The Lake Survey is a clearing house for information of special value to mariners, such as newly discovered dangers, wrecks, navigation improvements, etc., data concerning which are continually being obtained by its surveys, or from reports furnished by the district engineer officers, or from other authentic sources. Prompt publication is made, both by mimeographed notices in criti- cal cases, issued to important Lake interests and to all daily papers published on the Lakes, and also in the bulletin issued annually and its supplements issued monthly during the season of navigation. The preparation and issue of the bulletins and supplements was begun in the office of the Chief of Engineers in 1889 and transferred to the Lake Survey office in 1902. They contain descriptions of coast lines, harbors, channels, menaces to navigation, and other important NORTHERN AND NORTHWESTERN LAKES. 1695 information supplementary to the charts, but of too voluminous a character to be incorporated thereon. They are accordingly issued free in connection with the charts, and are thus supplied to those engaged or specially interested in Lake navigation. The mailing list is carefully revised each year, to the end that all proper requests may be cared for and unnecessary and expensive duplication avoided. Investigation of lake levels.-The purpose of this work is to in- vestigate the influences which affect the levels of the water surface of the Great Lakes in order to determine the extent to which they may be regulated and in what way the depth of their navigable channels may best be preserved. Systematic observations and records of lake stages, which were started in 1859 in connection with the early studies of the physics of the lake region, have been continued up to the present time. Since 1899 these records have been obtained for the most part by means of automatic gauges which record graphic- ally the continuously fluctuating levels. The number of gauge stations has varied from time to time in accordance with. varying requirements. At present the Lake Survey maintains 11 self-regis- tering gauges and 1 staff gauge, and in addition receives from United States Engineer offices records of 4 automatic and 3 staff gauges. These records are compiled and tabulated in the Lake Survey office in form for use in connection with surveys and charting, with river and harbor improvements, and with the various studies and in- vestigations pertaining to the subject of lake regulation. The measurement of outflow from the various lakes first received attention in 1867, when the determinations of discharge through the St. Marys, St. Clair, Niagara, and St. Lawrence Rivers were at- tempted by means of double floats. The unsatisfactory results led to further observations in the St. Clair, Niagara, and St. Lawrence Rivers in 1868-69, when the first use was made of the electrically registering current meter, which, in improved form, is now the standard instrument for stream measurements. No attempt was made in this early work to relate the varying volumes of flow to the controlling lake stages. In 1896 hydraulic measurements were again undertaken by the Lake Survey, this time in connection with the resurvey of St. Marys River. The general methods of stream measurements now in vogue were then first introduced on the Great Lakes. The sundry civil act of June 4, 1897, in appropriating for completing the 20-foot ship channel between Chicago, Duluth, and Buffalo, directed that "observations and investigations " be made. A project for the work was approved by the Secretary of War May 21, 1898, as published in the Annual Report for 1898, pages 3774-3776. The first opera- tions were conducted under allotments combined from the ship- channel and Lake Survey appropriations. Specific provision for "observations and investigation of lake levels" was first included in the Lake Survey appropriation contained in the sundry civil act of June 6, 1900. The operations were extended in 1898 to include observations and investigations of lake levels, with a view to ascer- taining the causes of changes in level, determining the laws of inter- lake flow, and devising the most feasible method of lake-level main- tenance or regulation, in the interests of commerce. Under this broader provision a program of hydraulic measurements has been 1696 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. carried on almost continuously during the period from 1898 up to the present time. The amount of work accomplished on the main outflow rivers is indicated by the following tabular statement: Summary of Lake Survey hydraulic work. River. Seasons' work. Sections Discharge measured. measure- ments. St. M arys.... .......-..... --... -- . . . . . . . . . 6 3 489 St. Clair. . . ...... .... -..... . .. ....-..-..- ,-. - .. ,- :::-- - 7 3 545 Detroit .. --......................-----.. ................---- .....--...... 2 1 117 Niagara--....--..------.---- ------------------------------------ 6 3 381 St. Lawrence ........-------..-- .-..----- .....--------------------------------. 6 2 267 In addition to the above, there have been made numerous determina- tions of discharge in the power canals at Niagara Falls and Sault Ste. Marie and in the Erie Canal and the Chicago Drainage Canal. The conditions of outflow from Lake Superior through the St. Marys River are undergoing changes, due to lock construction and other improvements, and partial or complete regulation, which is now contemplated, will invalidate the formula of discharge for that river. Otherwise the hydraulic work on the outflow rivers may now be considered complete until such time as natural or artificial changes in regimen render the present values obsolete. The formulas express- ing the laws of flow for varying lake stages as determined by the discharge measurements are given on page 3547 of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1912, except that preliminary reductions of the recent work on the St. Lawrence River indicate that the discharge from Lake Ontario is more correctly expressed by the formula Discharge St. Lawrence River=391 (Oswego-229.34) 3/2. The following table gives a summary of discharges from the sev- eral lakes, determined by the latest formulas, corresponding to the mean elevations for the last 55 calendar years: Table of mean discharges. Corresponding mean discharge Mean elevation for 55 years (1860-1914) above mean sea level, in feet. in cubic feet of water per second.' Lake. Stage. River. Discharge. Superior... ..............................................------------------------------------------ 602.28 St. Marys--...----..55,000 Michigan-Huron............... ................------------------------------------- 581.20 St. Clair...----------... 207, 000 St. Clair at Flats Canal..-----.....-----..-------............-------------............. -- 575.66 Detroit............212,000 Erie ....---------------------------------------------- 572. 55 Niagara .... 210, 000 Ontario--......... ..---......-.---...-- ..-... 246.19 St. Lawrence..... 241, 000 1 The volumes of discharge are for open-season flow and for the conditions of outflow that existed at the time of the latest measurements. They do not include the flow in the power canals in St. Marys River nor that in the Chicago Drainage Canal nor the flow from Lake Erie through the Welland and Erie Canals. The discharge for Detroit River is derived by adding a proportional amount of drainage for the Lake St. Clair Basin to the outflow through St. Clair River. The temperatures of air and of surface water over the lakes have been observed at special stations and by the field parties engaged on hydrographic and magnetic work for several years, and these and NORTHERN AND NORTHWESTERN LAKES. 1697 other meteorological data are being compiled, and the study and analysis of the same are in progress for the purpose of determining the cause and probable extent of the fluctuations of lake levels and the nature and effect of lake currents. PROJECT. Surveys--Great Lakes.-The present general project, stated in de- tail in the annual report for 1907, pages 844 to 850, comprises the following work necessary to render the surveys and the charts ade- quate to respond to all probable future demands, viz, the ascertain- ment and charting of lake depths in all significant regions of the Great Lakes to a plane 30 feet below the adopted low-water datum of the open lakes and 25 feet below the corresponding datum in the channels of the connecting rivers; the completion of triangulation and precise leveling needed to control properly the areas under sur- vey; river-discharge measurements; investigations of lake levels; magnetic surveys in and near main vessel courses; and prompt exami- nation of areas where obstructions to navigation have been reported. New York State canals.-The project contemplates revision and adjustment by field reconnoissance of all existing survey data per- taining to " the natural navigable waters embraced in the navigation system of the New York canals," supplemented by such additional topographic and hydrographic surveys as may be required for the publication of navigation charts of these waters. Lake Champlain.-A definite project has not yet been formulated. It appears probable that quite extensive surveys will be necessary in order to modernize the charts, which are now, for the most part, made up from the original surveys of 1870-1874. Boundary waters between the Lake of the Woods and Lake Su- perior.-The project will provide for supplementing the surveys of the International Boundary Commissions, which are now in progress. with such additional field work as may be required for completing the data needed in the preparation of navigation charts. This addi- tional work will consist largely of hydrography, the extent of which has not yet been ascertained. Charts.-A general chart project for completing the series of lake charts in accordance with the probable future demand was approved April 17, 1909. It contemplates the following work: Revision of existing charts to the standard datums for geodetic control and hydrographic reference described on pages 3009-3010, Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1911; the preparation of new charts as needed to round out the series of charts of the Great Lakes, to be based upon standard datum; discontinuance of old charts as they are superseded or otherwise become obsolete; such reduction as appears practicable in the total number of separate charts by incorporating certain harbor charts as insets on the appropriate coast .charts; and maintenance of the series by correction of the engravings for aids to navigation and other important changes, and reprinting of editions as the stock of charts becomes depleted by sale or issue. When this project was formulated it was estimated that the even- tual result would be a series of 104 separate charts. The project remains applicable in its general stipulations, but it is found that 8373 -ENG 1915--107 1698 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. more flexible limitations must be allowed to provide for expanding requirements of navigation. The following is the most accurate approximation now practicable: Estimated number of Lake Survey charts of Great Lakes in final series .__ 100 Charts of natural navigable waters of the navigation system of New York State canals ---------------------------------------------- 8 Charts of Lake Champlain_-------------------- _........ 5 Hydrographic Office general charts of the lakes______________________--_ 5 Approximate number of charts contemplated in chart project (not including Lake of the Woods and adjacent waters) ------------- 118 Investigation of lake levels.-The present general project is the continuation and extension of that published in the Annual Report of 1898, pages 3774-3776, which proposes the determination of the following questions: 1. The laws of flow in the interlake and outflow rivers at various stages of water. 2. The causes and extent of fluctuations of lake levels from year to year. 3. The effect of Government improvements already made or that may be made on lake levels. 4. The effect of the Chicago Drainage Canal or other like artificial outlet on lake levels. 5. The practicability and advisability of regulating lake levels by dams or locks and dams. 6. The nature and effect of currents, with special reference to the transporta- tion of loose material and its obstruction of channels. 7. The effect of gales, storm waves, and barometric pressure on lake levels and currents. 8. Ice effects as respects action on channels and interference with navigation. The work required in the series of observations may be summarized as fol- lows: (a) Measurements of discharge through and surface slopes of lake-con- necting channels; (b) soundings and borings in rivers and lakes; (c) lake cur- rent observations and measurements; (d) continuous records of water gauges, force and direction of winds, and other meteorological data at selected stations. WORK OF FISCAL YEAR. Surveys.-On July 1, 1914, five parties were engaged in field oper- ations, four being employed on surveys and one on hydraulic measure- ments. The four survey parties continued operations until November 25, 18, 9, and December 9, respectively. The field season of 1915 began in May. At the end of the fiscal year five survey parties were at work on the Lakes, they having begun the season's operations on May 4, 12, 10, 1, and 18, respectively. A detailed description of the field work of the fiscal year is given in the report of the officer in charge of the Lake Survey accompanying this report. The localities in which operations were in progress included: East end of Lake Ontario and the American channel of the St. Lawrence River, to the vicinity of Clayton; sweeping and topography; also discharge measurements on the St. Lawrence at Iroquois, Ontario, and vicinity. West end of Lake Erie and lower Detroit River; sweeping and topography. Lake Huron, western and southern portions, including revisory surveys at Rogers, Calcite, and Rockport, Mich.; hydrographic survey of Nine-Fathom Bank; reconnoissance of Yankee Reef; sweeping for reported wreck in the vicinity of Port Sanilac; resurveys at the southern end of the lake; topography southward from Forester to Port Huron with exception of 6 miles in vicinity of Lexington previously completed; triangulation in Saginaw Bay. NORTHERN AND NORTHWESTERN LAKES. 1699 Lake Michigan, west shore, between Centerville and Porte des Morts, Wis.; sounding, sweeping, and topography; also harbor surveys at Pentwater and Michigan City on the eastern shore. New York State Canal system; topography from Montezuma to Lyons ; Seneca River, Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, topography, hydrography, and triangulation. Misoellaneous.-The field parties, en route to and from their sea- son's work, made five minor surveys in addition to making 12 inpec- tions of automatic water gauges. Charts.--During the year ending June 30, 1915, the Lake Survey issued 19 editions, in colors, of separate charts, as follows: Four newly engraved and 12 revised and corrected Lake Survey charts of the Great Lakes, or 16 in all; 1 newly engraved and 1 corrected chart of the New York canals; and 1 corrected Hydrographic Office chart of the Great Lakes on the Mercator projection. Of the 16 Great Lakes charts mentioned, 6 contained newly added insets of 9 harbors on enlarged scale. The following compilation represents the progress of operations during the year on (1) Lake Survey charts of the Great Lakes under the general project of April 17, 1909, and (2) charts assigned to Lake Survey jurisdiction since formulation of that project. 1. Lake Survey charts of Great Lakes. New charts (4) and revised old charts (1) completed during the year, based on both standards of projection and hydrography__________________- 5 Charts revised during the year for geodetic datum (exclusive of above 5)__ 0 Charts revised during the year for low-water reference (exclusive of above 5) ------------ --------------------------------------- Corrected editions printed during the year for stock maintenance of series__ 10 Total number of editions published during the year --------------- 16 Number of insets included on charts published during the year----------- 9 Charts discontinued during the year, 3 formerly separate harbor charts (now insets) and 2 obsolete charts-------------------------------- 5 Net reduction in total number of current series-__________------------ 1 Net gain in number of charts based on both standards 5----------------- Net gain in number of all charts revised for geodetic datum (deducting 3 revised charts discontinued) ------------------------------------- 2 Net gain in number of all charts revised for low-water reference (deducting 2 revised charts discontinued)------------------------------ -- 4 2. Charts assigned to Lake Survey since 1909 project. Charts of New York canals series: New engraving, based on both standards, completed and edition pub- lished during the year-____----- ____________------- 1 Corrected edition, for maintenance, published during the year --------- 1 Hydrographic Office charts of Great Lakes: Corrected edition, for maintenance, published during the year --------- 1 At the end of the fiscal year six copper plates and three stone en- gravings of existing charts were being revised to standards or cor- rected for current changes preparatory to the printing of editions, and engravings were being made for five new charts of the Great Lakes series and one of the New York canals series. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, the number of charts sold by the Detroit office was 12,146, and by the Buffalo office 2,359, the aggregate sales being 14,505. The proceeds of the sales, amount- ing to $2,263.13, were deposited to the credit of the Treasurer of the 1700 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. United States. The Detroit office issued 3,018 charts for official use and the Buffalo office 141, a total of 3,159. Bulletin, etc.-The present edition of the bulletin and supplements is 2,400 copies. Supplements Nos. 3 to 7, Bulletin No. 23, were issued between July and November of the season of 1914. Bulletin No. 24 was published in April and Supplements Nos. 1 and 2 were issued in May and June of the 1915 season. Investigation of lake levels.-At the beginning of the year a field party was stationed at Iroquois, Ontario, engaged in measuring the volume of flow through the St. Lawrence River. This work was continued up to November 3, 1914, when the steamer with. equipment returned to Detroit and the technical party took up special work in connection with the supervision of power companies at Niagara Falls. The hydraulic work on the St. Lawrence consisted princi- pally of the measurement of 33 discharges at section Three Points, and the measurement of the cross section, the determination of vertical and horizontal velocity curves, and the observation of 42 discharges on a newly selected section called Iroquois. In addition this party sounded in detail the stretch of river in the vicinity of the hydraulic sections, measured the discharge in the Galop and Morris- burg Canals and in the Little River, and conducted numerous hy- draulic experiments bearing on the work in hand. The season's operations conclude the hydraulic work on the St. Lawrence River so far as required under present conditions of regimen. Temperature observations on the Lakes were continued during the field seasons, and 1 staff and 10 self-registering gauges were main- tained for the purpose of obtaining accurate continuous records of all changes in elevation of the water surfaces on the lakes and rivers. The table, printed on page, 1696, of mean discharges for all of the Great Lakes at the mean stage of each for the past 55 years was brought up to date. A table was compiled showing the monthly water levels from July 1, 1914, to June 30, 1915, at Marquette, Mich., on Lake Superior; Milwaukee, Wis., on Lake Michigan; Harbor Beach, Mich., on Lake Huron; Cleveland, Ohio, on Lake Erie; and Oswego, N. Y., on Lake Ontario; this table is printed on page 3749 of this report. STATUS OF WORK. Surveys.-It is estimated that the field work accomplished pre- vious to 1907, when the present project for surveys on the Great Lakes was formulated, will furnish about 50 per cent of the aggre- gate survey data which will be available and of live value when this project is completed. On the same basis, the progress to June 30, 1915, is 80 per cent. The present state of the various operations is about as follows: Triangulation, 85 per cent complete; precise level- ing, 64 per cent; topography, 79 per cent; ordinary sounding (in- cluding sweeping), 76 per cent; deep-sea sounding, 15 per cent; hydraulic measurements, 100 per cent; and magnetic observations, 97 per cent complete on land and 54 per cent on water. The project for New York State canal surveys was about 40 per cent completed at the end of the fiscal year. Charts.-On June 30, 1915, there were in force 118 charts, com- prising 113 Lake Survey charts on the polyconic projection and 5 O1RTHERN AND NORTHWESTERN LAKES. 1701 Hydrographic Office general charts of the Lakes on the Mercator projection. The following table shows the condition of the work on June 30, 1915: Lake Survey charts of Great Lakes. Total number of new or revised charts completed for both standards (geo- detic datum and low water) on June 30, 1915---------------------- 81 Charts revised for geodetic datum alone ----------------------------- 12 Charts revised for low-water reference alone------------------------- 6 Charts not revised to either standard------------------------------- 8 Total unit count on June 30, 1915_ --------------------------- 107 Total number of insets appearing on published charts on June 30, 1915--- 40 Total number of charts revised for geodetic datum (combining the 81 and 12 above) ------------------------------------- ---------- 93 Total number of charts revised for low-water reference (combining the 81 and 6 above) .. 87 New charts process of in process charts in engraving-------------------------------------5 5 of engraving_ Charts undergoing revision to standards----------------------------- 2 Charts of New York State canals. Completed, based on both standards--------------------------------- 2 In process of engraving_ 1------------- Charts of Lake Champlain. Completed, based on standard geodetic datum alone-------------------- 4 Hydrographic Ofice charts. Charts of Great Lakes on Mercator projection------------------------- 5 TIME OF COMPLETION. It was stated in the Annual Report of 1908 that, assuming adequate appropriations, the completion of the general Lake Survey project described in the Annual Report of 1907 would require 11 seasons' work, including the season of 1908. Since that estimate was made, however, the scope of operations has been enlarged by the acts of Congress approved March 4, 1911, June 23, 1913, and August 1, 1914, to include the natural navigable waters of the New York canals, Lake Champlain, and the Lake of the Woods and other boundary and connecting waters between said lake and Lake Su- perior. Increased demand for lake charts has necessitated increased ex- penses in the chart department, correspondingly decreasing the amounts which it was expected to apply on field work on-the Great Lakes. The expenses of the survey of the New York canals have also diminished those amounts. In consequence it has been necessary during the last few years to shorten the season of the field parties or to leave out of commission for an entire season a portion of the floating plant and equipment, and as a result the rate of progress of work on the Great Lakes has been diminished and its aggregate cost increased. Under these conditions and with the additional work involved in the surveying and charting of New York canals and Lake Cham- plain, it was estimated that appropriations of $125,000 per annum 1702 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. would permit completing the project in 1921. The inclusion of the Lake of the Woods and adjacent waters will probably add two or three years to the time required unless appropriations are correspond- ingly increased. Along with the preparation of new charts and the revision of old charts to the latest approved standards, which are essential features of the project, the Lake Survey must maintain, as a continuing or going service, the integrity and accuracy of the whole series of charts so as to keep pace with constantly changing conditions. This feature of maintenance is one of primary importance, and the varying demands which it makes upon the working force and the available funds affect the progress of work on the project. Conse- quently the estimates for time of completion are necessarily some- what indefinite. After the completion of the general project the changing condi- tions of harbors, rivers, and shores, the occurrence of wrecks and of other artificial obstructions to navigation, will require the main- tenance of a small equipment and organization for the revision and issuance of charts and bulletins, for minor surveys and investiga- tions in connection with wrecks and other obstructions, and for the dissemination of information to mariners. ESTIMATE. As stated above, under "Time of completion," the increased de- mand for charts and the additional work assigned to the Lake Sur- vey have decreased the progress of the field operations proposed in the project of 1907. The season for hydrographic survey work on the Great Lakes is limited to approximately six months. To use this short period available for profitable work in the open lakes to the greatest advantage requires not only ample funds, but especially that the funds to be expended during the working season be avail- able, or at least the amounts be known, at the beginning of the sea- son, and remain available until expended, or at least until December 31. Temporary and unexpected delays in the field work caused by unfavorable weather conditions may leave an unexpended balance at the end of the year which is needed for the work in hand and could be used to good advantage later in the season, while, con- versely, emergencies may arise requiring unusual expenditures early in the season, thereby causing a change of organization or curtail- ment of operations in mid season due to limited funds. In either case the restrictions of fiscal year appropriations delay progress and increase the costs of the work. Economhy of operations necessitates the provision of larger ap- propriations than those of recent years. It is estimated that $126,000 can be profitably and economically expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for field and office work pertaining to the survey of the Great Lakes, that $14,000 will be required to continue to the best advantage the surveys of New York canals, and that $10,000 is needed for field work on the Lake of the Woods. It is therefore recommended that an appropriation of $150,000 be made for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, and that it be formu- lated as follows: NORTHERN AND NORTHWESTERN LAKES. 1703 Estimate for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917. For survey of northern and northwestern lakes, Lake of the Woods and other boundary and connecting waters between said lake and Lake Superior, Lake Champlain, and the natural navigable waters embraced in the navigation system of the New York canals, includ- ing all necessary expenses for preparing, correcting, extending, printing, binding, and issuing charts and bulletins, and of investi- gating lake levels with a view to their regulation, to be immedi- ately available and to remain available until the end of the calendar year 1917 ------------- ----- ----------------- $150,000 NOTE.--The season for Lake Survey work is necessarily a unit extending from early spring, usually two or three months before the end of the fiscal year, to November or December. It follows, therefore, that fiscal year ap- propriations can only be applied to two fractional seasons. It is important that appropriations shall be available for the beginning of the field season, so that the entire work of the season can be planned to the best advantage and that the funds should remain available, preferably until expended, and certainly until the end of the season. A shortage of funds which may occur in mid season when the funds for the necessary fiscal year are not available necessitates laying off of force. A shortage in the rate of expenditures at that time requires changes in the organization which retard the work and increase the cost. The field work is largely dependent upon working condi- tions and funds should be available so that favorable working weather can be used to the best advantage. These funds will be applied on surveys of the most critical locali- ties yet requiring examination, and in the revision and issue of as many as possible of the charts yet to be revised or issued, taking them up in the order of the greatest need of navigators. It is expected that the sum estimated will provide for five field parties on the Great Lakes, one party on the New York State canals, and one on the Lake of the Woods, and for the revision, preparation, and issuance of about eight charts. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended (Chief of Engineers Report, 1914)_ $7, 053, 27 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act of Aug. 1, 1914_ _____ _ 125, 000. 00 Collections credited to account: Reimbursements on account of work done for other engineer districts, etc ____-______-_ 6, 177. 52 138, 230. 79 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year: At Office of Chief of Engineers_-------------------$1, 118. 76 At United States Lake Survey office ______________ 126, 154. 13 At United States Engineer office, Buffalo--------- .3. 60 127, 276. 49 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended ---------------------------- 10, 954. 30 July 1, 1915, accounts reimbursable, unsettled ,022. 27 1________________ Total credits --------------------------------- 11, 976. 57 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities--------------------_____ 11, 389. 20 July 1, 1915, balance available--------------------------------- 587. 37. (For district officer's report giving additional details, see pages 3739 to 3750.) PRESERVATION OF NIAGARA FALLS. HISTORY. The act of Congress approved June 29, 1906, " For the control and regulation of the waters of Niagara River, for the preservation of 1This amount includes expenditures of $6,177.52 which were reimbursed as above stated and $1,022.27 still reimbursable. 1704 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Niagara Falls, and for other purposes," authorized the Secretary of War, in his discretion, to grant permits for the diversion of water on the American side for power purposes up to a limit of 15,600 cubic feet per second, and permits for the transmission of electrical power from Canada up to a limit of 160,000 horsepower. The act further authorized the granting of similar permits "For the diver- sion of additional amounts of water from the said river or its tribu- taries to such amount, if any, as in connection with the amount diverted on the Canadian side shall not injure or interfere with the navigable capacity of said river or its integrity and proper volume as a boundary stream or the scenic grandeur of Niagara Falls." The legislation on the subject to date is listed in the following table: Treaty between the United States and Great Britain and acts and resolutions of Congress relating to the preservation of Niagara Falls. Date of approval Subject. or date from Date of expiration. Statutes at Large. which effective. Joint resolution for report by Mar. 15, 190....................................... Vol. 34, p.,824. United States section of Inter- national Joint Commission upon preservation of Niagara Falls. Act for control and regulation of June 29, 1906.J..... June 29, 1909 ................. Vol. 34, p. 628. the waters of Niagara River, for the preservation of Niagara Falls, and for other purposes. Joint resolution extending opera- Mar. 3, 1909....... June 29, 1911................ Vol. 35, p. 1169. tion of act of June 29, 1906. Treaty, Art. V, limiting the diver- May 5, 1910 (date Five years from date of ex- Vol. 36, p. 2448. sion of water above the Falls for of exchange of change of ratifications and power purposes. ratifications). thereafter until terminated by 12 months' written no- tice given by either high contracting party to the other. Joiht resolution extending opera- Aug. 22, 1911....... Mar. 1, 1912 ................. Vol. 37, p. 43. tion of act of June 29, 1906. Do ..................... Apr. 5, 1912....... Mar. 4, 1913................ Vol. 37, p. 631. The study of the technical questions involved, requiring surveys and hydraulic measurements, was made by the Corps of Engineers. Permits were granted by the Secretary of War as follows: PERMITS GRANTED BY THE SECRETARY OF WAR. For the diversion of water. [Aug. 16, 1907.] To the Niagara Falls Power Co., to divert 8,600 cubic feet of water per sec- ond from the Niagara River. To the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Co. (now the Hydraulic Power Co.), to divert 6,500 cubic feet of water per second from the Niagara River. To the Lockport Hydraulic Co. (now the Hydraulic Race Co.), to divert water of the Niagara River and its tributaries from the Erie Canal at Lock- port, N. Y., above the locks, for power purposes, not exceeding 500 cubic feet per second, " it being distinctly understood that the waters so diverted shall be returned to the canal below the locks, and that this permit shall inure to the benefit of all persons and corporations now using said water for power purposes whether lessees of the applicant or having the right to be furnished by it with water, and including the persons and corporations now diverting water as aforesaid from the Erie Canal at Eighteen Mile Creek, Middleport, Medina, Eagle Harbor, Albion, Holley, and other places on the lower level." PRESERVATION OF NIAGARA FALLS. 1705 For the transmission of electrical power from Canada into the United States. [Aug. 16, 1907.] To the Niagara Falls Power Co., to receive from the Canadian Niagara Power Co. at the international boundary line and transmit from the Dominion of Canada into the United States 52,500 electrical horsepower. To the Niagara, Lockport & Ontario Power Co., to receive from the Ontario Power Co., of Niagara Falls, at the international boundary line and to transmit into the United States, 60,000 electrical horsepower. [Aug. 17, 1907.] To the Cataract Power c Conduit Co. and to the Niagara Falls Electrical Transmission Co. and to such other distributing agents or companies in the United States as the Electrical Development Co. of Ontario (Ltd.) may desig- nate to receive from the said the Electrical Development Co. of Ontario (Ltd.), at the international boundary line and to transmit into the United States 46,000 electrical horsepower. The permits were continued in force to March 4, 1913, when the act of June 29, 1906, expired by limitation. The power plants of all companies operating under permits from the Secretary of War were frequently inspected during the periods that the act of June 29, 1906, was operative, until its expiration on March 4, 1913. The Secretary of War was also advised concerning landscape fea- tures by a special committee constituted by him, including officers of the Corps of Engineers and civilians, and known as the Niagara Falls committee. Expenditures were provided for by allotments from the appropria- tion made by the act of June 29, 1906. References to special reports. Subjects. By whom made. Published in- Date of report. the existing water- Capt Charles W. Kutz, power upon Report situation at Niagara Falls, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Doc. Aug. 15,1906 so far as concerns the Canadian Army, andof the members theAmerican Interna- No.Department War 284. Sept. 29,1906 power companies and their asso- tional Waterways Com- ciated transmission companies, mission. Reports upon the existing water- power situation at Niagara Falls, doW..........ar Department Doc. JOct. 5,1906 so far as concerns the diversion of ........................ No. 289. NNov. 15,1906 water on the American side. Preservation of Niagara Falls .. aj. Charles Keller, Corps S. Doc. Nor 105, 62d INov. 4,1908 of Engineers, U. S. Army. Cong., 1st sess. Sept. 21,1909 Do.......................... Niagara Falls committee.... Sept 20,1907 Doc. No. 246, 62d {Oct. 2,1911 o Cong., 2d sess. {H. Do.. ....... ................ Lieut. Col. C. S. Richd, ..... do............... Sept. 30,1911 Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. NoTE.-Several reports of hearings have also been published by committees of Congress and by the War Department. SUPERVISION OF POWER COMPANIES, NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. HISTORY. By direction of the Secretary of War and under authority of sections 10 and 12 of the river and harbor act approved March 3, 1899, the supervision of power companies diverting water from the 1706 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. American side of the Niagara River was resumed on March 9, 1913, and has been continued since that date, the expense thereof being paid from allotments from the appropriation "'Examinations, sur- veys, and contingencies of rivers and harbors." The companies 'were informed by the Chief of Engineers on July 19, 1913, that "For the present no objection is being made by the War Department to existing diversions so long as the daily average does not exceed that of the permits and diversion limits which existed last year under the Burton Act." The companies continued their operations on the basis of this information until about June 3, 1914, when notification was received by them from the Secretary of War, dated May 28, 1914, that the maximum limitations of diversions are interpreted as relating not to the daily average quantity diverted, but to the quantity diverted at any moment. This later ruling is still in force. OPERATIONS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1915. The supervision of the power companies and the determination of the amount of their diversions have been continued throughout the year. Frequent inspections of the power stations have been made by a representative of the Lake Survey office, stationed at Niagara Falls, N. Y. The details of the inspections have been reported weekly to the Lake Survey office, and trimonthly reports have been made directly to the Chief of Engineers, showing the daily estimated maximum and average diversions of each company. DIVERSIONS. The matter of excessive diversions by the Hydraulic Power Co. in June, 1914, was under investigation at the beginning of the year. It was found that the company had arbitrarily adopted new limita- tions of power output based on its own measurements of diversion, and that these values had been erroneously determined. As soon as the error was disclosed the company resumed the use of the former limitations. With a careful consideration of the improved efficiency in operating conditions since the last measurements by the Lake Survey, it appeared certain that upon at least three and probably four days in June the company had exceeded its prescribed limit of diversion. However, the mistake on the part of the company ap- peared to be wholly unintentional, and the Secretary of War approved the recommendation of the Chief of Engineers and the district officer that no action against the company be taken. It was further recommended and approved at this time that new measure- ments of the efficiency of the Hydraulic Power Co.'s development be undertaken at the early convenience of the Lake Survey office, and that in the meantime new limitations be adopted, based on certain positive knowledge concerning the improved efficiency of the plant. The modified limits were made effective August 1, 1914. The pro- posed new measurements were made between November 6 and Decem- ber 9, 1914, by a specially organized party detailed from the Lake Survey office. A full report of this work, containing a proposed schedule of operating limitations, was submitted to the Chief of Engineers by the district officer on May 21, 1915, and the report and PRESERVATION OF NIAGARA FALLS. 1707 the recommendations contained therein were under consideration at the end of the year. The two American companies located at Niagara Falls operated within the limits of their respective former permits throughout the year. The Hydraulic Race Co., which was granted a permit under the provisions of the act of June 29, 1906, to withdraw from the upper level of the Barge Canal at Lockport, N. Y., and return to its lower level 500 cubic feet of water per second in addition to the amount needed for navigation purposes, in no case approached the limits prescribed. At the beginning of the year an average of about 700 cubic feet of water was being used by the company, the additional amount required to maintain the lower level being supplied through a by-pass under state control; the companies operating on Eighteen Mile Creek were drawing about 500 second-feet from the lower level, as provided in the former permit. On September 1, the diversions of these latter companies were reduced to about 250 second-feet by order of the State, owing to excessive velocities created in the upper level and consequent interference with navigation. Construction work in the canal caused a close down of all power companies at Lockport from November 29 to December 7, 1914. The Hydraulic Race Co. resumed operations with an average diversion of about 350 second-feet, which was increased to 450 second-feet on or about Decem- ber 11. The companies on Eighteen Mile Creek resumed operations with diversions aggregating about 500 second-feet. These conditions continued until the opening of navigation, when, on account of the unusually low stage of water, the Hydraulic Race Co. was caused to reduce its water consumption to about 300 second-feet, and the with- drawal of water from the lower canal level was stopped entirely. This latter condition continued until the end of the year. MISCELLANEOUS. Various investigations have been made and several reports have been submitted from the Lake Survey Office during the year on matters pertaining to the general subject of power development at Niagara Falls. ALLOTMENTS FROM THE APPROPRIATION EXAMINATIONS, SURVEYS, AND CONTINGENCIES OF RIVERS AND HARBORS.1 Allotments : July 10, 1914-------------------------------------- $500. 00 Oct. 13, 1914--------------------------------------2, 000. 00 Feb. 5, 1915----------------------------------------500. 00 Apr. 5, 1915--------------------------------------1, 000. 00 Refund account of overpayment----------------------- .20 $4, 000. 20 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended---------------------------------- 95. 53 4, 095. 73 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year------------------3, 882. 43 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended-------------------------- 213. 30 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities-------------------------------- 15. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available_------------------ 198. 30 (For district officer's report giving additional details, see pp. 3751 to 3752.) 1708 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. IMPROVEMENT OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, INCLUDING THE CONSTRUCTION, REPAIR, AND MAINTENANCE OF ROADS AND BRIDGES. Officer in charge: Maj. Amos A. Fries, Corps of Engineers. HISTORY. The Yellowstone National Park was set apart from the public domain and placed under the control of the Secretary of the Interior by act of Congress March 1, 1872. The sundry civil act of March 3, 1883, directed the construction and improvement of suitable roads and bridges under the supervision of an Engineer officer to be de- tailed by the Secretary of War. The first detail was made in July of that year and marks the beginning of systematic road construction in the park. Work previous to this time consisted in the opening of such rough trails as limited funds permitted. These trails were temporary in character and of little or no value to the permanent system. Following the sundry civil act of August 4, 1886, the ap- propriation for improvement of roads and bridges was transferred to the War Department, and with the exception of the period from August, 1894, to March, 1899, has been in charge of the Engineer Department ever since. Appropriations for a number of years prior to 1912 were entirely inadequate for maintenance, and as deterioration was cumulative, the need of large appropriations became more urgent each year until conditions reached a point where the safety of tourists became a matter of grave concern. The appropriation for the fiscal year 1912 was exhausted in the fall of 1911, leaving no funds available for re- pairs to the roads before the opening of the tourist season of 1912. Appropriations were made by joint resolutions of July 1, August 1, and August 16, 1912, but they were insufficient for needed work dur- ing the summer. The annual reports of the Chief of Engineers had for several years called attention to the need of large appropriations for maintaining the park improvements, for making good the pro- gressive deterioration of the road system, and for repairing and re- placing old and unsafe structures. The sundry civil act of August 24 appropriated sufficient funds to carry on necessary work to the end of the fiscal year 1913, and the appropriation of June 23, 1913, was large enough to go far toward the replacement of unsafe bridges and retaining walls and to begin resurfacing the roads. More extended information relating to previous operations is pub- lished in the annual reports of the Chief of Engineers, as follows: 1887, page 3133: A resume of operations from 1883 to 1887. 1900, page 5420: A general resume covering the period 1872-1900. 1900, page 5441: The general plan approved August 27, 1900. 1901, page 3797: Modification of 1901 in the general plan of August 27, 1900. 1903, page 2444: General description and technical details of work. 1905, following page 2822: Map of tourist routes. PROJECTS. Belt line and approaches.-At the outset the officer of the Corps of Engineers in charge adopted a project (described in the Annual Re- port of the Chief of Engineers for 1887, p. 3134) for a comprehensive YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 1709 system of substantial roads, which, as modified by act of Congress March 3, 1891, is the basis of the present system. The sundry civil act of June 6, 1900, directed " that road extensions and improvements shall hereafter be made in said park under and in harmony with a general plan of roads and improvements to be approved by the Chief of Engineers." A plan approved August 27, 1900, and modified July 22, 1901, and again on July 2, 1902, was practically finished during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1906. It consisted of a belt line or main circuit, reaching all the important centers of interest, with side roads, bridle trails, and four approaches leading from the park boundary to different points on the belt line, making in all about 350 miles of road and about 125 bridges. The maximum grade was 8 per cent, and the standard width 18 feet. Most of the main circuit was surfaced with the best material found close by. The present project provides that the belt line and its approach from the north be thoroughly metaled with crushed rock, gravel, or other good material; that iron pipe, tile, or other permanent mate- rial be used for culverts; that steel and concrete be used for bridges; and that roads on the main tourist route be sprinkled. Widening roads for motor trafflc.-An estimate of the cost of con- structing new roads or making such changes in the present roads in the Yellowstone National Park as would permit the use of auto- mobiles and motorcycles without interfering with travel in animal- drawn vehicles was sent to Congress by the Acting Secretary of War under date of June 26, 1912, and printed in Senate Document No. 871, Sixty-second Congress, second session. The proposed width was to be 30 feet, with a broken stone or gravel macadam 15 feet wide, to which was to be applied a light bituminous application to form a wearing surface. The sundry civil act of August 24, 1912, appropriated funds for beginning the work of widening and im- proving the roads, bridges, and culverts from the belt line to the western, southern, and eastern borders, all within Yellowstone National Park, to make such roads suitable and safe for animal- drawn and motor-propelled vehicles. While nothing was said as to widths of roads in the previous appropriations, the sundry civil act approved August 1, 1914, limited the widening to 18 feet. The total cost of new work required on these entrance roads was esti- mated in Senate Document No. 871 as $340,700. The sundry civil acts of August 24, 1912, June 23, 1913, August 1, 1914, and March 3, 1915, appropriated a total of $302,000, leaving a remainder of $38,700 to be appropriated. That part of the eastern approach to the belt line lying within the forest reserve required improvement in order that automobiles might reach the park in safety. The cost of that work was esti- mated at $56,000. The sundry civil acts approved August 1, 1914, and March 3, 1915, appropriated $50,000, leaving $6,000 yet to be appropriated. As in the case of entrance roads inside the park, the width was limited to 18 feet. OPERATIONS DURING FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1915. General.-The sundry civil act approved August 1, 1914, pro- vided $125,000 for general maintenance and repair of improvements, $100,000 for improvement of the west, south, and east approaches 1710 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. within the park, and $30,000 for improvement of the east approach inside the forest reserve. This total of $255,000 included $16,666.67, made available in two equal amounts by joint resolutions of June 30, and July 16, 1915, respectively. In addition to the above, the sundry civil act of March 3, 1915, provided $125,000 for general maintenance and repair of improvements, $50,000 for improvement of the west, south, and east approaches within the park, and $20,000 for improvement of the east approach inside the forest reserve, all to be immediately available. On account of an early spring and the desire to expedite work in anticipation of record travel through the park, expected from the combined influence of the European war and the San Francisco and San Diego expositions, work was prosecuted under all these appro- priations. The work of the past fiscal year included: General repair and maintenance of the entire system, including the Cooke City, east, west, and south roads; repairs to bridges; construction of concrete, wood, and galvanized-iron culverts; clearing of dead and fallen timber from the roadside; repairs to road-sprinkling system, sprinkling wagons, road graders, carts, and other vehicles; maintenance of trees, shrubs, vines, and lawns; and work of widening and improving the west, south, and east ap- proaches, including the east forest reserve. Bridges and culverts.-The following bridges and culverts were completed during the year: 1 reinforced concrete arch bridge, 210 feet over all (145-foot arch). 1 reinforced concrete girder bridge, 55-foot span. 2 reinforced concrete flat slab bridges with center pier, 26 feet over all. 1 reinforced concrete flat slab bridge, 14 feet over all. 5 reinforced concrete flat slab culverts, 8-foot span. 3 reinforced concrete flat slab culverts, 6-foot span. 1 reinforced concrete arch culvert, 10-foot span, 40 feet long, under 20-foot fill. 148 log bridges and culverts generally of 2 to 12 foot span, but including one 16-foot span and one 38-foot span with center pi-r. 4 plank culverts. 100 galvanized iron culverts of 18 and 24 inch diameters, in about equal numbers. Sprinkling.-The length of road sprinkled with water during the summer of 1914 was approximately 100 miles, but this was being in- creased in June, 1915, to about 112 miles. In general, the sprinkling was fairly satisfactory during the season of 1914, but difficulty was experienced in several places with the water supply of tanks giving out, due to light snowfall during the preceding winter, followed by a very dry summer. In places not sprinkled the dust was thick enough to be very uncomfortable on windy days. Oiling.-During the year two concrete tanks were constructed, each to hold two carloads of oil; one at Gardiner, and one at Yellow- stone, Mont. In September, 1914, 2 miles of road beginning at the Gardiner entrance arch was sprayed with hot oil containing 73 per cent asphalt. This oiling was only partially successful, though the roadbed was about as hard as any then in the park. By the summer of 1915 its effect was almost gone, which fact coupled with the high cost, points clearly to the inadvisability of oiling the roads unless first properly shaped and thoroughly rolled to a hard base. At the Yellowstone entrance nearly 1 mile has been surfaced with broken stone and Tarvia (a trade name for a tar mixture), and prep- YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 1711 arations were completed to carry an oil macadam finish with 90 per cent asphalt oil about 6 miles farther during 1915. COST OF WORK TO JUNE 30, 1915. The sum expended to June 30,1915, including maintenance and re- pairs, is $2,640,739. It is estimated that not less than $200,000 of this amount was expended in early work, which has since been re- placed and does not form a part of the completed system. Mainte- nance and repairs have cost about $1,048,513.30, leaving about $1,392,- 225.70 for the cost of the permanent work. In addition there has been expended on work done for other departments the sum of $850.95, for which the park appropriation has been reimbursed. There was expended during the fiscal year 1915 for maintenance and repairs $119,282.66, and for widening and improving the entrances $120,926.19. PROPOSED OPERATIONS DURING FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1916. It is proposed to apply the balance of the $125,000 appropriated March 3, 1915, and made immediately available during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, to work of maintenance and repair, replacing certain wooden bridges with bridges of steel and concrete, replacing wooden culverts with culverts of metal and concrete, sprinkling roads, and to the repair and improvement of roads and bridges on the approaches in the forest reserves east and south of the park. It is proposed to apply the remainder of the $70,000, appropriated March 3, 1915, for the east, west, and south approaches to continuing the work of widening and improving the west, south, and east ap- proaches to the belt line within the park, and to widening and im- proving the road in the forest reserve east of the park, to make these roads safe and suitable for automobile and animal-drawn vehicles. MONEY STATEMENT. July 1, 1914: Balance unexpended-------------------------------------- $23, 383. 06 Amount extended by joint resolutions of June 30 and July 16, 1914_--------------------------------------------------- 16, 666. 67 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914_ 238, 333. 33 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Mar. 3, 1915_ 195, 000. 00 473, 383.06 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year----------------240, 208. 85 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended----------------------------- 233, 174. 21 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities_-----------------------------84, 649. 86 July 1, 1915, balance available ----------------------------- 148, 524. 35 ESTIMATE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1917. For maintenance and repair of improvements, including not to ex- ceed $7,500 for maintenance of the road in the forest reserve leading out of the park from the east boundary, and not to exceed $10,000 for maintenance of the road in the forest reserve leading out of the park from the south boundary, and $5,000 for the purchase, repair, 1712 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. and operation of motor-propelled passenger-carrying vehicles, and the repair and operation of animal-drawn passenger-carrying vehi- cles, to be expended by and under the direction of the Secretary of War, to be immediately available and to remain available until the end of the calendar year 1917; provided that no portion of this appropriation shall be expended for the removal of snow from any of the roads for the purpose of opening them in advance of the time when they will be cleared by seasonal changes, $152,500. NOTE.-It is proposed to expend the $5,000 estimated for the purchase, repair, and operation of motor-propelled passenger-carrying vehicles and the repair and operation of animal-drawn passenger-carrying vehicles as follows: To purchase 4 runabouts or light touring cars_--------------------- _ $2, 800 For operation of 4 cars----- --------------------------------- 1, 300 For the operation, maintenance, and repair of horse-drawn passenger- carrying vehicles now on hand---------------------------------- 900 Total ------------------------------------------------- 5, 000 The cars will be used by the engineer officer in charge for inspection of roads and for assistants for inspecting the road work under their immediate charge. As work is scattered over about 300 miles of road, its proper inspection by horse- drawn vehicles has been a serious task. With automobiles this work will not only be facilitated, but will actually be enough cheaper to make a considerable saving in two years, even when the first cost of the automobiles is considered. It is proposed to keep two driving teams in service at least part of the time, to be used should weather conditions or other unforeseen contingencies make the use of automobiles at particular localities or times impossible or inadvisable. The provision that the appropriation be made immediately available and remain available until the end of the calendar year 1917 is necessary to the efficient prosecution of the work due to the short and uncertain working seasons. For widening, to not exceeding 18 feet of roadway, and improving surface of roads, and for building bridges and culverts from the belt- line road to the western border, from the Thumb Station to the southern border, and from the Lake Hotel Station to the eastern' border, all within Yellowstone National Park, to make such roads suitable and safe for animal-drawn and motor-propelled vehicles, to be immediately available and to remain available until the end of the calendar year 1917, $38,700. For improving the roadway and finishing the surface of the same with oil and broken-stone macadam from Gardiner entrance toward Norris, to be immediately available and to remain available until the end of the calendar year 1917, $95,000. For completing the widening to not exceeding 18 feet of roadway and improving the surface of roads and for building bridges and culverts in the forest reserve leading out of the park from the east boundary, to make such roads suitable and safe for animal-drawn and motor-propelled vehicles, to be immediately available and to remain available until the end of the calendar year 1917, $6,000. REMARKS CONCERNING ESTIMATES. Maintenance and repair of improvements.-This estimate has been reduced to those things believed absolutely essential to the work. An expenditure of any less sum will leave certain necessary work undone and require larger expenditures for the same work in future years. Forest reserve south of the park.-This estimate has been inm- creased to $10,000 in order to complete the bridge being buil over YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 1713 the Snake River 2 miles south of the park boundary and to provide for some very necessary work on that road farther south. The road in the forest reserve south of the park is so remote that small appropriations, such as the $2,500 provided the past two years, are largely wasted in sending out and returning work crews. In order to avoid this waste the appropriations for 1915 and 1916 were combined to provide a 100-foot steel span for the central part of the bridge over the Snake River, above referred to, but about $2,500 more will be needed to build the shore spans of steel and concrete and complete the approaches. The remainder will be spent on road and culvert construction. West, south, and east approaches within the park.-The total esti- mated cost of widening and improving the surface of roads in Yel- lowstone Park, including retaining and guard walls, bridges, and culverts, to permit the use of motor-propelled vehicles, as given in the report of Capt. C. H. Knight, Corps of Engineers, May 27, 1912, printed in Senate Document No. 871, Sixty-second Congress, second session, was $2,264,670. The estimate for the work on the west, south, and east approaches within the park was as follows: West approach ------------------------------------- $180, 700 South approach-.------------------------------ 48, 000 East approach.----------- ------------------------- 112, 000 $340, 700 Appropriations have been made as follows: Sundry civil act, Aug. 24, 1912------------------- 77, 000 Sundry civil act, June 23, 1913-------------------- 75, 000 Sundry civil act, Aug. 1, 1914----------------------- 100, 000 Sundry civil act, Mar. 3, 1915--------------------- 50, 000 302, 000 Remainder to be appropriated for work on the west, south, and east ap- proaches within the park ---------------------------------- 38, 700 Surfacing.-Oil macadam finish is believed to be a better method than sprinkling for handling the dust nuisance. In some portions of the park, where water is scarce or altogether missing, sprinkling is impracticable. As oil-treated roads should require less for mainte- nance, there should be a saving in cost each year for those portions of the road system to which the oil macadam treatment may be extended, besides making the roads far better for all kinds of traffic than they now are. It is the opinion of the district officer that the kind of work con- templated in this estimate should eventually extend to all of the main traveled roads in the park. With the sum of $95,000 asked for, it is hoped to finish with an oil rock macadam surface the first 17 miles of the road between Gardiner and Norris. This 17 miles of oil macadam, together with that still to be done on the West Road, is all that can be well accomplished in the time available, without a con- siderable increase of plant. About 8 miles of the first 17 miles out from Gardiner through Mammoth toward Norris is fairly well finished as a subgrade for oil macadam. Over most of this distance all that will be necessary with the subgrade will be to scarify, re- shape with a grader and roll, in order to be ready for the oil macadam finish. About 9 miles will need heavy graveling for the subgrade, but it is believed that these 17 miles can be completed with oil mac- adam for the estimated amount although thereafter to Norris the average cost per mile will be considerably greater. 8373--ENG 1915----108 1714 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. In general, it is believed that whenever it shall be deemed ex- pedient to complete the grading and surfacing of the main roads of the park as proposed in Capt. Knight's report (except that the usable road surface shall be limited to about 18 feet), it can be done within his estimate, $10,000 per mile. East Forest Reserve Road.-The road in the forest reserve leading out of the park from the east boundary is a part of the park road sys- tem. It is open to automobile traffic and is used by transportation com- panies bringing tourists into the park from Cody, Wyo., but was in very poor condition for such traffic. It is being improved at the same time with the road within the park in order that it may be in good condition when those roads are opened for automobile traffic. The estimated cost of its improvement for use by automobiles, as given in the estimate in the report of Capt. C. H. Knight, Corps of Engi- neers, May 27, 1912, for roads in Yellowstone National Park, printed in Senate Document No. 871, Sixty-second Congress, second session, was $56,000, of which $50,000 has already been appropriated. That report treats the entire eastern approach, including the section in question in the forest reserve and the section within the park, as one road. The expenditure of the funds asked for in this estimate will be made in accordance with the plans outlined in that document. (For district officer's report giving additional details, see pp. 3753 to 3767.) CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK, OREGON. Work of road construction conducted by the first district, Portland, Oreg. LOCATION. Crater Lake National Park lies in the Cascade Range in southern Oregon, about half way between Portland, Oreg., and San Francisco, Cal., and about 50 to 60 miles east of the present main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad between these two cities, but not more than 10 miles west of the proposed new main line of the same road, known popularly as " The Natron Cut-off." The park was set apart from the public domain by act of Congress approved May 22, 1902. It has an area of 249 square miles, surrounding the crater of Mount Mazama, an extinct volcano in the Cascade Mountains. The principal feature of the park is Crater Lake, which partially fills the crater of Mount Mazama. The lake is approximately circu- lar and averages a little over 5 miles in diameter. A complete description of the park is found in Professional papers No. 3, Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, entitled "The Geology and Petrography of Crater Lake National Park," by J. S. Diller and H. B. Patton." Government Printing Office, 1902. OFFICERS IN CHARGE. District officer: Lieut. Col. C .H. McKinstry, Corps of Engineers, July 1 to 8, 1914; Lieut. Col. J. J. Morrow, Corps of Engineers, July 8 to December 30, 1914; Capt. T. H. Dillon, Corps of Engineers, December 30, 1914, to March 31, 1915; Lieut. Col. J. J. Morrow, Corps of Engineers, March 31 to June 30, 1915. Division engineer: Lieut. Col. C. H. McKinstry, Corps of Engi- neers. CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK. 1715 PREVIOUS PROJECTS. None by the War Department. PRESENT PROJECT. The project is described in House Document No. 328, Sixty-second Congress, second session. It provides for-the construction of a road encircling the crater as near to its rim as topography will permit, in order that the lake may be viewed from all possible points; the construction of four roads from the rim road to the park boun- daries, as follows: One down the valley of Bear Creek, one to the Pinnacles, one following generally the old road to Fork Klamath, and one following generally the old road to Medford. The project also includes the construction of about 100 miles of trails. The total estimated cost of the system of roads and trails is $642,000 with an additional $65,000 for a system of tanks and sprinkling and an annual estimate after completion for maintenance of $20,000. OPERATIONS AND RESULTS PRIOR TO THE FISCAL YEAR. The sundry civil act of June 25, 1910, appropriated $10,000 for surveying, locating, and preparing plans and estimates for roads and trails in the park under the direction of the Secretary of War. This work was assigned to the Engineer officer in charge of the first district, Portland, Oreg., and was completed during the summers of 1910 and 1911. Final report was submitted November 21, 1911, and is printed in full, with maps and profiles, in House'Document No. 328, Sixty-second Congress, second session. The sundry civil act of August 24, 1912, appropriated $50,000 for this work, but owing to the late date of the passage of the act and the shortness of the working season in the park no work could be undertaken during the summer of 1912 excepting preparatory and survey work. Active operations on road construction were commenced in April, 1913, by direct employment of labor and purchase of materials, and at the close of the fiscal year 1914 about 6 miles of the Pinnacles road, 5 miles of the Fort Klamath road, and 8 miles of the Rim road had been cleared and graded. The total amount expended to June 30, 1914, was $86,114.68, of which $76,598.33 was for original work and $9,516.35 for surveys, plans, estimates, etc. OPERATIONS AND RESULTS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR. Active operations on road construction were in progress at the close of the last fiscal year by hired labor and purchase of materials and continued until October 22, 1914, were resumed in May, 1915, and were in progress at the close of the fiscal year. The work consisted of clearing and grading about 61 miles of the Fort Klamath road, clearing and grading 7 miles of the Rim road, clearing and grading about 1 mile of Medford road, con- structing 2 miles of temporary road and 21 miles of telephone line; the regrading and rolling of Fort Klamath, Pinnacles, and Rim 1716 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. roads and the installation of rock-crushing plant at gravel pit on Rim road. The amount expepded during the fiscal year was $107,494.99. CONDITION AT THE END OF FISCAL YEAR. The project is about 28 per cent complete. The work accomplished consists of the clearing and grading of 361 miles of road in the park, construction of 15J miles of temporary roads to the park, and neces- sary for bringing in supplies and equipment, and the installation of camps, telephone lines, plant, etc., for carrying on the work. It made the park more accessible by the improvement of the Medford and Fort Klamath entrances and by opening the entrance from the railroad station at Kirk, southeast of the park. It has also pro- vided access for vehicles to the rim of the lake on the east and south- east sides and opened to the tourist a large portion of the attractive features of the park area. EXPENDITURES. There has been expended under the existing project to the end of the fiscal year 1915, $184,093.32 for original work and $9,516.35 for surveys, plans, estimates, etc., a total of $193,609.67. Amount expended during fiscal year ending June 30. 1913 1914 1915 New work............................ ............ .$10,586.61 $66, 011.72 1$107,494.99 Maintenance.... ................................................................. Does not include outstanding liabilities. ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURES FOR 1915, INCLUDING OUTSTANDING LIABILITIES. Fort Klamath road. Clearing, etc,, 6.4 miles; 23.7 acres (cost per mile, $858.75; cost per acre, $231.89) ------------------- $5, 496. 01 Grading: Class 1; 7 miles, 18,646 cubic yards, at $0.379+ per cubic yard--__--------_-------__ --- 7, 081. 95 Class 2; 854 cubic yards, at $1.09 per cubic yard 932. 55 ----- Class 3; 398 cubic yards, at $1.71 per cubic yard ----- 680. 47 Cross drainage (no unit prices) --------------------- 1, 022. 87 Maintenance (no unit prices) -------------- - 1, 216. 19 Total ----------------------------------------- $16, 430. 04 Rim road (uncompleted). Clearing, etc., 7 miles; 28 acres (cost per mile, $855. 81; cost per acre, $213.95) -------- ------------- $5,990.65 Grading: Class 1; 46,720 cubic yards, at $0.487+ per cubic yard------------------ - ----- 22, 728. 67 Class 2; 10,376 cubic yards, at $0.925+ per cubic yard------------------------------------ 9, 602. 38 Class 3; 7,297 cubic yards, at $1.244 per cubic yard__ 9, 077. 03 Cross drainage (no unit price) 1, 877. 16 Building revetments (no unit price) - 165. 77 Repairs and maintenance (no unit price) ------- 209. 45 Total-- --- __ _-__ 49, 651. 11 CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK. 1717 Pinnacles road, 6.6 miles. Construction by grading during fiscal year 1914: Clearing, etc., incidental expense, depreciation, etc__ $978. 83 Grading- Class 1; incidental expense, depreciation on equipment, etc------------------- 1, 277. 71 Class 2; incidental expense, depreciation on equipment, etc_ -- __ - -___ ___--166. 31 Building revetments; incidental expense, deprecia- tion on equipment, etc______________e-------- - 30. 40 Gross drainage; incidental expense, depreciation on equipment, etc------------------------------ 176. 10 Repairs and maintenance (no unit price)----------- 31. 89 Total _________________ $2, 661. 24 Toa---------------------------------------------------$,612 Medford road (uncompleted). Clearing, 3 miles; 11.1 acres (cost per mile, $763,66; cost per acre, $206.39) - ---------- $2, 290. 91 Grading: Class 1; 4,025 cubic yards, at $0.517 per cubic yard_ 2, 081. 03 Class 2; 141 cubic yards, at $0.623 per cubic yard___ 87. 77 Cross drainage (no unit prices) ------------------------ 441.81 Total ---------------------------------------------------- 4, 901. 52 Incidental features. Engineering expense, telephone lines, temporary roads, moving ma- chinery to place, installation of watering system, temporary build- ings, development of gravel pits, stone bunkers, etc., and other development work to be assessed against the subsequent construc- tion work ---------------------------------------------- 6, 873. 44 Plant. Value of equipment purchased and made in 1915 ______________- 23, 971. 78 Stores. Value of unconsumed stores on hand and stores ordered but not yet delivered--___ ____________________ $15, 669. 35 Liabilities for treasury settlement, including those for freight and passenger service.---...______-____ 2, 636. 51 Total---------------------------------------------------- 18, 305. 86 Grand total_--------------------------------------------- 122, 794. 99 (NoTE.-Expenditures shown for 1915 include liabilities for supplies and Treasury settlements.) LOCAL COOPERATION. There has been no local cooperation and none was required by law. PROPOSED OPERATIONS. The available funds will be exhausted June 30, 1916. ESTIMATE. For continuation of a wagon road and the necessary bridges through the park, together with a system of tanks and water-supply 1718 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. pipes for sprinkling, in accordance with the recommendations in House Document No. 328, Sixty-second Congress, second session; for surfacing, including oil treatment; and for the hire, operation, main- tenance, and repair of one horse-drawn passenger-carrying vehicle, and the purchase, maintenance, operation, and repair of one motor- propelled passenger-carrying vehicle, to be expended under the direc- tion.of the Secretary of War, of which $10,000 may be expended for maintenance of work already constructed, to be immediately avail- able and to remain available until the end of the calendar year 1917, $100,000. NOTE.-It is proposed to begin the work of surfacing during the season of 1916. Authority is desired to surface with some form of pavement better suited for automobile traffic than the water-bound macadam contemplated in the original project. Surfacing will be needed only on such sections of the road as are difficult to maintain by reason of sandy or pumice subgrade and steepness of grade. Portions of the roads already constructed have been in use for two seasons and maintenance and repairs of the roadways, bridges, and ditches are now necessary. Authority is also requested to purchase and operate a passen- ger-carrying motor vehicle to enable the engineer in charge of work to cover the considerable mileage of roads under his charge without excessive loss of time. It is desired that the appropriation shall be available until the end of the calendar year 1917, as the working season in the park is but three months, July to September, inclusive, and a late passage of the next appropriation act would cause the loss of a large part or all of the working season. ANALYSIS OF ESTIMATES. Surfacing and oil treatment, 12 miles---------------$63, 040. 00 Maintenance and repairs of work already constructed- 10, 000. 00 Plant. New plant for surfacing, etc_____________________- 15, 000. 00 Purchase and operation of automobile----------------- 1, 400. 00 Total -------------------------------------------- $89, 440. 00 Operation of one horse-drawn passenger vehicle-------- 560. 00 Administration, engineering, and general expenses- ___ 10, 000. 00 Total ------------------------------------ 10, 560. 00 Grand total-------------------------- 100, 000. 00 APPROPRIATIONS. June 25, 1910--------- ---------------------------------- $10, 000 Aug. 24, 1912 ----------------------------------------------- 50, 000 June 23, 1913------ ----------------------------------------- 75, 000 Aug. 1, 1914 ----------------------------------------------- 85, 000 Mar. 3, 1915__--_-------- - --------------- 50, 000 Total ------------------------------------------ 270, 000 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended ________________-----------$48, 885. 32 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914___ 85, 000. 00 Amount appropriated by sundry civil act approved Mar. 3, 1915 ____ 50, 000. 00 183, 885. 32 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year, for works of improvement -------------------------------------------- 107, 494. 99 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended___________---------------- _ 76, 390. 33 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities covered by uncompleted con- tracts __ ___________------________-- 15, 300. 00 July 1, 1915, balance available----- - ------- 61, 090. 33 ERECTION OF MONUMENTS. 1719 Amount (estimated) required to be appropriated for completion of existing project ------------------------------------- $447,000.00 Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for works of improvement___________----------- 100, 000. 00 (For district officer's report giving additional details, see p. 3769.) MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS OUTSIDE THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. ERECTION OF MONUMENTS IN THE PHILADELPHIA (PA.) DISTRICT. District officer: Col. Geo. A. Zinn, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. W. M. Black, Corps of Engineers. 1. MEMORIAL ARCH AT VALLEY FORGE, PA. The erection of the memorial arch at Valley Forge was authorized by the act of Congress approved June 25, 1910 (Public No. 272), and funds for the construction of the arch were appropriated in the sundry civil act approved March 4, 1911. The work of construction was commenced on May 20, 1912, and completed on May 16, 1914. A previous history of the work is contained in the annual reports of the Chief of Engineers for 1913, page 1499, and 1914, page 1558. A picture of the finished arch is published opposite page 1558 of the last-mentioned annual report. An inspection of the arch was made in May, 1915, at which time certain minor defects, consisting of imperfect pointing of joints in some of the projecting courses in one of the spandrels and in the stylobate platform, also cement stains on the stone work under a number of the vertical joints, particularly those under the upper cornice, due to seepage of water through overhanging vertical joints, were noted. The contractor for the work has been called upon, under the one-year guaranty contained in the contract, to clean out, properly fill, and repoint the imperfect joints and to remove the cement stains where necessary. It is expected that this work will be completed within a short time. Expenditures during the year, amounting to $24.08, covered cost of inspection and incidentals. The total amount expended, on the work at the end of the year was $98,905.95. The arch has not yet been transferred to the care and keeping of the Valley Forge Park Commission, as required by the act of June 25, 1910. Amount appropriated by the sundry civil act of Mar. 4, 1911_-.. $100, 000. 00 Amount received from sale of blue prints___________-______..- 69. 00 Total--------------------- ------------------------ 100, 069. 00 June 30, 1914, amount expended during previous fiscal years ___________-------------------------------------- $98, 881. 87 June 30, 1915, amount expended during present fiscal year ------------------------------------------- 24.08 98, 905. 95 July 1. 1915, balance available_____________--______---__--- 1,163.05 2. MEMORIAL MONUMENT AT GERMANTOWN, PA. The act of Congress approved March 4, 1911 (Public No. 503), authorized the expenditure of $25,000 to aid in erecting a monu- ment at Germantown, Pa., in commemoration of the founding of the first permanent German settlement in America, subject to the 1720 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. condition, which has been complied with, that an additional sum of at least $25,000 shall be contributed. A previous history of this work is contained in the annual reports of the Chief of Engineers for 1913, page 1501, and 1914, page 1560. The one-third size model of the monument was approved by the Philadelphia art jury during May, 1915, with certain minor recom- ;mendations. The recommendations made by the art jury are now in process of development by the sculptor. The marble required for the monument above the platform has been delivered at the studio of the carvers in New York City, and has been roughed out where possible. The work of carving will be commenced when the model of the work shall have been completed and accepted. The Philadel- phia bureau of city property has declined to permit the erection of the foundation of the monument prior to the final approval by the art jury of the model of the monument. Expenditures during the year amounted to $7,014, of which $7,000 was paid to the contractor on account of the stone delivered at the studio of the carvers, and $14 covers the cost of inspecting this stone. Amount appropriated by the sundry civil act approved Aug. 24, 1912_ $25, 000. 00 Amount contributed by the National German-American Alliance and deposited in the Treasury of the United States___ __--- 25, 000. 00 Total --------------------------------------------- 50, 000. 00 June 30, 1914, amount expended during the previous fis- cal year ------------------------------------- $5, 027. 04 June 30, 1915, amount expended during the present fis- cal year-------------------------------------- 7, 014. 00 12, 041.04 July 1, 1915, balance available____________------------------------------- 37, 958. 96 July 1, 1915, amount covered by uncompleted contract ------------ 37, 958. 96 Contract in force. Contractor: Albert Jaegers. Date of contract: May 20, 1913. Date of approval: June 25, 1913. Date of expiration: May 20, 1916. Consideration of contract: $50,000. Completed at close of fiscal year: 24 per cent. 3. MONUMENT ON THE BATTLEFIELD OF PRINCETON, N. J. A previous history of this work is contained in the Annual Reports of the Chief of Engineers for 1913, page 1503, and 1914, page 1560. The tripartite agreement entered into with Mr. Frederick Mac- Monnies, of Giverny par Vernon, Eure, France, on May 10, 1913, for modeling, executing, and erecting the monument complete has not been approved by the Chief of Engineers, for the reason that the bond of $15,000 to this contract has not been furnished by the con- tractor. A previous contract for modeling, executing, and erecting the monument was entered into on February 24, 1908, between the Princeton Battle Monument Association and Mr. MacMonnies, and the sum of $8,351.41 was paid by the association to Mr. MacMonnies in connection with this contract. Work under this contract, so far as known, consisted in the execution of a small plaster model of the ERECTION OF MONUMENTS. 1721 monument, a photographic copy of which model was approved by the Secretary of War on February 8, 1913. A life insurance policy of $20,000 was furnished the Princeton Battle Monument Association in connection with the contract of February 24, 1908. In letter of October 24, 1914, Mr. E. R. Kennedy, New York repre- sentative of Mr. MacMonnies, states that Mr. MacMonnies, in letter of October 6, 1914, stated that he and his wife are maintaining a Red Cross hospital at Vernon, France, and also running, at their own expense for material, a woolen mill for socks and warm underwear for the French troops. Mr. MacMonnies also advised Mr. Kennedy that the original contract of February 24, 1908, did not call for any further bond than the life insurance policy mentioned, and that he feels entirely unwilling to spend the sum of $600 per annum for the bond of $15,000 required by the United States to the tripartite agree- ment of May 10, 1913. Mr. MacMonnies further suggested to Mr. Kennedy that the United States withhold all payments until the work shall have been completed, as a guaranty for the completion of the work, in lieu of the bond required. No expenditures were made during the fiscal year. Amount appropriated by the act of June 8, 1906 __________-$30, 000. 00 ,Amount contributed by the Princeton Battle Monument Association_ 30, 000. 00 Total --------------------------------------------------- 60, 000. 00 June 30, 1914, amount expended during the previous fiscal year from funds appropriated by the act of June 8, 1906_ $27. 67 June 30, 1915, amount previously expended by the Prince- . ton Battle Monument Association------- -------. 8, 351. 41 8, 379. 08 July 1, 1915, balance available ------------------------------- 51, 620. 92 ERECTION OF MONUMENT IN THE NORFOLK, VA., DISTRICT. District officer: Lieut. Col. J. P. Jervey, Corps of Engineers, since October 1, 1914, and Lieut. Col. E. Eveleth Winslow, Corps of En- gineers, prior to that date. Division Engineer: Col. W. C. Langfitt, Corps of Engineers, since September 2, 1914, and Col. John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, prior to that date. MONUMENT TO PRESIDENT TYLER IN HOLLYWOOD CEMETERY, RICHMOND, VA. Provision for erecting the monument, by an appropriation of $10,000, is included in the sundry civil act of August 24, 1912. A previous history of the work is contained in the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1914, page 1561. Designs for the bronze finial for the shaft and for the low reliefs to be carved in two of its faces, also the model of the bust of President Tyler, were duly approved by the Commission of Fine Arts. Excavation was made for the foundation of the monument, and the foundation placed between January 4 and January 11, 1915. The foundation rests on hard clay. It consists of a block of mono- lithic concrete 12 feet square and about 51 feet deep, extending from the surface of the ground to the bottom of the brick walls of the graves of President Tyler and his second wife. It is composed of 1722 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. 1 part Portland cement, 2 sand, and 4 gravel, and was machine mixed. The upper 2 feet of the concrete is reinforced with 19 three- fourths-inch Ransome twisted bars, 6 inches between centers, crossed by and wired to 5 supporting bars of the same make and size, about 2 feet 5 inches between centers. The monument is of Rockport, Mass., granite. It was erected between May 24 and May 27, 1915. Its description follows: The base stone is 10 feet- square by 12 inches thick, with a 4-inch astragal molding along the top of its four sides. On the base is a pedestal 3 feet 6 inches high, 5 feet 3 inches square at the bottom and 3 feet 8 inches square at the top. On the pedestal stands a monolithic obelisk 16 feet 8 inches high, 3 feet 6 inches square at the bottom, and 3 feet square at the top. The obelisk is surmounted by a bronze finial about 5 feet 5 inches high. The design of the finial is a Grecian urn having as supporters two American eagles with open wings. On the east side of the monument is a pedestal 6 feet high by about 22 inches square holding a bust of President Tyler, heroic size. This pedestal is joined to the eastern face of the monument, and appears to form an integral part of it. The four faces of the obelisk are paneled. In the northern and southern faces life-size allegorical figures in bas-relief are cut in the stone. The relief on the, north face is a draped female figure, representing Memory, bearing a" laurel wreath in one hand, while the other holds a small tree, rep- resenting the young Republic. The relief in the south face is also a draped female figure, representing the Republic, standing near a shield with the great seals of the United States and the State of Virginia. The monument bears the following inscription in Roman capitals. The letters of the inscription are all V-sunk in the stone, except those on the pedestal of the bust, which are of bronze, attached to the stone with prongs. On the north face: Erected by the Congress of the United States, MCMXV. In the west panel of the obelisk: President John Tyler, married first; Letitia Christian, born November 12, 1790, died September 10, 1842; interred at Cedar Grove, New Kent County, Va. Married second, Julia Gardner, born July 23, 1820, died July 10, 1889; interred by his side. On the front or east face of the bust pedestal: John Tyler, President of the United States, 1841-1845; born in Charles City County, Va., March 29, 1790; died in the city of Rich- mond, January 18, 1862. The contract was completed June 4, 1915, by the resodding of the lot on which the monument is situated. The expenditures on account of supervision, inspection, and travel expenses during the fiscal year amounted to $319.44. July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------------------$9, 711.89 June 30, 1915, amount expended during the year for works of im- provement ----------------------- 5,379. 44 July 1, 1915, balance unexpended------------------------------4, 332. 45 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities -__ 4, 332. 45 *i' ; MONUMENT TO JOHN TYLER, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 1841-1845. HOLLYWOOD CEMETERY, RICHMOND, VA. Erected by the United States, 1915. ERECTION OF MONUMENTS. 1723 Contract in force. With the T. F. McGann & Sons Co., for erecting a memorial monument to the late President Tyler in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Va. Dated May 18, 1914. Approved June 23, 1914. Date for completing work, June 30, 1915. Price, $9,200. Contract completed June 4, 1915. ERECTION OF MONUMENT IN THE WILMINGTON, N. C., DISTRICT. District officer: Maj. Horton W. Stickle, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. W. C. Langfitt, Corps of Engineers, since September 2, 1914, and Col. John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, prior to that date. MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE BATTLE OF GUILFORD COURTHOUSE, N. C., AND IN MEMORY OF MAJ. GEN. NATHANAEL GREENE AND THE OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY WHO PARTICIPATED WITH HIM IN THE BATTLE OF GUILFORD COURTHOUSE. By act of Congress approved February 13, 1911, the sum of $30,000 was authorized to be appropriated for the erection of a monument on the battle of Guilford Courthouse, Guilford County, N. C., to commemorate the battle fought there on March 15, 1781, by the American forces, commanded by Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene, and in memory of Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene and the officers and soldiers of the Continental Army who participated in the battle, of Guilford Courthouse. The appropriation of the $30,000 for this purpose was contained in the sundry civil appropriation act approved March 4, 1911, which provided that the funds should be expended. under the direction of the Secretary of War and by such officer as might be designated by him. The duty of the supervision of the construction of the monument was assigned to the Wilmington district office by the Chief of Engi- neers by first indorsement on letter 64922/4 dated May 23, 1911. Under date of August 4, 1911, a program of competition for the memorial monument was issued. Competition was restricted to those artists who had been or might be invited by the Secretary of War to submit models. Models to receive consideration were to be delivered and erected at the War Department, Washington, D. C., on or before December 15, 1911, and to be exhibited for 15 days prior to rendering final decision. The United States was to select from all the models submitted three which were considered the most meri- torious, and to pay to the three artists submitting the models selected an honorarium as follows: Three hundred and fifty dollars for the model first in order of excellence, $300 for the model second in order of excellence, $250 for the model third in order of ex- cellence. The final selection was to be made from the three models thus chosen and the honorarium which was paid on the model finally selected was to be a part of the contract price for the monument. The three models considered most meritorious were as follows: First, model submitted by F. H. Packer. Second, model submitted by Augustus Lukeman. Third, model submitted by Henry H. Kitson. 1724 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. The honorariums of $350, $300, and $250 were ordered paid in the order named. Payment of the second and third honorariums were made, and the payment of the first deferred pending the signing and approval of the contract. The Secretary of War directed that the award be made to Mr. F. H. Packer, of Great Barrington, Mass., provided he make certain indicated modifications in the architectural setting of his first model submitted in competition. These modifications were made and ap- proved by the Secretary of War and the Commission of Fine Arts, and the contract was entered into under date of September 16, 1912, and provided for the completion of the memorial within 12 months after date of notification. To allow the contractor sufficient time to enable him to do his best work the time for completion was ex- tended one and one-half years, or until April 11, 1915, by supple- mental agreement dated May 14, 1913. The act provided that the site should be within the limits of the battle field of Guilford Courthouse and donated free of cost to the United States. By deed dated February 6, 1911, the Guilford Battle Ground Co. conveyed to the United States a piece of land 100 feet square for a site for the memorial. To allow the placing of the memorial on higher ground an additional piece of land 50 feet by 100 feet, adjacent to the first piece, was conveyed to the United States by the Guilford Battle Ground Co. by deed dated December 10, 1914, making the site 100 feet by 150 feet. The site is very near the geographical center of the battle field and overlooks the entire field. After the approval of the contract Mr. Packer started the pre- liminary work of looking for portraits and costumes of Gen. Greene. After these preliminaries work was started on the models and the working models--one-third size-were finished and approved by the Commission of Fine Arts on December 4, 1913. The full-size model for the equestrian statue was completed and approved by the same commission on July 24, 1914, and the full-size model for the allegori- cal figure was completed and approved on January 11, 1915. These models were immediately placed in the bronze foundry and bronze castings made. The equestrian statue was delivered at the site on May 6, 1915, and the allegorical figure a few days later. There was considerable delay by the United States in approving the inscription for the bronze tablet for the small pedestal, and this tablet was not delivered at the site until June 9, 1915. On account of this delay the time limit foi completion was waived for a reasonable time and the charges for inspection, etc., remitted to June 26, 1915. The actual erection of the memorial at the site started on April 20, 1915, the various stones having been previously cut to size at the quarry, and erection was finally completed June 26, 1915, and appro- priately dedicated under the auspices of the Guilford Battle Ground Co. on July 3, 1915. The monument is erected of finely tooled Mount Airy white granite on a concrete foundation. The portrait equestrian statue, allegorical figure, and tablet are of standard statuary bronze. The foundation is of concrete and is 32 feet 8 inches by 43 feet 8 inches over all, and extends down 3 feet below the ground line. The granite exedra is 31 feet by 42 feet over all, and forms a raised esplanade 2 feet above the ground line. This esplanade is paved with buff paving Il J'IWHK nNfl111Nfq flfl CwIousICED EMSWA$INO'TON EN cAM P'f . 'A, LOiWLc *al4-, MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE BATTLE OF GUILFORD COURTHOUSE, N. C. Photograph taken June 28, 1915. ERECTION OF MONUMENTS. 1725 brick and is approached by three granite steps extending around the front and ends. On the back a parapet wall 2 feet thick and 3 feet high above the pavement extends from the center of the main pedestal to the edges of the exedra, with a 12-pounder bronze " Napoleon" gun mounted on each end. The equestrian pedestal is 10 feet high above the pavement, and the bronze equestrian statue is 15 feet 9 inches high, and its plinth base 5 feet 8 inches by 11 feet. The pedestal o the allegorical figure is 3 feet 2 inches above the pave- ment and the allegorical figure 7 feet high. The bronze tablet which is placed on the front face of the allegorical-figure pedestal is 2 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 8 inches. The total height of the memorial above the ground line is 27 feet 9 inches. The memorial occupies a commanding position near the center of the battle field and faces nearly west. The inscriptions are as follows: On the bronze tablet on front of the allegorical-figure pedestal: March XV MDCCLXXXI. In the manoeuvering that preceded it, in the strategy that compelled it, in the heroism that signalized it, and in the results that flowed from it, the Battle of Guilford Court House is second to no battle fought on American soil. Over the brave men who fell here their comrades marched to ultimate victory at Yorktown, and the cause of constitutional self-govern- ment to assured triumph at Philadelphia. To officer and private, to continental soldier and volunteer militiaman, honor and award are alike due. They need neither defense nor eulogy, but only just recognition. A grateful nation erects this monument, therefore, as an expression of its solemn pride in the men who fought here, of its imperishable devotion to their memory, and of its unalter- able confidence in the permanence of the principles which their example vindicated and their blood consecrated. On the main pedestal, front: Nathanael Greene, appointed major general in command of the Southern Army October 14, 1780. Born in Rhode Island, August 7, 1742; died in Georgia, June 19, 1786. South side: Harlem Heights, Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth. North side: Guilford Court House, Hobkirks Hill, Ninety-six, Eutaw Springs. On face of parapet wall, south wall: Greene is as dangerous as Washington. I never feel secure when encamped in his neighbourhood.-Cornwallis. North wall: It is with a pleasure which friendship alone is susceptible of that I congratulate you on the glorious end you have put to hostilities in the Southern States.-Washington. Amount appropriated by the sundry civil act approved Mar. 4, 1911_ $i0, o00, 00 June 30, 1914, amount expended during previous fiscal years-------- 1, 223. 40 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended----------------- ---------- 28, 776. 60 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year __- $18, 123.16 July 1, 1915, outstanding liabilities, covered by uncom- pleted contracts_-----------_________________------------------ 9, 929.44 28, 052. 60 July 1, 1915, balance available_ -_-_______,-_____-- ___-- 724. 00 1726 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY. Contract in force. .For erection of monument at Guilford Courthouse Battle Field, near Greens- boro, N. C. Contractor: F. H. Packer, Great Barrington, Mass. Date of contract: September 16, 1912, Date of approval: September 28, 1912. Date fixed for completion: October 11, 1913; extended by supplemental agree- ment dated May 14, 1913, to April 11, 1915 (latter time limit waived). Date of completion: June 26, 1915. ERECTION OF MONUMENT IN THE SAVANNAH, GA., DISTRICT. District officer: Col. W. C. Langfitt, Corps of Engineers, since Sep- tember 2, 1914, and Col. John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, prior to that date. Division engineer: Col. W. C. Langfitt, Corps of Engineers, since September 2, 1914, and Col. John Biddle, Corps of Engineers, prior to that date. MONUMENT TO GENS. SCREVEN AND STEWART, MIDWAY CEMETERY, GEORGIA. The sundry civil act of August 24, 1912, appropriated $10,000 for the construction and erection of a suitable monument to the memory of Brig. Gen. James Screven and Brig. Gen. Daniel Stewart at Mid- way Cemetery, Georgia, 29 miles from Savannah, Ga., upon the old Oglethorpe Highway between Savannah and Darien, Ga. This duty was assigned to the War Department and placed in charge of the Savannah district officer. The design of the monument, made by the McNeel Marble Works, of Marietta, Ga., and later modified by Mr. George Burnap, was ap- proved by the War Department and accepted by the Midway Monu- ment Commission. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, the monument had been constructed, and the work of erection 95 per cent completed un- der contract. The work of erection, including the construction of a concrete walk, was completed on July 9, 1914. The monument was formally turned over to the Midway Monument Commission and accepted by them November 16, 1914. The ceremony of unveiling it took place April 26, 1915. The monument is constructed throughout of light Stone Mountain Georgia granite. It has a height of 47 feet 5 inches, the upper 28 feet consisting of a monolithic shaft 3 feet square at the base, resting on a pedestal of 11 courses, the lowest one of which is 27 feet square. On each of the four sides there is a bronze tablet and also a bronze ornament above the tablet. The inscriptions on the tablets are as follows: On the east side facing the entrance to the cemetery- Reared by the Congress of the United States as a Nation's tribute to Brigadier Generals James Screven and Daniel Stewart. On the north side- 1750-1778. Sacred to the memory of Brigadier General James Screven, who fell, covered with wounds, at Sunbury, near this spot, on the 22nd day of November, 1778. He died from the effects of his wounds. I/ .J fi . - _ _ ._ . . _ v __I. . . _ i c ~=i5c--c~.:rt" -CR i L- 1) il; ;I ---- .; -.. - I .- MONUMENT TO GEN. JAMES SCREVEN AND GEN. DANIEL STEWART. MIDWAY CEMETERY, GA. ERECTED BY THE UNITED STATES. Unveiled April 26, 1915. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS. 1727 On the south side- 1759-1829. Sacred to the memory of Brigadier General Daniel Stewart, a gallant soldier in the Revolution and an officer breveted 'or bravery in Indian wars. TbM tablet on the west side contains a bas relief of the old Midway Church. Amount appropriated by the sundry civil act approved Aug. 24, 1912_ $10, 000. 00 Amount expended during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914___. 171. 61 July 1, 1914, balance unexpended-------------------------- 9, 828. 39 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year _______________ 9, 796. 79 Unexpended balance, deposited with Treasurer of the United States__ 31. 60 ERECTION OF MONUMENT IN THE MONTGOMERY, ALA., DISTRICT. District officer: Maj. Earl I. Brown, Corps of Engineers. Division engineer: Col. L. H. Beach, Corps of Engineers. MONUMENT AT HORSESHOE BATTLE GROUND, ALA. The sum of $5,000 having been appropriated by Congress a tenta- tive program for competition in design was prepared and submitted, at a total cost of $37.58 for travel expenses. The battle ground was visited by the district officer, a site for the monument selected, and photographs taken of the various points of interest thereon. Amount appropriated by the sundry civil act approved Aug. 1, 1914__ $5, 000. 00 June 30, 1915, amount expended during fiscal year---- -------------- 37. 58 July 1, 1015, balance available_ -- ____-----__ - _ ---- 4, 962. 42 OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, the following-named officers were on duty in this office as assistants: Col. Edward Burr until September 25, 1914; Col. Harry Taylor; Lieut. Col. E. Eveleth Winslow since September 21, 1914; Lieut. Col. Edgar Jadwin; Maj. James A. Woodruff; Maj. William Kelly; Maj. Robert R. Ralston until June 25, 1915; Capt. Alvin B. Barber since February 9, 1915; Capt. Charles K. Rockwell until October 1, 1914; and First Lieut. Joseph C. Mehaffey. DAN C. KINGMAN, Chief of Engineers, United States Army. FINDING LIST. SHOWING THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THIS REPORT BY DISTRICTS. [The references in roman are to part (or volume) and those in arabic to page.] Page. River and Harbor Board_______________________________ _ I, 42; II, 2009 Portland, Me.,----------------------------------------- 1,44; , 1731, 2013 Boston, Mass. ----------------------------------------- , 72; II, 1740, 2029 Newport, R. I.----------------------------------------, 112; II, 1747, 2055 New London, Conn.---------------------------------- , 142; II, 1752, 2077 New York City, first district , 187; I......- 11, 1758, 2103 New York City, second district ------- , 242; II, 1766, 2147 New York City, third district -------------------------- , 277; II, 1774, 2165 Philadelphia, Pa.-------------------------------------, 314; ii, 1778, 21.95 Wilmington, Del. I, 331; II, 1784, 221.3 Baltimore, Md. --------------------------------------- , 385; II, 1787, 2249 Washington, D. C.,------------------------------------ 434; , 1791, 2283 Norfolk, Va.,---------------------------------- 461; II, 1795, 2307 Wilmington, N. C____________________________________ I, 493; 11, 1802, 2333 Charleston, S. C. ---- _ , 552; 11, 1806, 2389 Savannah, Ga. _--, 583; ii, 1810, 2409 Jacksonville, Fla. I, 627; ii, 1823, 2435 Montgomery, Ala. i, 707; II, 1833, 2481 Mobile, Ala. I------------------------------------------ I, 753; ii, 1840, 2525 New Orleans, La. I, 796; II, 1847, 2563 Galveston, Tex. _ I, 862; ii, 1854, 2621 Dallas, Tex.----------------------------- I, 925; II, 1863, 2665 Vicksburg, Miss. I, 953; II, 1868, 2691 Little Rock, Ark. __ I, 986; I, 1872, 2715 St. Louis, Mo. ---- --------------- _ ,, 1012 ; Ii, 1879, 2731 Rock Island, Ill.-_ i, 1017; 11, 1880, 2753 St. Paul, Minn.I---------- ---------- 1,1028; II, 1887, 2783 Kansas City, Mo._ I, 1054; II, 1891, 2795 Nashville, Tenn. ---------------------------------- , 1081; II, 1898, 2837 Chattanooga, Tenn. 1091; II, 1902, 2855 I----------------------, Ohio River Board- I, 1115; II, 1907, 2885 Pittsburgh, Pa. _ i, 1125; II, 1910, 2951 Wheeling, W. Va.-------------- , 1143; ii, 1912, 2981 I------------------- Cincinnati, Ohio, first district_-- 1, 1148; ii, 2999 Louisville, Ky.-------------------------------------I, 1158; II, 1914, 3025 Cincinnati, Ohio, second district ---------- I, 1168; ii, 1929, 3059 Duluth, Minn.__ I, 1180; II, 1929, 3091 Milwaukee, Wis.------------------------------------- I, 1206; ii, 1933, 3113 Chicago, Ill. 1247; II, 1941, 3147 I-----------------------------------------, Grand Rapids, Mich. - , 1272; II, 1945, 3169 i----------------------------- Detroit, Mich.---------------------------------------, 1313 ; II, 1955, 3215 Cleveland, Ohio,------------------------------------- 1353; II, 1959, 3267 Buffalo, N. Y..---------------------------------------, 1383 ; ii, 1965, 3289 Los Angeles, Cal.------____________________________ 1,1419; , 1976; III, 3323 San Francisco, Cal., first district------------------I, 1430; , 1978; III, 3329 Sacramento and Feather Rivers Board--____----- I, 1457; II, 1985; III, 3345 San Francisco, Cal., third district---------------------- I, 1461; III, 3349 Portland, Oreg., first district i_______________-_ I, 1473; I, 1986; III, 3355 Portland, Oreg., second district____________________ , 1519; II, 1997; iii, 3391 Seattle, Wash.----------------------------------- I, 1550; II, 2001; III, 3421 Honolulu, Hawaii-___---------------------------- --- , 1587; III, 3345 San Juan, P. R.----------------------------------, 1596; II, 2007; III, 3453 California Debris Commission------------- I, 1599; III, 3455 0 8373 -ENG 1915-I INDEX. [The references in roman are to part (or volume) and those in arabic to page.] A. Page. Aberdeen, Wash. See Chehalis River and Grays Harbor. Abraham Lincoln Memorial, District of Columbia-.... ... I,1681; III, 3707 Absecon Creek, N. J., improvement---.-----........- - I, 355; II, 2228 Absecon Inlet, N. J., improvement_-____---- ------ ---- I, 353; II'2226 Academy Creek, Ga. See Brunswick Harbor. Acushnet River, Mass. See New Bedford Harbor. Adams Creek, N. C., waterways via. See- Beaufort Inlet. Adams Creek, N. J., examination and survey _______I___ ______-___ , 385 Agate Bay Harbor, Minn., improvement 1182; ii, 3092 I_________-_____-i, Ahnapee (Algoma) Harbor, Wis. See Algoma Harbor. Alabama River, Ala., improvement- --------- _ ...... I, 743; ii, 1837, 2513 Alameda, Cal. See Oakland Harbor. Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal, N. C. and Va.: See also Albemarle Sound-Norfolk waterway. Purchase and improvement----------------------I, 485; ii, 1800, 2323 Albemarle Sound, N. C.: Improvement of waterway to Norfolk, Va., via Currituck Sound_ I, 482; ii, 1800, 2323 Improvement of waterway to Norfolk, Va., via Pasquotank River_ I, 481; II,2321 Alexandria, Va., improvement of Potomac River at----------i, 440; I, 2290 Algoma Harbor, Wis., improvement--------------- - I,1219; II, 1935, 3123 Allegheny River, Pa.: Construction of locks and dams_.__________--- __---- I,1133; ii, 2964 Improvement by open-channel work -------------------I,1138; II, 2962 Improvement of Pittsburgh Harbor---------------- I, 1138; ii, 2976 Operating and care of locks and dams____________________ I, 1137; ii, 2964 Alligator Creek, S. C., improvement of waterway from McClellanville to Charleston-- -------- ---------------- I, 573 ; ii, 2403 Alligator River, N. C. See Beaufort Inlet. Allouez Bay, Wis. See Duluth Harbor. Alloway Creek, N. J., improvement-----------------------I, 343; ii, 2221 Alpena Harbor, Mich., improvement--___--_--------I,- , 1332; II, 1957, 3251 Alsea Bay and Bar, Oreg., examination -------------------------- i, 1518 Altamaha River, Ga., improvement__________________ I,604; ii, 1815, 2422 Ambrose Channel, New York Harbor, N. Y., improvement__ I,242; II, 1766, 2147 Amelia River, Fla. See Fernandina and St. Johns River, waterway to Cumberland Sound. American Red Cross, memorial to women of Civil War to be used by_ , 1683; III, 3707 Amite River, La., improvement-_ __- ..- ..------ -... I, 814; ii, 2588 Anacortes Harbor, Wash., examination,--------------------------, 1586 Anacostia River, D. C.: Improvement ------------ ----------- I, 437; II, 1792, 2286 Reclamation and development of the flats - I, 1611; III, 3467 Anahuac Channel, Tex., improvement _____--- _______ I, 881; ii, 1858, 2640 Anclote River, Fla.: Examination and survey_ ._- __-_-__-_I, 706 Improvement __---- -- --------------- , 694; Ii, 2474 I------------ Ann, Cape, Mass., harbor of refuge. See Sandy Bay. Apalachicola Bay, Harbor, and River, Fla.: Examination and survey of West Pass - - - -________I, 753 i_______- Improvement of channel to St. Andrews Bay- ___ I,727; ii, 2497 Improvement of harbor in bay___ ________________ , 709; ii, 1833, 2483 Improvement of river, including the Cut-off and Lee Slough_ , 712; II, 2486 III IV INDEX. Page. Apoon Mouth, Yukon River, Alaska, improvement---------- I, 1585; III, 3443 Appomattox River, Va., improvement___-_----- __---- I, 475; II, 1799, 2318 Appoquinimink River, Del., improvement------------ --- , 363; II, 2235 Appropriations: Allotments and transfers under river and harbor act of March 4, 1915--------------------------------------------- I, 35 39 Allotments under river and harbor act of October 2, 1914_-_______ I, 31, 32 Fortifications -- ------------------------------ , 8-13 Locks and dams, Ohio River_..-----------------___ ----- I, 1124 Rivers and harbors-------- ------------------------------ , 29 Aqueduct Bridge, Washington, D. C., repair Aqueduct, Washington, D. C. See Washington. ___,___________ i,I__ 1648 Aquia Creek, Va., improvement__----------- ------- i, 452; ii, 1793, 2300 Aransas Bay and Pass, Tex.: Improvement at Harbor Island_ -i-__-_______ _____ , 917; II, 2657 Improvement of channel to Corpus Christi (via Turtle Cove) ------------------------------------- , 922 ; II, 1862, 2662 Improvement of channel to Pass Cavallo_ ---------- _____ , 903; II, 2649 Improvement of channel to Victoria (on Guadalupe River)_ I, 906; II, 2651 Improvement of pass------------ 917; II, 2657 i------------- I, Arcadia Harbor, Mich., improvement , 1305 ; ii, 1954, 3203 i---------------- Arcata, Cal. See Humbolt Harbor. Arcata Channels, Humbolt Bay, Cal., examination __-__ .---. 1, 1457 Archers Creek, S. C., improvement ----------- i,I----- 581; 11, 2408 Arkansas River, Ark. : Examination and survey at Bradens Bend, Ark--------______ I, 1011 Improvement - ,, 986; 11, 1872, 2715 ,__-__-____--------- Improvement at Pine Bluff_ ---- 986; II, 1872, 2715 I,i---__ Reexamination .------------------------ _------- i, 1011 Arlington Memorial Amphitheater and Chapel__-__- I, 1683; III, 3707 Armament. See Fortifications. Armories, Coast Artillery, militia, equipment----------I--------------, 28 Arroyo Colorado, Tex., examination and survey __________________- I, 925 Arthur Kill, N. Y., and N. J., improvement _____________ I, 286; II, 1775, 2174 Arthur Lake, Mermentau River, La. See Mermentau River. Ashland Harbor, Wis., improvement__--____------------ I, 1191; 11, 3098 Ashley River, S. C.: See also Charleston Harbor. Examination and survey------------- ----------------------- , 583 Improvement --------------------------------- , 578; II, 1809, 2407 Ashtabula Harbor, Ohio: Examination and survey- 1,i--1382 Improvement ---------- ----------------- , 1376; iI, 1963, 3282 Assistants: Civilian, to Engineer officers --- --------------------------------- , 26 On duty in the office of the Chief of Engineers ____________ -, 1727 Association of Congresses of Navigation, Permanent International- --. 1, 1616 Atchafalaya Bay Ship Channel Co., maintenance of channel from Mor- gan City to the Gulf by ---- ----- ------ - ----- I, 829; TI, 2599 Atchafalaya River, La., improvement from Morgan City to the Gulf ------------------------------------------------ I, 829; , 2599 Augusta, Ga. See Savannah River. Augusta Narrows, White River, Ark., improvement_- ___-- I, 992; ii, 1874, 2720 Austwell, Tex., examination and survey to inland waterway in San An- tonio Bay -------------- ---------------------------------- I, 925 Aux Bees Scies Lake, Mich. See Frankfort Harbor. B. Bachelors Slough, Wash., examination--- -------------------- 1549 I-----, Back Bay of Biloxi, Miss.: See also Biloxi Harbor. Examination and survey of channel to_-__----- 796 I------------I, Back Cove, Portland Harbor, Me. See Portland Harbor. Back (Weymouth) River, Mass. See Weymouth River. INDEX. Page. Baffins Bay, Tex., examination and survey of waterway to Corpus Christi_ I,925 Baileys Cut of Satilla River and head of Dover Creek, Ga., examination and survey, cut between____-----________________________________--------------------, 626 Ballard, Wash. See Puget Sound-Lake Washington waterway. Baltimore, Md.: Defenses of---------- ------------------------------------- I, 6 Engineering district---------------------------- I, 385; II, 1787, 2249 Examination and survey _--------_ _ --- ---------- -------------- I, 434 Improvement at Spring Garden (Southwest Baltimore) I,390; ii, 2255 Improvement of channel to Curtis Bay------------- I, 388 ; nI, 1788, 2254 Improvement of channel to harbor _-----_____- I,386 ; ii, 1787, 2249 Bangor Harbor, Me. See Penobscot River. Barataria Bay, La., examination and survey _ -- ____I,i_______ 861 Bar Harbor, Me., construction of breakwater_ ----------------- , 47; nI,2014 Bar Lake, Mich. See Arcadia Harbor. Barracks, Washington, D. C. See Washington Barracks. Barren River, Ky., operating and care of lock and dam____ I,1162 ; Ii, 1926, 3037 Bartholomew Bayou, La.,.and Ark., improvement_------ I, 963; II, 2702 Bass Harbor, Me., improvement 48; It, I--------------------------, 201.5 Bastrop Bayou, Tex., improvement -------------------- , 895; I,1858, 2645 Battalions of Engineers: Equipment ----------------------------------------------- I,25 Increase in number ----------------------------------------- I, 5 Batteries, gun and mortar. See Fortifications. Battery, the, New York Harbor, N. Y. See New York Harbor. Bay Ridge Channel, New York Harbor, N. Y., improvement-- I,248; ni,1768, 2150 Ray River, N. C., improvement ___--------------------------- I,503; II, 2342 Bayside Channel, New York Harbor, N. Y. See New York Harbor. Bear Creek, Miss., improvement --- 983; ii, 2708 I------------------------, Beaufort Harbor and River, N. C.: Examination of waterway to Savannah, Ga _--------_________ i, 597 Improvement of harbor ------------------------- I,522 ; i1,1803, 2360 Improvement of waterway to Core Sound---------------- , 524; 1I, 2361 Improvement of waterway to New River ---------------- i, 534; ii,2368 Beaufort Inlet, N. C.: Examination and survey of waterway to Norfolk, Va______________ I,492 Improvement - -------------------------------- , 526; n, 2362 i--- Improvement of waterway to Norfolk, Va____- - I,485; II, 1802, 2324 Improvement of waterway to Pamlico Sound__-- __--- I,518; iI, 2355 Operating and care, waterway to Norfolk, Va-----__ I,487; i, 2328 Reexamination of waterway to Norfolk, Va ------------------ , 493, 551 Beaufort, S. C., improvement of waterway to Savannah, Ga __I, 597: ii, 1814, 2419 Beaumont Harbor, Tex., examination and survey_______________ I, 952 Bee Tree Shoals Canal, Tennessee River, Ala. See Tennessee River. Belfast Harbor, Me., examination and survey ------------------------ I, 72 Belle River, Mich., examination and survey ,------------------------ 1353 Bellingham Bay and Harbor, Wash., improvement of Whatcom Creek waterway (New Whatcom Harbor ______________ I, 1575; II, 2006; III, 3440 Benton Harbor Canal, Mich. See St. Joseph Harbor. Berkeley, Cal., examination ______-__-__ i_1456 I, -______ Beverly Harbor, Mass., improvement------------------- I,81; II, 1741, 2034 Big Annemessex River, Md., examination and survey----------------- I,433 Big Barren River, Ky. See Barren River. Big Bear Creek. See Tennessee River waterway to Tombigbee River. Big Kanawha River, W. Va. See Kanawha River. Big Sandy River, W. Va. and Ky.: Examination of Tug and Levisa Forks-_____-____________-_ I,1179 Improvement, including Tug and Levisa Forks.------ I,1172; II, 1929, 3071 Operating and care of locks and dams ____-------- -____ , 1176; ii, 3072 Big Sarasota Bay, Fla. See Sarasota Bay. Big Stone Lake, Minn., survey of (hydrological observations) I, 1052; ii, 2794 Big Sunflower River, Miss., improvement .--- - _____ I, 976; I1,1871, 2707 Big Thoroughfare River, Md., improvement------------------ I,427; ii, 2279 Biloxi Harbor, Miss.: Examination and survey of channel to Back Bay of Biloxi _---------- I,796 Improvement ------------------------------- I, 783 ; n, 1846, 2555 VI INDEX. Page. Biscayne Bay, Fla., improvement--- ------------------- , 652; ii, 1826, 2451 Bismarck Harbor, N. Dak. See Missouri River improvement. Blackfish Bayou, Ark.,improvement-----------------------1, 1008; ii, 2729 Black Lake, Mich. See Holland Harbor. Black Mingo Creek, S. C. See Mingo Creek. Black River, Ark. and Mo., improvement________......... I, 1001; 11, 1877, 2726 Black River, La., improvement__________________--__--- I, 956; 11, 2693 Black River, Lorain, Ohio. See Lorain Harbor. Black River, Mich.: Improvement at mouth..------------------------- r, 1338; I, 1957, 3257 Improvement at Port Huron __ - -__ - I, 1340; ii, 3257 Black River, N. C., improvement_________________-.... I, 544; ii, 2385 Black Rock Harbor, Conn. See Bridgeport Harbor. Black Rock Harbor, N. Y.: Improvement, including lock construction---------- I, 1392; Ii, 1970, 3298 Improvement of Lake Erie entrance 1391; ii, 3297 I------------------, Operating and care of canal and lock, etc.____.______ I, 1395; 11, 3302 Blackstone River, R. I. See Pawtucket (Seekonk) River. Black Walnut Harbor, Md., examination and survey --------- .----I, 433 Black Warrior River, Ala.: Improvement------------- - ----- I, 760; 11, 1841, 2531 Operating and care of locks and dams __________________ , 772; Black Warrior, Warrior, and Tombigbee Rivers, Ala., regulations for 1i, 2542 use of_-- ------------- ----- ------------------------ I, 1621 Blackwater River, Fla., improvement-__ .-- --------- I, 737; iI, 1834, 2506 Blackwater River, Va., improvement , 488; ii, 1802, 2330 I------------------ Block Island, R. I.: Construction of harbor of refuge__- -____--- I, 137; i, 1752, 2073 Improvement of Great Salt Pond---------------------- I, 139; i, 2074 Blood River, La. See Tickfaw River. Boards: See also Commissions. Engineers for Rivers and Harbors--------------------- I, 42; 11, 2009 Experimental towboats, Mississippi River-- ___________ _____ 1 1619 Fortifications or other Defenses (Endicott Board)------------- I, 6 National Coast Defense Board--------------------------------- I, 6 Ohio River,--------------------------------- 1115; 11, 190!, 2885 Sacramento and Feather Rivers_______ ___-- I, 1457; 11, 1985; III, 3345 The Board of Engineers_---__ -- - -- --- ____-- -- I, 5 Boats. See Dredge boats and Wrecks. Boca Ceiga Bay, Fla., improvement_......__.-- ------- - I, 691; II, 2472 Boeuf Bayou, La., examination and survey 861 I------------------------ Boeuf River, La., improvement ___- _____-------I, 965; 11, 2702 Bogue Falia, La., improvement_ ______----__ __ I, 810; 11, 2586 Bogues Bay, Va. See Virginia coast waterway. Bogue Sound, N. C. See Beaufort Harbor-New River waterway. 1Bolinas, Cal., examination for channel to the sea 1457 ,-------------------- Boons, permits for erection of_____------------------__-____ I, 1620 Boothbay Harbor, Me., improvement --- ------ - , 59; ni, 2020 -I_____ Boston, Mass.: See also Dorchester Bay and Malden, Mystic, and Neponset Rivers. Defenses -------------------------------------------------- ,6 Engineering district-- -------------------------- , 72; 11, 1740, 2029 Improvement of harbor____________-.----------- I, 92; 11, 1743, 2041 Brandywine River, Del. See Wilmington Harbor. Branford Harbor, Conn.: Examination and survey -------- --------------------------- , 186 Improvement 159; 11n, 2089 I-------------------------------------, Brazos River, Tex.: Examinations and surveys_ . ____-i--------------- -I__ i, 924, 925 Improvement between Old Washington and Waco----------, 913; 11, 2655 Improvement between Velasco and Old Washington___ i, 911; Improvement of channel to Matagorda Bay_- _____ I, 11, 1860, 2654 i---901; ii, 2648 Improvement of Galveston & Brazos Canali----------, 899; 11, 1859, 2646 Improvement of mouth____ _ --------- _-------_ I, 909; iI, 1860, 2653 Operating and care of Galveston & Brazos Canal_.......... I, 908; n, 2652 INDEX. VII Brazos River, Tex.-Continued. Page. Operating and care of Lock and Dam No. 1------------- I, 916; n11,2652 Reexamination from Old Washington to Waco ___________________ I, 925 Brenton Cove, removal Nourmahal Rock. See Newport Harbor, R. I. Bridgeport Harbor, Conn.: Examination and survey- -____-- -__ I, 185 Improvement ----------- ------------- , 171; , 1756, 2096 Bridges: Alteration of, obstructing navigation ------------------------- , 1628 Aqueduct Bridge, Washington, D. C-------------------------- I, 1648 Construction across navigable waters---- ------------- __-- I, 1622 Highway Bridge, Washington, D. C ___-.. -- 1659; ni, 3707 i____---I, Rules governing opening of draws 1621 i---------, Yellowstone National Park __________--__ -- i, 1708; 111, 3753 Brier Creek, Ga., examination and surveyi--------------------- , 626 Broad Creek, Md., improvementI--------------------------, 431; Tn. 2282 Broad Creek River, Del., improvement , 425; n, 1790, 2277 i_______________ Broadkill River, Del., improvement ------------------ , 377; II, 1787, 2244 Broad Sound, Boston Harbor, Mass. See Boston Harbor. Bronx River, N. Y., improvement__ ....- ______________- I, 201; n, 1762. 2112 Brooklyn, N. Y. See East River, Gowanus Bay, and Newtown Creek. Brothertown Harbor, Wis. See Fox River. Browns Creek, N. Y., improvement------------- I, 275; In,2164 Brule Plaquemine Bayou, La., improvement----------------- I, 850; i, 2614 Brunswick Harbor, Ga.: Examination and survey____----------- __-___ _ I, 626 Improvement ------------------- 612; 11, 1818, 2427 ,-------------I Brunswick River, N. C. See Cape Fear River below Wilmington. Budd Inlet, Wash. See Olympia Harbor. Buffalo Bayou, Tex. See Galveston Bay and Harbor. Buffalo Creek, or River, N. Y. See Buffalo Harbor improvement. Buffalo, N. Y.: Engineering district________ I, 1383; i, 1965, 3289 Examination and survey --------------------------------------- 1418 Improvement of Black Rock Harbor and Channel____ I, 1392; i, 1970, 3298 Improvement of channels in waters connecting Great Lakes_ I, 1314; ii, 3215 Improvement of harbor __________________________ I, 1387; nT,1967, 3292 Operating and care of Black Rock Canal and Ferry Street Bridge__ , 1395; 1n, 3302 Regulations for.use of Black Rock Canal and Lock_____-- _ I, 1621 Buffalo River, or Creek, N. Y. See Buffalo Harbor improvement. Buildings: Engineer Post and School, Washington, D. C--- -- _________ I, 27 I_ Public, District of ColumbiaI------------------------, 1659: in, 3707 Bulkhead lines, establishment ______________________- I, 1629 Bullis, Spencer S., contract with. See Gulfport Harbor. Burlington Harbor, Vt., improvement__------------------ , 217; 11, 1763, 2125 Burr Creek, Conn. See Bridgeport Harbor. Burt Lake, Mich., survey for charting ------------- --------- _ , 1353 Buzzards Bay, Mass., examination and survey__- I, 141 x-____________- Byram River, N. Y. See Port Chester Harbor. C. Cable galleries. See Fortifications. Cache River, Ark., improvement___------------- - r, 998; n, 1877, 2725 Caddo Lake, Tex., and La.: See also Cypress Bayou and Jefferson-Shreveport waterway. Improvement by construction of dam at foot of __-----------, 944; 1, 2686 Operation and care of dam at foot of___------ --------- I, 947; n, 2688 Cairo, Ill., strengthening levees on Ohio River at------------ I, 1154; II, 3023 Calaveras River, Cal. See Mormon Channel. Calcasieu Pass and River, La.: Improvement ------------------------------- I, 855; ii, 1853, 2616 Regulations for use of river __ 1621 I-------------------------- California Debris Commission-..---.-----------------------I, 1599; In, 3455 vIII ,INDEX. Page. Caloosahatchee River, Fla., improvement-- -_- - I,663; II, 1828, 2456 Calumet Harbor and River, Ill., and Ind.: Improvement of harbor (South Chicago Harbor) i, 1254; ii, 1943, 3153 Improvement of river __________ 1257; II, 1943, 3155 I,___________ Calumet Harbor, Wis. See Fox River. Cambridge Harbor, Md., improvement___-, -- __-- _ I, 400; II, 1789, 2261 Camden Harbor, N. J. See Cooper Creek and Delaware River. Canada, Dominion of: Commerce through St. Marys Falls Canal. See St. Marys River and St. Marys Falls Canal. Transmission of electrical power into United States at Niagara Falls --------------------------------------------- I,1703; III, 3739 Canals, locks, and dams: See also Waterways. Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, N. C. See Albemarle Sound-Nor- folk waterway. Appropriation for operation and care------------------------------_ I,29 Arroyo Colorado to Point Isabel, Tex., examination and survey-____ I,925 Bee Tree Shoals Canal, Ala. See Tennessee River. Benton Harbor Canal, Mich. See St. Joseph Harbor. Brazos River, Tex., to Galveston. See Galveston & Brazos Canal and West Galveston Bay. Calaveras River, Cal., to Mormon Channel, San Joaquin River. See Mormon Channel. Care and maintenance, appropriation for_ _-______ I,29 Club Creek, Ga., to Plantation Creek. See Club Creek. Clubfoot & Harlowe Canal, N. C. See NeWbern-Beaufort waterway. Colbert Shoals Canal, Ala. See Tennessee River. Dams, permits for erection of_____________ __-__--------_____ - I,1.620 Delaware Bay, Del., to Chincoteague Bay. See Delaware Bay. Delaware Bay, Del., to Rehoboth Bay. See Delaware Bay. East Coast Canal, St. Johns River to Key West, Fla., examination___ I, 706 Elk River Shoals Canal, Ala. See Tennessee River. Enfield Rapids. See Connecticut River between Hartford, Conn., and Holyoke, Mass. Galveston, Tex., to Brazos River. See Galveston & Brazos Canal and West Galveston Bay. Inland Waterway, Tex., Galveston and Sabine section, examination and survey__ ____,-------------- __-, 925 Keweenaw Bay to Lake Superior. See Keweenaw Bay-Lake Superior waterway. La Batre Bayou, Ala., to Pass aux Herons, examination and survey__ I, 796 Lake Erie near Toledo, Ohio, to Lake Michigan, examination and survey --------------------------- I, 1382 Lake Washington Canal, Wash. See Puget Sound-Lake Washington waterway. Louisville & Portland Canal, Ky. See Ohio River. Michigan Lake to Mississippi River. See Illinois & Mississippi Canal. Michigan Lake to Sturgeon Bay. See Sturgeon Bay & Lake Michigan 'Canal. Minim Creek-Estherville Canal, S. C. See Estherville-Minim Creek Canal. Mississippi River to Illinois River. See Illinois & Mississippi Canal. Mosquito. Creek Canal, S. C. See Santee River. Muscle Shoals Canal, Ala. See Tennessee River. Navigation of, regulations for________________ _ _____--- - I,1620 Newark to Kill van Kull, N. J. See. Newark Bay, N. J. Newport News, Va, to York River, examination and survey--------- I,493 Norfolk, Va., to Beaufort Inlet, N. C., reexamination------------ I,493, -551 North Carolina Cut, N. C., waterway via. See Norfolk-Albemarle Sound waterway. Operation and care, appropriation for _ _____--------------------- , 29 Pensacola Bay, Fla., to Mobile Bay, Ala., examination and survey,__ I, 753 Permanent appropriatf6fi for operation and care_________....___--- I,29 Plantation Creek, Ga., to Club Creek. See Plantation Creek. INDEX. IX Canals, locks, and dams-Continued. Page. Portage Lake Canals, Mich. See Keweenaw Bay-Lake Superior waterway. Port Arthur Ship Canal, Tex., examination and survey------------ , 952 Regulations for navigation _ ______I__------------, 1620 Rock River, Ill. See Illinois & Mississippi Canal. Rules for navigation ofI-----------------------------------, 1620 Sabine-Neches Canal: See also Sabine River. Examination and survey------------.. ------------ --------- ,952 Salmon Bay, Wash., waterway via. See Puget Sound-Lake Washing- ton waterway. San Joaquin River, Cal., Mormon Channel to Calaveras River. See Mormon Channel. Scott Point, Tennessee River, lock and dam at Hales Bar. See Ten- nessee River. Seattle Canal, Wash. See Puget Sound-Lake Washington waterway. Shilshole Bay, Wash., waterway via. See Puget Sound-Lake Wash- ington waterway. Silver Springs to Ocala, Fla., examination and survey--- --------- I, 706 Superior Lake to Keweenaw Bay. See Superior Lake.: Tug Fork, Big Sandy River, W. Va. and Ky., locks and dams. See Big Sandy River. Turners Cut, N. C., waterway via. See Norfolk-North Carolina Sounds waterway. Union Lake, Wash., waterway via. See Puget Sound-Lake Washing- ton waterway. Washington Lake to Puget Sound, waterway. See Puget Sound- Lake Washington waterway. Washita (Ouachita) River, Ark. and La., locks and dams. See Oua- chita River. West Galveston Bay and Brazos River Canal, Tex. See Galveston & Brazos Canal and West Galveston Bay. Yuba River, Cal., restraining dam. See California Debris Commis- sion. Cane River, La., examination and surveyI--------------------------, 986 Caney and Live Oak Creeks, Tex., examination and survey 925 I----------, Cape Ann, Mass., harbor of refuge. See Sandy Bay. Cape Charles City Harbor, Va., improvement____...--. I, 477; 11, 2319 Cape Fear River, N. C.: Defenses----------------------------- ,6 Examination and survey_-- --------- ___-- _________1, 551 Improvement above Wilmington (lock and dams) I, 540; 11, 1805, 2377 Improvement above Wilmington (open-channel work)__ I, 546; 11, 1805,-2386 Improvement at and below Wilmington___ -- __---- I,537; ii, 1804, 2370 Improvement of Northeast BranchI--------------------, 542; ii, 2383 Cape Lookout, N. C., improvement of harbor of refuge--------- I,520; 11, 2358 Cape May, N. J. See Cold Spring Inlet. Cape Neddick River, York, Me., examination at mouth _____-____-_ I, 71 Cape Vincent Harbor, N. Y., improvement------______-- I,1414; n, 1975, 3318 Capitol, Washington, D. C., telegraph line. See Public buildings and grounds. Carrabelle Harbor and River, Fla., improvement---------- I,707; 11, 1833, 2481 Carvers Harbor, Vinalhaven, Me., improvement-----__-__- I,51; i, 1732, 2016 Cascades Canal, Columbia River, Oreg.: Construction ----------------------------- I, 1510; 11, 1994; III, 3384 Operating and care_ ___-..--------------------- I, 1512; nI, 3386 Casemates, mining. See Fortifications. Caseville Harbor, Mich., examination and survey__ ------------- I,1353 Cat River, Va. See Virginia coast waterway. Cavallo Pass, Tex. : Improvement of channel to Aransas Pass --------- --- I, 903; n, 2649 Improvement of channel to Port Lavaca--------------- I, 916; 1I, 2657 Cedar Bayou, Tex., improvement__ -------------------- , 887; 11, 1858, 2642 Cedar Creek, Conn. See Bridgeport Harbor. Celilo Falls, Columbia River. See Columbia River. Chambersia (Anahuac) Channel, Tex. See Anahuac Channel. Z ITDEX. Champlain Lake, N. Y. and Vt.: Burlington Harbor, Vt. See Burlington Harbor. Page. Narrows improvement ___________________________x_ I, 219; ni, 1763, 2126 Plattsburg Harbor, N. Y. See Plattsburg Harbor. St. Albans Harbor, Vt. See St. Albans Harbor. Channels. See Rivers-and harbors. Charles River, Boston, Mass., improvement--- .. ----- - I, 92; II, 1742, 2041 Charleston, S. C.: Defenses -------------------------------------------------- I, 6 Engineering district__,,__ _______---, 552; I,1806, 2389 Improvement of harbor------------------------- I, 575; i, 1808, 2404 Improvement of waterway to McClellanville_____------ I, 573; n, 2403 Charlevoix Harbor, Mich., improvement-- 1309; ii, 3209 -i, I_________--- Charlotte Harbor, Fla., improvement _________________ , 669; 11, 1828, 2459 Charlotte Harbor, N. Y., improvement_______- I, 1403; II, 1971, 3308 Charlotte Lake, Tex., examination and survey , 925 I--------------------- Charts. See Maps. Chattahoochee River, Ga. and Ala,: Examination and survey 753 I----------------------- Improvement below Columbus--- ----------------- , 724; Ii, 1834, 2494 Chattanooga, Tenn.: See Tennessee River. Engineering district___--- , 1091; 11, I___________________ Cheat River, Pa. and W. Va., examination for flood control_----------- I, 1619 1902, 2855 Cheboygan Harbor, Mich., improvementI___------- I, 1328; I, 1956, 3250 Cheesequake Creek, N. J., improvement_------------ I, 308; 11, 2190 Chefuncte River, La., improvement_____- --- ________- Chehalis River, Wash., improvement__-------------i, 1555; 11, 2002; ni, 3425 , 810; I__ 11, 2586 Chelsea Creek, Mass.: See also Boston Harbor. Improvement__________-- - -___________ I, 92; II, 1743, 2041 Chequamegon Bay, Wis. See Ashland Harbor. Chesapeake Bay, Md. and Va.: Defenses at entrance ---------------------------------------- I, 6 Thimble Shoal, improvement_______________ 467; , 2312 I-------------------------, Waterway to Albemarle Sound. See Norfolk-Albemarle Sound waterway. Waterway to sounds of North Carolina (to Pamlico Sound). See Norfolk-North Carolina Sounds waterway. York Spit, shoals opposite. See Patapsco River Channel to Balti- more. Chester River, Md.: Examination and survey from Crumpton to Millington_-----------_ , 433 - Improvement ------------------------------------- , 401; II, 2262 Chicago Harbor and River, Ill.: Calumet Harbor and River. See Calumet Harbor and River. Channels in waters connecting Great Lakes, improvement__ I, 1314; nx, 3215 Examination to determine obstructions in river and its branches___ I, 1634 Improvement of harbor_---- , 1247, ii, 1941, 3147 I----I--- Improvement of river-------------------------- I, 1251; ni, 1942, 3151 South Chicago Harbor. See Calumet Harbor and River. Chicago, Ill., engineering district-- ------------------ , 1247; n, 1941, 3147 Chicago River and branches, report on encroachments and obstructions__ I, 1634 Chickasahay River, Miss.: Examination and survey----------------------------------- I, 796 Improvement_________----______ ___-__ I, 778; n, 1845, 2553 Chief of Engineers, officers on duty in the office of the__ ------ I, 1727 Chincoteague Inlet and Bay, Va.: Waterway on coast of Virginia, improvement___ ------- I, 383; I, 2247 Waterway to Delaware Bay, improvement---I-----------, 381; 11, 2245 Chipola River, Fla.: Improvement of lower river _-- ---------------------- , 712; ii, 2486 Improvement of upper river ----------- -------------- , 714; nI, 2486 Chocolate Bayou, Tex., improvement-----------------i, 893; 11, 1858, 2644 Choctawhatchee River, Fla. and Ala., improvement---- I, 731; n, 1834, 2501 INDEX. 11 Choptank River, Md.: See also Cambridge Harbor. Page. Improvement___ ______-------------_---_- I, 403; II, 2263 Christiana River, Del., improvement of Wilmington Harbor_ I, 360; ii, 1785, 2230 Cincinnati, Ohio: See also Ohio River. First engineering district __________ I,1148; II,2999 Second engineering district ________.____..___ I,1168; II,1929, 3059 Civilian assistants to Engineer officers ------------------------------- , 26 Civil War Women, Memorial to_______________________ _ I,1683; III, 3707 Claiborne Harbor, Md., improvement_----------- i, 398; ri, 2260 Clarks Fork River, between Albany Falls and Lake Pend.Oreille, examina- tion___________------------ ----------------------------------------------- I, 1587 Clatskanie River, Oreg.: Dredge and snag boat for____________________________ I, 1546; III, 3418 Examination from Clatskanie City to Columbia River_______-_____ I, 1549 Improvement______ ___________________ __ I, 1538; II, 2000; III, 3414 Clear Creek, Tex., improvement _________________________ i, 889; II, 1858, 2643 Clearwater Harbor, Fla., improvement of channel to Tampa Bay i, 691; II, 2472 Cleveland, Ohio : Engineering district _____________-- ___-____ I, 1353; II, 1959, 3267 Improvement of harbor__ 1369; II, 1962, 3273 I_________------___--, Clinch River, Tenn., improvement_ ..___-........ -__-__ _ I,1108; II, 2875 Clinton River, Mich.: Examination and survey_____---- __---------i______, 1353 Improvement________------------------- I,1343; ii, 1958, 3259 Club Creek, Ga., improvement i, 611; , 2426 _-------------------------------_ Clubfoot and Harlowe Canal, N. C., waterway via. See Newbern-Beaufort waterway. Clubfoot Creek, N. C., waterway via. See Newbern-Beaufort waterway. Coan River, Va., examination and survey_____________-___------- - I,460 Coast Artillery, equipment of armories for militia_ 28 I_____-___------, Coast defenses, See Fortifications. Cocodrie Bayou, La., examination and survey___ 861 I________________ Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, examination___________------____________, 1586 Cohansey River, N. J., improvement______________________ ,345; ii, 1785, 2222 Coinjock Bay, N. C., waterway via. See Norfolk-Albemarle Sound water- way. Colt (Shaws) Cove, New London Harbor, Conn. See New London Harbor and Thames River. Colbert Shoals Canal, Tennessee River, Ala.: Improvement , 1092; II, I--------------------------------------- 2855 Operation and care---------------------I, 1114; II, 2882 Cold Spring Inlet, N. J., improvement_______________________ I, 349; II, 2224 Coldwater River, Miss., improvement__ 974; ii, 2706 i_______-_____-I, Colorado River, Tex., examination and survey_________________ I,925 Columbia River, Oreg., and Wash.: Bridgeport to Kettle Falls, Wash., improvement---------- I,1580; III, 3442 Cascades Canal, construction ________ _______ I, 1510; II, 1994; iiI, 3384 Cascades Canal, operating and care_____________________ I, 1512; II, 3386 Celilo Falls to Snake River, including tributaries, improvement from -------------------------------------- I, 1503; I, 1992; nII,3373 Celilo Falls to The Dalles Rapids, improvement__ I,1506; 11, 1993; Iii, 3375 Celilo Falls to The Dalles Rapids, operating and care of canal and locks---------------------------------------------- I, 1509; III, 3383 Defenses ------------------------------------------------------ I, 6 Examination at Kennewick, Wash---------------- 1519 I,-------------- Examination at town of Hood River___ ------------------__ ___ I,1519 Mouth, defenses------------------------------------------------- ,6 Mouth, improvement__________----------------- I,1533 ; II, 1999; nII,3404 Mouth to Willamette River, improvement-------- , 1527; II, 1998; III, 3397 Oregon Slough, improvement_________________----------- I,1515; III,3389 Regulations for use of Dalles-Celilo Canal------------------------ I,1621 Threemile Rapids, improvement-..-.--------------- I,1506; III, 3375 xII INDEX. Columbia River, Oreg., and Wash.-Continued. Page. Vancouver, Wash., to Willamette River, improvement- ---------- I, 1513; II,1995 ; III, 3388 Wenatchee, Wash., to Bridgeport, improvement__ I,1578; ii,2006; iii, 3441 Columbia Slough, Oreg., examination___------------------------__ I, 1519 Commencement Bay, Wash. See Tacoma Harbor. Commissioned officers. See Corps of Engineers. Commissions: See also Boards. California Debris Commission __------------- I,1599; III, 3455 Mississippi River Commission----------------------- I,1614; III, 3473 Permanent International Association of Congresses of Navigation___ I, 1616 Compton Creek, N. J., improvement_________________________ I,306; II, 2189 Conduit Roard, Md. and D. C., surfacing and improvement --. I,1652; III, 3691 Conecuh River, Ala., improvement__________-__...... I,741; ii, 1837, 2511 Coney Island, N. Y., improvement of channel to-...... .i,246; ii, 1768, 2149 Congaree River, S. C.: Examination and survey------------------------- _____ _ I,581 Improvement_________ ___________________-- - Operating and care of lock and dam________ ____ -- I,569 ; II, 2399 ____ I,573; II, 2403 Congresses of Navigation, Permanent International Association of______ I,1616 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio, improvement__---___......... I,1379; II, 1964, 3285 Connecticut River, Mass. and Conn.: Examination and survey, Hartford to Holyoke-------------------_ I, 186 Examination and survey, Hartford to Long Island Sound__________ I, 186 Improvement below Hartford, Conn---------------- I,154; ii, 1754, 2084 Improvement between Hartford, Conn., and Holyoke, Mass__ I, 152; ii, 2083 Contentnia Creek, N. C., improvement _______-__ -_______ I,506; i1,2344 Contingencies, Engineer Department, Philippine Islands ________- _ I, 26 Contingencies of rivers and harbors, estimate of appropriation--------- I,1620 Continuing contracts: Appropriations, estimate_-----............----- __-- _ I, 29 Black Rock Harbor. N. Y ----------------------- , 1392 ; ii, 1970, 3298 Boston Harbor, Mass ---------------------------- , 92; iT,1743, 2041 Bridgeport Harbor, Conn____________________________ I,171; II, 1756, 2096 Cape Fear River above Wilmington, N. C__----------- I, 540; II, 1805, 2377 Cape Lookout, N. C___--______________________________ , 520; ii, 2358 Chicago Harbor, Ill_ _____________________ I,1247; II,1941, 3147 Chicago River, Ill ________________ I, 1251; II, 1942, 3151 Cold Spring Inlet, N. J ------------ ------- , 349; iT, 2224 Cumberland River below Nashville, Tenn__---_ ,1082; II, 1898, 2337 Delaware River, Pa. and N. J___________________ i, 318, 321; ii, 1778, 2196 Detroit River, Mich_____________________________ I, 1347; Ii, 1958, 3261 Duck Island Harbor, Conn_____________________ I,157; II, 1755, 2088 Estimate of appropriations for ------------ ___ , 29 Fairhaven and New Bedford Harbors, Mass______ I, 119; II, 1748, 2060 Galveston-Houston Ship Channel, Tex ___________ _ i, 872; II, 1856, 2633 Galveston-Texas City Channel, Tex-_ ______________ I, 867; 11, 1856, 2628 Hillsboro Bay, Fla___ ______________________________ I, 684; Ii,1830, 2467 Houston-Galveston Ship Channel, Tex ____________ i, 872; I, 1856, 2633 Hudson River Channel, New York Harbor----------- I,238; II,1765, 2143 Hudson River, N. Y 222; ii, ___, i______________ 1764, 2127 Huron Harbor, Ohio Kentucky River, Ky ____...___ _ ___________ I,1362; II, 1961, 3273 _ i__________________________ , 1176; iI,3077 Livingstone Channel, Detroit River, Mich----------- I,1347; II, 1958, 3261 Mackinac Harbor, Mich---------------------------- , 1327; II,3249 Marquette Harbor, Mich__________________________ I,1201; I1,1932, 3107 Milwaukee (inner) Harbor, Wis_____________________ I,1232; II,3136 Missouri River_______________________________ I, 1055; II,1891, 2795 Mount Desert, Me., Breakwater _ ------ i, 47; II, 2014 New Bedford and Fairhaven Harbors, Mass__---------i, 119; 1I,1748, 2060 Newport Harbor, R. I. 132; II,1751, 2069 I--------------------------, Norfolk Harbor, Va___--------------------------------, 461; i1, 1795 Ohio River locks and dams _______ __-__ ____ I,1115; Ii, 1907, 2885 Ouachita River, Ark. and La____ .....- I, 956; II,1869, 2693 Pamlico Sound, N. C., to Beaufort Inlet, waterway , 518; Ii, 2355 I_____ Passaic River, N. J----------- , 277; II, 1774, 2165 INDEX. XIII Continuing contracts--Continued. Page. Providence Harbor and River, R. I_-. 127; ii, 1750, 2067 ,_____---- Raritan Bay to Kill van Kull, N. J. and N. Y. (Shooters Island chan- nel) ------------------------------------------- , 290; I, 2179 Sabine-Naches Canal, Tel ... , 930; 11, 2669 i----i----------------- Saginaw River, Mich_ ......-------------- , 1334; iI, 1957, 3252 St. Andrews Bay, Fla__------------ 728; 11, 2498 ___ -i, i_____--- St. Johns River, Fla_______________________________ I,630; I, 1823, 2437 St. Johns River, Fla., and Cumberland Sound, Ga., channel-------- I, 627; ii, 1823, 2435 St. Marys River, Mich., at the falls____--- __ I,1316; ii, 1955, 3216 Sandusky Harbor, Ohio_ _.---.----I------i, 1358; n, 1960, 3271 San Francisco Harbor, Cal---------------- I,1432; 11, 1978; iii, 3329 Shooters Island Channel, N. J___--- __-- -- ___-- 1,290; 1n, 2179 South Haven Harbor, Mich ------- _, I 1278; ii, 1947 3173 Staten Island Sound, N. Y. and N. J_______________ i, 286; i, 1775, 2174 Tillamook Bay and Bar, Oreg______________ , 1495; iI. 1989; iii,3367 Tombigbee River, Ala.I-------------------------, 760; in,1841, 2531 Warrior River, Ala--I------ -------------------- , 760; n, 1841. 2531 Winyah Bay, S. C ----------------------------- I, 560; I, 1806. 2393 Contracts, continuing. See Continuing contracts. Cooper River (Creek), N. J., improvement_-_________- __ I,332; II, 2213 Coosa River, Ga. and Ala.: Examination and survey 753 I------------------------ Improvement ------- ----------------------- i , 746; ii,1837, 2517 Operating and care of locks and dams ___________ ___ i, 752; i, 2523 Reexamination -------------------------- 753 ,-------------- Coos Bay Harbor and River, Oreg.: Examination from the entrance to Smiths Mill----------------- I,1519 Examination of entrance ---------------------------------- , 1518 Improvement of entrance to bay and harbor __.__ I, 1477; i, 1987; liI, 3358 Improvement of river 1481; ni, 3361 I,----------------------------- Coquille Bar and Harbor, Oreg., examination to the city of Bandon ___ I,1519 Coquille River, Oreg.: Examination from Coquille City to the entrance---------------- I, 1519 Improvement ----------------------------- I, 1474; 11, 1986; II,3355 Core Creek, N. C., waterway via ------------------------- , 518; I, 2355 Core Sound, N. C., improvement of waterway to Beaufort Harbor- I,524 ; iI, 2361 Corney Bayou, La., improvement_______________________ ,969; , 1871, 2702 Corps of Engineers: Duties 4 I------------, Increase in, provided by act of February 27, 1911_________________ I, 4 Laws of Sixty-third Congress, second and third sessions, affecting the ----------------- --------------- -------------- , 3771 Officers on duty in Office of the Chief of Engineers--------------- I,1727 Personnel, commissioned, number, distribution, and changes during the year ------------------------------------------------ I, 3 Personnel, noncommissioned, proposed new grades.---------__-__ -- I,5 Personnel, proposed increase in battalions--__--, I,5 Corpus Christi Bay and Harbor, Tex.: Examination and survey of waterway to Baffins Bay ___________ , 925 Improvement of channel from Corpus Christi to Aransas Pass via Turtle Cove____________- ------ _ ___------ - I,922; 11, 1862, 2662 Corsica River, Md., Improvement___________ ____ I,415 ; ni,1790, 2271 Corte Madera Channel, Cal., examination____________________________ , 1456 Cote Blanche Bay, La. See Mermentau River, waterway to Franklin. Courtableau Bayou, La., examination and survey____________________ I, 861 Cowhead River, Ga., improvement -- --------------------- I, 599; 11, 2419 Cowlitz River, Wash.: Dredge and snag boat for __ -------------------- I,1546; Iii, 3418 Improvement --------------------- -------- ,1540; 11, 2000; nI, 3415 Craft, water. See Dredge boats and Wrecks. Crater Lake National Park, Oreg., survey for roads, etc.------ i,1714; iI, 3769 Crescent City Harbor, Cal., examination ---- __ I, 1456 Crescent Lake and Dunns Creek, Fla., improvement--__--- I,641; 11, 2446 Criehaven Harbor, Me., examination and survey____-____-_________ i, 71 Crisfield Harbor, Md., improvement .._,___---_,__ -. I,428; n.1790, 2280 XIV INDEX. Page. Croatan Sound, N. C., waterway via. See Norfolk-North Carolina Sounds waterway. Crooked Lake, Mich., survey for charting-------------------- 1353 I----, Orooked River, Fla.: See also Carrabelle Harbor. Examination and survey 752 I------------------------ Cross Bayou. See Cypress Bayou and Jefferson-Shreveport waterway. Crum River, Pa., examination and survey -------------------------- , 385 Crystal River, Fla., improvement -______-______ _____ I, 695; ii, 2475 i_ Cuba, defenses of Guantanamo Bay. -,__---- __I--- . 16 Cumberland River, Ky. and Tenn.: Improvement ------------------- , 1082; ii, 1898, 2837 Operating and care of locks and dams---------------- I,1090; ii, 2848 Cumberland Sound, Ga. and Fla.: Improvement_....i____________ __ -_____ I, 619; ii,2430 Improvement of waterway between Savannah and Fernandina__ , 622; ii, 1820, 2432 Improvement of waterway to St. Johns River, Fla-.. I,627; II, 1823, 2435 Current River, Ark. and Mo.: Examination and survey---------------- -------- I, 1011 Improvement ------------ ___----____ ____- I, 1002; II,1878, 2727 Regulation for use of, above Van Buren, Mo --------------------- I, 1621 ';urrituck Sound, N. C., waterway via. See Norfolk-Albemarle Sound waterway. lurtis Bay, Baltimore, Md., improvement of channel to ... I,388; II, 1788, 2254 ,uyahoga River, Ohio. See Cleveland Harbor. Cypress Bayou, Tex. and La.: See also Jefferson-Shreveport waterway. Construction of dam at foot of Caddo Lake---- __-- I,944; ii, 2686 Improvement of, including connecting lakes between Shreveport, La., and Jefferson, Tex____________________________________ I, 944; ii,2686 Cypress Top Outlet, Choctawhatchee River, Fla. See Choctawhatchee River. D. Dalecarlia Reservoir, Washington Aqueduct, D. C. See Washington. Dallas, Tex., engineering district_----------------____ I, 925; ii, 1863, 2665 Dalles-Celilo Canal. See Columbia River. Dams. See Canals, Rivers and Harbors, and Waterways. D'Arbonne Bayou, La., improvement___________---- I,969; ii, 1871, 2702 Darien Harbor, Ga.., improvement--------------------- I,603; i, 1814, 2421 Deal Island, Md., improvement of lower thoroughfare at Wenona________ i, 430; ii, 1790, 2281 Debris, mine, in California. See California Debris Commission. Deep Bay, N. C., improvement of waterways to Swan Quarter Bay __._ ,499; iI,2337 Deep Creek Branch, Elizabeth River, Va., waterway via. See Norfolk- North Carolina Sounds waterway. Deer Island Thoroughfare, Me., improvement .---------------- I, 49; II, 2015 Defenses, seacoast. See Fortifications. Delancey Cove, N. Y. See Larchmont Harbor. Delaware Bay and River, N. J., Pa., and Del.: Defenses_------------------------------------------------ I, 6 Delaware Breakwater, Del., maintenance and repair_-------_ I, 329; ii, 2211 Examination and survey, Cooper River to Fishers Point Dike-------- I,331 Examination and survey of breakwater and harbor of refuge-------- I,331 Examination and survey, Trenton, N. J., to Easton, Pa-___-----__ I,331 Examination of river at Camden, N. J i----------------------_ 331 Harbor of refuge in bay, construction --- ------ I, 329; ii, 2211 Improvement of river at Trenton___________---------___ i, 316; ii, 2195 Improvement of river near Neversink River_ ........ ____ i, 315; ii, 2195 Improvement of river, Philadelphia to the sea __- ____ i, 321; II, 1779, 2198 Improvement of river, Philadelphia to Trenton------ I,318; ii, 1778, 2196 Lewes, Del., iron pier near Lewes--_ --------------- I, 328; II, 1783, 2211 Marcushook, Pa. See Marcushook. Philadelphia and Camden Harbors, improvement .-. I,318; II, 1778, 2196 INDEX. XV Delaware Bay and River, N. .T., Pa., and Del.--Continued. Page. Waterway to Chincoteague Bay, improvement---__--_,--,.. , 381; II, 2247 Waterway to Rehoboth Bay, improvement -------------- , 379; 11, 2245 Departments, Executive, Washington, D. C., telegraph line. See Public buildings and grounds. Depere Harbor, Wis., improvement ....--------------- I,1216; u, 3120 Depots, engineer ------------------ ---------------------------- I, 23 Derelicts. See Wrecks. Deschutes River, Wash. See Olympia Harbor. Des Moines Rapids Canal and Dry Dock, Mississippi River, operating and care_____---__-------------------------------------- I,1023; ii, 2770 Des Plaines River, Ill., survey for waterway via, from Lockport to mouth of Illinois River__ 161.8 I------------------------------ Detroit, Mich., engineering district__------------------- , 1313; ii, 1955, 3215 Detroit River, Mich.: Improvement___----- ____-----. I, 1347 ; i, 1958, 3261 Improvements of channels in waters connecting Great Lakes______ I,1314; I,3215 Surveys, etc. See Northern and Northwestern Lakes. Dickinson Bayou, Tex., improvement.-----------------, 891; II, 1858, 2644 Discharge measurements. See Water levels. Dismal Swamp Canal, Va. and N. C., waterway via. See Norfolk-North Carolina Sounds waterway. District of Columbia. See Washington. Dividing Creek (La Trappe River), Md. See La Trappe River. Dividing Creek, N. J., examination and survey , 385 I______--_________ Doboy Bar, Ga., improvement 603; II, 1814 I-----------, Dock lines, establishment___ ___________-_--I___, 1629 Dog Island Harbor, St. George Sound, Fla. See Carrabelle Harbor. Dog River, Miss. See Pascagoula Harbor and River. Dolphins, permits for erection________ __ ----------- I, 1620 Dominguez Creek Channel, Los Angeles Harbor, Cal., examination-- I, 1430 Dominion of Canada: Commerce through St. Marys Falls Canal, Ontario. See St. Marys River and St. Marys Falls Canal. Transmission of electrical power into United States at Niagara Falls_ ---------------------------------------- , 1703; III, 3739 Dorchester Bay, Mass.: Examination --------------------------------------------- I,111 Improvement------- I,99; , 2048 Double Bayou, Tex., improvement--------------------_, 880; 11, 1858, 2639 Dover Creek, Ga., examination and survey-- I, 626 Drawbridges: See also Bridges. Rules for opening..------------------ ---------------------- ,1621 Drawings. See Maps and charts. Dredge boats: Seagoing hydraulic, performances------- ...------------ I,1620; ii, 3883 Southwest Pass, Mississippi River ---------------- , 796; II, 1847, 2563 Statement concerning those owned and operated by the Engineer Department .------------------------- , 1620; III, 3883 Drift, removal from New York Harbor ____ ________-___ --- , 250; 11, 2152 Dry Straits, Alaska, examinatiori------------------------------- I,1587 Duck Creek (Smyrna River), Del. See Smyrna River. Duck Island Harbor, Conn.: Construction of harbor of refuge 157; I, 1755, 2088 I,--------------- Examination and survey---------- ------------------------ I,186 Duluth Canal and Harbor, Minn.: Channels in waters connecting Great Lakes, improvement_ I, 1314; 11, 3215 Examination and survey,------------- -------------------- 1,1.206 Improvement----------------------------------, 1184 ; ii, 1929, 3093 Duluth, Minn., engineering district------------------I, 1180; II, 1929, 3091 Duluth-Superior Harbor, Minn. and Wis., examination and survey .--... i, 1206 Dunkirk Harbor, N. Y., improvement-------------- I,1386; I, 1966, 3291 Dunns Creek and Crescent Lake, Fla., improvement_----------, 641; 11, 2446 Dutch Island Harbor, R. I. See Narragansett Bay. Duwamish River, Wash. See Puget Sound and tributaries. XVI INDEX. E. Page. East Bay Bayou, Tex., improvement ------- East (Ambrose) Channel, New York Harbor, N. Y. See New York _ _ __ I, 879; 'n, 1858, 2638 Harbor. East Chester Creek, N. Y., improvement ._____--I, 196; II, 1761, 2109 East Coast Canal, St. Johns River to Key West, Fla., examination------- 1, 706 Eastern Bay, Md. See Claiborne Harbor. Eastern Branch (Anacostia River), D. C. See Anacostia River. Eastern Branch, Elizabeth River, Va. See Elizabeth River. Eastern entrance to Long Island Sound, defenses, .........-- --- . 1,6 East Norwalk Harbor, Conn. See Norwalk Harbor. East Pass, Carrabelle Harbor, Fla. See Carrabelle Harbor. East Pearl River, Miss.: ImprovementI---------------------------------, 791; ii, 1846, 2559 Removal of water hyacinths --- _----------------- I, 795; ii, 2561 East River, Ga. See Brunswick Harbor. East River, N. Y., improvement ,------------------- ,204; ii, 1762, 2114 East Twin River, Wis. See Two Rivers Harbor. Echo Bay Harbor, New Rochelle, N. Y., improvement---- I, 194; II, 1760, 2108 Echo Bay, N. Y., examination and survey _ ------- - --------------- I, 242 Edison Slough, Wash., examination _-____--___ ___-__---------i, 1587 Edisto River, S. C., examination and survey of South Fork-............. I, 583 Eel River, Mass. See Plymouth Harbor. Eighteenmile Creek, N. Y. See Olcott Harbor. Electrical power : Mississippi River between St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minn- .--__ I, 1028; II, 1887, 2783 Niagara River, N. Y., control and regulation __________ I, 1703; nII, 3739 Tennessee River, Elk River Shoals to Florence, Ala__ I, 1092; II, 1902, 2855 Elizabeth River, N. J., improvement.----------I------- I, 304; II, 1778, 2188 Elizabeth River, Va.: See also Norfolk Harbor. Improvement of Norfolk Harbor, including Hospital Point and East- ern, Southern, and Western Branches------____ I, 461; II, 1795, 2307 Improvement of waterway to Albemarle Sound via Currituck Sound ------------------------------------- , 482; II, 1800, 2323 Improvement of waterway to sounds of North Carolina via Pasquo- tank River -------------------------------------- I, 481; II, 2321 Elk Point, S. Dak. See Missouri River. Elk River, Md., improvement-----I------------------i, 391; II, 1788, 2255 Elk River Shoals Canal, Ala. See Tennessee River. Embankments. See Fortifications. Emplacements. See Fortifications. Employees, civilian assistants to Engineer officers------ -------------- , 26 Endicott Board ------.... ---------------------- ,6 Enfield Rapids, Connecticut River, Conn. See Connecticut River be- tween Hartford, Conn., and Holyoke, Mass. Engineer Department, Philippine Islands, contingencies_____ __________ , 26 Engineer depots------ ---------------------------------------- r,, 23 Engineer officers, civilian assistants to----------------------------- , 26 Engineer Post and School, Washington, D. C., buildings , 27 I--------------- Engineer troops: Equipment of-- ----------------------------------------- . 25 New Engineer battalions ------------------------------------- I, 5 Engineers, boards, etc., of. See Boards and Commissions. Engineer School, Washington Barracks, D. C_---------------------- I, 27 Engineers, Corps of. See Corps of Engineers. Engineers, Office of the Chief of, officers on duty-------------------- I, 1727 Engineers, The board of------------------------------------- ------- ,5 English Kills, Newtown Creek, N. Y. See Newtown Creek, N. Y. Equipment: Coast Artillery, armories, Organized Militia ------------- I, 28 Engineer, of troops -------------------------------------------- I, 25 Equipment of officers' schools, military posts----------------------- , 27 Erie Basin, N. Y., improvement of channel in Lake Erie T, 1391; II, 3297 Erie Harbor, Pa., improvement -- - -------------- , 1383; II, 1965, 3289 INDEX.. 'vII Eiie Lake: See also Northern and Northwestern Lakes. Page. Improvement of entrance to Black Rock Harbor ....---------I, 1391; 1, 3297 Erie Lake to Michigan Lake, examination for waterway,-------------- I, 1382 Escambia River, Fla., improvement-------------_------, 741; i, 1837, 2511 Esopus Creek, N. Y. See Saugerties Harbor. Estero River, Fla., examination and survey--__------------------ , 706 Estherville-Minim Creek Canal, S. C.i improvement---__--i, 565; i, 1808, 2397 Estimates of appropriations required: Building, Washington BarracksI-----------------------------, 27 Civilian assistants to Engineer officers------------------------- , 26 Contingencies, Engineer Department, Philippine Islands___________ I, 26 Engineer depots_ . I--------,--- I, 24 Engineer equipmet of troops------------ , 25 I__ Examinations, surveys, and contingencies --------------------- , 1620 Fortifications 16 i----------------------- Maps, War Department------------------------------------- , 27 Military structures, Philippine Islands_------------------------I, 22 Panama Canal-------------- ---------------------------- , 22 Rivers and Harbors, etc -------------------- ---------- - I, 42 Eureka, Cal. See Humboldt Harbor. Everett Harbor, Wash. See Snohomish River, Wash. Everglades of Florida. See Kissimmee River. Examinations of rivers and harbors, estimate of appropriation for __- - i, 1620 EXecutive departments, Washington, D. C., telegraph line. See Public buildings and grounds. Executive Mansion and Office, Washington, D. C: See Public buildings and grounds. Expenditures : Fortifications --------------------------------------- , 14, 20 Rivers and harbors I---------------------- Experimental towboats, board on------------------------------I, 1619 F. Fairhaven Harbor, Mass., improvement--------- I 119; n, 1748, 2060 Fairport Harbor, Ohio, improvement_ ------------ -- i1374; , ii, 1963, 3281 Fairy (Caddo) Lake, Tex. and La. See Cypress Bayou. Falia, Bogue, La., improvement______------------ ----------- , 810; , 2586 Fall River Harbor, Mass., improvement ______________ , 123; I, 1749,2063 Falls of Ohio River, Louisville, Ky. See Ohio River. Fancy Bluff Creek, Ga., improvement----------------------I, 615; i, 2429 Farmington River, Conn., examination and survey-- ----- ------ I, 186 Feather River, Cal.: See also California Debris Commission. Examination ------------ 1473 ,--------,---------------- Improvement . _________------__---_- i, 1457; 11, 1985; II, 3345 Fernandina Harbor, Fla.: See also Cumberland Sound. Improvement __I------------------------------------- , 619; , 2430 Improvement of waterway to Savannah, Ga------__ i, 622; ii, 1821, 2432 Ferry (Caddo) Lake. Tex. and La. See Cypress Bayou. Filtration plant, Washington Aqueduct, D. C. See Washington. Fire control at fortifications. See Fortifications. Fisheating Creek, Fla., examination and survey---_____ __ _________ I, 706 Fishing Creek, N. C., improvement___------------------- --- , 497; ii, 2336 Fish traps, or weirs, permits for construction__-------- ____ I; 1620 Fivemile River Harbor, Conn.: Examination and survey -------------------------- ------- I, 185 Improvement ------------------------- , 176; I, 2099 Flag River, Wis. See Port Wing Harbor. Flathead Lake and River, Mont., improvement of Poson Bay Flathead River, Mont., examination--------- ---- i, --.----------. 1587 ,1582; nii, 3442 Flat Lake, La. See Grand River. F~ietcher Bay, Wash., examination-. ---------. -...... .. --... , 1587 8373 0 -ENG 1915---I XVIII INDEX, Flint River, Ga.: Page. Examination and survey-.,-------------------------- -------- I, 753 Improvement _------------ ..--------------------- , 721 ; II, 2491 Floating plant. See -Plant. Flood control in Ohio River Valley, examinations and surveys----------I, 1619 Florida East Coast Railway Co., basin at Miami, Fla. See Biscayne Bay. Florida, water hyacinths in_ .______.________- .__ I, 703; II, 2479 Flushing Bay and Creek, N. Y., improvement 267; II, 1772, 2161 I----------, Fond du Lac Harbor, Wis. See Fox River. Foreign possessions. See Insular possessions. Fore (Weymouth) River, Mass. See Weymouth River. Fore River, Portland, Me. See Portland Harbor. Forked River, N. J., examination and survey__ _____I___- - __ _- r, 385 Fort George River, Fla. See St. Johns River, waterway to Cumberland Sound. Fortifications: Appropriations ----------------- --------------------- I, 8-13 Batteries ------------------------------------------------ , 8 Batteries in insular possessions_--...--- ----____--. - , 16 Board of Engineers, The ------------------------------------ , 5 Board on Fortifications or other Defenses (Endicott Board) -------- ,6 Electrical and other supplies, insular possessions----------------- I, 19 Electrical installations , 9 I--------------------- Electrical installations, insular possessions ---------------------- , 16 Estimates of appropriations required -- -__-____-___-_ I, 16, 21 Fire control- ------------ 9 I--------------- Fire control, insular possessions 19 i----------________ General statement and progress of work- -_________________ I, 6 Isthmian Canal------- ----------------- , 22 I----------------- Land defenses, insular possessions--__-------------------------- I, 18 Maintenance of, in insular possessions__-_____-_______________ I, 17 Maintenance of torpedo structures, insular possessions------------- I, 18 Modernizing older emplacements--- ---------------------------- , 8 National Coast Defense Board--------------------------------- I, 6 Plans -------------------------------------------------- , 11 Preservation and repair_________-- ----------------------------------- 10 Preservation and repair, insular possessions---------------------- , 17 Preservation and repair of torpedo structures-------------------- I, 10 Projects --------------------------------------------- I, 6, 7,-8 Repair and protection of defenses at Charleston, Pensacola, Mobile, and New Orleans--------------------------------- ------- , 12 Reserve equipment, insular possessions_ -,---------------I-- , 18 Reserve lights ---------------------------------------- -- , 11 Searchlights ----------------------------- --- ---- ,9 Searchlights, insular possessions---- -------------------------- , 17 Sea walls and embankments --------------------------------- 12 Sea walls, defenses of Galveston, Tex Sea walls, Hawaiian Islands----------- -------------------------- -------------------- , 12 19 Sites---...----------------------------------------------, 10 Sites, insular possessions. ,-- 1------- , 17 Submarine mines ------------------------------------- -- 13 Supplies for seacoast defenses---------------------------------I, 11 Torpedo structures, insular possessions- -____- _ ___--- ---- i, 19 Fort Leavenworth, Kans., engineer depot -------- ------------- ------ I, 23 Fort Pierre, S. Dak. See Missouri River. Fort Point Channel, Mass. See Boston Harbor, Mass. Fort Riley Military Reservation, Kans., protection of bank line of Re- publican River in front of ..... -------------------------- I, 1080; II, 2835 Foures Bayou, Cameron Parish, La., examination and survey- _ I, 861 Fox River, Wis.: Improvement ---------------------------- I, 1240; II, 1940, 3141 Improvement at Depere ,--..-....,-------- ------- Ix,1216; II, 3120 Improvement below Depere, including Green Bay Harbor------- I, 1214 ; II, 1934, 3114 Operating and care of locks and dams--------------- 'ee ti pat oil--------------------------------- 1247 I, 1246; II, 3144 INDEX. XIX Frankfort Harbor, Mich.: Page. Examination and survey ----- , 1313 I---------------------- Improvement ------------------------------------- I, 1307; II, 3206 Franklin, La.: Improvement of waterway to Mermentaui--------------- , 836; II, 2605 Operating and care of Schooner Bayou Lock------------ , 839; II, 2607 French Broad River, Tenn., improvement-------------- I, 1105; I, 1906, 2873 French River, Conn. and Mass., examination and survey --------- -I, 186 'ront River, Ga. See Sapelo Harbor. G. Gaging. See Gauging. Galena River, Ill.: Examination and survey-------------- -------------------- I, 1027 Operating and care of lock and dam----------------- I, 1025; Ii, 2776 Galleries, cable. See Fortifications. Galveston and Brazos Canal, Tex.: Improvement -- _-------------------------------, 899; ii, 1859, 2646 Operating and care------------------ -------- 908; ii, 2652 I------, Galveston and Sabine section of Inland Waterway, Tex., examination and survey ----------------------------------------------- , 925 Galveston Bay and Harbor, Tex.: * Defenses ---------------------------------------------- ,6 Examination and survey of harbor and channel----------------- I, 925 Improvement of channel across Hanna Reef, Ladies Pass__ I, 879; Ii, 2638 Improvement of Galveston Channel from inner bar to Fifty-sixth street ------- __-------------------------- I, 865; xi, 1855, 2623. Improvement of Galveston-Texas City Channel- Improvement of harbor entrance ---------------- - I, 867; ii, 1856, 2628 , 862; ii, 1854, 2621 Improvement of Port Bolivar Channel------------- I, 870; II, 1856, 2632 Improvement of waterway to Houston ..... - I, 872; 11, 1856, 2633 Improvement of West Bay__--------------------------, 899; I, 1858 Regulations for use of channel and harbor___- -_____________ I, 1621 Galveston, Tex., engineering district------------------I, 862; Ix, 1854, 2621 Gasconade River, Mo., improvementI----------------- I, 1076; II, 1897, 2832 Gascondy, Mo. See Gasconade River. Gauging: Hydrological observations, Ottertail Lake and River and Red Lake and Red Lake River, Minn.. and Big Stone Lake and Lake Traverse, Minn. and S. Dak--------------- ..- , 1052; xI, 2794 I----- Mississippi River and principal tributaries------------x, 1053; II, 2794 Northern and northwestern lakes, level --------------- , 1695; iI, 3739 Gedney Channel, New York Harbor, N. Y. See New York Harbor. Genesee River, N. Y. See Charlotte Harbor. George, Lake, channels in waters connecting Great Lakes, improve- ment --------------------------------------------- i, 1314; ii, 3215 George, Lake, St. Johns River, Fla. See Volusia Bar. Georges River, Me., improvement--------------------- , I, 58 ; iI, 2020 Georgetown Harbor, D. C. See Washington. Georgetown Harbor, S. C. See Winyah Bay. Germantown, Pa., memorial monumenti--------------------------, 1719 Gloucester Harbor, Mass., improvement------------------I, 78; Ii, 1740, 2032 Gosport Harbor, N. H. See Isles of Shoals Harbor. Gotts Island Channel, Me., examination and survey--I----------------, 72 Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., telegraph line. See Public buildings and grounds. Government telegraph line, Washington, D. C. See Public buildings and grounds. Governors Island, N. Y., enlargement- ...------- ,,----------_---, 1,29 Gowanus Bay, N. Y., improvement-,-----.....-----. I, 248; II, 1768, 2150 Granby, S. C. See Congaree River. Grand Calumet River, Ill, and Ind. See Calumet River. Grand Haven Harbor, Mich., improvement--.----------. I, 1285; II, 3180 Grand Lake, Mermentau River, La.. See Mermentau River. Grand Marais, Mich., improvexent of harbor of refuge-...... x,1203; rI, 3109 Grand Marais, Minn., improvement of haror , ... ,... . L,1 10; II, Q091 xx INDEX. Page. Grand Rapids, Mich., engineering district , 1272; 1i, 1945, 3169 I---------. Grand Rapids, Wabash River, lock and dam. See Wabash River. Grand River, La., improvement_ ___, ------- __----______ 818; ii, 2590 Grand River, Mich.: See also Grand Haven Harbor. Improvement 1288; ii, 1949, 3187 I--------------------------, Grand River, Ohio. See Fairport Harbor. Grand View, N. Y. See Hudson River. Grants Pass, Ala. See Mobile Bay and Harbor, channel to Mississippi Sound. Gravesend Bay, N. Y., examination and survey -------------- --- I, 277 Grays Harbor, Wash.: Examination of bar-------------------------------------- ,1586 Improvement between Aberdeen and the entrance_ I, 1555; ii, 2002; III, 3425 Improvement of entranceI---------------------------, 1552; Ii, 3422 Grays River, Wash., improvement _________--- - --- -- I, 1547; iiI, 3419 Great Falls, Potomac River. See Potomac River. Great Harbor, Woods Hole, Mass. See Woods Hole Harbor. Great Kanawha River, W. Va. See Kanawha River.. Great Lakes. See Northern and Northwestern Lakes. Great Lakes to Chicago, Duluth, and Buffalo waterway- ... 1I, 1314; 11, 3215 Great Peedee River, S. C., improvement _-- -------- , 557; 11,2391 * Great Salt Pond, Block Island, R. I., improvement . 139; 11, 2074 i-------, Great Sodus Bay, N. Y., improvement of harbor__, .... i, 1407; ii, 1972, 3311 Great South Bay, N. Y., improvement- 1, 272; i, 1773, 2163 Green Bay Harbor, Wis.: Examination and survey --..- --- _ 1.-.- I, 1247 Improvement - ----------------------------- , 1214; 1i, 1934, 3119 Greene, Maj. Gen. Nathanael, monument on Guilford Courthouse battle field, N. C_----------------------------------------------- , 1723 Green Jacket Shoal, Providence River. R. I., removal_ __-. I, 129; 1i, 1750, 2067 Green River, Ky., operating and care of locks and dams__ I, 1162; n, 1926, 3037 Greenwich Harbor, Conn., improvement .-.--- ---- , 181; I, 2099 Grossetete Bayou, La., improvement_ ---------------------- , 822; I1, 2594 Grounds, public, District of Columbia------- ---- 1659; ii, 3707 I---------, Guadalupe River, Tex.: Examination and survey to Victoria _-------- 1, 925 Improvement from Victoria to Aransas Pass-Pass Cavallo Channel -------..----- , 906 ; I, I-------- 2651 Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, defenses of_.___---------------- , 16 Guilford Courthouse, N. C., battle, monument to commemorate- -___- , 1723 Gulfport Harbor, Miss., improvement of channel to Ship Island Har- bor-------------------------------------- , 785 ; i, 1846, 2556 Gull Lake, Minn., reservoir dam. See Mississippi River reservoirs. Gun batteries. See Fortifications. Gunnisons Cut. See St. Johns River waterway to Cumberland Sound. Guyandot River, W. Va., improvement ------------------- I, 1171; i, 3071 H.. Habana Harbor, Cuba, removal of wreck of Maine---------------- I, 1617 Hackensack River, N. J., improvenent ,,_,-- ----- , 284; 11, 2172 Hales Bar lock and dam, Tennessee River: Construction- ..- - - -----..-. I, 1092 ; i, 2855 Operating and care---------------------- ---------- , 1113; ii, 2876 Hampton Roads, Va. Defenses---- -------------- ----------------- ------------ 6 Improvement .of -approaches. to Norfolk Harbor;_-_ I, 461; i, 1795, 2307 ianinaReef, LadieS Pass, Tex., .improvement of channe.l I, 879; II, 1858, 2638 Hanson Canal. See Mermentau River, waterway to Franklin. Harbor Beach, Mich., improvement of harbor of refuge ------- i, 1336; i, 3254 Harbor City; Tex., examination and survey for:connection with inland waterway ------ .- L - ---- ----------------- - I, 925 Harbor Cove, Gloucester, Mass. :See Gloucester Harbor.. Iarbou Island Harbor,.Tx.. See.-WottAraasks.. . ,., 112WDEX. Page. Harbor lines, establishment , ................ _ . , 1629 Harbors and rivers. See Rivers and harbors.. Harlem (Bronx) Kills, N. Y. See Harlem River. Harlem River, N. Y., improvement 208; n1,1762, 2120 I-------------------, Harlowe Creek, N. C., waterway via. See Newbern-Beaufort waterway. Harris County, Houston ship channel navigation district, to furnish funds for Galveston-Houston Channel, Tex _I___,_---- -- --------------- , 875 Hatchee River, Tenn., examination and survey_--- - - 1, 1091 I----------- Hatt Slough, Wash. See Puget Sound and tributary waters. Havre de Grace, Md. See Susquehanna River Hawaiian Islands: Defenses --- --------------- -------------------------- I, 16 Hilo Harbor, improvement..---------- --- , 1593; in, 3450 Honolulu Harbor, improvement---------------------, 1587; in, 3445 Kahului Harbor, improvement _,------------ 1590; in, 3448 Hawaii engineering district________---- ----------- I, 1587; ui, 3445 Hay Lake Channel, St. Marys River, Mich.: Improvement ____...I, 1325; ni, 1956, 3248 Improvement of channels in waters connecting Great Lakes i,,1314 ; n, 3215 Hell Gate, East River, N. Y. See East River. Hempstead Harbor (north shore of Long Island), N. Y." Examination and survey ____- ______----- - -- i, 277 Improvement ------------------------------------- , 270; 1, 2162 'Hendricks Harbor, Me., examination and survey--------- - i, 72 Hennepin Canal, Ill. See Illinois & Mississippi Canal. Highway bridges, Potomac River, Washington, D.'C.: Aqueduct Bridge, repairs.--_.I . _----_- - - 1648 i-------i, Highway Bridge, repairs ------------- -- , 1659; II, 3707 Highways. See Roads. Hillsboro Bay and River, Fla., improvement- - ----- , 684, 689; ii, 1830, 1831, 2467, 2470 Hilo Harbor, Hawaii, improvement----------------i, 1593; in, 3450 Hiwassee River, Tenn., improvement_,--___,_______. I, 1110; 11, 1907, 2876 .Holland Harbor, Mich., improvement_________________ - I, 1283; ii, 1948, 3178 Holmes River, Fla., improvement---___------. ------- I, 733; n, 2503 -onolulu, Hawaii: Defenses ------ .... -------------- ----------------------- , 16 Engineer depot_--------------- 23 I---------------------- Engineering district-----------, ------- , 1587 ; i, 3445 Examination of Kalihi Harbor and Channe L ------------ , 1595 Improvement of - harbor__-_ _- ... _----_------- Hood River, Oreg., examination of Columbia River at town of----------I, 1519 I, 1587 ; in, 3445 Hoods Creek, N. C., examination and survey _ . , 551 i-,_--.--..-- Hookton, Cal. See Humboldt Harbor. RHoquarten Slough, Oreg. See Tillamook Bay. Hoquiam River, Wash., improvement__,___ _-- 1, 1558; In, 3426 Horn Island Hatbor and Pass, Miss., improvement (see Pascagoula River) - ----------- -------------------------- I, 775 ; n, 1843, 2551 Horseshoe battleground monument-- ______-------------------- I, 1727 Hospital Point, Norfolk Harbor, Va., removal--- -------. i, 461; nI, 1795, 2307 Housatonic River, Conn.: See also Milford Harbor. Examination and survey ... :...-... ---- , 186 i---- Improvement .-- -- I, 168; ii, ,------------------------- 2094 Houston to Galveston ship channel, Tex., improvement _-_ i, 872; Howard University Reservoir, Washington Aqueduct, D. C. See Wash- 1856, 2633 11, ington. Hudson River, N. ". See also New York Bay and Harbor. Examination and surveys - - ._________- - ------.--.. ____ , 241, 242 Improvement above Newi York----,- ----- _- I, 222; nI, 1764, 2127 Improvement at New York---------.- I 238; n, 1765, 2143 Peekskill Harbor. See Peekskill Harbor. Rondout Harbor. See Rondoit~lirbor. Saugerties Harbor. See Saugerties Harbor. Tarrytown Harbor. See-Tarrytown Harbor.. -;EXII -NDEX. Humboldt Bay and Harbor, Cal.: Page. Examination of Arcata channels .. --..- ...... ..-.-.--. - I, 1457 Improvement ------- _ 1450; II, 1982; III, -i r,,------------- 3340 Huntington Harbor, N. Y., improvement__------- -_-- - i,265; ii, 1772, 2159 Huron Harbor, Ohio, improvement ___.-----___- - I,1362 ; II,1961, 3273 Huron Lake. See Northern and Northwestern Lakes. Hutchinson River (East Chester Creek), N. Y. See East Chester Creek. IHyacinths, water, removal: From East Pearl River, Miss ..... ,, _. _- I, 795; I, 2561 From Florida .:waters_------------ From Louisiana waters- - --- I,703; II,2479 I, 859; Ii,2618 From Mississippi waters ,859; II,2561 I____________________-_ From Texas waters_------ I, 859; II, 2618 Hyannis Harbor, Mass., improvement-__------_____---- I,114; Ii, 1747, 2056 Hydraulic mining in California. See California Debris Commission. Hydraulics. See Water levels. Hydrology. See Water levels. I. Illinois. & Mississippi Canal, Ill.: Construction__-___ - ------------------ I, 1025; II, 2777 Improvement-...___.-- __-____- I,1027; II, 2782 Operating and care--.,-_--- - I,1026; II, 2778 Illinois River, Ill.: Improvement----- - -__------ - - - - I,1266; II, 1945, 3161 Operating and care of locks and dams-__-- - I,1271; II,3165 Operating snag boats and dredge boats---------------- I,1024; II,2774 Survey for waterways from Lockport, Ill., to mouth________________ I,1618 Indiana Chute, Falls of Ohio River, improvement------- I,1115; II,1907, 2885 Indiana Harbor, Ind., improvement-- - _____...I,1260; ii,1943, 3156 Indian Creek, Vinal Haven, Me., examination and survey i, 72 Indian River, Fla., improvement .________-.--.- -1 I, 647; II,1825, 2449 Inland waterways. See Canals and Waterways. Inside routes. See Canals and Waterways. Insular possessions: Defenses------------ ------------------------------------- , 16 Hilo Harbor, Hawaii, improvement .------ __ ____-_- I,1593; III, 3450 Honolulu Harbor, Hawaii, improvement--------------- I, 1587; III, 3445 Kahului Harbor, Hawaii;, Improvement-- ----------- - ,1590; III, 3448 Porto Rico, erection of structures in navigable waters_ _____ __ I,1634 San Juan Harbor, P. R., improvement---- . I, 1596; iI, 2007 ; III,3453 Intercoastal waterways. See Canals and Waterways. International Association of Congresses of Navigation.,---------.-.. i,1616 Island End River, Mass. See Mystic River. Island possessions. See Insular possessions. Isle au Haut Harbor, Me., examination and survey- - , 71 i----__-__1-___-- Isles of Shoals Harbor, Me. and N. H., improvement-- ..----- I,68; Ir,1739, 2026 Isthmian Canal, fortification--- ------------------- ------- I, 22 Istokpoga Creek, Fla. See Kissimmee River. J. Jacksonville, Fla.: See also St. Johns River. Engineering district___------------------- - I,627; Ir,1823, 2435 Improvement of St. Johns River opposite--___-___ ___-__ I, 634; i, 2442 Jamaica Bay, N. Y., improvement___-------_,,_. I,256; ii, 1770, 2156 James River, Va.: See also Hampton Roads. Improvement 470; II, 1797, 2314 i,I---------------------------- Jefferson-Shreveport Waterway, La. and Tex., improvement ___ I, 944; ii, 2686 Jekyl Creek, Ga., waterway via. See Savannah-Fernandina waterway. Johnsons Bayou, La., improvement-- ---- ------ - I,926; II,2665 Johnsons Creek, or River, Conn.:- See also Bridgeport Harbor. Examination and survey-_-- _------- --- ----- I, 186 Jones Creek, Va., examination and survey_ __----- ________ -_ I,493 Jonesport Harbor, Me., examination and survey---- __---- - -___ - I,71 INDEX. XxrI Jordon River, Miss;: Page. Examination and surve y .. .. i.. ....._- 1,i... 796 Improvement ------------------------------ I,789; n, 2558 Judith Point, R. I.: Construction of harbor of refuge---- ...-- ------------------- I,134 Improvement of pond entrance------ ------------- ---- , 136; n, 2072 Julington River, Ga., examination and survey-------------- -------- , 626 Kahului Harbor, Hawaii, improvement-- 1590; iii, 3448 ,----------------- Kalamazoo River, Mich.: Examination and survey---------- ----------- --__ __- _ I,1313 Improvement -------------------------------- i, 1280 ; ii, 1947, 3176 Kalihi Harbor and Channel, Honolulu, Hawaii, examination ----------. 1, 1595 Kampsville Lock and Dam, Illinois River, Ill. See Illinois River. Kanawha River and its tributaries, W. Va., examination for flood control_ I,1619 Kanawha River, W. Va., operating and care of locks and dams ------- , 1146; nI,1913, 2988 Kankakee River and its tributaries, Ill. and Ind., examination for flood control ----------------- , 1619 I------------------------- Kansas City, Mo., engineering district 1054; n1,1891, 2795 I------------------ i, Kansas River, Kans., improvement_... ____- ___-__ Karankawa Bay and River. Tex., examination and survey __I------i, i , 1079; nI,1897, 2834 925 Kennebec River, Me.: Defenses----------- -------------------------------------- ,6 Improvement ---------------------------------- , 61; rI, 1735,2021 Kennewick, Wash., examination of Columbia River at--- , 1519 I_____----_ Kenosha Harbor, Wis., improvement-...__- -------- I,1237; n, 1939, 3138 Kent Island Narrows, Md., examination--------------------------- I,434 Kentucky River, Ky.: Examination and survey of South Fork .................... Improvement ------------------------------------- , 1176; ... 1180 1, , 3077 Operating and care of locks and dams----------------- I,1179; 11, 3081 Keokuk (Des Moines Rapids) Canal and Dry Dock, Mississippi River. See Mississippi River. Kewaunee Harbor, Wis. improvement_-..... __..--- I,1221; i, 1936, 3124 Keweenaw Bay-Lake Superior waterway, Mich.: Improvement ------------------- ------------- I, 1196; 11, 1931, 3101 Operating and care 1199; 11, 3103 I-----------------------------, Keweenaw Canal, Mich. See Keweenaw Bay-Lake Superior waterway. Keweenaw Point waterway, Mich. See Keweenaw Bay-Lake Superior waterway. Keyport Harbor, N. J., improvement .....--- - .x-- I,296 ; 2182 1I, Key West Harbor, Fla.: Defenses-- ------------------------------------------------- I,6 Improvement_--____--- - ________- - I,656; xn, 1827, 2452 Kiamichi River, Okla., improvement- __-.______- ___ I, 947; xn, 1866, 2689 Kill Van Kull, N. Y. and N. J., improvement of Staten Island-New Jersey Channels-------- -------------------------- , 286, 290; xn, 1775, 2174 King County, Wash. See Puget Sound-Lake Washington waterway. Kingsley Cut, Fla. See St. Johns River waterway to Cumberland Sound. Kingston, R. I. See Point Judith Harbor and Pond. Kinnikinnick River, Wis. See Milwaukee Harbor. Kissimmee River, Fla., improvement-------------------------- I,660; 11, 2454 Knapp Narrows, Md., examination and survey---------------------- I,434 Kootenai River, Idaho, examination---------...------------------- I, 1586 L. La Batre Bayou, Ala., examination and survey of channel to Pass aux Herons ___------------------------------------ ------------------ ~~,796 ----------------- La Conner, Wash. See Swinomish Slough. Lafourche Bayou, La.: Examinations and surveys------------------------___ _ I, 861 Improvement------------------------------ I,824; nu,1850, 2595 Lagrange'Bayou, Fla. See Holmes River. -XXIV I D1EX. Lagrange Lock and Dam, Illinois River, Ill. See Illinois River. Page. Lake Champlain, improvement of narrows---_ -r: ------.I, 219 ; ii, 2126 ..-- Lake Erie near Toledo, Ohio, waterway to. Lake Michigan, examination and survey --- ------------------------------------------------- , 1382 Lake Michigan, waterway to Lake Erie near Toledo, Ohio, examination and survey ....----------------------------- I,1382 Lake of the Woods, Minn. See Zippel Bay. Lake Pontchartrain, La. See Pontchartrain Laike. Lake River, Wash., examination and sirvey _------------------ - , 1549 Lakes, Great. See Northern and Northwestern Lakes.... Lake Survey. See Northern and Northwestern Lakes. .Lake Traverse, Minn. and S. Dak., improvement_____ __-...... ,1050; i, 2794 Lake Washington Canal, Wash. See Washington Lake. Lake Washington, Miss., improvement___ I,,982; l, 1872,2708 Lanmberts Point, Norfolk Harbor, Va., improvement of ancharaige at. ------------------------------------------ I, 461; Ii,1795, 2307 L'Anguille River, Ark.: Examination and survey --------------------------------------- ,1011 Improvement-----------I, 1.007.; .Ii, 1879, 2729 Larchmont Harbor, N. Y., improvement_"------------ I,192; n, 1760, 2107 La Trappe River, Md., improvement -------------------------- I, 410; , 2267 Lavaca Bay, Tex., improvement of chatnnel from Pass Cavallo to Port Lavaca----------------------- ---- -------------- ,916 , 2627 Lavaca River, Tex., examination ai survey ---------- I, 924 Laws of Sixty-third Congress, second and third sessions, affecting Corps of Engineers---------------------------------------- -- II, 3771 Leaf River, Miss.: Examination and survey--------------------------------------- , 796 Improvement --__-------- ----- I, 778 ; I, 2553 Leavenworth, Fort, Kans., engineer depot_-----------____ __-----__-- I,23 Leech Lake, Minn. See Mississippi Itiver reservoirs, Leech River, Minn.: Improvement, including upper Mississippi River---------- I,1036; II, 2788 Regulations for use between Mississippi River and outlet of Leech Lake _----------- --- - - ------- I,1621 Lee Slough, Apalachicola River, Fla. See,. Apalachicola River. Leipsic River, Del., imlurovem-ent -I--__-, -------------- 1, 371; n, 2214 ,Lemon Creek, N. Y. See Staten Island-New Jersey Channels. Levels, water. See Water levels. Levisa Fork, Big Sandy River, Ky.: Examination------------------------------------------------- I,1179 Improvement------------------------------------- I,1172 ; i,1929, 3071 Operating and care of locks and dams,,---------------- I, 1176; II, 3072 Lewes, Del., pier in Delaware Bay near------------------I, 328; *I, 1783, 2211 Lewis River, Wash.: Dredge and snag boat for 1546; III, 3418 I------------------i, Improvement----------------------------------i, 1543 ; n, 201 ; III, 3417 Liberty Bay, Wash., examination-----. 1587 I,---------------- Licking River, Ky., examination and survey- - ... I, 1158 Lighthouses, establishment of, officers on duty in connection with ......----. , 4 Little Annemessex River,. Md. See Crisfield Harbor. Little D'Arbonne Bayou, La. See D'Arbonne Bayou. Little Egg Harbor, N. J. See Tuckerton Creek. Little Elk River, Md., improvement---------------------- I,391; II, 1788, 2255 Little Harbor, Woods Hole, Mass.' See Woods Hole Harbor. Little Kanawha River, W. Va., operating and care of locks and dams __--------------------------------------------- I,1144; Ii, 1912, 2984 Little Mud River, Ga., waterway via. See Savannah-Fernandina water- way. Little Narragansett Bay, R. I. and Conn. See Pawcatuck River. Little Pass, Soda Lake, La. See Cypress Bayou. Little Peedee River, S. C., improvement _ ------------------ i, 555; ii, 2391 Little Pigeon River, Tenn., improvement ----------------- 1,1105; II, 2873 Little Red River, Ark., improvement______--- 992; 11, 1874, 2720 I_____I, Little River and tributaries, La., examination and survey--------------, 986 Little River, Del., improvement .... -,-373; I, 2242 I,------------------ Little River (part of Red River), La. See Red River below Fulton. INDE. ltxv Page. Little ,Rock, Ark., engineering distric ....... . . , 98 ;i:, 1872, 2715 Little Sarasota Bay, Fla. See Sarasota Bay. Little Sodus Bay, N. Y., improvement of harbor.... .. , 1409; , 197, 13 Little Tallahatchie River, Miss. See Tallahatchie River. Little Tennessee River, Tenn. See Tennessee River above iChattanooga. Little Wieomico River, Va., examination-and survey. 461 i------------, Live Oak and Caney Creeks, Tex., examination and survey-__------ - ,if,925 Livingstone Channel, Detroit Riverf Mich. -See Detroit River. Lockport, Ill., survey for waterway to mouth of Illinois River ------- _ , 1618 Locks. See Canals, Rivers and harbors, and Waterways. Log booms, permits for construction ---------------------------- I, 1620 Long Beach Harbor, Cal., examination and survey of Los Angeles Har- bor and ---- ------- 1429, 1430 I,,-------------------- 'Long Island Sound, N. Y. and Conn. : Defenses of eastern entrance- - --. ---------- ---- I, 6 Examination and survey of north shore ----------------------- , 277 Long Tom River, Oreg. See Williamette River above Portland. :Lorain Harbor, Ohio: Examination and survey- .-- -.---- -I,------ ------- 1, 1382 Improvement-------- ----------------------- , 1366 ; ii, 1961, 3276 Los Angeles, Cal.: Dominguez Creek Channel, examination--,, ------------------- , 1430 Engineering district ---------------------- , 1419; II, 1976; in, 3323 Examination and survey .. -------- --------------------- I, 1429 Improvement of harbor_ 1.421; n, 1976; in, 3324 ,____---------- Louisa, Ky. See Big Sandy River. Louisiana, State of, water hyacinths in_--- ---------------- I, 859; II, 2618 Louisville & Portland Canal, Ky.: Enlargement -- 1115; i, 1914, 2885 I---,-----------------------i, Operating and care , 1159; iI, 1914, 3025 --------------- I------------ Louisville, Ky.: See also Louisville & Portland Canal. Engineering district__ ___---------------- I, 1158; ii, 1914, 3025 Lower Cedar Point, Md., improvement of Potomac River at_____ _ , 442; I, 2291 Lower Chipola River, Fla., improvement 712; II, 2486 i------------------, Lower Thoroughfare, Wenona, Deal Island, Md., improvement---------I, 430; II, 1790, 2281 Ludington Harbor, Mich., improvement 1297; ii, 3194 I,i----------------- Lynn 1Harbor, Mass.: Examinations, ------------------------- ------------------ 111 Improvement-------------- ------ --- i , 84 ; n, 1742, 2036 M. McClellanville, S. C., improvement of waterway to Charleston.... I, 573; I, 2403 Machias River, Me., examination and survey 71 I-----------, Mackinac Harbor, Mich., improvement -------------------- , 1327; ii, 8249 McMillan Park Reservoir____---------------------- I, 1652; ii, 3691 Macon Bayou, La., improvement-,------------ ------ 1,967; iI, 1871, 2702 Maine, wreck of battleship, removal from Habana Harbor_------------I_ I, 1617 Main ship channel, New York Harbor ., . See New York H drbor. Malden River, Mass., improvement-__ -_------I_____-1, Mall, the, Washington, D. C. See Public buildings and grounds. 88; 11, 1742, 2038 Mamaroneck Harbor, N. Y.: Examination and survey ---------------------------------- , 241 Improvement-------- ----- 1, I, 190; ii, n-- 1759, 2105 Manatee River, Fla., improvement ----------------- , 674; iI, 1829, 2462 Manchac Bayou, La., 4mprovement..--- ,--- ------ I, 814; i, 2588 -Manchac Pass, La., improvement,------- Manchester Harbor, Mass., examination________----- ------------- --------------- I, 808; ii, 2583 I, 111 Manhattan Borough, N. Y. See New York' Harbor. Manila Bay, P. I.: Defenses ------------------ ----------------------------- I, 16 Engineer depot ------------ -------- , 24 I-------------------- Manistee Harbor and River, Mich., improvement_------ -- , 1301; n, 1952, 3198 Manistique Harbor, Mich., improvements..-,-_----- I, 1206; II, 1933, 3113 PXXVI .INDEX. Page. Manitowoc Haribor, Wis., improvement .. -- ..--- I, 1224; II, 1937, 3128 Manokin River, Md., improvement-_-_ I, 411; in, 2269 Mantua Creek, N. J., improvement 1__.___________ _ I, 335; ii, 1784, 2215 Maps and charts: Military: and other------------------ ------- -- - ----- , 27 Northern and Northwestern Lakes,-------------_ I, 1690; in, 3739 Marcus Hook, Pa., improvement of ice harbor at --------- , 327; II, 1781. 2211 Marquette Bay and Harbor, Mich.: Construction of harbor of refuge in bay ---------------- , 1200; ii, 3106 Improvement of harbor .__ _------------- , 1201; II, 1932, 3107 Marshyhope.Creek, Md. See Nanticoke River. Massachusetts Bay, Mass, See Boston Harbor. Matagorda Bay,.Tex.: Improvement of channel from Pass Cavallo to Aransas Pass- I, 903; ii, 2649 Improvement of channel to Brazos River___-- I, 901; ii, 2648 Matawan Creek, N. J.: See also Keyport Harbor. Improvement---- 298; iI, 2183 I-------------------------------- i, Mattaponi River, Va., improvement 446 ; I, 2294 i,I----------._ .Mattituck Harbor, N. Y., improvement----------------i I, 263; I, 2159 Maumee Bay and River, Ohio: See also Toledo Harbor, Examination of river and its.tributaries in Ohio and Indiana for flood control_.. . 1619 I------------------------, Maurice River, N. J., improvement------------------- I, 347; 11, 1785, 2223 Meherrin River, N. C., improvement_____________-- I, 489; x, 1802, 2330 Memorial statues, etc. See Statues, memorials, etc. Menominee Harbor and River, Mich. and Wis., improvement_ --- I, 1209; I, 1933, 3115 Menominee River, Milwaukee, Wis. See Milwaukee Harbor. Mermentau, La. See Mermentau River. Mermentau River, La.: Examination and survey__------------------- ----- I, 861 Improvement, including tributaries -------------------- , 847; ii, 2612 Improvement of waterway to Franklin___ ______-- ---- I, 836; 11, 2605 Improvement of waterway to Sabine River-_-__---. I, 841; I, 2608 Operating and care of Schooner Bayou Lock-...__, -- - I, 839; i, 2607 Merrimac River, Mass.: See also Newburyport Harbor. Examinations..----------------------------------I-------- , 111 Improvement --------------------------------- I, 74; i, 1740, 2030 Meters, water, installation in certain Government buildings___ I, 1652; III, 3691 Miakka River, Fla., examination and survey ______ , 706 I_______________ Miami Harbor, Fla.: See also Biscayne Bay. Improvement ---------------- ----------------- I, 652; II, 1826, 2451 Miami River and its tributaries, Ohio, examination for flood control- I, 1619 Mianus River, Conn., examination and survey-___-__ __ I, 180 Michigan City Harbor, Ind., improvement--------..------ I, 1263; 11, 1944, 3158 Michigan, Lake: See also Northern and Northwestern Lakes. Canal to Sturgeon Bay, operating and care -------. i, 1217; 1, 1935, 3121 Waterway to Lake Erie, examination----...-------------------- I, 1382 Waterway to Mississippi River. See Illinois and Mississippi Canal. Middle Neebish Channel, St. Marys River, Mich., improvement-------. I, 1325; I, 1956,3248 Milan, Ill. See Illinois and Mississippi Canal. Milford Harbor, Conn., improvement__---------I, 166; I, 1756, 2093 Milford Haven Harbor, Va., improvement_ ___ ____-__ I, 459; nx,2305 Military structures, Philippine Islands ---------------------------- I, 22 Militia, equipment of Coast Artillery armories_-_____------------- I, 28 Mill Creek, or River, New Haven, Conn. See New Haven Harbor. Mill Creek, Southport, Conn. See Southport Harbor. Miller Bay, Lake Winnebago, Wis. See Fox River. Mill River, Conn., examination and survey ,__-- ---------..-- I, 186 Mill.River, New Haven, Conn. See New Haven Harbor. -INC , . XXVII Mill River, Stamford, Conn. See Stamford Harbor. Milwaukee Bay, Harbor, and River, Wis.: Page. Improvement, including harbor of refuge .-------- , 1230; n, 1938, 3134 Improvement of inner harbor-------- ---------------- 1, 1232; II, 3136 Milwaukee, Wis.: Engineering district__-__- -- _I, 1206; x, 1933, 3113 Examination and survey_-------------__-----------------_ I, 1247 Mines, submarine. See Fortifications. Mingo Creek, S. C., improvement___________----, 563; n, 1807, 2396 Minim Creek-Estherville Canal, S. C., improvement ------- i, 565; i, 1808, 2397 Mining casements. See Fortifications. Mining, hydraulic, in California. See California Ddbris Commission. Minneapolis, Minn.: See also Mississippi River. Examination and survey of harbor ------------------. I, 1054 Minnesota River, Minn., improvement_----------------, 1042; , 1890, 2791 Mispillion River, Del., improvement___-------- I1,366; in,1786, 2238 Mississippi River: Brainerd to Grand Rapids, Minn., improvement from I, 1038; ii, 1889, 2789 Cairo, Ill., to Missouri River, improvement from___ , 1012; n, 1879, 2731 Cape Girardeau, Mo., to Head of Passes, levees-__-__- I, 1614; 111, 3473 Cubits Gap to Head of Passes, dredging shoals ------- i, 796; ni, 1847, 2563 Dams between St. Paul and Minneapolis. See St. Paul. Des Moines Rapids Canal and Dry Dock, operating and care - . ;1023; n, 2770 Discharge measurements, including tributaries. See Gauging. Dredge and snag boats above Missouri River, operation_.._ I, 1024; ni, 2774 Dredge and snag boats below iMissouri River, operation_------- I, 1015; nI, 1880, 2748 Electrical-power development between St. Paul and Minneapolis__ 1, 1028; 11, 1887, 2783 Examinations and surveys at South Pass------ , 804; I, 2579 I-- Gauging, including tributaries__------- __--, 1053; n, 2794 I------- Grand Rapids to Brainerd, Minn., improvement ___ I, 1038; n, 1889, 2789 Head of Passes to Cape Girardeau, Mo., levees , 1614; III, 3473 I__________ Head of Passes to Cubits Gap, dredging shoals------- I, 796; 11, 1847, 2563 Head of Passes to headwaters, surveysi--------------- , 1614; ni, 3473 Head of Passes to Ohio River, improvement, surveys, etc__ I, 1614; II, 3473 Illinois & Mississippi Canal, IlL See Illinois & Mississippi Canal. Keokuk (Des Moines Rapids) Canal and Dry Dock, operating and care----------------------------------------- I, 1023; I, 2770 Leech River and, improvement__----I, ----------- 1,1036; i, 1888, 2788 Levees, Head of Passes to Cape Girardea, Mo.--------- , 1614; ni, 3473 Minneapolis, Minn., to Missouri River, improvement_ I, 1018; n, 1880, 2753 Minneapolis, Minn., to St. Paul, improvement ------- I, 1028; I, 1887, 2783 Minneapolis, Minn., to St. Paul, operating and care of Lock No. 2__ , 1031; i, 1887, 2785 Missouri River, above, operation of snag and dredge boats___ i, 1024; I, 2774 Missouri River, below, removal of snags and wrecks__. I, 1015; ni, 1880, 2748 Missouri River to Minneapolis, Minn., improvement__ I, 1018; 11, 1880, 2753 Missouri River to Ohio River, improvement--------I, 1,1012; ni, 1879, 2731 Moline, Ill., operating and care of lock---------------I, 1024; n, 2773 New Orleans, La., defenses,--- ---------------- ------ -- 1, 6 Ohio River to Head of Passes, improvement, surveys, etc__ , 1614; -I, 3473 Ohio River to Missouri River, improvement--- -- I,, 1012; i, 1879, 2731 Plaquemine Bayou, La., construction of lock_-----I____ _ , 818; in, 2590 Pokegama Falls, Minn., reservoir dam. See Reservoir dams. Regulations for use between Winnibigoshish and Pokegama Dams__ , 1621 Regulations for use of United States dry dock at Keokuk Iowa __ I,I 1621 Reservoir dams at headwaters, construction ..----- __ I, 1031; in, 1888, 2786 Reservoir dams at headwaters, operating and care__ I, 1036; n, 1888, 2787 Rules for use of Pokegama Reservoir_----------------------- I, 1621 St. Paul, Minn., gauging --------------------------- I, 1053; n, 2794 St. Paul, Minn., to Minneapolis, improvement--- I, 1028; i, 1887, 2783 St. Paul, Minn., to Minneapolis, operating and care of Lock No. 2__ 1. 1031; nI, 1887, 2785 XXVIII INDEX. Mississippi River-Continu.ed. Page. Snag and dredge boats above Missouri River; operation _ I, 1024; Ii, 2774 Snags and wrecks below Missouri River, removal _.__ i, 1015; ii, 1880, 2748 South Pass, examinations and surveys-- ____ I,804; ii, 2579 ____------ South Pass, maintenance and improvement of channel_ i, 801; ii, 1847, 2575 Southwest Pass, improvement of, including shoals between Cubits Gap and Head of Passes, and dredge construction___ I, 796; 11, 1.847, 2563 Towboats ,--------------- ,1619 Vicksburg Harbor, Miss., improvement_---------------- , 1614; In, 3473 Water-level observations, including tributaries--------- Wrecks, etc., below Missouri River, removal------- i,1053; ii,2794 i,.1015; ii, 1880, 2748 Mississippi River Commission:. Flood protection by ___________________________________, 1614; in, 3473 Improvement of Mississippi River by_____ _______---I, 1614; in, 3473 Mississippi Sound, Miss. and Ala.: . Gulfport-Ship Island. Harbor Channel and Ship Island Pass. See Gulfport Harbor. Horn Island Harbor. See Pascagoula River. Horn Island Pass. See Horn Island Pass. Improvement of channel to Mobile Bay------- - i,773; ii, 2549 Mississippi State, removal of water hyacinths from_ . I, 859; :I,2561 Missouri River.: Contributions from private agencies for improvement- ... rI, 1061; II, 2823 Examination and survey between Kansas City, Kans., and Florence, Nebr_-____________ ______,____ _ __ ,1081 Improvement from mouth to Fort Benton------ - -, 1055; 11, 1891, 2795 Reexamination from mouth to Kansas City ----- ------------ 1, 1081 Mobile, Ala., engineering district_____.. ___--,-- i, 753; i1, 1840, 2525 Mobile Bay and Harbor, Ala.: Defenses. --- --- - i--, 6 Examination and survey of harbor and bar ---------------------- I, 796 Examination and survey of waterway to Pensacola Bay, Fla --------. I,753 Improvement--- -------------------------- I, 754 ; ii, 1840, 2525 Improvement of bar at entrance to bay----------------- I,758; 11ii, 2530 Improvement of channel to Mississippi Sound__-____- --- I,773; ii, 2549 Moccasin River (Contentnia Creek), N. C. :See Contentnia Creek. Moccasin Slough. See Apalachicola River, Fla.; including the cut-off. Mokelumne River, Cal.: Examination and survey ---------- ------------------------- 1,1472 , Improvement -------- ------------------------- I, 1470; in, 3353 Moline Harbor, Ill.:. Improvement of Mississippi River between Missouri River and Min- neapolis, Minni------------------------------ , 1018.; ii, 1880, 2573 Operating and care of lock------------------------- -, 1024; ni, 2773 Monhegan Iarbor, :Me., examination and survey -- - -___-__--__ -1 ,71 Monongahela River, W. Va. and Pa. Improvement in Pennsylvania___________________ i, 1125; ii, 1910, 2951 Improvement of Pittsburgh Harbor -------- -- ,'1138; ii, 2976 Operating and care of locks and dams , 1130; n, 2953 i_______________ Monroe Harbor, Mich., improvement , 1351; II, 3265 i--------------------- 'Monroe Lake, St. Johns River, Fla. See Volusia bar. Monterey Harbor, Cal., improvement__------------------- I, 1449; in, 3340 Montesano, Wash. See Chehalis River. Montgomery, Ala., engineering district- ------------- ,707; 11,1833, 2481 Monuments, statues, etc. See Statues, memorials, etc. Moore, James A., construction of Puget Sound-Lake Washington Canal by --------------------------------------- I, 1566; ii, 2003; in, 3430 Mooringsport, La. See Cypress Bayou. Morehead City Harbor, N. C., improvement---------------- I, 528; n, 2363 Mormon Channel, San Joaquin River, Cal., improvement_-. . I,1468; IIn, 3353 Morris Cove, Conn., examination and survey-------------------------- , 186 Morris Cove, New Haven Harbor, Conn. See New Haven Harbor. Mortar batteries. See Fortifications. 7Mosquito Creek Canal, S. C. See Santee River. Mosquito Creek, Va., examination and survey- - - ._ .- I,461 Mound City, Ill., levee work on Ohio River at ,-....-----i 1, 1156; _n, 3023 INDEX. XXIX. Page. Mount Desert, Bar Harbor, Me., construction of breakwater ..... I,47; I, 2014 Mount Hope Bay, Mass. See Fall River Harbor. Mud Creek, Butler County, Ky., examination and survey------------- , 1168 Mud Lake, La. See Mermentau River. Mud River, Ga. See Savannah-Fernandina waterway. Mud River, S. C. See Savannah-Beaufort waterway. Mullett Lake, Mich., survey for charting ------------------------_ I,1353 Murderkill River, Del., improvement ----------- ----------- 365; ii, 2236- Muscle Shoals Canal, Tennessee River, Ala., operating and care_ 1, 1113; ni, 2878 Muskegon Harbor and River, Mich.: Examination and survey of river 1313 I------------------------- Improvement _______----I_____ Muskingum River, Ohio: _ _- -- - - , 1290; ii,3188 Examination of the river and tributaries for flood control --------- 1,1619 Operating and care of locks and dams ----------------- , 1169; II, 3059 Mystic River, Conn.: Examination and survey ----------------------------------- , 186 Improvement--------- ------------------------ , 146; ii, 1753, 2079 Mystic River, Mass.: Examinations below Island End River-__________--__---_ I, 111 Improvement_ 86; i, 2038 ,----------------------- Improvement below mouth of Island End River..--. I, 90; i, 1743, 2038 N. Nanjemoy Creek, Md., examination and survey__ s 461 __, I__________ Nansemond River, Va., improvement_ __--_---.. _ I,469; 11, 1797, 2313 Nanticoke River, Del. and Md., improvement_ I,422; I, 1790, 2275 Nantucket Harbor, Mass., construction of harbor of refuge_ 1,116; 11, 1747, 2057 Nantucket Sound, Mass., improvement of Pollock Rip Channel___ I,112; Napa River, Cal.: 11, 2055 Examination -------------------------------------------- 1457 Improvement----------------------------------- I, 1446 ; ii, 3338 Narragansett Bay, R. I.: Defenses---------------------------------------------- ,6 Improvement --------------------- ----------- ,127; 11, 1750, 2067 Narrows of Lake Champlain, N. Y. and Vt., improvement_- I,219; 11, 1763, 2126 Nasel River, Wash. See Willapa River. Nashville, Tenn.: See also Cumberland River. Engineering- district--..----------------------- I, 1081; 11,1898, 2837 Nassau Sound. See St. Johns River, waterway to Cumberland Sound. Nassawadox Creek, Va., examination and survey _________-----, 433 Natalbany River, La. See Tickfaw River. National Coast Defense Board --- ------------ -------- - I, 6 National Parks. See Parks. Navesink (North Branch of Shrewsbury) River, N. J. See Shrewsbury River. Navidad River, Tex., examination and survey----------------------, 924 Navigable waters. See Bridges, Rivers and harbors, and Wrecks. Navigation, Congresses of, Permanent International Association- ,.-- I, 1616 Neches River, Tex.: Improvement at mouth ------------------------ I, 928; ii, 1863, 2666 Improvement of Neches-Sabine Canal__ __ I, 930; ii, 2669 Neebish Channels, St. Marys River, Mich., improvement_ I, 1325; n, 1956, 3248 Neenah (Fox) River, Wis. See Fox River. Nehalem Bar and Bay, Oreg.: Examination -------- ---- , 1518 Examination of bay and river from bay entrance to town of Nehalem I,1519 Improvement ------ ____________------------ I, 1496; iI, 1991; III, 3369 Neponset River, Mass.-: Examination--,------ ----------------------------------- 111 Improvement -------- ------------------------------ , 99; I, 2048 Neuse River, N. C.: Examination and survey- -------------- -- I,551 Improvement- ...----------.....--. - ----- 1-~, SW;.0,2347 XXX INDEX, Newark Bay, N. Y. and N. J.: See also Arthur Kill and Passaic River. Page. Examination and survey ----------------------------------- 1, 314 Improvement --------------------------------- , 271; it, 1774, 2165 New Baltimore, N. Y. See Hudson River. New Bedford Harbor, Mass.: Defenses_----------------------------------------------- I, 6 Improvement --------------------------------- , 119; xi, 1748, 2060 Newbern, N. C. See Neuse and Trent Rivers. Newburyport Harbor, Mass., improvement-_ ____--------- I,72; iI, 2029 New Haven Harbor, Conn.: Construction of breakwaters-_--..... ___-________ -- I,164; ii, 2092 Examination and survey----------------------------------- I, 186 Improvement, by dredging, etc______I______________ , 161; 1755, 2090 11, Improvement of West River------------, 161; , 1755, 2090 New Jersey and New York Channels, examination and survey---------- I, 314 New Jersey-Staten Island Channels, N. Y. and N. J__ I, 286, 290; II, 1775, 2178 New London, Conn.:. Engineering district--__--- -- - -- -- _______ I, 142; II, 1750, 2077 Improvement of harbor ---------- ------- , 148; 11, 1753, 2080 I--__ New Orleans, La.: Defenses ------------ i, 6 Engineering district-----.- ____-_______-___ I,796; It, 1847, 2563 Improvement of harbor. See Mississippi River. Newport Harbor, R. I., improvement------------------ I,132; 11, 1751, 2069 Newport News, Va.: Examination and survey of waterway to York River________________ I, 493 Improvement of channel to --------------------- i, 465; 11, 1795, 2311 Newport, R. I., engineering district ------------------ , 112; II,1747, 2055 Newport River, N. C.: See also Beaufort Harbor. Improvement of waterways between Beaufort and New River _____ I, 532, 534; I,2368 New River, N. C.: Improvement ------------------------------------- , 530; 11, 1803, 2365 Improvement of waterways to Swansboro and Beaufort_----------_ , 532, 534; It,1803, 2366, 2368 New Rochelle, N. Y. See Echo Bay Harbor. New Rochelle Harbor, N. Y., examination and survey----------------- I, 242 New Shoreham, Block Island, R. I. See Block Island. Newton, Ala. See Choctawhatchee River. Newtown Creek, N. Y.: Examination and survey-- ------------------------ iI----,--- 277 Improvement ----------------- ---------------- I, 253; II,1769, 2154 New Whatcom (Bellingham) Harbor, Wash., Improvement of Whatcom Creek waterway-- --------------- I,1575; 11, 2006; iii, 3440 New York Bay and Harbor, N. Y.: Ambrose Channel, improvement .------------------ i, 242; ii, 1766, 2147 Arthur Kill. See Arthur Kill. Battery, The, removal, of shoal in Hudson River off Pier A------- , 238; 1765, 2143 Tr, Bay Ridge Channel---.I-----------------------, 248; II, 1768, 2150 Bayside Channel, improvement____.- ----------- I,242; II, 1766, 2147 Bronx River. See Bronx River. Brooklyn. See East River, Gowanus Bay, and Newtown Creek. Coney Island Channel ---------------- ------- I, 1,246; I, 1768, 2149 Defenses - ------------------------------------------------ I, 6 Drift, collection and removal____________--------------- 2152 I,250; II, East (Ambrose) Channel. See Ambrose Channel. East Chester Creek. See East Chester Creek. East River. See:East River, Examinations and surveys- 277 I--------------------I, Flushing Bay. ee Flushing Bay. Gedney Channel, improvement- .-.--.. --------- i, 242; 11, 1766, 214729 Governors Island, enlargement------- ---- ....----------------- I, Gowanus.Bay.... 5ee Gowanus Bay. . XXXI. New York Bay and Harbor, N. Y.--Continued. Page. Hell' Gate, East River. See East River. Hutchinson River (East Chester Creek). See East Chester Creek. Improvement of Hudson River Channel 238; iI, 1765, 2143 I--------1, Kill van Kull. See Kill van Kull. Lemon Creek. See Staten Island-New Jersey Channels. 1Main Ship Channel, improvement---- ----------- i, 242; Ii, 1766, 2147 Narrows to the sea, improvement ---------------- ,242; ii, 1766, 2147 Newark Bay. See Arthur Kill and Passaic River. New Jersey-Staten Island Channel. See New Jersey-Staten Island Channel. Newtown Creek. See NeWtown Creek. North (Hudson) River. See Hudson River. Red Hook Channel -..-----.--------- __---. I,248; II, 1768, 2150 Shooters Island Channel. See Shooters Island Channel. Spuyten Duyvil Creek. See Harlem River. Staten Island-New Jersey Channel.- See Staten Island-New Jersey Channel. Staten Island Sound. See Arthur Kill. Supervision - -------- ------------------- I,1634; II, 3689 New York and New Jersey Channels, examination and survey---------- 1, 314 New York engineering districts: First _--------------------------------------- 187; II, 1758, 2103 Second I-- I, 242; II,1766, 2147 Third --------------------------------------- , 277; ii, 1774, 2165 Nezpique Bayou, La. See Mermentau River, including -tributaries. Niagara Falls, Niagara River, N. Y. See Niagara River. Niagara River, N. Y.: Black Rock Harbor and Channel, improvement----- I, 1392; ii, 1970, 3298 Buffalo Harbor, improvement ------------------ , 1387; II, 1967, 3292 Control and regulation of waters of, and preservation of the Falls---- . ----------------------------------- , 1703; i, 3739 North Tonawanda to Lake Erie, including Tonawanda Harbor, im- provement__----------------- __ I,1396,1398; 1970, 3304 3306 Ii, Supervision of power companies at the Falls_ I, 1705; Ii, 3739 Surveys, etc. See Northern and Northwestern Lakes. Niantic Bay, Conn., examination and survey ------------------------ , 186 Nolin River, Ky. See Green River. Nome Harbor and mouth of Snake River, Alaska, examination -------- , 1587 Nomini Creek, Va., improvement- ....----...... I,445; II, 2292 Noncommissioned officers. See Corps of Engineers. Nooksak -River, Wash. See Puget Sound and tributaries. Norfolk Harbor, Va.: Defenses- ...------ ----------- -----. 6 1,I------------------ Examination and survey of waterway to Beaufort Inlet, N. C __---- 1, 492 General improvement, including 35-foot channel, Hospital Point, and anchorage at Lamberts Point- --- , -------- -, 461; ii, 1795, 2307 Improvement of-channel to Newport News ---------- 1, 465; 1i, 1795, 2311 Improvement of- South- Branch of Elizabeth River . I, 461; i, 1795, 2307 Improvement of Thimble Sha -------- , 467; , 2312 Improvement of waterway .to! Albemarle Sound - via Currituck Sound ----- I,482 ; II,1800, 2323 Improvement of waterway to Beaufort Inlet --------- , 485; II,1802, 2324 Improvement of waterway to sounds of North Carolina (to Pamlico Sound) via Pasquotank Riv.,er.1..-: -- __-----_ I,481; II, 2321 Improvement of Western Branch, Elizabeth River-,__- I,461; II, 1797, 2307 Operating and care, inland waterway, Beaufort Inlet, N. C .-- I, 487; II, 2328 Reexamination of waterway.to.Beaufort Inlet, N. C------------1, 493, 551 Norfolk, Va., engineering district I, 461; Ii, 1795, 2307 North Branch; Chicago,River, Ill., See Chicago Harbor and River. North Branch, Shrewsbury_ River, 1N. J.. -Se .Shrewsbury. River. North Carolina Cut _N. C., waterway via.. See Ndrfolk-Albemarle Sound waterway. North Carolina Sounds, improvement of waterways to Norfolk, Va__ -i, 481; Si,2321 Northeas: Rvr, N..C.4mprovem_ . - ' x, ~ 2nt u , 2383 XXXII INDR, Northern and Northwestern Lakes: Page. Channels in waters connecting, imprpovement-_-- ------- I, 1314; i, 3215 Commercial statistics, Sault Ste. Marie Canals, Mich--..... I, 1324; ii, 3228 Control and regulation of waters of Niagara River, and preservation. of Niagara Falls ...---. _. I, 1703; in, 3739 Surveys, charts, etc- ---------------- __ ___ , 1690 ; iii, 3739 Water levels____________________, 1695; x 3739 ,ugt -North Fork, Forked Deer River, Tenn. S-ee Forked Deer River. North Fork, Skagit River, Wash. See Sound and tributaries. North Landing River, Va. and N. C., waterways via. See Norfolk- Albemarle Sound waterway. North Portland Harbor, Oreg. See Oregon Slough. North River, N. C., waterway via. See Norfolk-Albemarle Sound water- way. North (Hudson) River, N.. Y. See Hudson River, under New York Bay and Harbor. North River, Wash. See Willapa River. North Sapelo River, Ga., examination and survey---------------- ---- , 626 Northwest Fork of Nanticoke River, Md., improvement--. I, 423; ii, 1790, 2276 Norwalk Harbor, Conn., improvement___-_______ I, 174; 1757, 2098 1, Norwich Harbor, Conn. See -Thames River. Novato Creek, Cal., examination --------------------------------- I, 1457 Nyack, N. Y. See Hudson River. 0. Oak Bay to Port Townsend Bay, Wash., waterway, improvement- . I, 1577; iii, 3441 Oakland Harbor, Cal.: Examination -------------------------------------------- I, 1456 Improvement___ , 1435; ii, 1979; in, 3332 -- I----------------------- Ocala, Fla., examination and survey of canal to Silver Springs --------- , 706 Occoquan Creek, Va., improvement___--_________ I, 450; ii, 1792, 2299 Ochlockonee River, Fla., examination and survey ------------------- , 752 Ocklawaha Oklawaha) River; Fla. See. Oklawaha River. Ocmnalgee River, Ga., improvement ..--..------ __ I, 604; ii, 1817, 2425 Oconee River, Ga., improvement--------- . ... I, 604; ii, 1816, 2423 Oconto Harbor, Wis., improvement- .... , 1212; Ii, 1934, 3118 Office of the Chief of Engineers, officers on duty in _____ _________-I__ , 1727 Ogdensburg Harbor, N. Y.: Examination and survey ---- -- 1418 I------------------------- Improvement____------------------------------- I, 1416; ii, 1975, 3320 Ogeechee River, Ga., examination and survey I, 626 Ohio River: Appropriations for locks and dams ...--_------------ ___-__- I, 1124 Board on, report ------- ---- ___,___ , 1115; ii, 1907, 2885 Construction of Locks and Dams Nos. 29, 31, 33, 35, 39, 41, 43, and 48._...--------------.----. I, 1115-1124; n, 1907, 2885 Estimate for improvement (locks ia s)l----s ------- I, 1123 Examination and survey at Elizabethtown, Ill-- ---. _. --- , 1158 Falls at Louisville, Ky., improvement at- -- I, 1158; it, 1914 General improvement (open-channel work) ..-------. , 1148; ii, 1907, 2999 Ice piers, ------------------------------------ I1148 ; i, 1907, 2999 Improvement above Steubenville, Ohio---,- .. i, 1115, 1137; iI,1907, 2885 Indiana Chute, Louisville, Ky., improvement ------- i,.1115; i, 1907, 2885 Levee strengthening at Cairo, IllI___,__-_ _--- I, 1154; ii, 3023 Levee strengthening at Mound City, Ill__ ------- -_ I, 1156; ii, 3023 Locks and Dams 1-6 and 8, operating and care-.-------- I, 1137; n, 2967 Locks and Dams 2-10, construction (Pittsburgh, Pa., district) I, 1115-1124; II, 2885 Locks and Dams 11-28, construction (Wheeling, W. dis- Va., trict) - .--..--. -- .------------ I, 1115-1124 ; n, 2885, Locks and Dams Nos. 11, 13, 18, 26, and 28, operating and care-.. I, 11438;- in, 2981 Lock and Dam No. 37, operating and care- -- ...-.. I, 1152;;I, 3020 Locks and dams, purchase of sites for and construction, Ohio River Board report-------.------- ....---. : .... _..._.----~, 1115 19 S Louisville Portland Canal, Ky., enlargement,. ... I, 1115; n, 1914, 285 INDEX. xxxIII Ohio River--Continued. Page. Louisville & Portland Canal, Ky., operating and care_. 1, 1159 ; ii, 1914, 3025 Pittsburgh Harbor, Pa., improvement------------------_ , 1138; ii, 2976 Snag boats, operation__._______________________ _ i, 1153; ii, 3022 Steubenville, Ohio, to Big Sandy River, construction of locks and dams --------------------------------- , 1115-1124; ni, 1907, 2961 Surveys___------------------------------------ I, 1115 ; ii, 1907, 2885 Ohio River Valley Flood Board, examinations and surveys ________-___ I, 161.9 Oklawaha River, Fla., improvement-- ---- __.......... 1, 643; n, 1825, 2447 Olcott Harbor, N. Y., improvement 1401; n, 1971, 3307 I-------------------, Oldmans Creek, N. J., improvement____________---------- I, 339; nI, 2218 Old River, Wash. See Snohomish River and Everett Harbor. Old Tampa Bay, Fla. See Tampa Bay. Olympia Harbor, Wash.: Examination__ ---------------------------------------- I, 1587 Improvement ------------------------------------ , 1561; nI, 3428 Onancock River, Va., improvement_________-------------- I, 479; iI, 1799, 2321 Onset Bay, Mass., examination and survey------------------------ I, 141 Ontario Lake. See Northern and Northwestern Lakes. Ontonagon Harbor and River, Mich., improvement - .- i., 1194; in, 1931, 3099 Orange Mills Flats, St. Johns River, Fla., improvement---.---- I, 636; 1, 2443 Orange River, Fla., improvement_____ , 667; ii, 2457 I------------------- Ordnance. See Fortifications. Oregon Slough, Oreg., improvement----------------- I, 1515; In, 3389 Osage River, Mo.: Improvement------------- ------------------- , 1071 ; ii, 1897, 2826 Operating and care of lock and dam____,---------- I, 1075; iI, 2830 Oswego Harbor, N. Y.: Examination and survey--------------------------------- , 1418 Improvement -------------------------------- , 1411; in, 1973, 3314 Ottertail Lake and River, Minn., survey (hydrological observations)_ , 1052; ii, 2794 Ouachita River, Ark. and La.: Examination and sur eexamination_____-- _____________ 1,986 Improvement below _. I, 956; ii, 1869, 2693 Improvement from to Arkadelphia__--- I, 960; n, 1870, 2700 Operating and careof ad dams ----------------- , 959; I, 2699 Oyster Creek, Tex., improvement------------------ - i, 896; n, 1858, 2646 P. Pagan River, Va.: Examination and survey --------- ------------------------ , 493 Improvement -- ---- I--------------------------- 473; ii, 1798, 2317 Pamlico River, N. C., improvement-__ --------- ____-- I, 500; 11, 1803, 2339 Pamlico Sound, N. C.: Improvement of waterway to Beaufort Inlet____________ I, 518; n, 2355 Improvement of waterway to Norfolk, Va. , 481; ii, 2321 I------------- Pamunkey River, Va., improvement _______________-- - I, 448; II, 2297 Panama Canal, fortification of_--------___- - -__________----, 1,22 Parks, public: Crater Lake National Park, Oreg., survey for roads, etc_ , 1714; 111n, 3769 District of Columbia, improvement and carei----------, 1659; in, 3707 Yellowstone National Park, improvement 1708; in, 3753 -i, i___--- Pascagoula Harbor and River, Miss.: Examination and survey of river 796 I----------------------- Improvement of harbor __________-__---- - -- - I, 775; ii, 1843, 2551 Improvement of river above mouth of Dog River-. I, 778; n, 1845, 2553 Pasquotank River, N. C.: See also Norfolk-North Carolina Sounds waterway. Examination and survey of Upper Pasquotank River _________ I, 493 Passaic River, N. J., improvement-------------------I, 277; n, 1774, 2165 Pass aux Herons, Ala.: See also Mobile Bay and Harbor, channel to Mississippi Sound. Examination and survey of channel to Bayou La Batre, Ala.------ I, 796 Pass Cavallo, Tex.: Improvement of channel to Aransas Pass------------------ I,903; n, 2649 Improvement of channel to Port Lavaca---------.......... I, 916; n , 2657 8373" -ENG 1915------ XXXITV INDEX. Page. Pass Manchac, Lab, improvement _..... _-- I,808; ii, 2583 ------ Patapsco River, Md.:. Examination and survey_____________-________-____ I, 434 Improvement of, and channel to Baltimore---------- , 386; ii, 1787, 2249 Improvement of channel to Curtis Bay _ I, 388; II, 1788, 2254 Improvement of harbor at southwest Baltimore (Spring Garden) __, 390; ii, 2255 Patchogue River, N. Y. See Great South Bay. Pawcatuck River, R. I. and Conn., improvement---------- I,142; II,1752, 2077 Pawpaw River, Mich. See St. Joseph Harbor. Pawtucket (Seekonk) River, R. I., improvement-------- I,125; II,1749, 2065 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, defenses_--- .....-- - ____-____-__-I, 16 Pearl River, Miss.: Improvement below Rockport---------------------------- I,793; HI,2560 Improvement of East Pearl River 791; II, 1846, 2559 i________, Peedee Rivers, S. C. See Great Peedee and Little Peedee. Peekskill Harbor, N. Y., improvement ----------------------- , 231; II, 2139 Penobscot River, Me., improvement -__.------------- I,52; ii, 1732, 2017 Pensacola Bay and Harbor, Fla.: Defenses ------------------------------ ------- --- T,6 Examination and survey of waterway to Mobile Bay, Ala.---------, 753 Improvement of harbor ____________________________, 738; ii, 1835, 2508 Regulations for use of bay and tributary waters------------------I, 1621 Pensauken Creek, N. J., examination and survey ----- ,-------------- 385 Pentwater Harbor, Mich.: Examination and survey---------------------------I, 1313 Improvement _ I,1292, 1295; 11, 3191 Pepperells Cove, Me., improvement 70; ii, 2026 _ I_____________----------_i, Pequonnock (Poquonock) River, Conn. See Bridgeport Harbor. Pere Marquette Lake, Mich. See Ludington Harbor. Permanent International Association of Congresses of Navigation- .. I,1616 Permits : For construction of bridges _---_-______-_._________- -_I, _ 1622 For diversion of water from Niagara Ri~ nd for transmis- sion of electrical power from Canada, 8 , 1703; III, 3739 For erection in Porto Rico of structures.o bridges--------- I,1634 For erectiou of structures other than brl .- -I-------i, 1620 Petaluma Creek, Cal.: Examination ------------------------------------------------ I, 1457 Improvement --------------------------------- i, 1443; I, 1982; ii,3336 Petersburg, Va. See Appomattox River. Petoskey Harbor, Mich., improvement-------------------i, 1311; ix, 1954, 3212 Phalia Bogue, Miss. See Bogue Falia. Philadelphia, Pa.: Engineering district ---------------- , 314; i,1778, 2195 Improvement of Delaware River at ____ I, 318; rIr1779, 2198 __ i_______ Philippine Islands : } Contingencies ---------------------------------------- ----------- 26 --------------------------------- Defenses_ __I, 16 Military structures-------- ----------------------------- , 22 Pierhead lines, establishment _____, 1629 Piermont, N. Y., See Hudson River. Pierre, Fort, S. Dak. See Missouri River. Pierre, S. Dak. See Missouri River. Piers : Permits for construction_----------I-------, 1620 Permits for construction, in Porto Rico--__- _____________ i,1634 Pigeon Bayous, La., improvement_ ___----- -- -- __-___--1, 818; II,2590 Pike Creek, Wis. See Kenosha Harbor. Pine Bluff, Ark:, improvement of Arkansas River ati------------, 986; 11, 2715 Pine Lake and River (Charlevoix Harbor), Mich., improvement__ I, 1309; II, 3209 Pine River, Minn. See Mississippi River reservoirs. Piscataway Creek, Md., examination and survey--.I,------- ----- -- 461 Pittsburgh, Pa.: See also Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers. Engineering district -------..------.- -, 1125; ii,1910, 2951 Improvement of harbor----..------- . _ ...---- I,1138; I, 2976 INDEX. XXXV Page. Plantation Creek, Ga., improvement ---- ------------------ ,611; It, 2426 Plant, floating, statement of that owned and operated by the Engineer Department ----------------------------------- -- I, 1620; iI,3883 Plaquemine Bayou, La.: Improvement ----------------------- ------------- I, 818; Ii, 2590 Operating and care of lock and dam in --------------- I, 821; II, 2592 Plaquemine Brule Bayou, La.; Examination and survey- ------------- 861 i,i-------------- Improvement _____________-----__-------------- I,850; ii, 2614 Plattsburg Harbor, N. Y.: Examination and survey- 241 1---------------,------- Improvement _ ------------------------ .------ , 214; r, 2124 Plum Island Basin. See Newburyport Harbor, Mass. Plymouth Harbor, Mass., improvement________________ Pocomoke River, Md.: I,105; 11, 1746, 2052 Examination and survey------I,-------------------------- 434 Improvement --------------------------------- , 408; 1, 1789, 2266 Point Arena, Cal., examination - ------------------ -------- , 1456 Point Isabel, Tex., intracoastal waterway to Arroyo Colorado, examina- tion and survey,------------------------------ 925 Point Judith Harbor and Pond, R. I.: Construction of harbor of refuge______________ Examination and survey of pond__ ________I__- ___ - i, 134; 11, 2071 x,141 -________ Improvement of pond entrance -- -- ----- , 136; 11, 2072 Point Lookout, Mich., examination and survey_______________________, 1353 Pokegama Falls, Mississippi River, Minn. Sec Mississippi River reser- voirs. Pollock Rip Channel, Mass., improvement------_ ___--------- I, 112; I, 2055 Poison Bay, Flathead Lake, Mont., improvement___ ---------- I, 1582; HI,3442 Ponchatoula River, La. See Tickfaw River. Pond River, Ky., examination and survey --------------- i, 1168 Pontchartrain Lake, La., improvement _________ , 806; ii, 1850, 2583 Poquonock River, Conn. See Bridgeport Harbor. Porcupine Island, Bar Harbor, Me., construction of breakwater__ I, 47; ii, 2014 Portage Lake and Lake Superior canals, Houghton County, Mich. See Keweenaw Bay-Lake Superior waterway. Portage Lake, Manistee County, Mich., improvement of harbor of refuge_ I, 1303; ii, 3202 Portage River, Houghton County, Mich., waterway via. See Keweenaw Bay-Lake Superior waterway. Portage River, Ohio. See Port Clinton Harbor. Port Aransas, Tex.: Improvement _ _ ------- ,917 , II, 1861, 2657 Improvement of Harbor Island Harbor-------___- I,917; I,1861, 2657 Port Arthur Canal, Tex.: See also Sabine River. Examination and survey ---------------------------------- ,952 , Improvement----------- ------------------ , 928, 934 ; II, 1863, 2672 Operating and care ---------------------------------I, 938; 11, 2675 Port Bolivar, Tex.: Examination and survey of channel to________-_____________ I,925 Improvement of channel to_________----, 870; n, 1856, 2632 Port Chester Harbor, N. Y., improvement__ I, 187; nI, 1758, 2103 Port Clinton Harbor, Ohio: Examination and survey ---- ---------------------------- , 1382 Improvement ------------------------------------ I, 1356; iin,3270 Port Gamble Harbor, Wash., examination of entrance__- -- _ -_ -I, 1587 Port Harford, Cal. See San Luis Obispo Harbor. Port Henry Harbor, N. Y., examination and survey__ ----------- I, 241 Port Huron, Mich., improvement of Black River at- .-------- I, 1840; In, 3257 Port Jefferson Harbor, N. Y., improvement------------I, 261; n, 1771, 2158 :Portland, Ky. See Louisville & Portland Canal. Portland Me:: Defenses . ------------------------------------------------- I, 6 Engineeringri ictt ------------------------------ i,44; ii, 1731, 2013 XXXVI INDEX. Portland, Me.--Continued. Page. Examination of harbor, including Witch Rock-_ .-- __-_-_ I, 72 Improvement of harbor___ -------------------------- , 63; , 1736, 2023 Portland, Oreg., engineering districts: First___- ------------ _------------ I, 1473 ; II, 1986; III, 3355 Second -------------------------------- I, 1519; II, 1997; III, 3391 Port Lavaca, Tex., improvement of channel to Pass Cavallo_____ I, 916; II, 2657 Port O'Connor, Tex., examination and survey for deep-water harbor at___ I, 925 Port Orford Harbor, Oreg., examination_.-- -- 1519 ,,________-______ Porto Rico: Engineering district ____________________ I, 1596; II, 2007; II, 3453 Erection of structures in navigable waters Improvement of San Juan Harbor__ ______-- 1i, -_________________ I, 1596; Ii, 2007; III, 3453 1634 Structures in navigable waters____________________________ _ I, 1634 Port Royal (Beaufort) River, S. C., waterway between Beaufort, S. C., and Savannah. See Savannah Harbor improvement. Port Royal, S. C., defenses-- ---------------------------------- 1, 6 Portsmouth Harbor, N. H.: Defenses----- -------- ------------------------------------ I, 6 Examination and survey ------------------------------------ I, 72 Port Tampa, Fla. See Tampa Bay. Port Townsend Bay to Oak Bay, Wash., waterway, improvement .. I, 1577; III, 3441 Port Washington Harbor, Wis., improvement---------, 1228; Ii, 1938, 3132 Port Watsonville Harbor, Cal., examination ---------------------- , 1457 Port Wing Harbor, Wis., improvement__ __-_--i,I_____-_- 1189; ii, 3097 Position finders, range and. See Fortifications. Potomac Park, Washington, D. C., improvement_________--- - I, 1669; III, 3707 Potomac River: See also Washington, D. C. Aqueduct Bridge, Washington, D. C., repair____ . ___ ____ I1,1648 Highway Bridge at Washington, D. C___________-----__ , 1659; 111, 3707 Improvement at Alexandria, Va ___________---------- I_, 440; ii, 2290 Improvement at Lower Cedar Point, Md-----,______-_ , 442; 11, 2291 Improvement at Washington, D. C____ ________-------I, 435; ii, 1791, 2283 Poulsbo Bay, Wash., examination___________--------_-----_ I, 1587 Power companies at Niagara Falls, N. Y., supervision of_,-.. I, 1705; III, 3739 Power, water : Black Warrior River, Ala., at Dam 17 --------------- , 760; ii, 1841, 2531 Mississippi River, dams between St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minn__ I, 1031; II, 1887, 2785 Niagara River, N. Y., control and regulation------------ , 1703; III, 3739 Tennessee River, Elk River Shoals to Florence, Ala___ x, 1092; Ii, 1902, 2855 Presque Isle Harbor, Marquette, Mich. See Marquette Bay. Presque Isle Peninsula, Erie, Pa. See Erie Harbor. Princeton, N. J., battle-field monument____------ _ ----------------- I, 1720 Printing Office, Government, Washington, D. C., telegraph line. See Public buildings and grounds. Projects. See Fortifications and Rivers and harbors. Providence Harbor and River, R. I. : Improvement____-----_-------- ---- 127; II, 1750, 2067 I-----------, Improvement of Pawtucket (Seekonk) River -..... i, 125; IT, 1749, 2065 Removal of Green Jacket Shoal-------------- I, 129; iI, 1750, 2067 Provincetown Harbor, Mass., improvement _---------- I, 109; ii, 1746, 2053 Public buildings and grounds, District of Columbia- --....... I, 1659; III, 3707 Public parks. See Parks. Puget Sound, Wash. : Defenses ------------------------------------------------ - ,6 Examination of waterway to Lake Washington_________________ 1, 1587 Improvement of, and tributaries___ ___------------ I, 1559; ii, 2003; III, 3426 Improvement of waterway to Lake Washington, by United States and by James A. Moore___--- ------------- -------I, 1566; 1, 2003; III, 3430 Pugsley Creek, N. Y., examination and survey ---------------------- _ , 242 Pultneyville Harbor, N. Y., improvement--------------- I, 1405; II, 1972, 3310 Purification of water supply of Washington, D.C. See Washington. Puyallup River, Wash. See Puget Sound and tributaries and Tacoma Harbor. INDEX. XXXVII Q. Page. Queenstown Harbor, Md., improvement ----------------- I, 397; II, 1789, 2259 Queue de Tortue Bayou, La., improvement ------ __-..... I, 853; ii, 2615 Quincy Bay, Ill., examination and survey ----- -------------------- I, 1027 Quinebaug River, Conn., examination and survey 186 ,------------------- Quinnipiac River, New Haven, Conn.: See also New Haven Harbor. Examination and survey--------------------------------- I, 186 R. Raccoon Creek, N. J., improvement_----------------__ I, 337; ii, 1784, 2217 Racine Harbor, Wis., improvement 1234; 11, 1939, 3136 i_____________----I, Rahway River, N. J., examination and survey__-------------__, I, 314 Rainy Lake, Minn., examination and survey -_ , 1054 I----- Rainy River, Minn., examination and survey------- ---- Raisin River, Mich. See Monroe Harbor. -- _------ - 1, 1054 Range and position finders. See Fortifications. * Rappahannock River, Va., improvement_....----------- I, 455; Ii, 1793, 2301 Raritan Bay and River, N. J.: See also Keyport and Shoal Harbors. Improvement of bay------------------------------ I, 290; ii, 2179 Improvement of river------------------- I, 300; ii, 1777, 2185 Red Cross, memorial to women of Civil War to be used by .-. I, 1683; III, 3707 Red Hook Channel, New York Harbor, N. Y., improvement __ I, 248; ii, 1768, 2150 Red Lake and Red Lake River, Minn.: Examination of lake 1054 I-------------------------- Improvement of (see also Red River of the North) ..------- I, 1044; Ii, 2794 Survey of (hydrological observations) 052; ii, 2794 I----------------, Red River, La., Ark., Tex., and Okla. : Cypress Bayou and lakes to Jefferson, Tex. See Cypress Bayou. Improvement above Fulton, Ark., to mouth of Washita River_-------__ , 947 ii, 1866, 2689 Improvement below Fulton, Ark - i---------------- , 953; ii, 1868, 2691 Jefferson-Shreveport waterway. See Jefferson. Rectification of mouth by Mississippi River Commission___ I, 1614; III, 3473 Reexaminations above and below Fulton_ _i-___--------, 952, 986 Red River of the North, Minn. and N. Dak. : Examination from Wahpeton, N. Dak., to international boundary line_ I, 1054 Improvement __ ___ i,i____-______________-- 1044; II, 1890, 2791 Redwood City Harbor, Cal., examination_ . .----- ____________ _ I, 1457 Redwood Creek, Cal., improvement____------ I, 1433; II, 1979; III, 3331 Regulations and rules: For floating loose timber and logs, etc----------------------- I, 1621 For navigation of canals--------------------------------- I, 1620 For opening of drawbridges____________________-- - -- -- - I, 1621 Rehoboth Bay, Del., waterway to Delaware Bay, improvement_, I, 379; II, 2245 Republican River, Kans., protection of bank line in front of Fort Riley Military Reservation ----- _-- ----------------------- I, 1080; II, 2835 Reservations, public. See Parks. Reservoirs : Mississippi River, headwaters. See Mississippi River. Tidal reservoir, Potomac River, D. C. See Potomac River. Washington Aqueduct, D. C. See Washington. Richmond Harbor, Va. See James River. Riley, Fort, Kans., protection of bank line of Republican River__ I, 1080; 11, 2835 Rivers and harbors: Allotments and transfers under river and harbor act of March 4, 1915 ------------------------------------------------ I, 35, 39 Allotments under river and harbor act of October 2, 1914 .----- I, 31,32 Appropriations for operations during the past year __....______ I, 29 Board of Engineers for--------------- -- 42; Ii, 2009 I-------------, Board of Engineers, The----------------------------------- I, 5 Bridges, construction and alteration_____---_____ ___________ I, 1628 Bridges, regulations for opening of draws--------------------- I, 1621 Contingencies, estimate for _i--- ---------------------------- , 1620 Estimate of appropriations for ---- -_____ ---- I, 42 I_______-___- Expenditures during the past year---------------- - I, 30 XXXVIII INDEX. Rivers and harbors--Continued. Page. Harbor lines, establishment-------.................... I,1629 Ohio River Board--- ------------------------- , 1115; 11, 1907, 2885 Plant, floating, statement concerning that owned and operated by the Engineer Department_________________________. I, 1620; III, 3883 Regulations for navigation of canals__- ---______ I, 1620 I-------__ Regulations for opening of drawbridges ___ ------ I,1621 Status of work __ ------------------------------------------- ,44 Structures other than bridges, permits for erection___________ I, 1620 Structures other than bridges, permits for erection in Porto Rico____ I, 1634 Roads: In Crater Lake National Park, Oreg-------------__ I,1714; III, 3769 In Yellowstone National Park____---------------- I,1708; III, 3753 Roanoke River, N. C., improvement_________________________ I,491; 11, 2331 Roche Harbor, Wash. See Puget Sound and tributaries. Rockhall Harbor, Md., improvement________________-__ i, 395; ii, 1789, 2257 Rockhaven, N. Dak., ice barbor. See Missouri River improvements. Rock Island, Ill., engineering district___-------- I,1017; ii, 1880, 2753 Rockland Harbor, Me., improvement , 56; 11, 2019 * I----------------------- Rockport Harbor, Me., improvement__________________ I,55; II, 1733, 2019 Rockport, Mass., harbor of refuge in Sandy Bay. See Sandy Bay. Rock River, Ill. and Wis. See Illinois & Mississippi Canal. Roebuck Lake, Miss., examination and survey from its outlet to Itta Bena_ I, 986 Rogers City Harbor, Mich., improvement_________________ I,1330; ii, 3251 Rogue River, Oreg., examination of bar and entrance_________________ , 1519 Romerly Marsh, Ga., waterway via. See Savannah-Fernandina waterway. Rondout Harbor, N. Y.: Examination and survey--------------------------- 241 I-------------, Improvement..___-__------I------I, 229; II, 2138 Root River, Wis. See Racine Harbor. Rose Bay, N. C. See Beaufort Inlet, Rouge River, Mich., improvement _______-_____--_______ I, 1345; 11, 3260 Rough River, Ky., operating and care of lock and dam____ I,1166; 11, 1928, 3055 Round Lake, Mich. See Charlevoix Harbor. Rouse Point Harbor, N. Y., examination and survey ------------- I, 242 Rules and regulations. See Regulations and rules. S. Sabine and Galveston Section of Inland Waterway, Tex., examination and survey ---------------------------------------------- , 925 Sabine-Neches Canal: Contributions for improvement ---------------- 932 ,--------------- Examination and survey_----------____ --- - I-------I, 952 Improvement__.----..........--- 930; II, 2669 I,------------------------ Sabine River, Tex.: Improvement of mouth of river and of channel through lake ------ I,928; ii, 1863, 2666 Improvement of Sabine-Neches Canal ____________ ___ , 930; ii, 2669 Improvement of Sabine Pass Harbor_________------- I, 934; 11, 1863, 2672 Improvement of waterway to Mermentau River, La __ -__ I,841; 11, 2608 Saco River, Me., improvement-- ---------------------- I,66; ii, 1738, 2025 Sacramento and Feather Rivers board report__------- I,1457; ii, 1985; III, 3345 Sacramento River, Cal.: See also California Debris Commission. Examination from Chico Landing to Red Bluff__________________ i, 1473 Improvement__----_---------------------- I,1457; 11, 1985; III, 3345 Saginaw River, Mich., improvement_ __----------- I,1334; 11, 1957, 3252 St. Albans Harbor, Vt., improvement ...- 1I, 212; II, 2124 St. Andrews Bay, Fla.: Examination and survey____ i, 753 _i----------------- Improvement of bayI--------------------------------, 728; 11, 2498 Improvement of channel to Apalachicola River___---- - I,727; It,2497 St. Clair Flats, Canal, Lake, and River, Mich.: Examination and survey of river________________________________ I, 1353 Improvement of channels in waters connecting the Great Lakes_ __I,1314; II,3215 Operating and care of canal -- _---------- I, 1341; ii, 1957, 3258 INDEX. XXXIX Page. St. Croix River, Me., improvement 45; II,1731. 2013 I----------------------, St. Croix River, Wis. and Minn.: Examination and survey ___- ________------------- -_ I, 1054 Improvement-----__ _-------------------------- I, 1041; 11, 2790 St. Francis River, Ark. and Mo.: Examination and survey____ ------------------- ------ I, 1011 Improvement_ __ ------------------------------ I, 1006; II, 1878, 2729 St. George Sound, Fla. See Carrabelle Harbor. St. Johns River, Fla.: ---------------------------- I, 634; ii, 2442 Improvement at Jacksonville___ Improvement between Jacksonville and Palatka, including Orange Mills Flats________________________________ I, 636; Ii, 2443 Improvement between Palatka and Lake Harney______ I,638; II, 1824, 2444 Improvement, Jacksonville to the ocean-------------- I,630; iI, 1823, 2437 Improvement of Volusia Bar, and between Volusia Bar and Lake Monroe----------------------------------__ I, 638; II,1824, 2444 Improvement of waterway to Cumberland Sound___-. I,627; II, 1823, 2435 St. Jones River, Del., improvement______________-------- I,375; II, 1787, 2243 St. Joseph Bay, Fla., improvement of entrance - 718; II, 2490 I,I________---- St. Joseph Harbor and River, Mich.: Improvement of harbor _______--__--- - -____ I, 1273; II, 1945, 3169 Improvement of river_________________________ I,1273, 1275; iI, 1945, 3170 St. Lawrence River, N. Y. See Cape Vincent and Ogdensburg Harbors. St. Louis Bay and River, Minn. and Wis. See Duluth Harbor. St. Louis, Mo.: See also Mississippi River. Engineering district____ ___.. -__________ __... I. 1012; 11, 1879, 2731 St. Lucie Inlet, Fla.: Improvement ------------------------------------------ 1, 650; , 2451 Reexamination __________ -- ______--___, 706 St. Marys River and St. Marys Falls Canal, Mich.: Channels in waters connecting the Great Lakes, improvement_ - __ I,1314; ii, 3215 Commercial statistics____________________________ i, 1324; T, 3228 1956, 3248 Improvement of Hay Lake and Neebish Channels_ ___ I,1325; :I, Improvement of river at the falls_ ___ _. i, 1316; TI, 1955, 3216 Operating and care of canal_ ___________-_I- ,1323; Ii, 3224 Surveys, etc. See Northern and Northwestern Lakes. St. Marys River, Ga. and Fla.: Examiatioand Examination and survey_____________ ___ _ I,626 urve----------------------------------------,62 Improvement _______I--------------- , 620; II, 2431 St. Michael Canal, Alaska, improvement , 1583; III, 3443 I------------------- St. Paul, Minn.: See also Mississippi River. Engineering district __ _ __-------------------------. 1028 I I, 1887, 2783 Examination and survey --------------------------------------- , 1054 Gauging Mississippi River at 1053; TI, 2794 i-------i, St. Petersburg Harbor, Fla., improveme,'t I,680; nI, 2465 St. Peters River, Minn. See Minnesota Iliver. Salem Harbor, Mass., improvement----------------------- , 82; II,1741, 2035 Salem River, N. J., improvement____ __----______ I, 341; II, 1784, 2219 Saline River, Ark., improvement_ I, 961; 1870, 2701 1I, Salmon Bay, Wash. See Puget Sound-Lake Washington waterway. Salmon Creek, N. Y. See Pultneyville Harbor. Sammamish River, Wash., examination from Lake Washington to Bothell_ I, 1587 Sampit River (Georgetown Harbor), S. C. See Winyah Bay. San Antonio Bay, Tex., channel from Aransas Pass-Pass Cavallo Channel to Victoria, on Guadalupe River, via. See Aransas Pass. San Antonio Estuary, Cal. See Oakland Harbor. Sandbeach (Harbor Beach), Mich. See Harbor Beach. San Diego Harbor, Cal.: Defenses Defenses-------------------------------------------------,6 I,6 Examination ------------------------------------------------ I. 1430 Improvement --------------------------------- , 1419; iI, 1976: III, ;23 Sandusky Harbor, Ohio, improvement ___________________ T,1358; II. 1960, 3271 Sandy Bay, Cape Ann, Mass., construction of harbor of refuge -_I, 76; Ti, 2032 XL INDEX. Sandy Lake, Minn. See Mississippi River reservoirs. San Francisco Bay and Harbor, Cal.: Page. Defenses -------------------------------------------------- I. 6 Engineering districts- First ----- 1430; ii, 1978; III, 3329 I--------------------------------, Third Examination of bay-----------____-_________ ,1461; in,I, 1456 3349 I,------------------------------------ Examination of south end of bay to provide harbor for Santa Clara Valley ------------------------------ ---------------- I, 1457 Improvement by removal of rocks------------- I, 1430; , 1978; III, 3329 Improvement of Oakland Harbor------------- I, 1435; In, 1979; iii, 3332 San Jacinto River, Tex. See Galveston-Houston waterway. San Joaquin River, Cal.: See also California Debris Commission. Examination and survey at Herndon_ __--------------__ _ I, 1473 Improvement ____________________--__-___----- - I, 1461; Iii,13349 Improvement of Stockton and Mormon Channels--------- I, 1468; iii, 3353 San Juan Harbor, P. R., improvement_______________ I, 1596; ii, 2007 ; inI, 3453 San Leandro Bay, Cal. See Oakland Harbor. San Luis Obispo Harbor, Cal., improvement ... 1428; iiI, 3328 i,i-________ San Pablo Bay, Cal., improvement...---------------- I, 1.439; 11, 1981; III, 3334 San Pedro Bay and Harbor, Cal.: Construction of deep-water harbor______ I, 1421; 11, 1976; III, 3324 Improvement of Wilmington inner harbor------ , 1421; ii, 1976; in, 3324 Santa Clara Valley, Cal., examination of south end of San Francisco Harbor, Cal., to provide a harbor for_______________________________ I, 1457 Santa Cruz Harbor, Cal., examination___________________ _______ , 1457 Santa Rosa Sound, Fla., improvement of The Narrows 735; 11, 2504 I---------, Santee River, S. C., improvement____________ ______ , 565; ii, 1808, 2397 Sapelo Bar and Harbor, Ga., improvement_________ _____ i_I, 601; ii, 2420 Sapelo River, Ga., examination and survey__-------- ____ -_____ I, 626 Sarasota Bay, Fla., improvement --------- ---------------- , 672; ii, 2460 Sasanoa River, Me., improvement__---------------------, 60; ii, 1734, 2021 Satilla River, Ga.: Examination and survey for cut to head of Dover Creek----------- I, 626 Improvement __ ____ ______ __-_ I, 617; II, 2429 Saugatuck Harbor and Kalamazoo River, Mich., examination and survey_ I, 1313 Saugatuck Harbor, Mich., improvement_--------------- I, 1280; 11, 1947, 3176 Saugatuck River, Conn., improvement__------------ I, 183; ii, 1758, 2099 Saugerties Harbor, N. Y., improvement ______-- -- I, 227; II, 1765, 2137 Saugus River, Mass. See Lynn Harbor. Sauk River, Wis. See Port Washington Harbor. Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. See St. Marys River. Sausal Creek, Cal. See Oakland Harbor. Savannah, Ga., engineering district_..______--...-- I, 583; iI, 1810, 2409 Savannah Harbor and River, Ga.: Defenses -------------------------------------------------- , 6 Examinations and surveys________-----------______ ---- ___ I, 626 Improvement of harbor-----------__________________ I, 583; 11, 1810, 2409 Improvement of river above Augusta ___________ _ 1, 595; 11, 1813, 2418 Improvement of river at Augusta ____________ _ _ , 592; 11, 2417 Improvement of river below Augusta__________--- - I, 589; 1i, 1813, 2414 Improvement of waterway to Beaufort, S. C_________ I, 597; 11, 1814, 2419 Improvement of waterway to Fernandina, Fla....... I, 622 ; I, 1821, 2432 Saw Pit Creek. See St. Johns River, waterway to Cumberland Sound. Saxis Harbor, Va., examination and survey_____-----I_____------, 434 Saybrook Harbor, Conn. See Connecticut River. Sayville, N. Y. See Browns Creek. Schodack Creek, N. Y. See Hudson River. School, Engineer, buildings for 27 I--------------------- Schooner Bayou, La.: See also Mermentau River, waterway to Franklin. Operating and care of lock__________________________ I, 839; n, 2607 Schuylkill River, Del., examination and survey---------------------- , 331 Scioto River and its tributaries, Ohio, examination for flood control_ ... I, 1619 Scott Point, Tennessee River, Ala., lock and dam at Hales Bar. See Tennessee River. Screven, Brig. Gen James, monument..------------------------ I, 1726 INDEX. XLI Page. Scuppernong River, N. C., improvement- .-..--. - -I, 494; nu,1802, 2333 Seacoast defenses. See Fortifications. Seadrift, Tex., examination and survey of channel at-------------- I, 924 Seagoing hydraulic dredges ---------------------------- , 1620; m, 3883 Searchlights. See Fortifications. Searcy Creek, Fla. See Apalachicola River, channel to St. Andrews Bay. Seattle, Wash. : See also Puget Sound-Lake Washington waterway. Engineering district ___________________________ I, 1550; 11n,2001; III, 3421 Examihations of east and west waterways in harbor___--____ I, 1586 Sea walls. See Fortifications. Sebethe River, Conn., examination and survey--- _________---- I, 186 - .-- Secretary Creek (Warwick River), Md. See Warwick River. Seekonk (Pawtucket) River, R. I., improvement---------- I, 125; 11, 1749, 2065 Shallotte River, N. C.: Examination and survey -------------- --------------------- I, 551 Improvement 548; , 1806, 2387 I---------------------------------, Shallowbag Bay, N. C., improvement_----_______ -- -____ I, 495; 11, 2335 Shallow Bayou, La.: See also Johnsons Bayou. Examination and survey___________ - - - I, 952 Shaws Cove, New London, Conn. See New London Harbor and Thames River. Shears, The, Delaware Bay, Del., harbor of refuge. See Delaware Bay. Sheboygan Harbor, Wis., improvement ______________ I, 1226; 11, 1937, 3129 258; 11, 2157 I________------, Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., improvement____ Sheffield Island Harbor, Conn. See Norwalk Harbor. Shetucket River, Conn.: See also Thames River. Examination and survey ________________,186 ,_____-____ Shilshole Bay, Wash. See Puget Sound-Lake Washington waterway. Ship Island Harbor and Pass, Miss., improvement of pass and channel to Gulfport ___________-_____----- ---- , 785; n, 1846, 2556 I-- Shipyard Creek, S. C.: See also Charleston Harbor. Improvement __ _-- I, 579; 11, 2408 Shoal Harbor, N. J., improvement__ ________----- 306; 11, 2189 I------, Shooters Island Channel, N. Y. and N. J., improvement ____ , 290; 11, 1775, 2178 Shreveport, La. See Jefferson-Shreveport waterway and Red River. Shrewsbury River, N. J.: Examination and survey----------------, 314 Improvement__-_I__..------------ I, 311; 11, 1778, 2191 Silver Springs Run, Fla.: See also Oklawaha River. Examination and survey of canal to Ocala, Fla----- ............ I, 706 Sims Clip, removal of. See Delaware River. Sioux City, Iowa. See Missouri River. Sioux River, S. Dak., ice harbor at Sioux City, Iowa. See Missourf River improvement. Sisters Creek, Fla. See St. Johns River, waterway to Cumberland Sound. Sites for fortifications. See Fortifications. Siuslaw River, Oreg., improvement________.........I, 1483; n, 1988; iI, 3363 Skagit Bay, Wash. See Swinomish Slough. Skagit River, Wash.: See also Puget Sound and tributaries. Improvement________________ ___ I, 1572; 11, 2006; miI,3438 Skidaway Narrows, Ga. See Savannah to Fernandina inside waterway. Slack-water systems. See Canals and Waterways. Slades Creek, N. C., examination and survey--- -------------- ___x, 551 Slaughter Creek, Md., improvement ------------- I, 420; 11, 2274 Smith Creek, Md., examination and survey__I-- ---- - _________ I, 461 Smiths Creek, N. C., improvement-----I-------------------, 508; 11, 2346 Smyrna River, Del., improvement ____ ________------ I, 369; i, 1786, 2240 Snake River at mouth and Nome Harbor, Alaska, examination------- I, 1587 Snake River, Idaho, Oreg., and Wash.: Examination from mouth to Asotin__ -- ------------------ x, 1519 Improvement,___ ___________-- I,1500; n, 1991; mr, 3371 XLII INDEX. Snohomish River, Wash.: See also Everett Harbor and Puget Sound and tributaries. Page. Examination -------------------------------------------- , 1587 Improvement_----____ __----________ I,1569 ; I, 2005; mII, 3437 Snoqualmie River, Wash. See Puget Sound and tributaries. Soda Lake, La. See Cypress Bayou and Jefferson-Shreveport waterway. Somers Cove, Md. See Crisfield Harbor. South Branch, Chicago River, Ill. See Chicago Harbor and River. South Branch, Shrewsbury River, N. J. See Shrewsbury River. South Bristol Harbor, Me., examination and survey ________ - I, 71 South Chicago Harbor, Ill. See Calumet Harbor. Southern Branch, Elizabeth River, Va. See Elizabeth River. South Haven Harbor, Mich., improvement_________-____, 1278; i, 1947, 3173 South Kingston, R. I. See Point Judith Harbor and Pond. South Milwaukee Harbor, Wis., examination and survey------------ I,1247 South Norwalk Harbor, Conn. See Norwalk Harbor. South Nyack, N. Y. See Hudson River. South Pass, Mississippi River: Examinations and surveys --------------------------- , 804; 11, 2579 Maintenance of channel------------------------i. 801; 11, 1847, 2575 Southport Harbor, Conn., improvement---------------- I,180; II, 1758, 2099 South River, Mass. See Salem Harbor. South River, N. C., improvement------------------------ I, 505; II, 2343 South River, N. J., improvement__-------------- I,302; 11, 1778, 2186 Southwest Baltimore, Md., improvement at Spring Garden -_ i, 390; II, 2255 Southwest Pass, Mississippi River, improvement of, including shoals be- tween Cubits Gap and Head of Passes, and dredge construction-__--_ I, 796; 11, 1847, 2563 Sparkill River or Creek, N. Y. See Hudson River. Spring Garden, Baltimore, Md., improvement of harbor at _--_ I, 390; ii, 2255 Spuyten Duyvil Creek, N. Y. See Harlem River. Stamford Harbor, Conn., improvement-----------------__ I,178 ; ii, 1758, 2099 Staten Island-New Jersey Channels, improvement ____ i, 286, 290; II, 1775, 2174 Staten Island, N. Y. See Staten Island-New Jersey Channels. Staten Island Sound (Arthur Kill), N. Y. and N. J. See Staten Island- New Jersey Channels. Statues, memorials, etc. : Abraham Lincoln memorial_____ ______-,____--------- 1681; III, 3707 Arlington memorial amphitheater and chapelI-----------, 1683; II, 3707 In public grounds, Washington, D. C----------_ I, 1659; III, 3707 Monument at Germantown, Pa___________________ _________ _ I, 1719 Monument at Guilford Coturthouse, N. C_______________________ , 1723 Monument at Midway Cemetery, Ga., to Gens. Screven and Stewart I, 1726 Monument at Valley Forge, Pa_________________________ ___ I, 1719 Monument on Princeton battle field------------------------- I, 1720 Monument to President Tyler------------------------------- i, 1721 Red Cross, memorial to women of Civil War to be used by__ I,1683; III, 3707 Steamboats, etc. See Dredge boats and Wrecks. Steele Bayou, Miss., improvement_ _. _I, Stewart, Brig. Gen. Daniel, monument __--------.. .- i 982; n, 1872, 2708 _______ I, 1726 Stilaguamish River, Wash., examination_ ____ _______----- I1,1587 Stillwater Harbor, Minn. See St. Croix River. Stockbridge Landing, Lake Winnebago, Wis. See Fox River. Stockton Channel, San Joaquin River, Cal., improvement_. I, 1468; nII,3353 Stockton Harbor, Cal. See Stockton Channel. Stockton Harbor, Me., improvement------------------------ ,54; II, 2018 Stonehouse Bar, Hudson River, New Baltimore, N. Y. See Hudson River. Stonington Harbor, Conn., construction of harbor of refuge_ I, 144; 11, 1753, 2078 Structures, bridges and other, erection of. See Bridges, buildings, piers, and Rivers and harbors. Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan Canal, Wis., operating and care__ i__ ,1217; II,1935, 3121 Subic Bay, P. I., defenses _---------------------------- -- I,16 Submarine defense. See Fortifications. Suisun Bay, Cal., examination of channel from Martinez to Antioch____ I, 1457 Suisun Creek or Channel, Cal., improvement I,1442; II, 3335 ____----_____- Sulphur River, Ark. and Tex., improvement_----------- I, 950; ,1867, 2690 INDEX. XLII Sunflower River, Miss. See Big Sunflower River. Sunken craft. See Wrecks. Superior Bay and Harbor, Wis.: Page. Improvement _ --------------------- - - - I,1184 ; n, 1929, 3093 Operating and care of waterway across Keweenaw Point___ I, 1199; ii, 3103 Superior Lake: See ,,lso Northern and Northwestern Lakes. Improvement and care of waterway to Keweenaw Bay... I,1196; ii, 3101 Operating and care of waterway across Keweenaw Point__ I, 1199; 11, 3103 Supervision of New York Harbor, N. Y__--_ ----------- I,1634; III, 3689 Surface levels. See Water levels. Surveys: Of Northern and Northwestern Lakes ____________-_ i, 1690; III, 3739 Of rivers and harbors, estimate of appropriation for-__________, I, 1620 Ohio River______-___-----______------ I,1115 ; 11, 1907, 2885 Susquehanna River, Md.: Examination and survey of North Branch ---.---------- __-- I,434 Improvement- 393 ; i, 1788, 2256 I,I______-________--__----- Suwannee River, Fla., improvement_____________________ , 701; ii, 1832, 2478 Swan Quarter Bay to Deep Bay, N. C., improvement of waterway_ I, 499; II, 2337 Swansboro, N. C., waterway to New River and Beaufort_ i, 532, 534; ii, 2366, 2368 Swift Creek, N. C., improvement_____________ - ___------_ I, 516; iI, 2354 Swinomish Slough, Wash.: See also Puget Sound and tributaries. Improvement_---------- _________- 11573; in, 3439 T. Tacoma Harbor, Wash., improvement _.....I, 1563; iii, 3429 Tallahatchie River, Miss., improvement-----------------. 1,974; ii, 2706 Tampa Bay and Harbor, Fla.: Defenses ----------------------------- ------------------ i, 6 Examination and survey of harbor--------------------------- I,706 Improvement of bay- - - -- - -- i, 678; ii, 1829, 2464 Improvement of channel to Clearwater Harbor --------- i, 691; i, 2472 Improvement of Hillsboro Bay and River ...... ___._.. i, 684, 689; II, 1830, 1831, 2467, 2470 Tar River, N. C., improvement____------------- I,500; ii, 1803, 2339 Tarrytown Harbor, N. Y., improvement----------- I,236; i, 2142 Taunton River, Mass.: See also Fall River Harbor. Examination and survey- ----- ------- I, 141 Improvement .--------------------------------- I, 122; ii, 1748, 2062 Taylors Bayou, Tex.: See also Sabine River and Port Arthur Canal. Examination and survey- - - - 952 I,1-..-- Tchefuncte River, La. See Chefuncte River. Tchula Lake, Miss., improvement------ ------ I,980; ii, 2708 Teche Bayou, La.: Improvement _--------------------------------, 832; ii, 1851, 2601 Improvement of waterway from Franklin to Mermentau___ i, 836; ii, 2605 Operating and care of Keystone Lock ________________ 1,835; ii, 2604 Telegraph line, Government, Washington, D. C. See Public buildings and grounds. Tennessee River: Bee Tree Shoals Canal, Ala., improvement------ ......--- I, 1092; ii, 1902, 2855 Colbert Shoals Canal, Ala., improvement ...---------, 1092; ii, 1902, 2855 Colbert Shoals Canal, operating and care -_ -__ - , 1114; ii, 2882 Elk River Shoals Canal, Ala., improvementi--------, 1092; ii, 1902, 2855 Examination and survey, and reexamination_____------- ________ , 1115 Hales Bar (near Scott Point) lock and dam, construction_-------_ 1092; i, 1902, 2855 Hales Bar lock and dam, .operating and care-------- -- I, 1113; 11, 2876 Improvement from above Chattanooga to below Riverton, Ala___ , 1092; 11, 1902, 2855 Muscle Shoals Canal, operating and care_ _____-------- , 1113; ii, 2878 Tensas River, La., improvement-------------------- I, 967; n, 1871,2702 XLIV INDEX. Terraceia Cut-off, FL.t. See Manatee River. Page. Terrebonne Bayou, La., improvement___--------- I, 827; II, 1851, 2597 Texas City Harbor, Tex.: Examination and survey ----------------------------------- , 925 _______ Improvement of channel to Galveston---------__ i, 867; ii, 1856, 2628 Texas, State: Improvement of inland waterways along coast- ----- __- I, 898; I, 2646 Removal of water hyacinths_ ...... - 859; 11, 2618 i,I___________ Thames River, Conn.: See also New London Harbor. Examination and survey-------- ____________I, 186 Improvement --- ------------------------------ , 150; i1, 1754, 2081 The Board of Engineers ---------------------------------------- 1,5 Thimble Shoal, Chesapeake Bay, Va.: See also Norfolk Harbor. Improvement . -------------------------------------- , 467:; 2312 Thomaston Harbor, Me.: Examination and survey -------------------- _--I, 71 Improvement ----------------------------- - , 58; I, 2020 Threemile Rapids, Columbia River, Oreg. and Wash. See Columbia River. Thunder Bay Harbor and River, Mich. See Alpena Harbor. Tickfaw River, La., improvement of, including tributaries---- I, 812; 11, 2587 Tilghman Island Harbor, Md., improvement ----------- 418 ; i, 2272 I-----, Tillamook Bay and Bar, Oreg., improvement---____ , 1491; ii, 1989; i, 3367 Toledo Harbor, Ohio: Examination for waterway to Lake Michigan_____________-- _I, 1382 Improvement --------------------------------- 1, 1353; ni, 1959, 3267 Tombigbee River, Ala. and Miss.: Demopolis, Ala., improvement below (construction of locks and dams) ------------------------------------- Demopolis, Ala., improvement below (maintenance)__ I, 766; n, 1842, 2537 I, 760 ; 11n, 1841, 2531 Improvement from Demopolis to Walkers Bridge-.. I, 769; n, 1842, 2540 Operating and care of locks and dams ------- I, 772; n, 2542 Regulations for use of__ _ _ _________ _ ---------- ------ _ I; 1621 Toms River, N. J., improvement------------------------- I, 358; ii, 2230 Tonawanda Harbor, N. Y.: See also North Tonawanda. Improvement _I____-- _-_-_-_-, ----- 1396; 1i, 1970, 3304 Torpedoes. See Fortifications. Towboats, experimental, for use on Mississippi River ___--------- I, 1619 Trail Creek, Ind. See Michigan City Harbor. Trappe River, Md. See La Trappe River. Traps, fish, permits for construction_________ I, 1620 Traverse Lake, Minn. and S. Dat., improvement___----- ____ I, 1050; in, 2794 Tred Avon River, Md., improvement_______------------- , 419 ii, 1790, 2273 Trent River, N. C.: Exahination and survey from Newbern to Polloksville _____________ i, 551 Improvement ------------------------------------ , 513; II, 1803, 2351 Tres Palacios River, Tex., examination and survey----________ --------------- _ , 924 Trinity River, Tex.: Improvement above mouth___ ____----------- I_, 938; i, 2676 Improvement of mouth _..__..........-______ Operating and care of locks and dams, section 1-------__ _ I, 883; nI, 1858, 2641 1I,943; in, 2685 Troops: Engineer equipment-------- ------------------------------- , 25 New engineer battalions- 5 I--------------------i Troy, N. Y. See Hudson River. Tuckahoe River, Md., improvement--------- -___----- I, 417; ni, 2271 Tuckerton Creek, N. J., improvement---------------------- I, 356; ni, 2229 Tug Fork, Big Sandy River, W. Va. and Ky.: Examination I, 1179 Improvement ______________--------------------- I, 1172; II, 1929, 3071 Operating and care of locks and dams i, 1176; nT,3072 Turners Cut, N. C., waterway via. See Norfolk-North Carolina Sounds waterway. Turtle Bayou, Tex., improvement-- -----------------------I, 885; iI, 1858 Turtle Cove, Tex., improvement of waterway via- ...........- I, 922; n, 2641 INDEX. XLV Turtle River, Ga. See Brunswick Harbor. Page.. Tuxis Island, Conn., examination and survey__--------------_---- ----- I, 186 Twelvemile Bayou. See Cypress Bayou and Jefferson-Shreveport water- way. Twelvemile Creek, Fla. See Orange River. Twin Rivers, Wis. See Two Rivers Harbor. Twitch Cove and Big Thoroughfare River, Md., improvement_----I, 427; II, 2279 Two Harbors, Minn. See Agate Bay. Two Rivers Harbor, Wis., improvement_______ , --- I, 1223; ii, 1936, 3126 Tyaskin (Wetipquin) Creek, Md., improvement-___,. . I,413; 11, 1789, 2270 Tygarts River, W. Va., examination for flood control- -_______ __-- I, 1619 Tyler, President, monument at Richmond, a-- ------ --------- --- I,, 1721 U. Umpqua River, Oreg., examination of bar and entrance,--------------, 1519 Union Lake, Wash., improvement of waterway via.. I, 1566; Ii, 2003; III, 3430 Upper Chipola River, Fla., improvement __ ------------ I,714; iI, 2486 Upper Machodoc Creek, Va., improvement..------------------. I,444; iI, 2292 Upper Nyack, N. Y. See Hudson River. Upper Pasquotank River, N. C., examination and survey_________________ I,493 Upper White River, Ark., operation of locks and dams-... I, 997; ii, 1877; 2722 Urbana Creek, Va., improvement--- -______ ...- I,457; ii, 1794, 2304 V. Valley Forge, Pa., memorial arch-------------------------- _ I,1719 Vancouver Barracks, engineer depot_..---------------- i--------- - I, 24 Vancouver, Wash. See Columbia River. Ventura Harbor, Ventura County, Cal., examination___ - ... - 1430 I____ I, Vera Cruz, engineer depot _____-______________________ I,23 Vermilion Bay and River, La. See Mermentau River, waterway to Franklin. Vermilion Bayou, La., improvement of channel, bay, and passes__ I,845; II, 2610 Vermilion Harbor, Ohio, improvement __------------- I,1364; II, 3275 Vessels. See Dredge boats and Wrecks. Vicksburg, Miss.: See also Mississippi River Commission. Engineering district --------------------------- , 953; 11, 1868, 2691 Improvement of harbor---------- __, ---------------- 1614; III, 3473 Victoria, Tex., improvement of channel to Aransas Pass ------- I, 906; ii, 2651 Vinalhaven, Me., improvement of Carvers Harbor _______ - I, 51; Ii, 1732, 2016 Virginia coast waterway, improvement-------_________----I, 383; 11, 2247 Volusia Bar, St. Johns River, Fla., improvement----------- I,638; ii, 1824, 2444 W. Wabash River, Ind. and Ill.: Examination of river and tributaries for flood control_____________ I, 1619 Operating and care of lock and dam________________ I,1161; Ii, 1923, 3035 Waccamaw River, N. C. and S. C., improvement -______.-----. I, 552; ii, 2389 Wakefield, R. I. See Point Judith Harbor and Pond. Wallabout Channel, N. Y., improvement__ __------------------ 1,252; II, 153 Wappinger Creek, N. Y., improvement.--------------------_I, 234; i1,2141 War Department maps_ ------------- ------ --------------- I,27 Warrior River, Ala. : Improvement_-------- -----------------------I, 760; ii, 1841, 2531 Operating and care of locks and dams ------------____ 1,772; ii, 2542 Regulations for use of___ _ _-----______ I,1621 Warroad Harbor and River, Minn., improvement--------- ......... I,1046; ii, 1890,2792 Warwick River, Md., improvement ........---------- I, 405; ii,1789, 2264 Washington Barracks, D. C.: Engineer depot------------------------------------------------- I,23 Engineer Post and School, buildings for ------------------------- 1,27 Washington Bayou and Lake, Miss., improvement--------- I, 982; II, 1872, 2708 Washington, D. C. Anacostia River, reclamation of flats_ ___----------- I, 1611; III, 3467 Aqueduct Bridge across Potomac River, repair__--------------- I. 1648 Aqueduct, filtration plant .......---------- I, 1652; III, 3691 XLVI INDEX. Washington, D. C.---Continued. Page. Aqueduct, maintenance and repair___ -- ___ - I, 1652; III, 3691 Barracks. See Washington Barracks. Defenses-------------------------------------------------------- _ I, 6 Engineer depot ----------------------------------------- , 23; II, 2283 Engineering district ------------------------------------ I, 434; ii, 1791 Engineer Post and School, buildings for --------------------------- , 27 Executive Mansion and Office_- - I, 1659; III, 3707 Highway Bridge, Potomac River ______ _______ I, 1659; in, 3707 Improvement of Anacostia River at_________---------- , 437; II, 1792, 2286 Improvement of Potomac River at_. 435; II, 1791, 2283 _I--_________I, McMillan Park Reservoir - _ I, 1652; III, 3691 Public buildings and grounds, and Washington Monunent_ 1, 1659; nI, 3707 Telegraph line connecting executive departments ......... I, 1659; in, 3707 Water supply, increase ____________________, 1652; i, 3691 Washington, George, monument to, at Washington, D. C-...... I, 1659; III, 3707 Washington Lake, Wash.: Examination of ship canal__-------------------------------------- I, 1587 Improvement of waterway to Puget Sound . . I, 1566; ii, 2003; III, 3430 Washington, N. C. See Pamlico and Tar Rivers. Washita (Ouachita) River, Ark. and La. See Ouachita River. Watch Hill Harbor, R. I. See Pawcatuck River. Water craft. See Dredge boats and Wrecks. Wateree River, S. C., improvement 567; II, 2398 I,I_________________-__-- Water hyacinths, removal of: From Florida waters____------------ I1,703; II, 2479 From Louisiana waters 859 II, 2618 I--------------------------, From Mississippi waters____ - - -__________------ I, 859; ii,2561 From Texas. waters____________ __-- ,859; I , 2618 Water levels: Hydrological observations, Ottertail Late and River and Red Lake and Red Lake River, Minn., and Big Stone Lake and Lake Trav- erse, Minn. and S. Dak. _------------------__________ I, 1052; 11, 2794 Mississippi River and principal tributaries, gauging------ - i, 1053; II, 2794 Northern and Northwestern Lakes, levels, etc-----------, 1695; i, 3739 Water meters, installation in certain Government buildings - i,, 1652; II, 3691 Water power: Black Warrior River, Ala., at Dam 17-i_____________ I, 760; ii, 1841, 2531 Mississippi River between Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn-------- I, 1031; II, 1887, 2785 Niagara River, N. Y., control and regulation of---------- , 1703; ii, 3739 Tennessee River, Elk River Shoals to Florence, Ala___ I, 1092; ii, 1902, 2855 Waters, navigable. See Bridges, Rivers and harbors, and Wrecks. Water supply, Washington, D. C. See Washington, D. C. Waterways: See also Canals. Beaufort, N. C., to Newbern. See Beaufort Harbor. Beaufort, N. C., to New River. See Beaufort Harbor. Charleston, S. C., to Savannah, Ga. See Charleston Harbor. Charleston to McClellanville, S. C. See Charleston Harbor. 'Clearwater Bay to Boca Ceiga Bay, Fla , 691; II, 2472 _-------------- Core Sound to Beaufort Harlor. See Core Sound. Delaware Bay, Del., to Chincoteague Bay, Va. See Delaware Bay. Delaware Bay to Rehoboth, Del. See Delaware Bay. Franklin, La., to Mermentau. See Mermentau River. Galveston to Houston, Tex. See Galveston Bay. Humboldt Bay to Eel River, Cal. See Humboldt Bay and Harbor, Cal. Keweenaw Bay to Lajke~ Sierior, Mich. See Keweenaw Bay. Lockport, Ill., to mouth of Illinois River, survey_ ______________ I, 1618 New River, N. C., to Swansboro and Beaufort. See Beaufort Harbor. Norfolk, Va., to Albearle Sound, N. C. See Norfolk Harbor. Norfolk, Va., to Beaufort Inlet, improvement -_ __ _ ._I 485; II, 1802, 2324 Norfolk, Va., to sounds of North Carolina. See Norfolk Harbor. Pamlico Sound, N. C., to Beaufort Inlet. See Pamlico Sound. Portage Lake and Lake Superior ('anals. See Keweenaw Bay.l Port Townsend Bay to Oak Bay, Wash-_ _.. , 1577; 3441 Puget Sound to Lake Washington. Sec Puget Souind. INDEX. XLVII Waterways--Continued. Page. Sabine River, La., to Mermentau River, La. See Mermentau River, La. Savannah, Ga., to Beaufort, S. C. See Savannah Harbor improvement. Savannah, Ga., to Fernandina, Fla. See Savannah Harbor. Swan Quarter Bay to Deep Bay, N. C. See Swan Quarter Bay. Texas coast. See Texas. Virginia coast. See Virginia. Waukegan Harbor, Ill., improvement____---______________ Weirs, permits for construction 1, 1238; 1940, 3139 , 1620 11, I-------------------------- Wenona, Deal Island, Md., improvement of Lower Thoroughfare at _______________________--------------_ I, 430; II, 1790, 2281 Westchester Creek, N. Y.: Examination and survey---------------------------------------- , 241 Improvement----------------------------------------__ , 199; ii, 2110 West Creek, N. J., examination and survey__________I____-------------, 385 Western Branch, Elizabeth River, Va., improvement- ... I, 461; II, 1795, 2307 West Fork of South Branch, Chicago River, Ill. See Chicago Harbor and River. West Fork River, W. Va., examination for flood control________ I, 1619 West Galveston Bay and Brazos River Canal, Tex. See West Galveston Bay. West Galveston Bay, Tex.: Improvement of channel in----------------------------- , 899; I, 1858 Improvements of Galveston & Brazos Canal---------- I, 899; Ii, 1859, 2646 Operating and care of Galveston & Brazos Canal-------- I, 908; ii, 2652 West Haven Harbor, Conn. See West River. West Neebish Channel, St. Marys River, Mich., improvement-___ ____ 1, 1325; ii, 1956, 3248 West Pass, Apalachicola, Fla., examination and survey ________________, 753 Westport Harbor, Conn., improvement _______-------____ I, 183; II, 1758, 2099 West River, Conn. See New Haven Harbor, including. West Twin River, Wis. See Two Rivers Harbor. Wetipquin (Tyaskin) Creek. Md. See Tyaskin Creek. Weymouth River, Mass., improvement---__-______-- -- I, 101; II, 1745, 2049 Wharves: Permits for construction__ ____________ - I, 1620 Permits for construction in Porto Rico-________ I, 1634 Whatcom (Bellingham) Harbor, Wash., improvement of Whatcom Creek waterway-________________-___ _ , 1575; ii, 2006; iiI, 3440 Wheeling, W. Va., engineering district-__ __._ _- ___- _ I, 1143; ii, 1912, 2981 White Chimney River, Ga., examination and survey------------------- I, 626 Whitehall Harbor, N. Y., Narrows of Lake Champlain. See Champlain Lake. White House, Washington, D. C. See Public buildings and grounds. White Lake Harbor, Mich.: Examination and survey-------------------------------------- I, 1313 Improvement ____________I----- ------- , 1292; 11, 3191 White Lake, La. See Mermentau River. waterway to Franklin. White Oak River, N. C., waterways to Beaufort, N. C., and New River: See also Beaufort Harbor. Examination and survey___-- __------------------ ------- -- I, 551 White River, Ark.: Examination and survey at Batesville___---------- ______________ , 1011 Improvement at Devall Bluff ----------------------- _, ,995; 11, 1876, 2721 Improvement by open-channel work_----------------- , 992; "11,1874, 2720 Operating and care of locks and dams ------ , 997; 11,1877, 2722 Wickford Harbor, R. I., examination and survey------- I, 141 Wicomico River, Md.: Examination and survey---------------------- ----------- I, 433 Improvement_------------------------------------- I, 406; II, 1789, 2265 Willamette River, Oreg.: Examination between Oregon City and Eugene _- ____________ I, 1549 Improvement above Portland__ ------------ _-- I, 1519; II, 1997, IIi, 3391 Improvement at the falls_ _------------------------_--- I, 1524; III, 3396 Improvement below Portland _-------------__ 1, 1527; II, 1998; III, 3397 Operating and care of canal and locks at Willamette Falls_ , 1527; III, 3397 Regulations for use of canal and locks at Willamette Falls__- .. . I, 1621 XLVIII INDEX. Willapa Harbor and River, Wash.: Page. Examination__-------------------------------------------- , 1586 Improvement --------------- I, 1,1550 ; Ii, 2001; m, 3421 Wilmington, Cal., improvement of inner harbor- I, 1421; ii, 1976; in, 3324 Wilmington, Del., engineering district----------------- I, 331; II, 1784, 2213 Wilmington Harbor, Del., improvement__----------, I, 360; II, 1785, 2230 Wilmington, N. C.: See also Cape Fear River. Engineering district-- 493; II, 1802, 2333 I-----------------------, Wimico Lake, Fla. See Apalachicola River, channel to St. Andrews Bay. Winnebago Lake, Wis. See Fox River. Winnibigoshish Lake, Minn. See Mississippi River reservoirs. Winthrop Cove, Conn. See New London Harbor. Winyah Bay, S. C., improvement--------------------- I,560; i, 1806,2393 Wisconsin Entrance, Duluth-Superior Harbor, Minn. and Wis. See Du- luth Harbor. Withlacoochee River, Fla.: Examination and survey__--.--------------.--__----- I, 706 Improvement --------------------------------- I, 697 ; I, 1832, 2476 Wolf River, Memphis Harbor, Tenn. See Mississippi River Commission. Wolf River, Miss., improvement---.-------------------- I, 789; n, 2558 Wolf (Ahnapee) River, Wis. : See also Algoma Harbor. Examination and survey---------------------------------- I, 1247 Wolf River (tributary of the Fox), Wis.: See also Fox River. Examination -------------------------------------------- I, 1247 Women of Civil War, memorial to----------------------- , 1683; iii, 3707 Woodbridge Creek, N. J., improvement __. ._______-- i, 292; n, 1777, 2178 Woodbury Creek, N. J., improvement ---------------------- I, 333; ii, 2214 Woods Hole Harbor, Mass., improvement------___---- I, 118; n, 1747, 2059 Wrecks, etc., removal: Appropriation __ 30 I---------------------- Expenditures during the year-------- ------------------------ , 30 List of those removed------- 1, 1629 Maine, battleship, removal from Habana Harbor-.------___- ---- I, 1657 Permanent appropriation for----__------------------------_ I, 30 Y. Yamhill River, Oreg.: Improvement __.----------------------- I, 1519; ii, 1997; IIIn, 3391 Operating and care of lock and dam----..-------------- , 1524; ur, 3394 Yankton, S. Dak. See Missouri River. Yantic River, Conn., examination and survey of East Branch___________ I, 186 Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg., examination _---------- -- I, 1519 Yaquina River, Oreg., improvement---------------------- , 1488; Ir, 3365 Yazoo River, Miss.: See also Mississippi River Commission. Improvement above mouth. 972 ; 11, 1871, 270G I-----------------------, Improvement of mouth, including Vicksburg Harbor--.... I, 1614; iii, 3473 Yellow Mill Pond, Bridgeport, Conn. See Bridgeport Harbor. Yellowstone National Park, improvementi----------------- , 1708; In, 3753 York Harbor, Me., examination and survey____----_-- -- _________ I, 71 York River, Va., examination and survey of waterway to Newport News, Va------------------------------------------ -- -- 1, 493. York Spit, Chesapeake Bay, Va., shoals opposite. See Patapsco River channel to Baltimore. Youghiogheny River, Pa.: Examination and survey- ------------------------ I_, 1142' Improvement ----- 1141; i, 2979, I-------------------------------, Yuba River, Cal. See California D6bris Commission. Yukon River, Alaska, improvement of Apoon mouth .....---------- I, 1585; ii, 3443 Z. Zippel Bay, Minn., improvement_---------------- I, 1049; ni, 2793 O